2111:, favoured for their warmth; and the old open-topped nests of other songbirds, which are then domed over. Usually the couples repeat copulation many times. Every copulation is followed by some break of 3 to 4 seconds, and in that time both pair change their position by some distance. The nest is usually domed, though it may lack a roof in enclosed sites. It has an outer layer of stems and roots, a middle layer of dead grass and leaves, and a lining of feathers, as well as of paper and other soft materials. Nests typically have external dimensions of 20 × 30 cm (8 × 12 in), but their size varies greatly. The building of the nest is initiated by the unmated male while displaying to females. The female assists in building, but is less active than the male. Some nest building occurs throughout the year, especially after moult in autumn. In colder areas house sparrows build specially created roost nests, or roost in street lights, to avoid losing heat during the winter. House sparrows do not hold territories, but they defend their nests aggressively against intruders of the same sex.
529:
2057:
620:
2439:
42:
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2615:; electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones; and diseases such as avian malaria. A shortage of nesting sites caused by changes in urban building design is probably a factor, and conservation organisations have encouraged the use of special nest boxes for sparrows. A primary cause of the decline seems to be an insufficient supply of insect food for nestling sparrows. Declines in insect populations result from an increase of monoculture crops, the heavy use of pesticides, the replacement of native plants in cities with introduced plants and parking areas, and possibly the introduction of
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56:
1980:
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227:
2149:, though numbers from one to 10 have been recorded. At least two clutches are usually laid, and up to seven a year may be laid in the tropics or four a year in temperate latitudes. When fewer clutches are laid in a year, especially at higher latitudes, the number of eggs per clutch is greater. Central Asian house sparrows, which migrate and have only one clutch a year, average 6.5 eggs in a clutch. Clutch size is also affected by environmental and seasonal conditions, female age, and breeding density.
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their association with the
European homeland of many immigrants. Birds usually described later as sparrows are referred to in many works of ancient literature and religious texts in Europe and western Asia. These references may not always refer specifically to the house sparrow, or even to small, seed-eating birds, but later writers who were inspired by these texts often had the house sparrow in mind. In particular, sparrows were associated by the ancient Greeks with
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1813:, but it is opportunistic and adaptable, and eats whatever foods are available. In towns and cities, it often scavenges for food in garbage containers and congregates in the outdoors of restaurants and other eating establishments to feed on leftover food and crumbs. It can perform complex tasks to obtain food, such as opening automatic doors to enter supermarkets, clinging to hotel walls to watch vacationers on their balconies, and
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588:, this note is made as a contact call by flocking or resting birds; or by males to proclaim nest ownership and invite pairing. In the breeding season, the male gives this call repetitively, with emphasis and speed, but not much rhythm, forming what is described either as a song or an "ecstatic call" similar to a song. Young birds also give a true song, especially in captivity, a warbling similar to that of the
2223:. If both parents perish, the ensuing intensive begging sounds of the young often attract replacement parents which feed them until they can sustain themselves. All the young in the nest leave it during the same period of a few hours. At this stage, they are normally able to fly. They start feeding themselves partly after 1 or 2 days, and sustain themselves completely after 7 to 10 days, 14 at the latest.
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1847:. Rural birds tend to eat more waste seed from animal dung and seed from fields while urban birds tend to eat more commercial bird seed and weed seed. In urban areas, the house sparrow also feeds largely on food provided directly or indirectly by humans, such as bread, though it prefers raw seeds. The house sparrow also eats some plant matter besides seeds, including
2028:, so about 15% of house sparrow fledglings are unrelated to their mother's mate. Males guard their mates carefully to avoid being cuckolded, and most extra-pair copulation occurs away from nest sites. Males may sometimes have multiple mates, and bigamy is mostly limited by aggression between females. Many birds do not find a nest and a mate, and instead may serve as
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localised impact on numbers. Sparrows were also persecuted in
Germany from at least 1650 until 1970. House sparrows have been kept as pets at many times in history, though they have no bright plumage or attractive songs, and raising them is difficult. The house sparrow has an extremely large range and population, so it is assessed as
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2577:", was killed after knocking down dominoes arranged as part of an attempt to set a world record. These declines are not unprecedented, as similar reductions in population occurred when the internal combustion engine replaced horses in the 1920s and a major source of food in the form of grain spillage was lost.
2349:, which most commonly infect insects and mammals, survive winters in temperate areas by going dormant in birds such as the house sparrow. A few records indicate disease extirpating house sparrow populations, especially from Scottish islands, but this seems to be rare. House sparrows are also infected by
2009:
by the male. The male displays in front of her, attracting other males, which also pursue and display to the female. This group display usually does not immediately result in copulations. Other males usually do not copulate with the female. Copulation is typically initiated by the female giving a soft
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in abundance (although the quelea is, unlike the sparrow, restricted to a single continent and has never been subject to human introductions). However, populations have been declining in many parts of the world, especially near its
Eurasian places of origin. These declines were first noticed in North
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the eggs. The male helps, but can only cover the eggs rather than truly incubate them. The female spends the night incubating during this period, while the male roosts near the nest. Eggs hatch at the same time, after a short incubation period lasting 11–14 days, and exceptionally for as many as
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feathers. Outside of the reproductive season, they often roost communally in trees or shrubs. Much communal chirping occurs before and after the birds settle in the roost in the evening, as well as before the birds leave the roost in the morning. Some congregating sites separate from the roost may be
952:
The taxonomy of the house sparrow and its
Mediterranean relatives is complicated. The common type of "willow sparrow" is the Spanish sparrow, which resembles the house sparrow in many respects. It frequently prefers wetter habitats than the house sparrow, and it is often colonial and nomadic. In most
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Juveniles are similar to the adult female, but deeper brown below and paler above, with paler and less defined supercilia. Juveniles have broader buff feather edges, and tend to have looser, scruffier plumage, like moulting adults. Juvenile males tend to have darker throats and white postoculars like
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In adult house sparrows, annual survival is 45–65%. After fledging and leaving the care of their parents, young sparrows have a high mortality rate, which lessens as they grow older and more experienced. Only about 20–25% of birds hatched survive to their first breeding season. The oldest known wild
2008:
by moving up and down while drooping and shivering his wings, pushing up his head, raising and spreading his tail, and showing his bib. Males may try to mate with females while calling or displaying. In response, a female will adopt a threatening posture and attack a male before flying away, pursued
1994:
House sparrows can breed in the breeding season immediately following their hatching, and sometimes attempt to do so. Some birds breeding for the first time in tropical areas are only a few months old and still have juvenile plumage. Birds breeding for the first time are rarely successful in raising
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The house sparrow's flight is direct (not undulating) and flapping, averaging 45.5 km/h (28.3 mph) and about 15 wingbeats per second. On the ground, the house sparrow typically hops rather than walks. It can swim when pressed to do so by pursuit from predators. Captive birds have been
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Status: Abundant naturalized species. Introduced in 1870 in belief that they would control flies in towns. A major threat to the breeding success of bluebirds. Local
Habitat: Widespread in both built-up and in less developed areas. Habits: Nests February to July in roofs, cliffs, trees and bluebird
2200:. Eggs laid later in a clutch are larger, as are those laid by larger females, and egg size is hereditary. Eggs decrease slightly in size from laying to hatching. The yolk comprises 25% of the egg, the egg white 68%, and the shell 7%. Eggs are watery, being 79% liquid, and otherwise mostly protein.
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or water bathing and "social singing", in which birds call together in bushes. The house sparrow feeds mostly on the ground, but it flocks in trees and bushes. At feeding stations and nests, female house sparrows are dominant despite their smaller size, and they can fight over males in the breeding
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The male is duller in fresh nonbreeding plumage, with whitish tips on many feathers. Wear and preening expose many of the bright brown and black markings, including most of the black throat and chest patch, called the "bib" or "badge". The badge is variable in width and general size, and may signal
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To many people across the world, the house sparrow is the most familiar wild animal and, because of its association with humans and familiarity, it is frequently used to represent the common and vulgar, or the lewd. One of the reasons for the introduction of house sparrows throughout the world was
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The house sparrow is host to a huge number of parasites and diseases, and the effect of most is unknown. Ornithologist Ted R. Anderson listed thousands, noting that his list was incomplete. The commonly recorded bacterial pathogens of the house sparrow are often those common in humans, and include
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The eggs are white, bluish white, or greenish white, spotted with brown or grey. Subelliptical in shape, they range from 20 to 22 mm (0.79 to 0.87 in) in length and 14 to 16 mm (0.55 to 0.63 in) in width, have an average mass of 2.9 g (0.10 oz), and an average surface
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occurs, and instances of unusually large numbers of eggs in a nest may be the result of females laying eggs in the nests of their neighbours. Such foreign eggs are sometimes recognised and ejected by females. The house sparrow is a victim of interspecific brood parasites, but only rarely, since it
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family
Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of 16 cm (6.3 in) and a mass of 24–39.5 g (0.85–1.39 oz). Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, and males have brighter black, white, and brown markings. One of
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often hold it in little regard because of its molestation of other birds. In most of the world, the house sparrow is not protected by law. Attempts to control house sparrows include the trapping, poisoning, or shooting of adults; the destruction of their nests and eggs; or less directly, blocking
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In mass, the house sparrow ranges from 24 to 39.5 g (0.85 to 1.39 oz). Females usually are slightly smaller than males. The median mass on the
European continent for both sexes is about 30 g (1.1 oz), and in more southerly subspecies is around 26 g (0.92 oz). Younger
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has been celebrated on 20 March across the world since 2010. Over the recent years, the house sparrow population has been on the decline in many Asian countries, and this decline is quite evident in India. To promote the conservation of these birds, in 2012, the house sparrow was declared as the
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Declines have been particularly apparent even in North
America, where the house sparrow is invasive in some states. Introduced to Philadelphia initially in 1852 the house sparrow rapidly spread across the nation. However, the bird has largely disappeared from the city nowadays and overall, it is
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birds and zoo animals. During the 1870s, there were debates on the damaging effects of sparrows in the House of
Commons in England. In the early part of the 20th century, sparrow clubs culled many millions of birds and eggs in an attempt to control numbers of this perceived pest, but with only a
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around the nest for mated pairs, a role which increases the chances of being chosen to replace a lost mate. Lost mates of both sexes can be replaced quickly during the breeding season. The formation of a pair and the bond between the two birds is tied to the holding of a nest site, though paired
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across central
Afghanistan. Unlike most other house sparrow subspecies, it is almost entirely migratory, wintering in the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent. It is found in open country rather than in settlements, which are occupied by the Eurasian tree sparrow in its range. There is an
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Because of its numbers, ubiquity, and association with human settlements, the house sparrow is culturally prominent. It is extensively, and usually unsuccessfully, persecuted as an agricultural pest. It has also often been kept as a pet, as well as being a food item and a symbol of lust, sexual
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Young house sparrows remain in the nest for 11 to 23 days, normally 14 to 16 days. During this time, they are fed by both parents. As newly hatched house sparrows do not have sufficient insulation, they are brooded for a few days, or longer in cold conditions. The parents swallow the droppings
564:, paler than the female's bill. Immature males have paler versions of the adult male's markings, which can be very indistinct in fresh plumage. By their first breeding season, young birds generally are indistinguishable from other adults, though they may still be paler during their first year.
