41:
2933:
187:
627:
3517:
3527:
952:
In
October 2022, the House of Elders extended the President's term of office by two years, which was scheduled to expire on November 13, 2022. The House of Elders itself extended its own term by five years. However, some legislators opposed this decision. This decision was criticized by the British
937:
Somaliland
Electoral Commission started voter registration in November 2020 as scheduled. In January 2021, the Somaliland Electoral Commission submitted to the President a proposal to hold simultaneous parliamentary and local elections on May 31, which the President approved. In February 2021, the
903:
On May 16, 2015, the House of Elders announced that it would extend its own term until June 2018. They further announced a two-year extension of
President Dahir Riyale Kahin's term, which also expires in 2015. The National Electoral Commission had announced a one-year extension of the presidential
929:
The House of Elders further announced in
January 2019 that elections would be postponed. At this time, it was once decided that the elections for the House of Representatives would be held in January 2022 and the House of Elders in January 2023 In response, the United Nations Support Mission in
761:
Somaliland's political form is not yet stable, and although the term of office for the House of
Representatives is constitutionally set at five years, actual elections for members have only been held twice until 2023, in 2005 and 2021, due to various circumstances. The House of Elders plays an
824:
In 2003, the House of Elders' term expired, but the term was changed by presidential decree to "one year after the term of the House of
Representatives." The term of the House of Representatives also expired in May 2003, but the House of Elders decided to extend the term of the House of
757:
According to the
Somaliland Constitution, the House of Elders has the power to reject a resolution of the House of Representatives, but the will of the House of Representatives prevails if the resolution is re-passed by a 2/3 majority of the House of Representatives.
775:
The Guurti, the predecessor of the
Somaliland Council of Elders, existed long before the founding of Somaliland. However, it was not institutionalized, nor was it a permanent organization, as the elders of the clans concerned gathered whenever a matter arose.
787:
clans in northwestern
Somalia, declared the establishment of the Republic of Somaliland. However, the military factions were unable to unite the country under their rule, and in 1993, the SNM asked the elders of the clans to mediate between the factions.
762:
important role in extending the term of the House of
Representatives. The term of office of the President is also set at five years, but the term has always been extended in the past, and the House of Elders plays an important role in this as well.
873:
The presidential term of office as stipulated in the Somaliland Constitution was five years, but in April 2008, the House of Elders of Somaliland approved the president's request to extend the presidential term by one year. Subsequently, the
933:
In July 2020, the three main Somaliland parties reached an agreement on the method of elections, and in October, the House of Elders of Somaliland signed an agreement to hold parliamentary and local elections on this basis.
878:
requested another one-year extension, citing remaining technical issues, and the House of Elders of Somaliland approved this request as well. The presidential election was eventually held in June 2010, two years later, and
742:
that delegates assigned the Guurti the role of peacemaker and upper house of the legislature. The term of office for the House of Elders is six years, but it has never been re-elected since it was founded in 1993.
1162:
900:
In April 2013, the House of Elders decided to extend the term of the House of Representatives, which expires in May, through 2015. This will extend the term of the House of Elders through 2016.
897:
In September 2010, the House of Elders extended its own term of office by three years and eight months, and also extended the term of the House of Representatives by two years and eight months.
859:
were held in 2005, the term of the House of Elders was set for 2006. However, in May 2006, the Somaliland House of Elders itself decided to extend the term of the House of Elders by four years.
2982:
2617:
2918:
2812:
2502:
1039:
1321:
1146:
1816:
2492:
1741:
2457:
2852:
1691:
664:
810:, Guurti was institutionalized as a House of Elders, with 82 members elected from various parts of Somaliland. The House of Elders then nominated
2096:
1889:
724:. It has 82 members, representing traditional leaders. The House of Elders is mandated with considering bills proposed by the lower house of the
3172:
926:
In November 2017, the House of Elders announced that the House of Representatives parliamentary elections would be postponed until 2019.
