909:
402:
975:
384:
931:
1050:
707:
728:
750:
67:
90:
794:
953:
371:
843:
865:
887:
816:
772:
606:) per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large, circular, whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, while other capsules are warty or smooth. At maturity, the capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.
645:
Native
Americans used to crush the seeds and the resulting mash was thrown into still or sluggish waterbodies to stun or kill fish. They then boiled and drained (leached) the fish at least three times to dilute the toxin's effects. New shoots from the seeds also have been known to kill grazing
623:
All parts of the buckeye or horse chestnut tree are moderately toxic, including the nut-like seeds. The toxin affects the gastrointestinal system, causing gastrointestinal disturbances. The USDA notes that the toxicity is due to
1424:
Harrington, Mark G.; Edwards, Karen J.; Johnson, Sheila A.; Chase, Mark W.; Gadek, Paul A. (Apr–Jun 2005). "Phylogenetic inference in
Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences".
1103:
called himself the "log cabin and hard cider candidate", portraying himself sitting in a log cabin made of buckeye logs and drinking hard cider, causing Ohio to become known as "the
Buckeye State".
582:
species have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds, with opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large—to 65 cm (26 in) across in the
Japanese horse chestnut,
1126:(the local parliament), and the opening of the first leaf is recorded and announced publicly. Over the years, four different horse chestnut trees have been used for these recordings.
271:
1023:, a flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red horse chestnut
557:
after the Roman name for an edible acorn. Common names for these trees include "buckeye" and "horse chestnut", though they are not in the same order as the true chestnuts,
1540:
713:
357:
240:
1778:
567:. Some are also called white chestnut or red chestnut. In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of
1817:
1017:), is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species is the bottlebrush buckeye,
1567:
1879:
1531:
1726:
1164:
1096:
1791:
1739:
1261:
1209:
1976:
1796:
1515:
Carnival
Campaign: How the Rollicking 1840 Campaign of "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" Changed Presidential Elections Forever
908:
659:, but phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data have more recently caused this family, along with the
1822:
1765:
1073:
The horse chestnut was not native to
Britain and was only introduced from Europe in 1650 (on the estates of both
525:
Northern
Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to 13 species native to Eurasia. Several
38:
401:
602:
2–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter, usually globose, containing one to three seeds (often erroneously called a
17:
1897:
1804:
1242:
Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38
1115:
405:
Fruit of a Horse-chestnut still in a half cocoon of which the fragile sprout has already reached the soil.
1971:
1653:
1648:
1625:
1718:
1705:
974:
383:
1892:
586:. Species are deciduous or evergreen. Flowers are showy, insect- or bird-pollinated, with four or five
1832:
89:
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930:
1384:
1049:
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1123:
534:
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1700:
1578:
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1100:
1003:
734:
302:
216:
75:
1783:
1513:
1493:'Thujoy Khreshchatyk'. Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital"
1920:
1853:
1845:
706:
1674:
1423:
1089:
800:
247:
1871:
1024:
253:
8:
1866:
1489:
1348:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
1019:
871:
316:
1938:
1616:
1466:
1449:
1441:
959:
937:
778:
595:
344:
337:
265:
84:
45:
1966:
1840:
1661:
1541:"A morphological phylogenetic analysis of Aesculus L. and Billia Peyr. (Sapindaceae)"
1497:
1395:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171.
1257:
1233:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195
1205:
388:
183:
1453:
1224:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171
1943:
1548:
1433:
721:
northeast India (Sikkim) eastward to southern China (Guangxi) and northern Vietnam
650:
591:
526:
459:
421:
1630:
1363:. Monroe, Louisiana: The Herbarium of Northeast Louisiana University. p. 118.
1666:
1373:
1135:
1119:
1062:
1054:
981:
893:
849:
756:
727:
599:
503:
375:
351:
323:
309:
295:
127:
1809:
1539:
Forest, F., Drouin, J. N., Charest, R., Brouillet, L., & Bruneau A. (2001).