1583:. Where introduced, it can extend its range quickly, sometimes at a rate over 230 km (140 mi) per year. In many parts of the world, it has been characterised as a pest, and poses a threat to native birds. A few introductions have died out or been of limited success, such as those to
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Ornithologie ou Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés: a Laquelle on a joint une Description exacte de chaque Espece, avec les Citations des Auteurs qui en ont traité, les Noms qu'ils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les
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The house sparrow has become highly successful in most parts of the world where it has been introduced. This is mostly due to its early adaptation to living with humans, and its adaptability to a wide range of conditions. Other factors may include its robust immune response, compared to the
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far away from human development. For sustenance, the house sparrow routinely feeds at home and public bird feeding stations, but naturally feeds on the seeds of grains, flowering plants and weeds. However, it is an opportunistic, omnivorous eater, and commonly catches insects, their larvae,
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In North America, house sparrow populations are more differentiated than those in Europe. This variation follows predictable patterns, with birds at higher latitudes being larger and darker and those in arid areas being smaller and paler. However, how much this is caused by evolution or by
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2565:, populations peaked in the early 1970s, but have since declined by 68% overall, and about 90% in some regions. The RSPB lists the house sparrow's UK conservation status as red. In London, the house sparrow almost disappeared from the central city. The numbers of house sparrows in the
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of humans as some have suggested: birds of the migratory Central Asian subspecies usually breed away from humans in open country, and birds elsewhere are occasionally found away from humans. The only terrestrial habitats that the house sparrow does not inhabit are dense forest and
1698:. In most of eastern Asia, the house sparrow is entirely absent, replaced by the Eurasian tree sparrow. Where these two species overlap, the house sparrow is usually more common than the Eurasian tree sparrow, but one species may replace the other in a manner that ornithologist
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and spread, along with agriculture, to most of Eurasia and parts of North Africa. Since the mid-19th century, it has reached most of the world, chiefly due to deliberate introductions, but also through natural and shipborne dispersal. Its introduced range encompasses most of
2485:) is least associated with humans and considered to be evolutionarily closer to the ancestral noncommensal populations. Usually, the house sparrow is regarded as a pest, since it consumes agricultural products and spreads disease to humans and their domestic animals. Even
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in banks and cliffs, and old tree cavity nests. It usually uses deserted nests, though sometimes it usurps active ones by driving away or killing the occupants. Tree hollows are more commonly used in North America than in Europe, putting the sparrows in competition with
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2288:, and even humans—the house sparrow has been consumed in the past by people in many parts of the world, and it still is in parts of the Mediterranean. Most species of birds of prey have been recorded preying on the house sparrow in places where records are extensive.
1958:
Most house sparrows do not move more than a few kilometres during their lifetimes. However, limited migration occurs in all regions. Some young birds disperse long distances, especially on coasts, and mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter. Two subspecies,
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adult males, while juvenile females tend to have white throats. However, juveniles cannot be reliably sexed by plumage: some juvenile males lack any markings of the adult male, and some juvenile females have male features. The bills of young birds are light yellow to
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environment is not clear. Similar observations have been made in New Zealand and in South Africa. The introduced house sparrow populations may be distinct enough to merit subspecies status, especially in North America and southern Africa, and American ornithologist
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1999:
and changes in day length lead males to start calling by nesting sites. The timing of mating and egg-laying varies geographically, and between specific locations and years because a sufficient supply of insects is needed for egg formation and feeding nestlings.
436:
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Santiago-Alarcon, Diego; Carbó-Ramírez, Pilar; Macgregor-Fors, Ian; Chávez-Zichinelli, Carlos Alberto; Yeh, Pamela J. (2020). "The prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites in an invasive bird is lower in urban than in non-urban environments".
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nest holes and scaring off sparrows with noise, glue, or porcupine wire. However, the house sparrow can be beneficial to humans, as well, especially by eating insect pests, and attempts at the large-scale control of the house sparrow have failed.
2497:"sparrow pots" were hung from eaves to attract nesting birds so the young could be readily harvested. Wild birds were trapped in nets in large numbers, and sparrow pie was a traditional dish, thought, because of the association of sparrows with
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in Denmark. The oldest recorded captive house sparrow lived for 23 years. The typical ratio of males to females in a population is uncertain due to problems in collecting data, but a very slight preponderance of males at all ages is usual.
2003:
Males take up nesting sites before the breeding season, by frequently calling beside them. Unmated males start nest construction and call particularly frequently to attract females. When a female approaches a male during this period, the male
1686:'s observation deck at night. It reaches its greatest densities in urban centres, but its reproductive success is greater in suburbs, where insects are more abundant. On a larger scale, it is most abundant in wheat-growing areas such as the
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455:
The house sparrow is typically about 16 cm (6.3 in) long, ranging from 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7.1 in). The house sparrow is a compact bird with a full chest and a large, rounded head. Its bill is stout and conical with a
2704:
is based on it. The sparrow hieroglyph had no phonetic value and was used as a determinative in words to indicate small, narrow, or bad. An alternative view is that the hieroglyph meant "a prolific man" or "the revolution of a year".
599:". This call is also used by females in the breeding season, to establish dominance over males while displacing them to feed young or incubate eggs. House sparrows give a nasal alarm call, the basic sound of which is transcribed as
1693:
It tolerates a variety of climates, but prefers drier conditions, especially in moist tropical climates. It has several adaptations to dry areas, including a high salt tolerance and an ability to survive without water by ingesting
508:). It has a small white stripe between the lores and crown and small white spots immediately behind the eyes (postoculars), with black patches below and above them. The underparts are pale grey or white, as are the cheeks, ear
1995:
young, and reproductive success increases with age, as older birds breed earlier in the breeding season, and fledge more young. As the breeding season approaches, hormone releases trigger enormous increases in the size of the
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described as "random, or even capricious". In most of its range, the house sparrow is extremely common, despite some declines, but in marginal habitats such as rainforest or mountain ranges, its distribution can be spotty.
6007:
Billing AM, Lee AM, Skjelseth S, Borg AA, Hale MC, Slate J, Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Saether BE, Jensen H (March 2012). "Evidence of inbreeding depression but not inbreeding avoidance in a natural house sparrow population".
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Hole, David G.; Whittingham, M. J.; Bradbury, Richard B.; Anderson, Guy Q. A.; Lee, Patricia L. M.; Wilson, Jeremy D.; Krebs, John R. (29 August 2002). "Agriculture: Widespread local house-sparrow extinctions".
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Several studies of the house sparrow in temperate agricultural areas have found the proportion of seeds in its diet to be about 90%. It will eat almost any seeds, but where it has a choice, it prefers
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usually uses nests in holes too small for parasites to enter, and it feeds its young foods unsuitable for young parasites. In turn, the house sparrow has once been recorded as a brood parasite of the
472:
birds are smaller, males are larger during the winter, and females are larger during the breeding season. Birds at higher latitudes, colder climates, and sometimes higher altitudes are larger (under
2337:, which it has spread to the native forest birds of Hawaii. Many of the diseases hosted by the house sparrow are also present in humans and domestic animals, for which the house sparrow acts as a
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2626:
Protecting insect habitats on farms and planting native plants in cities benefit the house sparrow, as does establishing urban green spaces. To raise awareness of threats to the house sparrow,
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from the top of its bill to its back, and chestnut brown flanking its crown on the sides of its head. It has black around its bill, on its throat, and on the spaces between its bill and eyes (
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401:
The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitation, and can live in urban or rural settings. Though found in widely varied habitats and climates, it typically avoids extensive
611:
given to inhibit aggression, usually given between birds of a mated pair. These vocalisations are not unique to the house sparrow, but are shared, with small variations, by all sparrows.
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over a narrow roughly 20 km (12 mi) strip with the house sparrow, and some house sparrows migrate into the Italian sparrow's range in winter. On the Mediterranean islands of
964:, which has an appearance intermediate between those of the house and Spanish sparrows. Its specific status and origin are the subject of much debate, but it may be a case of long-ago
957:. In North Africa, the two species hybridise extensively, forming highly variable mixed populations with a full range of characters from pure house sparrows to pure Spanish sparrows.