2726:
1791:
3561:
2437:
1938:
875:
3162:
2111:
1342:
1276:
546:
528:
524:
469:
1616:
510:
3235:
2391:
1766:
603:
479:
1666:
2994:
2877:
2832:
2371:
921:
856:
850:
435:
430:
362:
2552:
1570:
637:
3228:
947:
905:
892:
868:
747:
729:
416:
411:
406:
401:
308:
1520:
2739:
1596:
1545:
657:
2587:
2542:
1882:
457:
452:
447:
1188:"Appropriate 'Governance-Technology'? Somali Clan Elders and Institutions in the Making of the 'Republic of Somaliland'"
3324:
2627:
265:
1470:
1322:"Traditional Structures in Peace and Security Consolidation: The Case of the House of Elders (Guurti) in 'Somaliland'"
1121:
Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia: Statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17-19 January 1994
3556:
3486:
2472:
2061:
1129:
1048:
1148:
Traditional Structures in Peace and Security Consolidation: The Case of the House of Elders (Guurti) in 'Somaliland'
1092:
3347:
3264:
3245:
3021:
2126:
342:
234:
3423:
3319:
3157:
2882:
2719:
2693:
2642:
2572:
2507:
2376:
2306:
2166:
2013:
2003:
1973:
1641:
650:
559:
500:
3551:
3408:
3371:
3314:
3053:
2862:
2688:
2607:
2577:
2409:
2226:
2176:
2116:
2051:
1875:
1102:
484:
3418:
3413:
3388:
3269:
2462:
2417:
2296:
2076:
1047:. Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. March 2021. p. 1. Archived from
1001:
972:
738:
National Charter of 1993 established bicameral legislature. It was at a national gathering of clan elders at
588:
2046:
3334:
3257:
3252:
2957:
2847:
2316:
2121:
2041:
253:
3428:
2913:
2908:
2291:
1993:
1495:
3177:
3147:
2932:
2822:
2712:
2582:
2236:
2136:
818:
811:
536:
205:
2602:
1445:
3491:
3304:
3274:
3182:
2266:
2241:
2071:
2008:
1978:
1928:
551:
2186:
1250:
963:
In May 2023, 13 members of the House of Elders were absent from the assembly and ordered to attend.
3218:
3167:
2872:
2442:
2422:
1021:
780:
739:
721:
287:
225:
218:
1843:"No Easy Way Out: Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders"
1423:"No Easy Way Out: Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders"
3498:
3398:
3393:
3357:
3240:
3206:
3189:
3152:
3058:
2941:
2887:
2632:
2597:
2427:
2251:
1943:
1842:
1422:
833:
In July 2004, Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar, Chairman of the House of Elders, died in
608:
387:
374:
337:
230:
904:
election a few days earlier for technical reasons, the decision that was overlaid. Eventually,
3476:
3126:
2837:
2622:
2557:
2547:
1862:
1119:
978:
838:
699:
301:
177:
91:
3438:
3352:
3292:
3142:
3075:
2967:
2962:
2892:
2827:
2747:
2381:
2361:
2336:
2286:
2036:
991:
880:
613:
369:
165:
3481:
3329:
2802:
2567:
2537:
2482:
2331:
2246:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2018:
1377:
8:
3520:
3466:
3461:
3446:
3339:
3065:
2972:
2857:
2817:
2652:
2647:
2351:
2221:
1953:
541:
317:
40:
1867:
3403:
3309:
2807:
2432:
2341:
2311:
2261:
2141:
2106:
2056:
1988:
1207:
996:
583:
313:
258:
2637:
3530:
3526:
3211:
2842:
2797:
2782:
2592:
2522:
2487:
2366:
2326:
2276:
2216:
2211:
2091:
2086:
1998:
1983:
1923:
1742:"Golaha Guurtida Somaliland oo muddo laba sano ah u kordhiyay Madaxweyne Muuse Biixi"
1199:
1125:
1098:
803:
797:
631:
2171:
817:
The 1997 interim constitution set the term of the House of Elders at six years. The
161:
3471:
2612:
2467:
2447:
2271:
2156:
2081:
1958:
1948:
1933:
1918:
1692:"Somaliland: Guurti endorses the Election timeline set by the Electoral Commission"
1817:"Magacyada 13 Xildhibaan Oo Uu Baafinayo Golaha Guurtida Somaliland & Sababta"
1301:"THE LEADERSHIP ROLE OF THE GUURTI (THE UPPER HOUSE) IN SOMALILAND STATE BUILDING"
3031:
3026:
2999:
2977:
2792:
2683:
2562:
2301:
2281:
2256:
2231:
2206:
2196:
2151:
2146:
2101:
2066:
1225:
690:
682:
1398:
3456:
2867:
2787:
2532:
2527:
2512:
2497:
2321:
2161:
2131:
909:
244:
3545:
3103:
3009:
2678:
2673:
2028:
1203:
347:
821:, which took effect in 2001, also clearly states about the House of Elders.
