241:
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Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first
Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon the turn of the 18th century, wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world.
56:
394:
two or three wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path.
40:
1157:
48:
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420:(though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The "chariot branlant" of medieval illustrations was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed. Suspension, whether on chains or leather, might provide a smoother ride since the carriage body no longer rested on the axles, but could not prevent swinging (branlant) in all directions. It is clear from illustrations (and surviving examples) that the medieval suspended carriage with a round tilt was a widespread European type, referred to by any number of names (car, currus, char, chariot).
615:
1137:
366:
521:, a young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt the brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning.
488:
been a fashionable concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there is no obvious technological change that accompanied the innovation, either in the use of suspension (which came earlier), or the adoption of springs (which came later). As its use spread throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach's body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-topped tilt to the "four-poster" carriages that became standard everywhere by c.1600.
1122:
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century ("chars branlant" or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were usually on four wheels and were drawn by two to four horses depending on their size and status. Wood and iron were the primary materials needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather.
110:
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original feature of this modification was that instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract the beam and so lose useful momentum the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use.
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1774:
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597:. The horses earn their keep by supporting the work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with the King and Queen in
1334:
232:, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC. Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the Near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two standing passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness.
933:) to the shoulder of the forwardmost horse. With a small pony and cart a whip of overall length of 7 or 8 feet might be appropriate, whereas driving a team of four horses might require an overall length of 17 feet. Driving whips are not "cracked" to make noise, but are a communication aid used by touching the lash on or near the shoulder of the horse.
424:
greased axles under the body of the coach, and did not necessarily have any suspension. The chassis was made from oak beam and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses.
879:
were things brought to a carriage but not part of it, however all of these words have blended together over time and are often used interchangeably to mean the smaller components or parts of a carriage or equipment. All the shiny metal fittings on a vehicle should be one color, such as brass (yellow)
443:
became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type. The earliest illustrations of the
Hungarian "Kochi-wagon" do not indicate any suspension, a body with high sides of lightweight wickerwork, and typically drawn by three horses in harness. Later models were considerably lighter
393:
of the 14th century. Historians debate the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on
557:
Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in
England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam". The article highlights
487:
developed a taste for
Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy. Then rather suddenly, in around 1550, the "coach" made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages. However, the new "coach" seems to have
837:
retards the motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: "An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle". The
528:
changes a carriage's base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin suggested a fix for these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn (independently of the front
504:
The coach had doors in the side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the
385:
familiar from the United States. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from the ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th
423:
In 14th century
England carriages, like the one illustrated in the Luttrell Psalter, would still have been a quite rare means of aristocratic transport, and they would have been very costly until the end of the century. They would have had four six-spoke six-foot high wheels that were linked by
100:
In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versions are made for tourist transport in warm countries and for those cities where tourists expect open horse-drawn carriages to be provided.
601:; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of the Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot.
536:
Carriage use in North
America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between the north and south.
256:
used sprung wagons for overland journeys. It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations. In 2021 archaeologists discovered the remains of a ceremonial four wheel carriage, a pilentum, near the
505:
Moscow
Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel
1190:. Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages. in England. Terminology varies: the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the US, but a "carriage" in Australia.
356:
Before the Han dynasty, the power of
Chinese states and dynasties was often measured by the number of chariots they were known to have. A country of a thousand chariots ranked as a medium country, and a country of ten thousand chariots ranked as a huge and powerful country.
4421:
English
Pleasure Carriages: Their Origin, History, Varieties, Materials, Construction, Defects, Improvements, and Capabilities: With an Analysis of the Construction of Common Roads and Railroads, and the Public Vehicles Used on Them; Together with Descriptions of New
2670:'The kingslayer of a country of ten thousands chariots, must be the house of thousand chariots. The kingslayer of a country of thousand chariots, must be the house of hundred chariots.' Zhao Qi's note: ' Ten thousands chariots, is the son of heaven (King of Zhou).'
303:
During the Shang dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with a complete household and servants, including a chariot, horses, and a charioteer. A Shang chariot was often drawn by two horses, but four-horse variants are occasionally found in burials.
314:, which conquered the Shang ca. 1046 BCE, made more use of the chariot than did the Shang and "invented a new kind of harness with four horses abreast". The crew consisted of an archer, a driver, and sometimes a third warrior who was armed with a spear or
914:
Boot: Any of several box-like parts of a carriage used for storage of small items. A boot may be found under the coachman's seat, under the passenger's seat, or behind the body of the carriage between the rear wheels. This led to the use of the term
888:"We must not forget that the early railway carriages were basically mail-coaches on iron wheels, and the early motor-cars differed from the horse-drawn wagonette or coupe only in so far that there was no horse tied to it." —László Tarr in
1205:(International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The
2220:
lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions.
854:
sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt or perchbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a
729:, consisting of an iron catch on the shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the
3541:
512:
Many innovations were proposed, and some patented, for new types of suspension or other features. It was only from the 18th century that changes to steering systems were suggested, including the use of the
805:
Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a
273:
province show that the carriage had already developed into many different forms. The earliest archaeological evidence of chariots in China, a chariot burial site discovered in 1933 at
Hougang,
4407:
Carnegie Mellon University. A comprehensive overview, with photographs of horse-drawn carriages in use at the turn of the 19th century. Full text free to read, with free full text search.
188:, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage (that survived until the age of the motor car) were established then.
240:
2679:'Nowadays, Kingdom of Qin is a country of ten thousands chariots, Kingdom of Liang (Kingdom of Wei, 'Da Liang' is the capital of Wei) is also a country of ten thousands chariots.'
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476:
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suggest that the western enemies of the Shang used limited numbers of chariots in battle, but the Shang themselves used them only as mobile command-vehicles and in royal hunts.
318:. From the 8th to 5th centuries BCE the Chinese use of chariots reached its peak. Although chariots appeared in greater numbers, infantry often defeated charioteers in battle.