819:
means "belonging to the house", like the common name a reference to its association with humans. The house sparrow is also called by a number of alternative English names, including
2103:. In open nesting sites, breeding success tends to be lower, since breeding begins late and the nest can easily be destroyed or damaged by storms. Less common nesting sites include
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Especially in warmer areas, the house sparrow may build its nests in the open, on the branches of trees, especially evergreens and hawthorns, or in the nests of large birds such as
6058:
Niskanen AK, Billing AM, Holand H, Hagen IJ, Araya-Ajoy YG, Husby A, Rønning B, Myhre AM, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Lien S, Sæther BE, Muff S, Jensen H (June 2020).
1562:, and islands throughout the world. It has greatly extended its range in northern Eurasia since the 1850s, and continues to do so, as was shown by its colonisation around 1990 of
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512:, and stripes at the base of the head. The upper back and mantle are a warm brown, with broad black streaks, while the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts are greyish brown.
8397:
2905:
Johnston, Richard F.; Selander, Robert K (May–June 1973). "Evolution in the House Sparrow. III. Variation in Size and Sexual Dimorphism in Europe and North and South America".
1678:. Well adapted to living around humans, it frequently lives and even breeds indoors, especially in factories, warehouses, and zoos. It has been recorded breeding in an English
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1618:, where every house sparrow found in the state is killed. House sparrows were introduced in New Zealand in 1859, and from there reached many of the Pacific islands, including
4383:
Clergeau, Philippe; Levesque, Anthony; Lorvelec, Olivier (2004). "The Precautionary Principle and Biological Invasion: The Case of the House Sparrow on the Lesser Antilles".
2230:. Inbreeding depression is manifested as lower survival probability and production of fewer offspring, and can occur as a result of the expression of deleterious recessive
2040:. Inbreeding depression is manifested as lower survival probability and production of fewer offspring, and can occur as a result of the expression of deleterious recessive
1594:
The first of many successful introductions to North America occurred when birds from England were released in New York City, in 1852, intended to control the ravages of the
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is smaller and slenderer with a chestnut crown and a black patch on each cheek. The male Spanish sparrow and Italian sparrow are distinguished by their chestnut crowns. The
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1851:, berries, and fruits such as grapes and cherries. In temperate areas, the house sparrow has an unusual habit of tearing flowers, especially yellow ones, in the spring.
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1902:. Young house sparrows are fed mostly on insects until about 15 days after hatching. They are also given small quantities of seeds, spiders, and grit. In most places,
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437:
7692:
5806:
Whitfield-Rucker, M.; Cassone, V. M. (2000). "Photoperiodic Regulation of the Male House Sparrow Song Control System: Gonadal Dependent and Independent Mechanisms".
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2083:, are also used. A sparrow sometimes excavates its own nests in sandy banks or rotten branches, but more frequently uses the nests of other birds such as those of
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length of 1.1–1.5 cm (0.43–0.59 in), strongly built as an adaptation for eating seeds. Its tail is short, at 5.2–6.5 cm (2.0–2.6 in) long. The
657:
differs little from the nominate subspecies, except in the worn breeding plumage of the male, in which the head is speckled with black and underparts are paler.
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2481:
The house sparrow is closely associated with humans. They are believed to have become associated with humans around 10,000 years ago. The Turkestan subspecies (
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2400:
blood-feeding mites are also common ectoparasites of house sparrows, and these mites can enter human habitation and bite humans, causing a condition known as
2296:
in particular are major predators, though cats are likely to have a greater impact on house sparrow populations. The house sparrow is also a common victim of
2454:, in part because of their availability and adaptability in captivity, but also because they can "find their way" and remain rhythmic in constant darkness.
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1922:, and beetles are also important, but house sparrows take advantage of whatever foods are abundant to feed their young. House sparrows have been observed
556:. Its underparts are pale grey-brown. The female's bill is brownish-grey and becomes darker in breeding plumage approaching the black of the male's bill.
520:" of studies, which have only conclusively shown that patches increase in size with age. The male's bill is dark grey, but black in the breeding season.
4621:
Brooke, R. K. (1997). "House Sparrow". In Harrison, J. A.; Allan, D. G.; Underhill, L. G.; Herremans, M.; Tree, A. J.; Parker, V.; Brown, C. J. (eds.).
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Johnston, Richard F.; Selander, Robert K. (March 1971). "Evolution in the House Sparrow. II. Adaptive Differentiation in North American Populations".
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Dadam, Daria; Robinson, Robert A.; Clements, Anabel; Peach, Will J.; Bennett, Malcolm; Rowcliffe, J. Marcus; Cunningham, Andrew A. (26 July 2019).
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Ivanov, Bojidar (1990). "Diet of House Sparrow nestlings on a livestock farm near Sofia, Bulgaria". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
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The house sparrow is a very social bird. It is gregarious during all seasons when feeding, often forming flocks with other species of birds. It
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The house sparrow is infested by a number of external parasites, which usually cause little harm to adult sparrows. In Europe, the most common
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area of 9.18 cm (1.423 in). Eggs from the tropical subspecies are distinctly smaller. Eggs begin to develop with the deposition of
7902:
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The female has no black markings or grey crown. Its upperparts and head are brown with darker streaks around the mantle and a distinct pale
10443:
7602:
6155:
Indykiewicz, Piotr (1990). "Nest-sites and nests of House Sparrow in an urban environment". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
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species are dull-coloured birds with short, square tails and stubby, conical beaks, between 11 and 18 cm (4.3 and 7.1 in) long.
3312:
3471:
Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
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of activity in the laboratory. They were among the first bird species to be seriously studied in terms of their circadian activity and
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produced by the hatchlings during the first few days; later, the droppings are moved up to 20 m (66 ft) away from the nest.
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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birds without hybridising in the 1970s, so the Soviet scientists Edward I. Gavrilov and M. N. Korelov proposed the separation of the
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Anderson, T. R. (1990). "Excess females in a breeding population of House Sparrows ". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
1971:. Unlike the birds in sedentary populations that migrate, birds of migratory subspecies prepare for migration by putting on weight.
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Healy, Michael; Mason, Travis V.; Ricou, Laurie (2009). "'hardy/unkillable clichés': Exploring the Meanings of the Domestic Alien,
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group birds have white cheeks, as well as bright colouration on the crown, a smaller bill, and a longer black bib. The subspecies
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above and below, while the male has boldly coloured head markings, a reddish back, and grey underparts. The male has a dark grey
2685:
2212:
17 or as few as 9. The length of the incubation period decreases as ambient temperature increases later in the breeding season.
1759:
communally while breeding nests are usually grouped together in clumps. House sparrows also engage in social activities such as
815:, like the English word "sparrow", is a term for small active birds, coming from a root word referring to speed. The Latin word
418:
potency, commonness, and vulgarity. Though it is widespread and abundant, its numbers have declined in some areas. The animal's
9190:
Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History) Volume V: Carinatæ (Passeriformes completed)
2541:
estimates for the global population runs up to nearly 1.4 billion individuals, second among all wild birds perhaps only to the
9403:
9384:
9343:
9324:
9305:
9273:
9252:
9230:
9211:
9174:
9152:
9108:
9078:
9059:
9026:
8992:
8971:
8943:
8924:
8905:
8874:
8855:
8815:
7518:
6164:
5984:
5602:
4450:
3480:
3366:
2970:
1653:
around 1870, and quickly became common in most of the southern part of the continent. It now occurs almost continuously from
721:. The light brown-coloured female can often not be distinguished from other females, and is nearly identical to those of the
10244:
9484:
9480:
1606:, and it is one of the most abundant birds of the continent. The house sparrow was first introduced to Australia in 1863 at
10468:
10350:
9517:
7774:
2359:
has been detected in sparrows in northwestern China where they pose a risk due to their meat being consumed in the region.
398:
to many regions, including parts of Australasia, Africa, and the Americas, make it the most widely distributed wild bird.
9263:
7880:
5153:
Reebs, S. G.; Mrosovsky, N. (1990). "Photoperiodism in house sparrows: testing for induction with nonphotic zeitgebers".
8982:
10187:
2493:
The house sparrow has long been used as a food item. From around 1560 to at least the 19th century in northern Europe,
2325:
is common in the house sparrow, and a comprehensive study of house sparrow disease found it in 13% of sparrows tested.
921:
10394:
3791:
Packard, Gary C. (March 1967). "House Sparrows: Evolution of Populations from the Great Plains and Colorado Rockies".
7242:
4973:
4818:
9470:
8526:
7746:
1937:(formerly Proteobacteria) decreasing in chicks when they get to around 9 days old, whilst the relative abundance of
1824:
to digest the harder items in its diet. Grit can be either stone, often grains of masonry, or the shells of eggs or
10463:
10402:
10164:
10130:
8753:
7027:
Cong, Wei; Huang, Si-Yang; Zhou, Dong-Hui; Zhang, Xiao-Xuan; Zhang, Nian-Zhang; Zhao, Quan; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2013).
2056:
1403:
1194:'s Atlantic coast. It hybridises extensively with the Spanish sparrow, especially in the eastern part of its range.
293:
10296:
6574:
6469:
6421:
5552:
5487:
5381:
5112:
4902:
4853:
4584:
3878:
2987:
2611:
Various causes for the dramatic decreases in population have been proposed, including predation, in particular by
713:
The house sparrow can be confused with a number of other seed-eating birds, especially its relatives in the genus
10143:
10112:
8601:
4513:
2961:
Groschupf, Kathleen (2001). "Old World Sparrows". In Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.).