3383:
3088:
2772:
2668:
2517:
2452:
1968:
1716:
593:
2477:
1963:
1902:
1898:
1717:"Golaha Guurtida Somaliland oo muddo kordhin u sameeyey Madaxweyne Biixi"
751:
717:
297:
280:
58:
1399:"The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland"
1211:
1187:
3451:
3046:
3041:
3014:
2735:
1910:
1767:"SOMALILAND oo cadaadis xoogan kala kulmeysa beesha caalamka + Sababta"
1118:
Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim Mohamed; Wohlgemuth, Lennart (4 June 1994).
735:
725:
186:
2704:
1091:
Bahcheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (9 September 2004).
1073:
3036:
3004:
2767:
2762:
514:
1521:"International Partners Disappointed by Somaliland Electoral Delays"
1300:
142:
3108:
2987:
1667:"Somaliland: NEC Schedules 2021 Municipal, Parliamentary Elections"
1597:"ON DELAYS TO SOMALILAND PARLIAMENTARY AND LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS"
1571:"On delays to Somaliland Parliamentary and Local Council Elections"
1343:"Self-Determination and Secessionism in Somaliland and South Sudan"
1277:"Self-Determination and Secessionism in Somaliland and South Sudan"
1251:"The Other Somalia: An Island of Stability in a Sea of Armed Chaos"
957:
129:
956:
In January 2023, the House of Elders discussed the situation in
3098:
3093:
834:
807:
706:
1792:"Golaha Guurtida Somaliland oo ka hadlay xaaladda Laascaanood"
3083:
2777:
784:
791:
3194:
1546:"Somaliland's fragile democracy faces more election delays"
1163:"Somaliland International Democratization Support Strategy"
1226:"Somaliland elections: Could polls help gain recognition?"
507:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
1897:
915:
844:
1090:
1074:"Golaha guurtida Somaliland goormey howlgab noqonayaan?"
941:
886:
862:
2813:
Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland
1642:"Somaliland: We are Ready for Unregistered Voters-NEC"
1471:"Unrecognized Vote: Somaliland's Democratic Journey"
1420:
1298:
704:
1375:
3543:
2853:List of colonial governors of British Somaliland
1340:
1274:
1617:"Somaliland parliament approves electoral pact"
1319:
1117:
837:, where he was visiting for medical treatment.
2720:
1883:
1396:
658:
1041:Republic of Somaliland: Country Profile 2021
754:, are elected through democratic elections.
16:Upper house of the Parliament of Somaliland
2727:
2713:
1890:
1876:
1094:De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty
828:
665:
651:
39:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
804:Great Congress of National Reconciliation
792:Great Congress of National Reconciliation
746:In contrast, members of the Somaliland's
2734:
1390:
1185:
3544:
2833:Italian invasion of British Somaliland
1358:
1144:
922:2021 Somaliland parliamentary election
916:2021 Somaliland parliamentary election
851:2005 Somaliland parliamentary election
845:2005 Somaliland parliamentary election
2708:
1871:
1594:
1496:"Somaliland's Guurti Sparks a Crisis"
1334:
1299:HASSAN FARAH MOHAMED (January 2015).
948:2024 Somaliland presidential election
942:2024 Somaliland presidential election
893:2017 Somaliland presidential election
887:2017 Somaliland presidential election
869:2010 Somaliland presidential election
863:2010 Somaliland presidential election
938:House of Elders unanimously agreed.
930:Somalia (UNSOM) expressed concern.
783:(SNM), which was mainly led by the
730:Somaliland House of Representatives
694:
13:
1840:
975:, 1993 - July 2004, died in office
14:
3573:
3562:1993 establishments in Somaliland
1856:
857:Somaliland parliamentary election
814:as the new Somaliland President.