1047:
A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a
89:
are a special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled
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using leather, broadcloth, or plush fabrics. Elegant carriages might have upholstery-lined walls and ceilings, and button-tucked velvet seats trimmed with gold braid.
329:, use of long halberds up to 18 feet (5.49 m) long and pikes up to 22 feet (6.71 m) long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the adaptation of
1716:
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1293:
1782:
261:. It is thought the pilentum may have been used in ceremonies such as weddings. The find has been described as being "in an excellent state of preservation".
884:
were constructed by coachmakers using the same parts used in carriages and coaches, and some horse carriage terminology has survived in modern automobiles.
1777:
148:, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century (probably derived from the
651:
forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an
4324:
By Museums at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 1987. Long Island Digital Books Project, CONTENTdm Collection, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York.
2886:
Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh V. Steam. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1823 (7 December 1895), pp. 1434–1435. BMJ Publishing Group
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intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a
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may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle.
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659:(British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a
825:
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1202:
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host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages,
807:
3304:
929:), a long flexible thong, and a short lash. The length should be appropriate for the distance from the driver (who is also called a
269:
Though the exact date of when the Chinese started to use carriages is largely unknown, early oracle bone inscriptions discovered in
4338:
3495:
2100:
1136:
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in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and
79:
for passengers. Second-hand private carriages were common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage
2069:
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were used throughout the 1800s, though abandoned in favor of candles in the late 1800s, as oil was messy. Lamps are mounted on
83:
are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven.
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4277:
Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, 1875: Containing Complete Instructions in All the Different Branches of Carriage Building
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drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events.
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from nomadic cavalry, which were more effective. Chariots would continue to serve as command posts for officers during the
17:
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2014:
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in a landau with footmen and a postillion, riding on the near wheel horse, controlling both teams of horses. Canada, 1939
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The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ("tilt") similar in appearance to the
4236:
Wittelsbach State and Ceremonial Carriages: Coaches, Sledges and Sedan Chairs in the Marstallmuseum Schloss Nymphenburg
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1983:
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in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a
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790:. Most carriages have either one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of the running gear, or
468:
566:
Today, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in the United States by some minority groups such as the
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1841:
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810:, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the
55:
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Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type. The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the
4388:
987:
Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as
529:
axle) about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented in 1818 as
3207:
2142:
1849:
1805:
1377:
1556:
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connecting a pair of oxen, a wooden platform for passengers or cargo, and large steel rimmed wooden wheels.
201:
is a large two-wheeled cart pulled by oxen or buffalo. It includes a sturdy wooden pole between the oxen, a
2028:
1940:
1703:
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or nickel (white), and should match the buckle color of any harness used with the vehicle. Early bodies of
778:), consisting of the running gear and chassis. The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the
39:
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1156:
47:
4412:
An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy, Comprising Subjects Connected with the Interests of Every Individual
4076:
794:, is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a
245:
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3579:
2611:
Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China".
5381:
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The time traveller's guide to medieval England : a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century
2073:
2008:
1721:
798:, bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows for a low body with large wheels. A guard called a
517:' substituted for the pivoting fore-axle, and on which the carriage turned. Another proposal came from
2838:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2817:
2720:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2692:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2352:
922:
Whip socket: Tubular holder for a whip usually mounted on the dashboard or to the right of the driver.
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3520:
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1654:
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1383:
1337:
Permanent exhibit featuring carriages of the imperial era at the National Historical Museum of Brazil
209:
31:
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One of the great innovations in carriage history was the invention of the suspended carriage or the
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graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically. Four-wheeled wagons were used in
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2185:
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1368:
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431:(1458–90), who enjoyed fast travel, the Hungarians developed fast road transport, and the town of
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2003:
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1413:
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In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many
297:
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1787:
637:, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top is called a
373:
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and in the US around the end of the 19th century, early cars (automobiles) were briefly called
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Carriages and Sleighs: 228 Illustrations from the 1862 Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee Catalog
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1972:
1756:
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622:
365:
341:(206 BCE–220 CE), while armored chariots were also used during the Han dynasty against the
80:
3728:
2793:
2557:"Restoration of a Roman travelling wagon and of a wagon from the Hallstadt bronze culture"
1465:
1271:
725:, a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A
614:
533:. Darwin argued that carriages would then be easier to pull and less likely to overturn.
101:
Simple metal sporting versions are still made for the sport known as competitive driving.
8:
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American Carriages, Sleighs, Sulkies, and Carts: 168 illustrations from Victorian sources
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King-Hele, Desmond. "Erasmus Darwin's Improved Design for Steering Carriages—And Cars".
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leaned more to leatherwork and upholstery or referred to metal buckles on harness, and
782:. The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a bar or beam called an
530:
163:
4485:
The University of Hong Kong Libraries, China–America Digital Academic Library (CADAL).
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1005:
A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a
30:
This article is about wheeled vehicle for humans moved by horses. For other uses, see
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Westermann, William Linn. "On Inland Transportation and Communication in Antiquity".
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Reconstruction of a Roman traveling carriage richly decorated with bronze fittings,
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The Hungarian coach spread across Europe, initially rather slowly, in part due to
5315:
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1931:
1922:
1727:
1446:
744:
In some carriage types, the body is suspended from several leather straps called
506:
382:
350:
213:
4479:
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1193:
Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving:
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4957:
4952:
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1913:
1594:
1342:
1076:
518:
330:
307:
253:
3276:
2525:
5403:
5392:‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
5330:
5216:
5113:
4998:
4645:
4389:
Colonial Carriage Works – America's Finest Selection of Horse Drawn Vehicles.
4153:(Studies in Industry and Society), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
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1978:
1935:
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kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with
1070:
1053:
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and are removable for storage, daily wick trimming, or during daylight hours.
390:
286:
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Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Drawings.
4341:
The Classic Car-Nection: Yann Saunders, Cadillac Database. Drawings and text
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2512:
Piggott, Stuart (1970). "Copper Vehicle-Models in the Indus Civilization".