763:
737:
is very similar but smaller, with less black on the male's throat and a distinct pale supercilium on the female.
7147:
Neill, S. M.; Monk, B. E.; Pembroke, A.C. (1985). "Gamasoidosis: avian mite dermatitis (Dermanyssus gallinae)".
6902:
6885:
6667:
2438:
7827:
7336:
6181:
5898:
5687:
5232:
5070:
5044:
4789:
3922:
3518:
17:
6743:
5775:
Hatch, Margret I.; Westneat, David F. (2007). "Age-related patterns of reproductive success in house sparrows
2017:
frequently until the female is laying eggs, and the male mounts the female repeatedly each time a pair mates.
1059:
was described as a species, and was considered to be distinct by many ornithologists during the 19th century.
619:
528:
10458:
10278:
10060:
8675:
8716:
3949:
Baker, Allan J. (July 1980). "Morphometric Differentiation in New Zealand Populations of the House Sparrow (
3826:
Johnston, R. F.; Selander, R. K. (1 May 1964). "House Sparrows: Rapid Evolution of Races in North America".
9948:
9786:
9692:
9672:
9184:
5651:
Schnell, G. D.; Hellack, J. J. (1978). "Flight speeds of Brown Pelicans, Chimney Swifts, and other birds".
4316:
2247:
house sparrow lived for nearly two decades; it was found dead 19 years and 9 months after it was
10309:
10192:
9869:
9414:
2644:, the goddess of love, due to their perceived lustfulness, an association echoed by later writers such as
10453:
10226:
10034:
9972:
9939:
9796:
8490:
Summers-Smith, J. Denis (September 2007). "Is unleaded petrol a factor in urban House Sparrow decline?".
7379:
4266:"Responding to inflammatory challenges is less costly for a successful avian invader, the house sparrow (
2219:
The chicks' eyes open after about 4 days and, at an age of about 8 days, the young birds get their first
1522:
2988:"Morphological differences among populations of house sparrows from different altitudes in Saudi Arabia"
2794:
10039:
8468:
10407:
9977:
8650:
8194:
4735:
4701:
4437:
Summers-Smith, J. D. (1990). "Changes in distribution and habitat utilisation by members of the genus
631:
Some variation is seen in the 12 subspecies of house sparrows, which are divided into two groups, the
10329:
9990:
7969:
Bell, Christopher P.; Baker, Sam W.; Parkes, Nigel G.; Brooke, M. de L.; Chamberlain, Dan E. (2010).
3145:
2670:
1669:
The house sparrow is closely associated with human habitation and cultivation. It is not an obligate
1439:
755:
3508:
González, Javier; Siow, Melanie; Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo; Delgado, Guillermo; Wink, Michael (2008).
10304:
9510:
8367:
An investigation in to the breeding biology and nestling diet of the house sparrow in urban Britain
8239:
4397:
1687:
1435:
799:
307:
104:
10270:
8835:
United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalology Bulletin
6946:
941:
and earlier, while other evidence suggests speciation occurred 25,000 to 15,000 years ago. Within
468:
is 1.6–2.5 cm (0.63–0.98 in). Wingspan ranges from 19–25 centimetres (7.5–9.8 in).
9879:
9874:
9801:
9162:
6060:"Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation"
2907:
2574:
1095:
717:. Many of these relatives are smaller, with an appearance that is neater or "cuter", as with the
10381:
7617:
2092:
and other North American cavity nesters, and thereby contributing to their population declines.
10257:
10218:
10008:
9901:
9849:
9831:
9821:
9717:
6286:
4392:
2767:
2390:
2329:
epidemics in the spring and winter can kill large numbers of sparrows. The house sparrow hosts
2169:
2114:
House sparrows' nests support a wide range of scavenging insects, including nest flies such as
1786:
1570:, Japan. The extent of its range makes it the most widely distributed wild bird on the planet.
7092:
Poiani, A.; Goldsmith, A. R.; Evans, M. R. (23 March 2000). "Ectoparasites of house sparrows (
3507:
41:
10376:
9707:
9682:
9677:
9361:
8721:
6239:
4068:
Vaurie, Charles (1956). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 24, Ploceidae, the genera
2573:. This status came to widespread attention after a female house sparrow, referred to as the "
2227:
2075:
Nest sites are varied, though cavities are preferred. Nests are most frequently built in the
2037:
2025:
1683:
1599:
1580:
1517:
1028:
751:
730:
423:
199:
10368:
10013:
6982:
492:
of the house sparrow is mostly different shades of grey and brown. The sexes exhibit strong
10389:
9959:
9728:
9712:
9702:
9657:
9621:
9127:
8558:
8303:
8135:
7199:
7105:
6721:
6071:
6017:
5741:
4750:
4284:
3886:
3835:
3511:
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Cape Verde Sparrow based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA
2697:
2612:
2235:
2045:
2014:
461:
9964:
9495:
6812:
5464:
2771:
1501:
949:
black-bibbed sparrows" group and a close relative of the Mediterranean "willow sparrows".
8:
10179:
9642:
9503:
9240:
9040:
9036:
7724:
6570:
3645:, dans une région de l'ouest algérien: analyse comparative de leur morphologie externe".
2995:
2701:
2418:
lice occur across the house sparrow's body, where they feed on blood and feathers, while
2342:
2029:
2021:
1699:
1611:
1407:
1121:
832:
589:
419:
391:
297:
69:
8627:
8562:
8307:
8139:
7203:
7109:
6075:
6021:
4754:
4538:
4361:
4288:
3839:
2558:, but have even occurred in Australia, where the house sparrow was introduced recently.
1719:
1649:
also occur and thrive in urban habitats. In South America, it was first introduced near
10047:
10021:
9791:
9294:
9200:
9142:
8844:
8582:
8516:
8319:
8164:
8123:
8073:
8000:
7946:
7921:
7854:
7571:
7498:
7297:
7172:
7160:
7129:
7069:
7028:
7009:
6915:
6837:
6492:
6094:
6059:
5921:
5710:
5668:
5575:
5404:
5319:
5255:
5170:
5135:
5093:
4964:
4929:
4880:
4410:
4308:
3970:
3903:
3859:
3808:
3765:
3619:
3353:
3302:
2932:
2924:
2570:
1276:
473:
395:
272:
99:
8736:
7778:
7211:
7096:): an experimental test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and a new model".
5346:
2864:
10420:
10363:
10319:
10073:
10065:
9826:
9526:
9399:
9380:
9349:
9339:
9320:
9301:
9269:
9248:
9226:
9207:
9170:
9148:
9104:
9074:
9055:
9022:
8988:
8967:
8939:
8920:
8901:
8870:
8851:
8811:
8574:
8499:
8315:
8169:
8151:
8065:
7951:
7475:
7424:
7416:
7289:
7284:
7267:
7248:
7238:
7215:
7164:
7121:
7074:
7056:
7001:
6907:
6446:
6251:
6160:
6099:
6033:
6029:
5980:
5823:
5792:
5598:
4576:
4446:
4300:
3978:
3851:
3773:
3611:
3476:
3362:
2966:
2653:
2627:
2542:
2384:
2355:
2338:
2005:
1615:
1469:
965:
930:
632:
573:
493:
465:
376:
348:
166:
10026:
9131:
8323:
8004:
7575:
7301:
7176:
7013:
6841:
5174:
4414:
4312:
3863:
3623:
3212:
3143:
Vaurie, Charles; Koelz, Walter (1949). "Notes on some Ploceidae from western Asia".
2936:
10078:
9884:
9722:
9652:
9627:
9530:
9427:
8586:
8566:
8311:
8286:
8159:
8143:
8077:
8057:
8044:
Balmori, Alfonso; Hallberg, Örjan (2007). "The Urban Decline of the House Sparrow (
7990:
7941:
7933:
7846:
7563:
7467:
7406:
7279:
7207:
7156:
7133:
7113:
7064:
7048:
6993:
6897:
6827:
6484:
6089:
6079:
6025:
5913:
5815:
5788:
5702:
5660:
5631:
5567:
5396:
5315:
5247:
5166:
5162:
5127:
5085:
4921:
4872:
4758:
4716:
4494:
4402:
4292:
4244:
4085:
3962:
3895:
3843:
3800:
3757:
3603:
3150:
2916:
2789:
2554:. Declines have not been universal, as no serious declines have been reported from
2516:, was sold with similar aphrodisiac claims. Sparrows were also trapped as food for
2474:
2447:
2409:
2317:
2208:
2192:
in the ovary a few days before ovulation. In the day between ovulation and laying,
1979:
1923:
1907:
1654:
1595:
1146:
954:
791:
718:
639:
516:
social status or fitness. This hypothesis has led to a "veritable 'cottage industry
509:
311:
10169:
10117:
8190:
The provision of birds in buildings; turning buildings into bird-friendly habitats
7685:"It was once a common or garden bird. Now it's not common or in your garden. Why?"
7533:
6919:
2183:—the soft, swollen base, which becomes harder and less swollen as the bird matures
55:
10448:
10337:
10052:
9687:
9637:
9600:
9595:
9365:
9300:. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser.