749:
617:
1930:
1061:
Interpretations of the tree leaves can be seen in architectural details in the
1009:
915:
822:
330:
283:
114:
66:
1001:
The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the common horse chestnut,
1960:
1601:
1437:
1405:
Judd, W.S.; Sanders, R.W.; Donoghue, M.J. (1994). "Angiosperm family pairs".
550:
522:
222:
200:
1910:
1092:
used from 1969 to 1995. It remains an official symbol of Kyiv to this day.
1078:
1074:
518:
208:
793:
1752:
1610:
1111:
603:
507:
173:
1640:
1445:
1324:
A field guide to edible wild plants of eastern and central North America
1731:
952:
669:
613:
370:
163:
1311:(second ed.). New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. p. 214.
1122:; every year since 1818, the tree is observed by the secretary of the
864:
842:
1757:
1687:
660:
632:
594:, arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110
31:
1572:
1552:
1256:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 15.
1905:
1595:
1163:, that is now discouraged as a formal geochronological unit by the
1160:
639:
635:
559:
540:
140:
1692:
1770:
886:
815:
625:
568:
564:
771:
44:"Red chestnut" redirects here. For the moth with this name, see
1107:
655:
628:
153:
1679:
664:
587:
515:
410:
101:
902:
western North America, endemic to Baja California del Norte
1085:
511:
483:
465:
445:
427:
743:
Europe, native to the Balkans; northeastern North America
477:
439:
673:), to be included in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae).
474:
436:
1485:
1483:
1199:
649:
The genus was considered to be in the ditypic family
486:
471:
468:
448:
433:
430:
37:"Horse chestnut" redirects here. For other uses, see
30:
Not to be confused with the Ancient Greek playwright
1480:
1200:
Ogg, J.G.; Gradstein, F.M.; Gradstein, F.M. (2004).
480:
442:
1404:
462:
424:
620:of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD.
1958:
1084:The leaf of Aesculus was the official symbol of
571:, played with the seeds, also called conkers.
1477:Scottish Garden Buildings by Tim Buxbaum p.11
1291:
1276:
1204:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1159:This designation has as a part of it a term,
1467:New York Flora Atlas: Aesculus hippocastanum
1417:
1254:The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage
1389:
1326:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 172.
547:seedpods, but belong to a different genus.
1359:Dale, Thomas R.; Scogin, Dixie B. (1988).
1358:
1227:
1218:
65:
1532:Germplasm Resources Information Network:
1335:
1333:
1236:
1118:is used to indicate the beginning of the
1507:
1321:
1315:
1165:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1048:
400:
382:
369:
1460:
14:
1959:
1378:
1339:
1330:
1270:
1251:
612:seeds were traditionally eaten, after
1577:
1576:
1285:
1245:
1181:
27:Flowering genus in family Sapindaceae
1833:51761f47-1c5e-453b-8af7-72a4d0359285
1398:
1367:
1352:
1306:
1300:
1146:
1057:depicting horse chestnut tree leaves
1279:Prehistoric Hunter-Gathers in Japan
676:
24:
1292:Aikens, C.M.; Higachi, T. (1982).
1277:Akazawa, T.; Aikens, C.M. (1986).
25:
1988:
1525:
973:
951:
929:
907:
885:
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1898:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36263-1
1471:
1097:1840 U.S. presidential campaign
39:Horse chestnut (disambiguation)
1193:
1153:
996:
574:
79:, the European horse chestnut
13:
1:
1361:100 woody plants of Louisiana
1141:
1068:
502:, comprises 13–19 species of
1564:King's American Dispensatory
1281:. University of Tokyo Press.
1174:
7:
1977:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1129:
535:Arcto-Tertiary distribution
10:
1993:
1296:. New York Academic Press.
1202:A geologic time scale 2004
1188:Sunset Western Garden Book
43:
36:
29:
1585:
1385:Guide to Poisonous Plants
1309:The Wild Food Trail Guide
1044:
598:. The fruit matures to a
234:
229:
214:
207:
85:Scientific classification
83:
73:
64:
57:
1518:, by Ronald Shafer, 2016
1438:10.1600/0363644054223549
1407:Harvard Papers in Botany
1252:Harlan, Jack R. (1995).