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221:
197:
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Wagon, Chariot and Carriage: Symbol the Status in the History of Transport
1514:
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5186:
5176:
5008:
4803:
4797:
4761:
4370:
4228:
3984:
Bean, Heike, & Sarah Blanchard (authors), Joan Muller (illustrator),
3771:
2871:
2127:
2104:
1769:
1209:, held at four-year intervals, also includes a four-in-hand competition.
1020:
916:
850:
702:
579:
571:
514:
456:
411:
338:
334:
4394:
3401:
2533:
1546:
1479:
1084:) and living quarters built around a yard, court or street, is called a
5103:
4962:
4808:
4791:
4766:
4740:
4698:
3229:
2987:
Patent 9020, 7 July 1841, awarded to Thomas Fuller, a coach-builder of
2944:
2632:
1958:
1171:
1112:
1097:
indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track.
897:
594:
590:
407:
315:
225:
149:
4334:
All About Romance Novels – Carriages in Regency & Victorian Times.
4320:
19th century American carriages: Their manufacture, decoration and use
3472:[Palace in Rogalin. Branch of the National Museum in Poznań].
2966:
980:
directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A
5305:
5181:
4983:
4869:
4845:
4820:
4751:
4628:
4598:
3381:
2514:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2216:
Numerous varieties of horse-drawn carriages existed, Arthur Ingram's
1987:
1588:
1550:
1500:
1316:
919:
in British English for the main storage compartment of an automobile.
661:
618:
589:
The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the
540:
484:
3657:
2624:
1486:
939:: in cold weather, blankets for the driver and passengers and often
447:
5295:
4916:
4894:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4618:
4573:
2256:
1869:
1853:
1668:
1658:
1645:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1496:
1475:
958:
904:
812:
436:
326:
688:, usually elevated and small. When at the front, it is known as a
444:
and famous for a single horse being able to draw many passengers.
5300:
5254:
5095:
5079:
5038:
4921:
4730:
4672:
4613:
4588:
2374:[Deliberations on Traffic in the Ironage Celtic Culture]
2118:
1917:
1793:
1469:
1440:
968:
936:
693:
452:
451:"The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff
342:
282:
258:
229:
217:
4396:
Driving for Pleasure, Or The Harness Stable and its Appointments
3338:
3151:
3046:
Vehicles, Harness, Saddles: Direct to you—on approval. (catalog)
859:
might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring.
463:
5310:
5274:
5128:
4973:
4946:
4906:
4703:
4623:
4608:
4468:
3703:
2431:
Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
1824:
1743:
1691:
1519:
1490:
1450:
1310:
1288:
1231:
1002:
as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet.
963:
643:
575:
558:
the death of the carriage as the main means of transportation.
440:
274:
139:
64:
4339:
Appendix to Cadillac "Styling" section (coaching terminology).
3986:
Carriage Driving: A Logical Approach Through Dressage Training
3957:
3852:
3136:
1923:
Arlington Court & The National Trust's Carriage Collection
706:
behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a
5148:
5018:
5003:
4926:
4840:
4465:
Jane Austen Society of North America. Illustrations and text.
4118:, Tempo International Publishing Company, 1st edition, 2004.
2586:"Pompeii: Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovery"
2251:
1953:
1901:
1885:
1433:
1187:
1183:
1127:
1062:
567:
278:
270:
181:
90:
4372:
Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution
4036:. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1959.
2873:
Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution
5074:
4874:
1522:. Musée du conservatoire breton de la voiture hippomobile (
1213:
1175:
1086:
432:
202:
94:
4503:
Texas Transportation Museum, San Antonio. Photos and text.
4469:
The Kinross Carriageworks, Stirling (Scotland), 1802–1966.
4151:
The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America
2559:(in German). Leibniz-Rechenzentrum München. Archived from
2110:
Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages
692:, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A
325:(476–221 BCE). The main reasons were increased use of the
208:
Two-wheeled carriage models have been discovered from the
3470:"Pałac w Rogalinie. Oddział Muzeum Narodowego w Poznaniu"
3099:
2372:"Überlegungen zum Verkehr in der eisenzeitlichen Keltiké"
1160:
A 'marathon wagon' at the 2017 FEI European Championships
862:
321:
Massed-chariot warfare became all but obsolete after the
4491:
The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. Illustrations and text.
2650:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1638:
Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca, San Martino, Udine.
1333:
956:. A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a
925:
Whip: A long whip composed of a stiff stick (called the
212:
including twin horse drawn covered carriages resembling
4116:
Wheels Across America: Carriage Art & Craftsmanship
4025:
Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "Mediaeval Suspended Carriages".
871:
referred to metal elements such as bolts and brackets,
4542:
4065:(Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications, 2001.
4049:
Bristol Wagon & Carriage Illustrated Catalog, 1900
3204:"Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms"
3152:"MUHFIT – Museo Hístorico Fuerte Independencia Tandil"
3043:
1597:
of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables,
1230:
Muhfit (Museo Histórico Fuerte Independencia Tandil),
570:. They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for
4436:
Galaxy of Images | Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
3813:"The Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in Blackstone, Va"
2969:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 2 November 2003
2947:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 30 October 2003
1449:, Musée de l'Attelage et du corbillard Yvan Quercy (
1061:, which was often combined with accommodation for a
3682:
2840:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2722:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2694:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2169:Thrasher Carriage Collection at Allegany Museum in
2166:
Skyline Farm Carriage Museum, North Yarmouth, Maine
1380:— large collection of horse and oxen drawn vehicles
1219:
4194:Nelson Alan H. "Six-Wheeled Carts: An Underview".
3933:"Wade House - Wisconsin Historical Society - Home"
1977:Swingletree Carriage Collection of John Parker in
848:A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a
2205:
655:. A closed carriage may have side windows called
491:
228:. The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the
5401:
4414:..., by Thomas Webster and William Parkes, 1855.
4215:Ryder, Thomas (author), Rodger Morrow (editor),
4144:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
2897:"Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh v. Steam"
2860:, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.