9188:
9089:
9003:
8885:
7919:
7903:"sparrows disappearing from the skies of south Asian metropolises=6 October 2022"
7658:
7550:
De Laet, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (2007). "The status of the urban house sparrow
7456:"Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany"
6648:
5617:
4406:
4149:
3847:
3473:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows
2616:
2569:
have dropped in half since the 1980s, so the house sparrow is even considered an
2368:
2346:
2122:
1547:
1543:
1385:
1242:
1220:
1187:
1039:
A large number of subspecies have been named, of which 12 were recognised in the
1004:
961:
908:
805:
The bird's scientific name and its usual English name have the same meaning. The
768:
726:
722:
501:
338:
10283:
7792:
226:
10138:
10125:
9812:
9748:
9697:
9615:
9610:
9585:
8826:
8712:
8218:
8124:"Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species"
7920:
MacLeod, Ross; Barnett, Phil; Clark, Jacquie; Cresswell, Will (23 March 2006).
7455:
6631:
6629:
6627:
5202:
4622:
3879:"Evolution in the House Sparrow. I. Intrapopulation Variation in North America"
3592:(Vieillot 1817): Speciation by Stabilised Hybridisation? A Critical Analysis".
2620:
2555:
2551:
2513:
2498:
2451:
2164:
1968:
1934:
1927:
1814:
1797:
1567:
1421:
1019:
607:
call in great distress. Another vocalisation is the "appeasement call", a soft
561:
505:
9120:
African Handbook of Birds. Series 1: Birds of Eastern and North Eastern Africa
8061:
7567:
7471:
7411:
7394:
7052:
4296:
3607:
2226:
House sparrows in natural small populations, as can occur on islands, exhibit
2036:
House sparrows in natural small populations, as can occur on islands, exhibit
794:
and its relatives, and the house sparrow has usually been placed in the genus
705:
is larger and darker with more black on the breast than any other subspecies.
10437:
10252:
9647:
9632:
9565:
9094:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). Holmius: Laurentius Salvius.
8503:
8155:
7479:
7420:
7252:
7168:
7125:
7060:
7005:
6911:
6255:
4580:
3615:
3307:
3297:
2780:
2730:
2562:
2526:
2522:
2405:
2334:
2293:
2142:
1996:
1933:
The gut microbiota of house sparrows differs between chicks and adults, with
1535:
1367:
1270:
773:
759:
497:
457:
427:
216:
89:
84:
9353:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6084:
4249:
4228:
595:
Aggressive males give a trilled version of their call, transcribed as "chur-
10231:
9924:
9766:
9667:
9662:
9605:
9141:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).
8578:
8173:
8069:
7995:
7970:
7955:
7937:
7428:
7293:
7078:
6103:
6037:
5827:
5819:
5620:"Age-related changes in the gut microbiota of wild House Sparrow nestlings"
4543:
Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
4304:
3982:
3855:
3777:
2722:
2663:
2486:
2401:
2350:
2277:
2248:
2220:
2104:
1670:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1610:
and is common throughout the eastern part of the continent as far north as
1449:
1165:
919:
contains about 25 species, depending on the authority, 26 according to the
836:
734:
7922:"Mass-dependent predation risk as a mechanism for house sparrow declines?"
7395:"The Sparrow Question: Social and Scientific Accord in Britain, 1850–1900"
7235:
The clockwork sparrow: Time, clocks, and calendars in biological organisms
7219:
7117:
6678:
4826:
4498:
4039:
4037:
4035:
2067:
10265:
10200:
9933:
7375:
6884:
van Riper, Charles III; van Riper, Sandra G.; Hansen, Wallace R. (2002).
6832:
6609:
5113:"Intra- and Interspecific Aggression in House Finches and House Sparrows"
4120:
3712:
Gavrilov, E. I. (1965). "On hybridisation of Indian and House Sparrows".
3357:. In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John Robert; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.).
2735:
2649:
2566:
2547:
2502:
2494:
2414:
2396:
2204:
2175:
2080:
1903:
1863:
1854:
Animals form another important part of the house sparrow's diet, chiefly
1559:
1551:
1530:
1473:
1459:
1352:
1344:
1315:
1248:
946:
938:
553:
328:
10000:
8147:
8020:"Mystery of the vanishing sparrows still baffles scientists 10 years on"
4139:
1744:
The house sparrow often bathes in water (at left) or in dust (at right).
537:
10415:
10342:
10156:
9860:
7858:
6496:
5925:
5714:
5672:
5579:
5408:
5259:
5139:
5097:
4933:
4884:
4032:
3974:
3907:
3812:
3769:
2928:
2740:
2585:
2311:
2134:
2061:
1891:
1883:
1821:
1588:
1284:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1055:, are sometimes considered a third, intermediate group. The subspecies
973:
934:
576:
are variations on its short and frequent chirping call. Transcribed as
477:
9431:
8363:
7639:
6997:
5636:
5619:
5302:
Kalmus, H. (1984). "Wall clinging: energy saving by the House Sparrow
4762:
2652:. Jesus's use of "sparrows" as an example of divine providence in the
2152:
1645:
in the 1980s. Despite this rapid spread, native relatives such as the
903:
10205:
10099:
8602:"Leylandii may be to blame for house sparrow decline, say scientists"
6671:
4720:
4089:
3224:
3154:
2641:
2601:
2330:
2289:
2193:
2108:
2024:, and typically mates for life, but birds from pairs often engage in
1938:
1911:
1887:
1875:
1820:
flowers. In common with many other birds, the house sparrow requires
1789:
is rare. Head scratching is done with the leg over the drooped wing.
1760:
1679:
1607:
1584:
1555:
1417:
1413:
1381:
1340:
1252:
1129:
993:
953:
of the Mediterranean, one or both species occur, with some degree of
786:
406:
156:
116:
9895:
8984:
Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 14-I; Passeriformes (5. Teil)
8695:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8570:
7850:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6488:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6269:
6267:
6265:
5917:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5706:
5664:
5571:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5400:
5251:
5131:
5089:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4925:
4876:
3966:
3899:
3804:
3761:
3637:
Metzmacher, M. (1986). "Moineaux domestiques et Moineaux espagnols,
3588:
Töpfer, Till (2006). "The Taxonomic Status of the Italian Sparrow –
3042:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
1485:
10104:
10091:
9918:
9777:
9462:
9416:
Investigating the causes of the decline of the urban House Sparrow
9268:. Vol. 2 (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8770:
5553:"Reproductive Responses of Sparrows to a Superabundant Food Supply"
5505:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4646:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3268:
3266:
3241:
3239:
2920:
2588:, the house sparrow has largely vanished from major cities such as
2546:
America, where they were initially attributed to the spread of the
2517:
2420:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2197:
2189:
2146:
2089:
1756:
1642:
1465:
1373:
1336:
1179:
1154:
1125:
1032:
1013:
876:
402:
136:
9223:
The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 2: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings
9019:
The Natural History of Egypt, Volume I: The Birds of Ancient Egypt
8808:
Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: from Genes to Populations
8461:"Drivers and gardeners the secret behind flight of house sparrows"
8287:
Peach, W. J.; Vincent, K. E.; Fowler, J. A.; Grice, P. V. (2008).
7358:
7356:
7354:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
4480:
4326:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2260:
9985:
9548:
9490:
9140:
8686:
6702:
6690:
6592:
6503:
6422:"Parasitism of the English Sparrow on the Northern Cliff Swallow"
6345:
6262:
5873:
5846:
5427:
5015:
4946:
4264:
Lee, Kelly A.; Martin, Lynn B., 2nd; Wikelski, Martin C. (2005).
3930:
3594:
3218:
3188:
3095:
3093:
3007:
2645:
2593:
2589:
2084:
1988:
1879:
1867:
1773:
1563:
1539:
1510:
1506:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1416:, is found in the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas, in
1377:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1150:
1142:
489:
381:
8289:"Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient"
6886:"Epizootiology and Effect of Avian Pox on Hawaiian Forest Birds"
6219:
5618:
Kohl, K.D.; Brun, A.; Caviedes-Videl, E.; Karasov, W.H. (2019).
4769:
4658:
4208:
4184:
4001:
3989:
3923:"Evolution in the House Sparrow—VI. Variability and Niche Width"
3681:
3669:
3657:
3564:
3489:
3263:
3236:
3176:
2871:
2300:; on European roads, it is the bird most frequently found dead.
2157:
2060:
Female bringing food for young in a nest made in a tree hole in
1043:. These subspecies are divided into two groups, the Palaearctic
9576:
9009:
8955:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 8, Crows to Finches
8831:) in North America, Especially in its Relations to Agriculture"
8547:
8186:
7719:
7549:
7435:
7351:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6379:
6377:
6110:
5899:"Two Male House Sparrows Copulating on Ground with Same Female"
5534:
5532:
5485:
5415:
5273:
5271:
5269:
3693:
3387:
3166:
3164:
2883:
2821:
2809:
2658:
2605:
2597:
2581:
estimated to have declined in North America by 84% since 1966.
2508:
2231:
2100:
2041:
1919:
1895:
1859:
1855:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1675:
1661:, with isolated populations as far north as coastal Venezuela.
1619:
1603:
1425:
1311:
1288:
1280:
1256:
1204:
989:
777:
410:
386:
176:
126:
8399:
Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient
6207:
3301:
3105:
3090:
3054:
2656:
also inspired later references, such as that in Shakespeare's
2268:. The cats are one of the main predators of the house sparrow.
1468:, Sudan, is found in the Nile valley from Wadi Halfa south to
1255:, Iran, is found in the western and central Iran south of the
10086:
9540:
8966:. illustrated by David Quinn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
8782:
7807:
7326:
7265:
6964:
6865:
6515:
5597:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 179–197.
3731:
3729:
2096:
2079:
and other crevices of houses. Holes in cliffs and banks, and
2076:
1871:
1844:
1840:
1695:
1445:
1389:
1183:
996:, other apparently intermediate birds are of unknown status.