397:, the red horse chestnut
1124:Grand Council of Geneva
965:Japanese horse chestnut
642:possibly contributing.
494:), with species called
1322:Peterson, Lee (1977).
1116:official chestnut tree
1101:William Henry Harrison
1058:
1053:Column details in the
1007:. The yellow buckeye,
1004:Aesculus hippocastanum
946:eastern North America
924:eastern North America
880:eastern North America
858:eastern North America
836:eastern North America
809:western North America
784:Chinese horse chestnut
735:Aesculus hippocastanum
543:seedpods resemble the
406:
398:
380:
303:Aesculus hippocastanum
217:Aesculus hippocastanum
76:Aesculus hippocastanum
1854:Paleobiology Database
1052:
762:Indian horse chestnut
533:exhibits a classical
404:
386:
373:
1374:Fishing with Poisons
1346:Willd.), Plant Guide
1340:Nelson, Guy (2006).
801:Aesculus californica
248:Aesculus californica
1307:Hall, Alan (1976).
1294:Prehistory of Japan
1033:, a hybrid between
1020:Aesculus parviflora
877:bottlebrush buckeye
872:Aesculus parviflora
596:growing degree days
590:fused into a lobed
317:Aesculus parviflora
1972:Sapindaceae genera
1568:Winter ID pictures
1059:
960:Aesculus turbinata
938:Aesculus sylvatica
806:California buckeye
779:Aesculus chinensis
407:
399:
381:
345:Aesculus turbinata
338:Aesculus sylvatica
273:Aesculus chinensis
266:Aesculus chinensis
47:Cerastis rubricosa
1954:
1953:
1841:Open Tree of Life
1579:Taxon identifiers
1547:79 (2): 154–169.
1498:Ukrayinska Pravda
1426:Systematic Botany
1263:978-0-521-40112-8
1211:978-0-521-78142-8
1147:Explanatory notes
994:
993:
714:Aesculus assamica
368:
367:
358:Aesculus assamica
203:
184:Hippocastanoideae
16:(Redirected from
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553:named the genus
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1560:Aesculus glabra
1553:10.1139/b00-146
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1136:Anne Frank tree
1132:
1071:
1063:Reims Cathedral
1055:Reims Cathedral
1047:
999:
982:Aesculus wangii
943:painted buckeye
899:Parry's buckeye
894:Aesculus parryi
850:Aesculus glabra
757:Aesculus indica
694:Scientific name
681:The species of
679:
577:
541:Mexican buckeye
461:
457:
423:
419:
376:Aesculus glabra
364:
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352:Aesculus wangii
324:Aesculus parryi
310:Aesculus indica
296:Aesculus glabra
241:Aesculus arguta
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1562:(Ohio buckeye)
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1526:External links
1524:
1521:
1520:
1506:
1503:(in Ukrainian)
1501:(29 May 2019)
1479:
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1459:
1432:(2): 366–382.
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1342:Ohio Buckeye (
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1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
990:eastern Asia
989:
986:
984:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:
967:
964:
962:
961:
957:
954:
950:
949:
945:
942:
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939:
935:
932:
928:
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918:
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883:
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844:
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835:
832:
829:
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824:
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802:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:eastern Asia
786:
783:
781:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:eastern Asia
764:
761:
759:
758:
754:
751:
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742:
739:
737:
736:
732:
729:
725:
724:
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700:Distribution
699:
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572:
570:
566:
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551:Carl Linnaeus
548:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
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513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
453:
417:
416:
412:
403:
396:
395:
391:
385:
379:Ohio buckeye
378:
377:
372:
360:
359:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:
335:
333:
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328:
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321:
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155:
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146:
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142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:Tracheophytes
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
33:
19:
1872:Aesculus spp
1586:
1559:
1545:Can. J. Bot.