1818:
1635:Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca di Codroipo.
696:might use a small platform at the rear called a
4367:. University of California. Hundreds of photos.
3387:Kutschenmuseum besucht von LR Teschl-Hofmeister
710:. Some seats had an attached backrest called a
4474:Lexique du cheval! Lexikon of Carriage driving
2802:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
2554:
4528:
2378:(in German). Universität Wien. Archived from
1663:Carriage exhibit of the Grand Ducal court at
1115:and driver adding character to period filming
377:A two-tiered carriage drawn by four elephants
4509:The New York Times, 29 October 1871, page 2.
4495:Science and Society Picture Library – Search
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2369:
1898:Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages
1459:. Carriage room of the Count of Chambord in
1201:, an equestrian discipline regulated by the
1130:descending from a decorated wedding carriage
4385:ThinkQuest Library. Illustrations and text.
4083:(Reprint of both volumes). Astragal Press.
2610:
1485:Les Épesses, Musée de la voiture à cheval (
845:may be used to hold a wheel on an incline.
264:
152:
4535:
4521:
4416:Book XXIII, Carriages. Google Book Search.
4354:Calisphere – A World of Digital Resources.
4330:University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
4217:The Coson Carriage Collection at Beechdale
2967:"Basic Carriage Gear Horse Drawn Vehicles"
2945:"Horse Carriage Parts Horse Drawn Vehicle"
4130:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour
3998:
2993:
2920:
2876:. London: Martin Secker. pp. 204 ff.
2218:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour
1650:Museo delle Carrozze del Quirinale, Rome.
1587:Hesse Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in
1529:Sacy-le-grand, Musée du cheval de trait (
1166:Driving (horse) § Competitive sports
4238:, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt GmbH, 2002.
3632:"The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages"
2792:
2734:
2687:
2685:
2357:Transactions of the Philological Society
2347:
2201:; includes 19th century carriage factory
2101:Jeremiah Reeves House and Carriage House
2070:Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame
1742:
1478:, Musée de l’hippomobile André Clament (
1332:
1155:
903:Carriage lamps: First used around 1700,
613:
539:
495:
483:, who as a very junior Archbishopric of
462:
446:
372:
364:
239:
108:
54:
46:
38:
27:Generally horse-drawn means of transport
4457:Horse-drawn Transportation Clipart etc.
4444:Georgian Index. Illustrations and text.
4296:"Colonial Roads and Wheeled Vehicles".
4248:
3810:
3577:
3010:
2511:
2478:
2403:
1468:, Musée du cheval du château Lanessan (
1044:is bred for running beside a carriage.
947:
459:requested some important modifications.
349:(133 BC to 89 CE), specifically at the
14:
5402:
4328:19th Century Transportation-Carriages.
4075:
3683:"Florida Carriage Museum & Resort"
2869:
2645:
2282:
2280:
2278:
1255:National Trust of Australia (Victoria)
1151:
972:. An attendant on horseback called an
863:Fittings, furnishings and appointments
479:(1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen
4516:
4279:, Astragal Press, 2nd edition, 1995.
3149:
3066:
3060:
3037:
2837:
2741:. London: Vintage. pp. 133–134.
2719:
2691:
2682:
2331:
2329:
2291:. New York: Arco Publishing Company.
2195:William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop
2152:Robert H. Renneberger Carriage Museum
2061:Granger Homestead and Carriage Museum
1057:. An outbuilding for a carriage is a
752:, attached to or serving as springs.
717:The shafts of a carriage were called
51:Competitive driving in Rennes, France
4451:, by George Athelstane Thrupp, 1877.
3069:A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles
2907:(1823): 1434–1435. 7 December 1895.
2428:
2286:
2015:Florida Carriage Museum & Resort
1549:, Musée de l’attelage et du cheval (
1439:Bourg, Musée Au temps des calèches (
360:
281:province, dates to the rule of King
4293:, v43 n3 (September 1928): 364–387.
3093:
2275:
1374:Kings Landing Historical Settlement
1309:De Groom Carriage Center Bruges in
24:
5191:
4063:Horse-Drawn Carriage Catalog, 1909
3978:
2613:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2483:. Penguin Books India. p. 5.
2326:
2052:Genesee Country Village and Museum
1984:Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages
1704:Japanese Imperial Household Agency
1632:Museo "Le Carrozze d'Epoca", Rome.
1203:Fédération Équestre Internationale
144:, to carry in a vehicle. The word
25:
5436:
4463:JASNA Northern California Region.
4312:
3704:"Forney Museum of Transportation"
3599:"Swingletree Carriage Collection"
3578:Schumer, Tracy (1 October 2010).
2648:A History of Chinese Civilization
2323:. Thames and Hudson, London, 1992
2160:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in
998:Carriage passengers often used a
943:as well may be carried in a boot.
766:Beneath the carriage body is the
500:The London-Farringdon coach, 1835
389:Another form of carriage was the
235:
4432:The Guild of Model Wheelwrights.
4163:Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee,
3811:Krystal, Becky (23 April 2010).
3382:Kutschenmuseums Laa an der Thaya
3105:30 Years On and Off the Box Seat
2044:, preserving carriages owned by
1772:
1673:Museo delle Carrozze, Catanzaro.
1499:, Musée de la voiture à cheval (
1365:Campbell Carriage Factory Museum
1247:– National Carriage Collection,
1220:Carriage museums and collections
1135:
1120:
1105:
984:hired out horses and carriages.
952:The carriage driver is called a
755:
469:Royal Museums of Art and History
175:
4424:by William Bridges Adams, 1837.
4348:Carriage Association of America
4221:Carriage Association of America
3950:
3925:
3895:
3870:
3845:
3823:
3804:
3778:
3764:
3746:
3721:
3696:
3675:
3650:
3624:
3568:
3550:
3532:
3514:
3488:
3462:
3437:
3419:
3394:
3364:
3360:Museum of Carriages and Sleighs
3353:
3323:
3297:
3247:
3222:
3196:
3169:
3143:
3137:"Bennington Carriages homepage"
3129:
3044:Delin Carriage Company (1911).