985:
977:
806:
9202:
The Birds of Northern South America: An Identification Guide
8219:
De Laet, Jenny; Summers-Smith, Denis; Mallord, John (2009).
7627:
7308:
6926:
6848:
6777:
6765:
6551:
6539:
6527:
6467:
6374:
6362:
6159:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 95–121.
5956:
5932:
5756:
5529:
5444:
5361:
5266:
5201:
Lowther, Peter E.; Cink, Calvin L. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.).
4991:
4833:
4819:"Concerns about the population decline of the House Sparrow
4736:"Breeding of the House Sparrow away from Man in New Zealand"
4096:
3540:
3528:
3375:
3161:
3117:
3078:
2033:
house sparrows can recognise each other away from the nest.
1805:
As an adult, the house sparrow mostly feeds on the seeds of
1785:
Dust or water bathing is common and often occurs in groups.
1682:
640 m (2,100 ft) below ground, and feeding on the
1318:
from Gorgan to southeastern Azerbaijan. It intergrades with
750:
The house sparrow was among the first animals to be given a
9525:
9319:. illustrated by Euan Dunn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
9198:
Restall, Robin; Rodner, Clemencia; Lentino, Miguel (2007).
8525:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Archived from
8345:
7751:
6903:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0929:EAEOAP]2.0.CO;2
5979:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 87–94.
5382:"Grit Use by House Sparrows: Effects of Diet and Grit Size"
4681:
4445:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 11–29.
4108:
4049:
3399:
3320:
3316:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3066:
3030:
2666:
2538:
2373:
2363:
2180:
1899:
1810:
1625:
In southern Africa, birds of both the European subspecies (
1208:
1087:
981:
969:
372:
146:
8121:
7268:"Single origin of human commensalism in the house sparrow"
6328:
Acta Rerum Naturalium Musei Nationalis Slovaci, Bratislava
6057:
5834:
5233:"Anting in wild birds, its frequency and probable purpose"
4854:"Salinity Tolerance and Discrimination in House Sparrows (
3726:
3423:
3200:
1950:
recorded diving and swimming short distances under water.
1598:. In North America, the house sparrow now occurs from the
1326:
to the west. It is the subspecies with the smallest range.
1283:
and southeastern Turkey to the Sinai in the west and from
669:
is paler than most subspecies, but has the grey cheeks of
414:
caterpillars, invertebrates and many other natural foods.
394:, and a large part of Asia. Its intentional or accidental
9169:. Vol. 2. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
8719:. In Cheyne, Thomas Kelley; Black, J. Sutherland (eds.).
3411:
2273:
2265:
1915:
1848:
1836:
1777:
visited by the birds prior to settling in for the night.
1772:
House sparrows sleep with the bill tucked underneath the
9133:
A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds
8980:
8865:
Blakers, M.; Davies, S. J. J. F.; Reilly, P. N. (1984).
8402:. LIPU – Passeri in crisis?. Pisa, Italy. Archived from
7873:"where have all the house sparrows gone?=6 October 2022"
7582:
7382:(Report). Madras: Department of Agriculture. p. 22.
6883:
6684:
6635:
6618:
6389:
5944:
5283:
5003:
4634:
4382:
4174:
4172:
2234:. However sparrows in such populations do not appear to
2044:. However sparrows in such populations do not appear to
1521:
House sparrows perching on a roof, during winter in the
681:
is nearly identical but smaller. Of the less widespread
546:
Heads of a male (left) and an immature or female (right)
8370:. International Ornithological Congress. Archived from
7600:
6006:
5805:
5517:
4487:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
3825:
3251:
2179:
A juvenile, showing its pink bill and obvious nestling
8758:
6314:
4602:
4196:
3921:
Hamilton, Suzanne; Johnston, Richard F. (April 1978).
3552:
3332:
2766:
1124:, is found in most of Europe, across northern Asia to
9045:. Vol. II (2nd. ed.). London: R. H. Porter.
7968:
7516:
6810:
6401:
5488:"Diets of House Sparrows in Urban and Rural Habitats"
4459:
4169:
3278:
1614:, but has been prevented from establishing itself in
661:
is slightly paler than the nominate, but darker than
390:, the house sparrow is native to most of Europe, the
9197:
9117:
8048:): A Possible Link with Electromagnetic Radiation".
7603:"Changes in the House Sparrow Population in Britain"
7494:"Even sparrows don't want to live in cities anymore"
7380:
Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin No. 81
7091:
4652:
4043:
2712:
2353:
parasites, but less so in urban than in rural areas
1051:
group. Several Middle Eastern subspecies, including
9262:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
8864:
8364:Vincent, Kate E.; Peach, Will; Fowler, Jim (2009).
8221:"Meeting on the Decline of the Urban House Sparrow
4332:
3142:
2795:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103818789A155522130.en
2388:, and the most common flea on the house sparrow is
9293:
9287:. New Naturalist (1st. ed.). London: Collins.
9199:
8934:Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993).
8933:
8843:
8519:"Ecology and conservation of rural house sparrows"
7026:
6649:"Der es von den Dächern pfeift: Der Haussperling (
6470:"The Avian Egg: Surface Area, Volume, and Density"
5688:"Apparent migratory behavior in the House Sparrow"
3877:Selander, Robert K.; Johnston, Richard F. (1967).
3352:
3230:
3194:
3024:
2877:
9017:Houlihan, Patrick E.; Goodman, Steven M. (1986).
8981:Glutz von Blotzheim, U. N.; Bauer, K. M. (1997).
7190:Menaker, M. (1972). "Nonvisual light reception".
7146:
6811:Erritzoe, J.; Mazgajski, T. D.; Rejt, L. (2003).
5727:
4441:". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
4263:
4229:"A taste for novelty in invading house sparrows,
2280:, but many other animals prey on them, including
1476:, and in eastern Sudan, northern Ethiopia to the
1424:, eastern Iran, southwestern Arabia and southern
1314:, Iran, is found along the southern coast of the
10435:
9448:The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians
9126:
9122:. Vol. 2. Toronto: Longmans, Green, and Co.
9118:Mackworth-Praed, C. W.; Grant, C. H. B. (1955).
8395:
8187:Vincent, Kate; Baker Shepherd Gillespie (2006).
6468:Paganelli, C. V.; Olszowka, A.; Ali, A. (1974).
6225:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
5071:"Aggressive Foraging Behavior in House Sparrows"
4907:Associated with the Eating of Mistletoe Berries"
4226:
3920:
3876:
3747:
2904:
2696:The house sparrow is very rarely represented in
9367:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds
9245:Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World
9016:
8776:
8427:
8043:
7374:
6752:AnAge: the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
6157:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5977:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
5595:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
4443:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
260: Possibly extant and introduced (resident)
9394:Turcotte, William H.; Watts, David L. (1999).
8255:
7777:. Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. Archived from
6813:"Bird casualties on European roads – a review"
5650:
5379:
5152:
3636:
1132:. It is the most widely introduced subspecies.
960:In most of Italy, the breeding species is the
464:is 6.7–8.9 cm (2.6–3.5 in), and the
9511:
9393:
9336:On Sparrows and Man: A Love-Hate Relationship
9333:
9314:
9291:
9282:
9183:
8936:Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide
8888:différentes Nations, & les Noms vulgaires
8699:
8489:
8091:
8089:
8087:
7813:
7645:
7362:
6970:
6871:
6798:
6724:. EURING: The European Union for Bird Ringing
6708:
6696:
6603:
6509:
6356:
6273:
6135:
6044:
5884:
5867:
5774:
5728:Waddington, Don C.; Cockrem, John F. (1987).
5511:
5450:
5438:
5421:
5380:Gionfriddo, James P.; Best, Louis B. (1995).
5030:
4997:
4839:
4790:"House Sparrows Feeding at Night in New York"
4775:
4675:
4620:
4436:
4227:Martin, Lynn B. II; Fitzgerald, Lisa (2005).
4214:
4190:
4164:boxes. Lays four to five brown speckled eggs.
4126:
4102:
4026:
3995:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3570:
3546:
3534:
3517:. Systematics 2008, Göttingen. Archived from
3495:
3470:
3381:
3326:
3272:
3245:
3170:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3084:
3060:
2889:
2834:
2815:
2126:blowflies, and over 1,400 species of beetle.
1801:A female house sparrow feeding on rice grains
1102:to the paler birds of western North America.
9239:
9001:
8952:
8898:American Regional Dialects: a Word Geography
8458:
8430:"On the trail of our missing house sparrows"
7678:
7676:
7029:"Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of
6575:"The Question of Ten-day Incubation Periods"
6213:
6141:
5993:
4947:Melville, David S.; Carey, Geoff J. (1998).
4816:
4421:
4360:. Audubon Naturalist Society. Archived from
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4055:
3715:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
3393:
3072:
2965:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 562–4.
2863:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from
2457:
1874:are especially important. Various noninsect
1637:ancestry are confined to a few towns, while
889:
9261:
8914:
8648:
8599:
7441:
6154:
5475:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
5200:
5042:
4896:
4894:
3359:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History
3182:
2963:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2505:properties. A traditional Indian medicine,
1496:
810:
740:
9518:
9504:
9193:. Vol. 5. London: Taylor and Francis.
9161:
8593:
8258:"Helping birds to nest on Valentine's Day"
8084:
8011:
6461:
6317:"The beetles (Coleoptera) in the nests of
5486:Gavett, Ann P.; Wakeley, James S. (1986).
5301:
4354:"The House Sparrow: Scourge or Scapegoat?"
3735:
1953:
1910:are the most abundant foods of nestlings.
1086:group birds intergrade in a large part of
225:
78:
54:
40:
9475:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
9445:
9035:
8891:(in French). Vol. IV. Paris: Bauche.