3525:
3516:
3515:
2931:
2112:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1446:"UNICEF Somalia Review Jul 2004"
1397:Berouk Mesfin (September 2009).
1378:"HOUSE OF ELDERS S/ELECTION LAW"
1376:somalilandlaw.com (2015-05-11).
625:
185:
2694:List of legislatures by country
1834:
1809:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1659:
1634:
1609:
1588:
1563:
1538:
1513:
1488:
1463:
1438:
1414:
1313:
1292:
1268:
1243:
908:were held in November 2017 and
2689:List of abolished upper houses
1218:
1179:
1155:
1138:
1111:
1084:
1066:
1032:
1014:
825:Representatives by two years.
740:the 1993 conference in Boorama
1:
1421:Markus Virgil Hoehne (2011).
1007:
1002:List of national legislatures
973:Sheikh Yusuf Ali Sheikh Madar
876:National Electoral Commission
770:
2848:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
7:
2878:Declaration of Independence
1124:. Nordic Africa Institute.
985:
966:
841:was elected his successor.
705:
560:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
348:Chief Justice of Somaliland
10:
3578:
2823:Somaliland campaign (1920)
945:
919:
890:
866:
848:
819:Constitution of Somaliland
812:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
795:
765:
3511:
3437:
3379:
3370:
3300:
3291:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3074:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2929:
2901:
2755:
2746:
2661:
2408:
2390:
2350:
2027:
1909:
1341:Redie Bereketeab (2012).
1275:Redie Bereketeab (2012).
1186:Renders, Marleen (2007).
1145:Gatimu, Carolyne (2004).
1134:– via Google Books.
1107:– via Google Books.
1022:"Somaliland Constitution"
160:
155:
140:
135:
128:
123:
113:
105:
100:
84:
79:
71:
66:
52:
47:
38:
21:
3557:Government of Somaliland
3229:House of Representatives
2377:Northern Mariana Islands
1320:Carolyne Gatimu (2014).
781:Somali National Movement
748:House of Representatives
722:Parliament of Somaliland
363:Administrative divisions
309:House of Representatives
2888:2022 Waheen Market fire
1841:Hoehne, Markus Virgil.
981:, August 2004 – Present
829:Replaced by 2nd Speaker
338:Judiciary of Somaliland
2838:Somaliland Camel Corps
1939:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1696:somalilandstandard.com
979:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan
953:and U.S. governments.
906:presidential elections
839:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan
686:
525:Diplomatic missions of
302:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan
178:Politics of Somaliland
95:since August 28, 2004
92:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan
3552:National upper houses
2893:Outline of Somaliland
2828:1922 Burao Tax Revolt
2117:Republic of the Congo
1026:www.somalilandlaw.com
992:History of Somaliland
881:Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo
712:), also known as the
632:Somaliland portal
3059:Sa'ad ad-Din Islands
2803:Habr Yunis Sultanate
1595:UNSOM (2019-11-27).
266:Council of Ministers
3163:Diplomatic missions
2863:War of Independence
2858:State of Somaliland
2818:Somaliland campaign
2317:Trinidad and Tobago
2042:Antigua and Barbuda
1821:Hadhwanaagmedia.com
343:Ministry of Justice
318:Yasin Haji Mohamoud
3348:Telecommunications
2808:British Somaliland
2538:Kingdom of Ireland
2483:Dominican Republic
2127:Dominican Republic
1080:. 21 January 2019.