2981:
2959:
2937:
2889:
2880:
2863:
2846:
2831:
2806:
2786:
2755:
2728:
2713:
2710:. Labitte, Paris, 1872. p. 208.
2708:Glossaire français du Moyen Age
2700:
2673:
2664:
2639:
2604:
2578:
2548:
2505:
2038:Frick Car & Carriage Museum
1507:National Car and Tourism Museum
1322:Royal Museum of Art and History
1093:A kind of dynamometer called a
604:
97:were forerunners of carriages.
4375:by Ralph Straus, 1912, London.
4298:The William and Mary Quarterly
4198:, v13 n3 (July 1972): 391–416.
4029:, v34 n3 (July 1959): 359–366.
3878:"Thrasher Carriage Collection"
3521:National Trust Carriage Museum
3177:"National Carriage Collection"
2472:
2447:
2422:
2406:The Earliest Wheeled Transport
2397:
2363:
2341:
2313:
2206:Types of horse-drawn carriages
2130:'s Winmill Carriage Museum in
802:keeps dirt from the axle arm.
677:may serve as a carriage step.
544:Tourists horse-drawn taxis in
492:Later development of the coach
157:, a car); it is also used for
13:
1:
4034:Mediaeval Suspended Carriages
3999:Berkebile, Donald H. (1977).
3835:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum
3071:. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd.
2814:"coach (horse-drawn vehicle)"
2269:
2136:Northwest Carriage Museum in
1806:Geraz do Lima Carriage museum
1378:Prince William, New Brunswick
1009:; one for use on a road is a
467:A Gala Coupé, ca. 1750–1770;
290:
114:
4300:, v8 n1 (July 1899): 37–42.
4167:, Dover Publications, 1998.
4051:, Dover Publications, 1994.
3658:"Carriage Museum of America"
3445:"Stables and Carriage House"
3013:The Encyclopaedia of Driving
2555:Jochen Garbsch (June 1986).
2408:. Cornell University Press.
2264:(term for early automobiles)
2029:Forney Transportation Museum
1941:Gordon Boswell Romany Museum
680:A carriage driver sits on a
7:
4442:Georgian Index – Carriages.
4398:by Francis Underhill, 1896.
4291:Political Science Quarterly
4203:Practical Carriage Building
4061:Elkhart Manufacturing Co.,
3772:"Northwest Carriage Museum"
3258:"Carriage museum Verdonckt"
2289:The History of the Carriage
2224:
2182:Wesley Jung Carriage Museum
1950:Mossman Carriage Collection
896:Upholstery: Seats might be
890:The History of the Carriage
246:Romisch-Germanisches Museum
216:from various sites such as
104:
10:
5441:
5341:Equestrian use of roadways
4146:, 56, no. 1 (2002): 41–62.
3958:"Mifflinburg Buggy Museum"
3580:"Five Days at Swingletree"
3539:Mossman Collection Website
3402:"The Carriages Collection"
2209:
2009:Carriage Museum of America
1850:Igualada Muleteer's Museum
1557:Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte
1352:National Historical Museum
1163:
841:A catch or block called a
759:
741:attaches to the carriage.
477:Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara
401:
369:Horse-drawn wagon, c. 1455
180:Some horse carts found in
170:
75:is a two- or four-wheeled
29:
5390:
5349:
5288:
5215:
5157:
5093:
5067:
4854:
4554:
4132:, Blandford Press, 1977.
4047:Bristol Wagon Works Co.,
3729:"Car and Carriage Museum"
3662:carriagemuseumlibrary.org
3262:Municipality of Maarkedal
3182:Queensland Museum Network
3101:HRH the Duke of Edinburgh
2858:Oxford English Dictionary
2799:Oxford English Dictionary
2706:Léon marquis De Laborde.
2696:, Ashgate, pp. 41–53
2526:10.1017/S0035869X00128394
2479:Wolpert, Stanley (1994).
2336:Oxford English Dictionary
2199:Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania
1837:Carriage Museum (Seville)
1820:Museu Nacional dos Coches
1655:Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza
1384:Remington Carriage Museum
552:
210:Indus valley civilization
113:Coach of a noble family,
32:Carriage (disambiguation)
4345:CAAOnline: Carriage Tour
4249:Walrond, Sallie (1980).
4234:Wackernagel, Rudolf H.,
4205:, Astragal Press, 1994.
3526:21 November 2010 at the
3474:Muzeum Pałac w Rogalinie
3305:"The Versailles Stables"
3011:Walrond, Sallie (1979).
2646:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
2481:An Introduction to India
2404:Piggott, Stuart (1983).
2186:Wade House Historic Site
2088:Horseshoe Barn and Annex
2042:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1747:Exhibit of carriages in
1539:, musée Au temps jadis (
1369:Sackville, New Brunswick
1268:Imperial Carriage Museum
1251:, Toowoomba, Queensland.
1013:. One such breed is the
561:
455:in the years 1824–1826.
397:
298:Oracle bone inscriptions
265:Ancient Chinese carriage
191:First prototyped in the
5415:Animal-powered vehicles
5336:Museums and collections
5207:Whippletree/double tree
4497:Illustrations and text.
4359:23 January 2011 at the
4182:The Carriage Collection
4081:A Treatise on Carriages
3449:Castle-Museum in Łańcut
3426:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum
3150:Alejandro, Campitelli.
2901:British Medical Journal
2818:Encyclopædia Britannica
2004:Angels Camp, California
1936:Aberdeenshire, Scotland
1918:Alnwick, Northumberland
1882:Basel Historical Museum
1717:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum
1686:Carriage collection at
1676:Carriage collection at
1559:, Musée des Equipages (
1399:Royal Carriage Museum,
1287:Carriage collection in
609:
140:
5187:Swingletree/singletree
4449:The History of Coaches
4438:Carriages and sleighs.