8788:
8625:
8163:
7994:
7945:
7673:
7410:
7283:
7068:
6901:
6831:
6668:"Der Haussperling: Vogel des Jahres 2002"
6521:
6315:Sustek, Zbyšek; Hokntchova, Daša (1983).
6093:
6083:
5896:
5635:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5110:
4396:
4338:
4248:
3583:
3581:
3579:
2960:
2900:
2898:
2793:
2619:, which produces toxic compounds such as
2473:Flocking and chirping together beneath a
1828:; oblong and rough grains are preferred.
1339:, is found in southern Kazakhstan to the
450:
9360:
9147:(1st. ed.). London: HarperCollins.
9098:
9087:
9052:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
8953:Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M., eds. (1994).
8841:
8805:
8095:
8017:
7825:
7682:
7633:
7588:
7314:
6932:
6859:
6786:
6771:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6395:
6383:
6368:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5840:
5762:
5550:
5538:
5367:
5332:
5289:
5277:
5068:
5009:
4900:
4891:
4733:
4687:
4608:
4511:
4476:
4474:
4385:International Journal of Pest Management
4351:
4202:
4178:
4114:
3711:
3663:
3558:
3417:
3405:
3257:
3048:
3036:
2985:
2943:
2840:
2634:
2461:
2437:
2303:
2259:
2207:of bare skin and plays the main part in
2174:
2151:
2133:
2066:
2055:
1978:
1796:
1633:) were introduced around 1900. Birds of
1516:
1500:
1031:and young house or Spanish sparrows) in
1018:
1003:
902:
618:
432:
9412:
9220:
9049:
8883:
8846:Bird Sense: What It's Like to Be a Bird
8824:
8711:
8351:
7975:) in the Decline of the House Sparrow (
7971:"The Role of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (
7189:
6665:
6182:"House Sparrows Kill Eastern Bluebirds"
6173:
5586:
5523:
5045:"Communal Nesting in the House Sparrow"
4812:
4810:
4465:
3790:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3338:
3284:
3206:
2272:The house sparrow's main predators are
14:
10436:
9450:. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: John Murray.
9206:. Vol. I. Yale University Press.
8961:
8895:
8096:McCarthy, Michael (20 November 2008).
7773:Gould, Anne Blair (29 November 2004).
7392:
6419:
6407:
6237:
6180:Gowaty, Patricia Adair (Summer 1984).
6179:
5592:
5230:
5181:
4851:
4817:van der Poel, Guus (29 January 2001).
4787:
4702:"House Sparrow breeding away from Man"
4067:
3587:
3576:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3350:
3296:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2895:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
1090:, so this split is rarely recognised.
1078:group as a separate species. However,
623:An immature of the Indian subspecies (
254: Extant and introduced (resident)
9900:
9899:
9499:
9465:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
9101:The Oxford Book of British Bird Names
9068:
8915:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
8626:Mukherjee, Sarah (20 November 2008).
8193:. Ecobuild exhibition. Archived from
7772:
7453:
7320:
7232:
6944:
5808:General and Comparative Endocrinology
5730:"Homing Ability of the House Sparrow"
5685:
4699:
4640:
4630:. Vol. 1. BirdLife South Africa.
4471:
3948:
2532:
1767:
1070:group were recorded overlapping with
441:An audio recording of a house sparrow
266: Possibly extinct and introduced
10330:07ec2042-0164-4dc4-a43f-f16baf7abd38
10144:8fbcce1c-df22-4ebe-abf4-28cce81df03a
9374:
8764:
8428:Clover, Charles (20 November 2008).
8050:Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine
8018:McCarthy, Michael (19 August 2010).
6685:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997
6666:Giebing, Manfred (31 October 2006).
6636:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997
6619:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997
6569:
6439:
4807:
1641:birds have spread rapidly, reaching
1529:The house sparrow originated in the
945:, the house sparrow is part of the "
10444:IUCN Red List least concern species
9398:. University Press of Mississippi.
9265:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
8964:Cuckoos, Cowbirds, and Other Cheats
8810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8649:Sathyendran, Nita (21 March 2012).
7793:"Sparrow death mars record attempt"
7554:in northwestern Europe: a review".
7327:Invasive Species Specialist Group.
7098:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4624:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
4270:), than its less-invasive congener"
3435:
3129:
2781:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2753:
1780:
1750:
1279:, is found in the Middle East from
1023:A male of the migratory subspecies
24:
9042:The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds
9021:. Warminster: Aris & Philips.
8957:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8884:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760).
8850:. New York: Walker & Company.
8628:"Making a garden sparrow-friendly"
8256:Butler, Daniel (2 February 2009).
8098:"Mystery of the vanishing sparrow"
7659:"Sparrow numbers 'plummet by 68%'"
7266:Sætre, G.-P.; et al. (2012).
7161:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb13013.x
7041:The Korean Journal of Parasitology
6240:"House Sparrows build roost nests"
5320:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1984.tb03667.x
4949:"Syntopy of Eurasian Tree Sparrow
4653:Restall, Rodner & Lentino 2007
4563:
2442:An immature house sparrow sleeping
2013:call to the male. Birds of a pair
1452:, is found in northeastern Arabia.
1322:in the Alborz mountains, and with
1062:Migratory birds of the subspecies
1041:Handbook of the Birds of the World
922:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
10480:
9456:
9413:Vincent, Kate E. (October 2005).
8651:"Spare a thought for the sparrow"
8517:Hole, D. G.; et al. (2002).
8459:Smith, Lewis (20 November 2008).
8232:International Studies on Sparrows
7683:McCarthy, Michael (16 May 2000).
7610:International Studies on Sparrows
7399:Journal of the History of Biology
7393:Holmes, Matthew (1 August 2017).
7212:10.1038/scientificamerican0372-22
5211:The Birds of North America Online
4333:Blakers, Davies & Reilly 1984
2129:
1983:A pair of the Indian subspecies (
1926:prey from other birds, including
1484:. It has also been introduced to
1263:in eastern Iran, and Afghanistan.
937:in the genus occurred during the
708:
9446:Wilkinson, John Gardner (1847).
9334:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2005).
9315:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992).
9292:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988).
9283:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1963).
9243:; Monroe, Burt Leavelle (1990).
9039:; Oates, Eugene William (1890).
8900:. University of Michigan Press.
8747:
8741:A Dictionary of Literary Symbols
8729:
8705:
8668:
8642:
8619:
8600:Adam, David (20 November 2009).
8541:
8510:
8483:
8452:
8421:
8389:
8357:
8316:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00209.x
8280:
8249:
8212:
8180:
8115:
8037:
7962:
7913:
7895:
7865:
7819:
7785:
7766:
7739:
7707:
7651:
7601:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2005).
7594:
7543:
7510:
7486:
7447:
7386:
7368:
7285:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02470.x
7259:
7226:
7183:
7140:
7085:
7020:
6976:
6938:
6877:
6804:
6736:
6714:
6659:
6641:
6563:
6420:Stoner, Dayton (December 1939).
6413:
6308:
6279:
6231:
6030:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05490.x
5968:
5890:
5799:
5793:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.04044.x
5768:
5721:
5679:
5644:
5611:
5544:
5479:
5462:
5456:
5373:
5326:
5295:
5224:
5146:
5104:
5062:
5036:
4734:Wodzicki, Kazimierz (May 1956).
4512:Marshall, Peyton (14 May 2014).
4044:Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1955
3231:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
3195:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
3025:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
2878:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
2715:
2264:A male sparrow being eaten by a
1727:
1718:
823:, chiefly in North America; and
536:
527:
103:
10193:house-sparrow-passer-domesticus
9426:(PhD). De Montfort University.
9136:. Vol. II (4th. ed.).
9002:Haverschmidt, François (1949).
8919:. London: Chatto & Windus.
8725:. Vol. 4. Toronto: Morang.
7879:. 25 March 2019. Archived from
7272:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
6945:Young, Emma (1 November 2000).
6449:. British Trust for Ornithology
6447:"BTO Bird facts: House Sparrow"
4940:
4845:
4781:
4727:
4693:
4614:
4557:
4531:
4505:
4376:
4257:
4220:
4132:
4061:
3942:
3914:
3870:
3819:
3784:
3741:
3705:
3630:
3501:
3344:
3290:
2550:, but have been most severe in
1573:
9463:Explore Species: House Sparrow
9071:Naturalised Birds of the World
8869:. Melbourne University Press.
8798:
7826:Bergtold, W. H. (April 1921).
7517:Daniels, R. J. Ranjit (2008).
7502:. 13 June 2005. Archived from
7149:British Journal of Dermatology
5167:10.1086/physzool.63.3.30156230
5043:McGillivray, W. Bruce (1980).
4788:Brooke, R. K. (January 1973).
2979:
2446:House sparrows express strong
2145:usually comprise four or five
1360:exceptional record from Sudan.
1098:even gave the subspecies name
867:, mainly in northern England;
859:, mainly in southern England;
649:group have grey cheeks, while
445:
409:, polar regions, and hot, dry
13:
1:
8867:The Atlas of Australian Birds
8523:Ecology of Threatened Species
8225:: Newcastle 2009 (24–25 Feb)"
6655:(in German). nature-rings.de.
5335:"The Adaptable House Sparrow"
5069:Johnston, Richard F. (1969).
2746:
2433:
2412:on the house sparrow's body.
1944:
1629:) and the Indian subspecies (
1259:mountains, intergrading with
1215:, Sudan. It intergrades with
999:
790:came to be used only for the
9787:Yellow-throated bush sparrow
9693:Southern grey-headed sparrow
9673:Northern grey-headed sparrow
9130:; Tegetmeier, W. B. (1896).