1544:
1533:
1514:
1509:
1496:
1473:
1462:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1155:
1105:
1099:, candidate
1094:
1090:coat of arms
1083:
1079:Stobo Castle
1075:Dawyck House
1072:
1060:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1000:
980:
958:
936:
914:
892:
870:
855:Ohio buckeye
848:
827:
821:
799:
777:
755:
733:
712:
682:
680:
668:
654:
648:
644:
622:
618:Jōmon people
609:
608:
592:corolla tube
584:A. turbinata
583:
579:
578:
558:
554:
549:
544:
539:
530:
499:
495:
414:
413:
408:
393:
389:
374:
356:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
288:
282:
276:
272:
264:
258:
254:
246:
239:
215:
209:Type species
194:
193:
147:
134:
121:
108:
74:
58:
52:
46:
1753:iNaturalist
1611:Wikispecies
1112:Switzerland
1015:A. octandra
997:Cultivation
921:red buckeye
828:A. octandra
697:Common name
653:along with
575:Description
510:. They are
508:Sapindaceae
289:A. octandra
180:Subfamily:
174:Sapindaceae
128:Angiosperms
1961:Categories
1142:References
1069:In history
670:Dipteronia
387:Flower of
164:Sapindales
1175:Citations
685:include:
661:Aceraceae
640:alkaloids
633:glucoside
616:, by the
523:temperate
98:Kingdom:
32:Aeschylus
1967:Aesculus
1928:VASCAN:
1911:40033594
1906:Tropicos
1638:BioLib:
1617:Aesculus
1596:Wikidata
1587:Aesculus
1534:Aesculus
1454:85868684
1446:25064067
1161:Tertiary
1130:See also
1039:A. pavia
1026:Aesculus
683:Aesculus
646:cattle.
636:aesculin
614:leaching
610:Aesculus
580:Aesculus
560:Castanea
555:Aesculus
545:Aesculus
531:Aesculus
415:Aesculus
390:Aesculus
277:wilsonii
255:Aesculus
230:Species
195:Aesculus
170:Family:
141:Eudicots
59:Aesculus
1921:5872380
1784:1271392
1771:36263-1
1732:3189801
1602:Q158752
1413:: 1–51.
1095:In the
1088:on its
638:, with
626:saponin
600:capsule
569:conkers
565:Fagales
563:in the
529:occur.
527:hybrids
521:to the
496:buckeye
190:Genus:
160:Order:
102:Plantae
1918:uBio:
1880:PLANTS
1846:404234
1830:NZOR:
1719:100706
1706:100706
1654:102148
1631:169114
1452:
1444:
1260:
1208:
1120:Spring
1108:Geneva
1045:In art
1030:carnea
1013:(syn.
968:Japan
665:maples
656:Billia
629:aescin
588:petals
519:native
516:shrubs
394:carnea
259:carnea
154:Rosids
1885:AESCU
1859:52908
1823:43363
1797:28714
1779:IRMNG
1758:53350
1693:1AECG
1680:37286
1450:S2CID
1442:JSTOR
1114:, an
691:Image
512:trees
411:genus
275:var.
148:Clade
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
1893:POWO
1867:PfaF
1818:NCBI
1792:ITIS
1766:IPNI
1740:GRIN
1727:GBIF
1688:EPPO
1649:BOLD
1641:3591
1626:APNI
1258:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1086:Kyiv
1077:and
1037:and
667:and
631:and
514:and
498:and
409:The
1939:WFO
1931:783
1805:NBN
1745:245
1714:FoC
1701:FNA
1675:EoL
1667:PTB
1662:CoL
1549:doi
1434:doi
1106:In
1081:).
604:nut
537:.
456:or
1963::
1941::
1908::
1895::
1882::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1781::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1628::
1613::
1598::
1543:.
1495:,
1482:^
1448:.
1440:.
1430:30
1428:.
1409:.
1332:^
1110:,
1065:.
1041:.
1028:×
466:aɪ
392:x
355:=
257:×
223:L.
201:L.
150::
137::
124::
111::
1555:.
1551::
1491:"
1456:.
1436::
1411:1
1266:.
1214:.
1167:.
830:)
826:(
663:(
490:/
487:s
484:ə
481:l
478:ʊ
475:j
472:k
469:s
463:ˈ
460:/
452:/
449:s
446:ə
443:l
440:ʊ
437:j
434:k
431:s
428:ɛ
425:ˈ
422:/
418:(
291:)
287:(
50:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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