4430:Four wheeled vehicles.
4196:Technology and Culture
4178:Museums at Stony Brook
4032:Boyer, Marjorie Nice.
4003:. Dover Publications.
3988:, Howell Books, 1992.
3584:highmindedhorseman.com
3230:"Carriage Museum Bree"
3067:Smith, D.J.M. (1988).
3015:. Country Life Books.
2870:Straus, Ralph (1912).
2735:Mortimer, Ian (2009).
2353:"On False Etymologies"
2023:Austin Carriage Museum
1945:Spalding, Lincolnshire
1819:
1752:
1611:Romano-Germanic Museum
1461:Chambord, Loir-et-Cher
1432:, Musée des calèches (
1338:
1207:World Equestrian Games
1161:
962:. A person dressed in
893:
626:
549:
501:
472:
460:
378:
370:
337:(221–206 BCE) and the
257:ancient Roman city of
249:
153:
120:
68:
52:
44:
5425:Obsolete technologies
4557:carriages and coaches
4483:, by W. Gilbey, 1905.
4403:25 March 2012 at the
4114:Hutchins, Daniel D.,
3903:"The Carriage Museum"
3831:"A Step Back In time"
3603:www.swingletree.co.uk
3544:22 April 2008 at the
3375:"Carriage museum Laa"
3335:www.kutschenmuseum.de
3156:museodelfuerte.org.ar
2842:, Ashgate, p. 51
2768:CollinsDictionary.com
2724:, Ashgate, p. 45
2370:Raimund Karl (2003).
2287:Tarr, László (1969).
2114:Stony Brook, New York
2065:Canandaigua, New York
2011:, Lexington, Kentucky
1815:National Coach Museum
1746:
1653:Museum of Coaches at
1567:Galerie des Carrosses
1401:Christiansborg Palace
1336:
1315:Koetsen Verdonckt in
1159:
1101:Examples of carriages
886:
867:Originally, the word
760:Further information:
617:
584:Little Rock, Arkansas
546:Naghsh-i Jahan Square
543:
499:
466:
450:
376:
368:
345:Confederation in the
323:Warring-States Period
243:
112:
61:National Coach Museum
58:
50:
42:
5159:Vehicle construction
5139:Trolley and lift van
4979:Limbers and caissons
4544:Horse-drawn vehicles
4391:Columbus, Wisconsin.
4251:Looking at Carriages
3907:www.washingtonky.com
3753:Horse Drawn Vehicles
3733:The Frick Pittsburgh
3708:www.forneymuseum.org
3431:19 June 2009 at the
2429:Pare, C.F.E (1992).
2190:Greenbush, Wisconsin
2176:Washington, Kentucky
2171:Cumberland, Maryland
2162:Blackstone, Virginia
1973:Sandringham, Norfolk
1642:Museo della Carrozza
1511:Château de Compiègne
1294:Carriage Museum Bree
1245:Cobb & Co Museum
1199:horse-driving trials
948:Carriage terminology
721:in English dialect.
43:A carriage in London
18:Horse-drawn carriage
5172:Front axle assembly
4857:carriages and carts
4777:Runabout (carriage)
4453:Google Book Search.
4426:Google Book Search.
4201:Richardson, M. T.,
4149:Kinney, Thomas A.,
3962:www.buggymuseum.org
3857:www.skylinefarm.org
3758:8 June 2011 at the
3562:17 May 2008 at the
3331:"kutschenmuseum.de"
3311:on 22 December 2004
3277:"Koetsen Verdonckt"
3048:. Cincinnati: n.p.
2459:Singapore Infopedia
2349:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2338:1933: Car, Carriage
2242:Horse-drawn vehicle
2156:Frederick, Maryland
2138:Raymond, Washington
2056:Wheatland, New York
1954:Luton, Bedfordshire
1457:Château de Chambord
1430:Apremont-sur-Allier
1257:Carriage Collection
1182:and, occasionally,
1152:Competitive driving
1065:or other servants.
882:horseless carriages
762:Front axle assembly
700:or a seat called a
526:pivoting front axle
164:horseless carriages
137:Old Northern French
77:horse-drawn vehicle
5044:Two-wheeled calash
4489:Passenger Vehicles
4350:. Photos and text.
3496:"NCM – Collection"
3234:Rijtuigmuseum Bree
2592:. 27 February 2021
2262:Horseless carriage
2212:Category:Carriages
2132:Leesburg, Virginia
2123:Richmond, Virginia
2096:Shelburne, Vermont
2083:Dearborn, Michigan
2019:Weirsdale, Florida
2000:Angels Camp Museum
1753:
1628:Cison di Valmarino
1604:Kutschenmuseum in
1599:Nymphenburg Palace
1339:
1162:
1144:Theodore Roosevelt
737:, a loop called a
733:. At the end of a
627:
574:in cities such as
550:
531:Ackermann steering
502:
473:
461:
379:
371:
250:
121:
69:
53:
45:
5397:
5396:
4747:Marathon carriage
4507:Wheeled vehicles.
4285:978-1-879335-61-5
4244:978-3-925369-86-5
4211:978-1-879335-50-9
4190:978-0-943924-09-0
4184:, Museums, 2000.
4173:978-0-486-40219-2
4159:978-0-8018-7946-3
4138:978-0-7137-0820-2
4124:978-0-9745106-0-6
4071:978-0-486-41531-4
4057:978-0-486-28123-0
3994:978-0-7645-7299-9
3841:on 19 April 2010.
2748:978-1-84595-099-6
2319:Piggott, Stuart.
2079:Henry Ford Museum
1969:Sandringham House
1963:Buckingham Palace
1783:Pałac w Rogalinie
1466:Cussac-Fort-Médoc
1388:Cardston, Alberta
1354:in Rio de Janeiro
1272:Schönbrunn Palace
1249:Queensland Museum
905:oil-powered lamps
481:Beatrix of Aragon
361:Medieval carriage
252:First century BC
193:3rd millennium BC
186:Bronze Age Europe
159:railway carriages
16:(Redirected from
5432:
5372:Carriage museums
4709:Horsebus/Omnibus
4693:Hackney carriage
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4481:Modern carriages
4272:
4253:. Pelham Books.