997:Legislative branch
259:Abdirahman Saylici
3539:
3538:
3507:
3506:
3366:
3365:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3236:Political parties
3212:Somaliland Police
3158:Foreign relations
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
2927:
2926:
2873:National Movement
2843:Somaliland Scouts
2798:Battle of Berbera
2783:Sultanate of Ifat
2702:
2701:
2354:other territories
2192:Japan (post-1947)
2137:Equatorial Guinea
1646:somalilandsun.com
802:In 1993, at the "
798:Borama Conference
703:
675:
674:
604:Political parties
577:National symbols
547:Visa requirements
501:Foreign relations
480:Political parties
171:
170:
3569:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3419:Independence Day
3377:
3376:
3343:
3298:
3297:
3202:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2753:
2752:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2583:Northern Ireland
2548:Japan (pre-1947)
2543:Irish Free State
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:Caasimada online
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
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1713:
1707:
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1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
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1525:so.usembassy.gov
1517:
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1507:
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629:
628:
189:
173:
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151:
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43:
19:
18:
3577:
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3572:
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3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3503:
3433:
3414:Public holidays
3389:National emblem
3362:
3341:
3279:
3224:House of Elders
3196:
3113:
3070:
3000:Golis Mountains
2995:Mountain ranges
2978:Greater Somalia
2936:
2923:
2897:
2793:Isaaq Sultanate
2742:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2684:Multicameralism
2657:
2404:
2386:
2353:
2346:
2023:
1905:
1896:
1859:
1854:
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1845:
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1269:
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1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
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1192:Africa Spectrum
1184:
1180:
1171:
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1160:
1156:
1143:
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1132:
1116:
1112:
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1089:
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1078:BBC News Somali
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1054:on 23 June 2021
1051:
1044:
1038:
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1020:
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871:
865:
853:
847:
831:
800:
794:
773:
768:
750:, Somaliland's
687:Golaha Guurtida
679:House of Elders
671:
642:
638:Other countries
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624:
619:
618:
598:
573:
565:
564:
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537:Nationality law
533:
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493:
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440:
429:Parliamentary:
423:
390:
380:
379:
365:
355:
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333:
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293:House of Elders
283:
273:
272:
221:
211:
210:
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180:
162:House of Elders
141:
116:
96:
94:
87:
62:
61:
34:
30:
28:Golaha Guurtida
25:
24:
23:House of Elders
17:
12:
11:
5:
3575:
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3284:
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3262:
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3260:
3253:Vice-President
3250:
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3226:
3216:
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3204:
3192:
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3019:
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3012:
3007:
3002:
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2990:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
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2944:
2938:
2937:
2930:
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2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Border dispute
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Isaaq genocide
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
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2835:
2830:
2825:
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2815:
2810:
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2800:
2795:
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2788:Adal Sultanate
2785:
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2775:
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2765:
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2653:Weimar Germany
2650:
2645:
2640:
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2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Russian Empire
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
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2545:
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2525:
2520:
2515:
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2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
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2473:Czechoslovakia
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
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2428:British Guiana
2425:
2420:
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2402:
2396:
2394:
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2362:American Samoa
2358:
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2348:
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2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:United Kingdom
2319:
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2299:
2294:
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2279:
2274:
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2259:
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2229:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Czech Republic
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:Somaliland law
1858:
1857:External links
1855:
1852:
1851:
1833:
1808:
1796:VOA Soomaaliya
1783:
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1721:VOA Soomaaliya
1708:
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1587:
1575:somalia.un.org
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1198:(3): 439–459.
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946:Main article:
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910:Muse Bihi Abdi
891:Main article:
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254:Vice President
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245:Muse Bihi Abdi
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145:.govsomaliland
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115:Length of term
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3429:Supreme Court
3427:
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3200:
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3176:
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3149:
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3141:
3140:
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3107:
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3097:
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3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Ogo Mountains
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
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2984:
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2710:
2707:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
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2680:
2679:Tricameralism
2677:
2675:
2674:Unicameralism
2672:
2670:
2667:
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2654:
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2421:
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2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
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2395:
2393:
2392:Non-UN states
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2352:Dependent and
2349:
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2340:
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2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2019:United States
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1746:Horseed Media
1743:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1598:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1551:
1550:issafrica.org
1547:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1501:
1500:reliefweb.int
1497:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1450:reliefweb.int
1447:
1441:
1424:
1417:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
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1362:
1344:
1337:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1295:
1278:
1271:
1256:
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1246:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1131:9789171063564
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1097:. Routledge.
1096:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
964:
961:
959:
954:
949:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
912:was elected.
911:
907:
901:
898:
894:
884:
883:was elected.
882:
877:
870:
860:
858:
852:
842:
840:
836:
826:
822:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
799:
789:
786:
782:
779:In 1991, the
777:
763:
759:
755:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
701:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
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1903:legislatures
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1899:Upper houses
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1602:2021-11-11
1581:2021-11-07
1556:2021-11-07
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1456:2021-11-09
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2102:Chile
2009:Sudan
1979:Nepal
1964:India
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