4128:Ingram, Arthur,
4102:
4022:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3909:. Archived from
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3837:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3788:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3634:. Archived from
3628:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3605:. Archived from
3594:
3592:
3590:
3572:
3566:
3554:
3548:
3536:
3530:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3498:. Archived from
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3441:
3435:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3392:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3341:on 8 August 2018
3337:. Archived from
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3307:. Archived from
3301:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3210:on 26 March 2011
3206:. Archived from
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3008:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2566:on 24 April 2008
2565:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:on 11 April 2008
2384:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2284:
2247:Coach (carriage)
2147:Farmington, Utah
2092:Shelburne Museum
2074:Goshen, New York
2046:Henry Clay Frick
2033:Denver, Colorado
1927:Arlington, Devon
1866:Ulriksdal Palace
1845:
1822:
1810:Viana do Castelo
1791:
1776:
1725:
1688:Villa Pignatelli
1606:Laa an der Thaya
1302:
1197:, also known as
1195:combined driving
1139:
1124:
1109:
978:carriage starter
819:A skid called a
429:Mathias Corvinus
418:chariot branlant
404:Coach (carriage)
310:claims that the
295:
292:
156:
143:
119:
116:
93:and two-wheeled
21:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5345:
5284:
5211:
5153:
5109:Conestoga wagon
5089:
5063:
4856:
4850:
4556:
4550:
4541:
4405:Wayback Machine
4383:Carriage parts.
4361:Wayback Machine
4315:
4261:
4109:Original Vol II
4091:
4077:Felton, William
4011:
3981:
3979:Further reading
3976:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3882:Allegany Museum
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3817:Washington Post
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3786:"Carriage Hall"
3784:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3760:Wayback Machine
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3638:on 16 July 2014
3630:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3573:
3569:
3564:Wayback Machine
3555:
3551:
3546:Wayback Machine
3537:
3533:
3528:Wayback Machine
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3502:on 5 March 2016
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3433:Wayback Machine
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3377:. October 2023.
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3115:
3107:. J. A. Allen.
3098:
3094:
3079:
3065:
3061:
3042:
3038:
3023:
3009:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2644:
2640:
2625:10.2307/2719276
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2510:
2506:
2491:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2455:"Bullock carts"
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2299:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2232:Driving (horse)
2227:
2214:
2208:
2178:Carriage Museum
2143:Pioneer Village
1988:Maidstone, Kent
1932:Balmoral Castle
1839:
1785:
1757:Kozłówka Palace
1719:
1573:in Versailles (
1447:Cazes-Mondenard
1414:Carriage Museum
1343:Imperial Museum
1296:
1222:
1168:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1077:carriage houses
950:
865:
764:
758:
623:Queen Elizabeth
612:
607:
564:
555:
494:
414:
402:Main articles:
400:
383:Conestoga Wagon
363:
351:Battle of Mobei
347:Han–Xiongnu War
331:mounted archery
294: 1250 BCE
293:
267:
238:
178:
173:
117:
107:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5049:Un-sprung cart
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Red River cart
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:Governess cart
4955:
4950:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4787:Spider phaeton
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4417:
4408:
4392:
4386:
4379:Carriage House
4376:
4368:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4314:
4313:External links
4311:
4310:
4309:
4294:
4287:
4273:
4259:
4246:
4232:
4213:
4199:
4192:
4175:
4161:
4147:
4140:
4126:
4112:
4105:Original Vol I
4089:
4073:
4059:
4045:
4030:
4023:
4009:
3996:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3949:
3924:
3894:
3869:
3844:
3822:
3803:
3792:on 20 May 2018
3777:
3763:
3745:
3720:
3695:
3674:
3649:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3609:on 20 May 2018
3595:
3574:
3567:
3549:
3531:
3513:
3487:
3461:
3436:
3418:
3406:Villa di Maser
3393:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3363:
3352:
3322:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3221:
3195:
3168:
3142:
3128:
3113:
3092:
3077:
3059:
3036:
3021:
2992:
2980:
2958:
2936:
2888:
2879:
2862:
2852:Etymology for
2845:
2830:
2805:
2785:
2754:
2747:
2727:
2712:
2699:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2638:
2619:(1): 189–237.
2603:
2577:
2547:
2520:(2): 200–202.
2504:
2489:
2471:
2446:
2439:
2421:
2414:
2396:
2362:
2340:
2325:
2312:
2297:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2048:and his family
2035:
2026:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1914:Alnwick Castle
1910:
1909:
1908:United Kingdom
1905:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1780:
1763:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1622:Collection at
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1595:Marstallmuseum
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1504:
1494:
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1473:
1463:
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1319:
1313:
1307:
1291:
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1280:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1164:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1049:carriage porch
1007:carriage horse
993:carriage trade
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:horse blankets
934:
923:
920:
912:
901:
864:
861:
757:
754:
750:thoroughbraces
657:quarter lights
611:
608:
606:
603:
563:
560:
554:
551:
519:Erasmus Darwin
493:
490:
399:
396:
362:
359:
308:Jacques Gernet
266:
263:
237:
236:Roman carriage
234:
177:
174:
172:
169:
106:
103:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5437:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:Horse driving
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Horse driving
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Coachbuilders
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Breast collar
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Undercarriage
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Covered wagon
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5094:Wagons &
5092:
5086:
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4999:Sicilian cart
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4646:Concord coach
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4275:Ware, I. D.,
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3913:on 9 May 2015
3912:
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3853:"SkylineFarm"
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2773:HarperCollins
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2657:0-521-49781-7
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2490:9780140168709
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2240:
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2237:Horse harness
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2013:
2010:
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1998:
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1994:United States
1993:
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1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Diss, Norfolk
1976:
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1967:
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1766:Łańcut Castle
1764:
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1758:
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1749:Łańcut Castle
1745:
1738:
1737:
1733:
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1709:
1705:
1702:
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1697:
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1682:Maser, Veneto
1679:
1678:Villa Barbaro
1675:
1672:
1670:
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1665:Palazzo Pitti
1662:
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1580:
1576:
1575:Île-de-France
1572:
1571:Grande Écurie
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:Île-de-France
1558:
1555:
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1418:Cairo Citadel
1415:
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1403:in Copenhagen
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1285:Bornem Castle
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1073:
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1071:livery stable
1066:
1064:
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1056:
1055:
1054:porte cochere
1050:
1045:
1043:
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1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:Cleveland Bay
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
989:carriage folk
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
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961:
960:
955:
942:
938:
935:
932:
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918:
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909:lamp brackets
906:
902:
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822:
817:
815:
814:
809:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:undercarriage
769:
763:
756:Undercarriage
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
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695:
691:
687:
683:
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676:
672:
669:(British). A
668:
664:
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645:
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458:
454:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
419:
413:
409:
405:
395:
392:
391:pageant wagon
387:
384:
375:
367:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
299:
288:
287:Shang dynasty
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
255:
247:
242:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:
194:
189:
187:
183:
176:Early history
168:
166:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:(abbreviated
126:
111:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
57:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5326:Driving club
5225:Bearing rein
5167:Coachbuilder
4969:Jaunting car
4902:Chasse-marée
4688:Four-in-hand
4555:Four-wheeled
4547:
4480:
4448:
4420:
4411:
4395:
4371:
4364:
4319:
4297:
4290:
4276:
4250:
4235:
4216:
4202:
4195:
4181:
4164:
4150:
4143:
4129:
4115:
4080:
4062:
4048:
4033:
4026:
4000:
3985:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:the original
3906:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3856:
3847:
3839:the original
3834:
3825:
3816:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:the original
3780:
3766:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:the original
3626:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3602:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:
3570:
3552:
3534:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:the original
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3473:
3464:
3454:25 September
3452:. Retrieved
3448:
3439:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3366:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:the original
3334:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3299:
3284:. Retrieved
3280:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:the original
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3145:
3131:
3104:
3095:
3068:
3062:
3045:
3039:
3012:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2939:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2808:
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2675:
2666:
2647:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2550:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2480:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2430:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2365:
2356:
2343:
2335:
2320:
2315:
2288:
2217:
2215:
2022:
1624:CastelBrando
1537:Saint-Auvent
1211:
1198:
1192:
1169:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:carriage dog
1035:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:, uniformly
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
988:
986:
981:
977:
973:
967:
966:is called a
957:
953:
951:
930:
926:
908:
889:
887:
877:appointments
876:
872:
868:
866:
856:
849:
847:
842:
840:
834:
830:
824:
820:
818:
811:
804:
799:
796:dropped axle
792:forecarriage
791:
787:
783:
780:running gear
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
749:
745:
743:
738:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
711:
707:
701:
697:
689:
685:
681:
679:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
638:
634:
630:
628:
605:Construction
588:
565:
556:
535:
523:
511:
503:
474:
426:
422:
417:
415:
388:
380:
355:
320:
312:Zhou dynasty
306:
302:
285:of the late
268:
251:
222:Mohenjo Daro
207:
198:bullock cart
196:
190:
179:
162:
145:
132:
128:
124:
122:
99:
85:
72:
70:
36:
5321:Draft horse
5260:Horse brass
5202:Wheelwright
5177:Hammercloth
5075:Sled/sleigh
5068:Non-wheeled
5009:Sprung cart
4855:Two-wheeled
4804:State coach
4798:Stage wagon
4762:Post chaise
3967:12 February
3942:12 February
3917:12 February
3862:12 February
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3476:(in Polish)
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3315:12 February
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1297: [
1172:horse shows
1146:'s brougham
1059:coach house
898:upholstered
873:furnishings
851:fifth wheel
774:(or simply
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595:postillions
580:New Orleans
572:sightseeing
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457:Gregory XVI
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118: 1870
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5404:Categories
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3078:0851314686
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2973:30 January
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2270:References
2021:(formerly
1959:Royal Mews
1347:Petrópolis
1142:President
1113:Hansom cab
1095:peirameter
1011:road horse
982:hackneyman
690:dickey box
591:Royal Mews
578:, Vienna,
548:, Esfahan.
471:, Brussels
408:Stagecoach
316:dagger-axe
150:Late Latin
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67:, Portugal
5410:Carriages
5357:Carriages
5306:Postilion
5240:Breeching
5182:Shaft bow
4984:Ralli car
4870:Cape cart
4864:Cabriolet
4846:Wagonette
4836:Vis-à-vis
4821:Tarantass
4752:Park Drag
4663:Dos-à-dos
4657:Diligence
4629:Charabanc
4599:Buckboard
4548:carriages
4099:21753408M
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4042:493631378
3214:29 August
3161:3 October
3123:11598049M
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1846:, Seville
1732:Groningen
1589:Lohfelden
1551:Languedoc
1515:Compiègne
1501:Bourgogne
1317:Maarkedal
1274:in Vienna
1239:Australia
1225:Argentina
1042:coach dog
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619:George VI
485:Esztergom
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5296:Coachman
5230:Blinders
5014:Stanhope
4917:Curricle
4895:Quadriga
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4772:Rockaway
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4715:Horsecar
4635:Clarence
4619:Carryall
4594:Brougham
4574:Barouche
4401:Archived
4365:carriage
4357:Archived
4269:3828623M
4229:21311481
4223:, 1989.
4027:Speculum
4019:4886678M
3756:Archived
3560:Archived
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3103:(2005).
3031:4175648M
2931:20755870
2590:BBC News
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2351:(1855).
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1547:Sérignan
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1531:Picardie
1524:Brittany
1497:Marcigny
1480:Périgord
1476:Le Fleix
1000:lap robe
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