9054:. London: Christopher Helm.
8938:. London: Christopher Helm.
7795:. BBC News. 19 November 2005
7661:. BBC News. 20 November 2008
7532:(11): 1527–8. Archived from
6722:"European Longevity Records"
6226:Morris & Tegetmeier 1896
6189:Journal of Field Ornithology
5052:Journal of Field Ornithology
4407:10.1080/09670870310001647650
4129:, pp. 129–137, 280–283.
3848:10.1126/science.144.3618.548
3475:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
3051:, pp. 224–225, 244–245.
2986:Felemban, Hassan M. (1997).
2255:
1709:
1207:, Egypt, is found along the
798:created by French zoologist
758:, since it was described by
614:
7:
10469:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
9797:Yellow-spotted bush sparrow
9225:. Oxford University Press.
9103:. Oxford University Press.
9069:Lever, Christopher (2005).
9005:The Life of the White Stork
8825:Barrows, Walter B. (1889).
8777:Houlihan & Goodman 1986
7460:Archives of Natural History
7329:"ISSG Database: Ecology of
7233:Tatem, Sue Binkley (1990).
6670:(in German). Archived from
5333:Stidolph, R. D. H. (1974).
4901:Walsberg, Glenn E. (1975).
4852:Minock, Michael E. (1969).
2708:
2241:
1974:
898:
476:), both between and within
10:
10485:
9978:Passer_(Passer)_domesticus
9379:. Animal. Reaktion Books.
9088:Linnaeus, Carolus (1758).
9050:Jobling, James A. (2009).
8128:Royal Society Open Science
7519:"Can we save the sparrow?"
5897:Brackbill, Hervey (1969).
5111:Kalinoski, Ronald (1975).
4903:"Digestive Adaptations of
4514:"The Truth About Sparrows"
3361:. Vol. 3. Routledge.
2788:: e.T103818789A155522130.
2677:
2424:lice feed on feathers and
2051:
1792:
1664:
1546:, southern South America,
1380:, is found in the western
1333:Zarudny and Kudashev, 1916
1308:Zarudny and Kudashev, 1916
1231:. It has been recorded in
1010:P. d. balearoibericus
839:. Dialectal names include
772:. It was described from a
677:is paler and smaller, and
659:P. d. balearoibericus
483:
9908:
9858:
9840:
9810:
9775:
9757:
9738:
9574:
9556:
9538:
9370:. London: Trübner and Co.
9247:. Yale University Press.
9073:. T. & A. D. Poyser.
8896:Carver, Craig M. (1987).
8806:Anderson, Ted R. (2006).
8407:(PowerPoint presentation)
8396:Vincent, Kate E. (2009).
8375:(PowerPoint presentation)
8198:(PowerPoint presentation)
8062:10.1080/15368370701410558
7775:"House sparrow dwindling"
7568:10.1007/s10336-007-0154-0
7472:10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.307
7412:10.1007/s10739-016-9455-6
7053:10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.363
6334:: 119–134. Archived from
5551:Anderson, Ted R. (1977).
4957:in Inner Mongolia, China"
4297:10.1007/s00442-005-0113-5
4153:. Bermuda Audubon Society
4082:American Museum Novitates
3649:(in French and English).
3608:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.8
3382:Turcotte & Watts 1999
3146:American Museum Novitates
2671:His Eye Is on the Sparrow
2458:Relationships with humans
1008:A male of the subspecies
756:biological classification
701:is larger and paler, and
673:group birds. The similar
278:
271:
233:
224:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
9221:Roberts, Tom J. (1992).
9099:Lockwood, W. B. (1984).
8962:Davies, Nick B. (2000).
8436:. London. Archived from
8264:. London. Archived from
7648:, pp. 157–158, 296.
6064:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
5781:Journal of Avian Biology
4056:Cramp & Perrins 1994
3666:, pp. 13–18, 25–26.
3394:Sibley & Monroe 1990
3073:Cramp & Perrins 1994
2525:for conservation on the
2156:A hatchling with yellow
1688:Midwestern United States
1497:Distribution and habitat
1392:. It is migratory, like
1227:in a narrow zone around
1201:Nicoll and Bonhote, 1909
1047:group, and the Oriental
800:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
784:. Later, the genus name
754:in the modern system of
745:
741:Taxonomy and systematics
567:
10464:Birds described in 1758
9875:Rufous-necked snowfinch
9802:Yellow-throated sparrow
9338:. Guisborough: author.
8238:: 17–32. Archived from
7616:: 23–37. Archived from
7562:(Supplement 2): 275–8.
7442:Cocker & Mabey 2005
6289:Neottiophilum praeustum
6085:10.1073/pnas.1909599117
5686:Broun, Maurice (1972).
5345:(1): 88. Archived from
3313:Encyclopædia Britannica
3183:Snow & Perrins 1998
2908:The American Naturalist
2071:Sparrow in a ventilator
1954:Dispersal and migration
1149:, southern France, the
1096:Harry Church Oberholser
831:, for the birds of the
496:: the female is mostly
9870:Père David's snowfinch
9850:White-rumped snowfinch
9832:Black-winged snowfinch
9822:White-winged snowfinch
9718:Arabian golden sparrow
9487:at Birds of Kazakhstan
9167:The Bird Life of Texas
8842:Birkhead, Tim (2012).
8827:"The English Sparrow (
7996:10.1525/auk.2009.09108
7938:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0421
7828:"The English Sparrow (
7556:Journal of Ornithology
6238:Jansen, R. R. (1983).
5820:10.1006/gcen.2000.7455
5231:Potter, E. F. (1970).
3351:Saikku, Mikko (2004).
2768:BirdLife International
2478:
2443:
2427:Philopterus fringillae
2391:Ceratophyllus gallinae
2269:
2203:The female develops a
2184:
2170:American cliff swallow
2160:
2139:
2117:Neottiophilum praestum
2072:
2064:
2026:extra-pair copulations
1991:
1802:
1657:to the fringes of the
1602:of Canada to southern
1526:
1514:
1347:. It intergrades with
1343:and northern Iran and
1036:
1016:
972:, the Italian sparrow
912:
890:
811:
628:
451:Measurements and shape
442:
10377:Paleobiology Database
9708:Eurasian tree sparrow
9683:Parrot-billed sparrow
9420:population in Britain
9317:In Search of Sparrows
8722:Encyclopaedia Biblica
8245:on 24 September 2011.
7832:) and the Automobile"
7118:10.1007/s002650050660
6522:Hume & Oates 1890
5514:, pp. 35, 38–39.
5155:Physiological Zoology
4972:: 125. Archived from
4700:Hobbs, J. N. (1955).
4352:Franklin, K. (2007).
4322:on 21 September 2006.
4250:10.1093/beheco/ari044
3219:Mullarney et al. 1999
3185:, pp. 1061–1064.
2635:Cultural associations
2631:state bird of Delhi.
2613:Eurasian sparrowhawks
2483:P. d. bactrianus
2472:
2441:
2366:found on sparrows is
2304:Parasites and disease
2263:
2228:inbreeding depression
2178:
2155:
2137:
2070:
2059:
2038:inbreeding depression
2020:The house sparrow is
1982:
1961:P. d. bactrianus
1800:
1684:Empire State Building
1635:P. d. domesticus
1627:P. d. domesticus
1600:Northwest Territories
1581:Eurasian tree sparrow
1520:
1504:
1394:P. d. bactrianus
1247:, described from the
1136:P. d. balearoibericus
1084:P. d. domesticus
1072:P. d. domesticus
1064:P. d. bactrianus
1045:P. d. domesticus
1029:Eurasian tree sparrow
1025:P. d. bactrianus
1022:
1007:
933:studies suggest that
906:
731:Eurasian tree sparrow
699:P. d. bactrianus
671:P. d. domesticus
655:P. d. tingitanus
647:P. d. domesticus
643:P. d. domesticus
627:) in Rajasthan, India
622:
440:
10459:Stored-product pests
10139:Fauna Europaea (new)
9880:Blanford's snowfinch
9729:Passer predomesticus
9713:Sudan golden sparrow
9622:Plain-backed sparrow
9396:Birds of Mississippi
9241:Sibley, Charles Gald
9185:Ogilvie-Grant, W. R.
9163:Oberholser, Harry C.
8333:on 24 September 2015
7781:on 27 November 2005.
7037:) in Lanzhou, China"
6833:10.3161/068.038.0204
6674:on 22 November 2007.
6571:Nice, Margaret Morse
5473:Animal Diversity Web
4829:on 13 February 2005.
3432:, pp. 162, 199.
2698:ancient Egyptian art
2430:occurs on the head.
1967:, are predominantly
1100:P. d. plecticus
895:, in North America.
829:Indian house sparrow
679:P. d. niloticus
667:P. d. bibilicus
663:P. d. bibilicus
645:group. Birds of the
597:chur-r-r-it-it-it-it
9643:Abd al-Kuri sparrow
9618:or cinnamon sparrow
8791:, pp. 211–212.
8779:, pp. 136–137.
8702:, pp. 49, 215.
8676:"Save our sparrows"
8563:2002Natur.418..931H
8354:, pp. 265–270.
8308:2008AnCon..11..493P
8296:Animal Conservation
8268:on 13 February 2009
8262:The Daily Telegraph
8148:10.1098/rsos.182197
8140:2019RSOS....682197D
7636:, pp. 229–300.
7444:, pp. 436–443.
7317:, pp. 425–429.
7204:1972SciAm.226c..22M
7192:Scientific American
7110:2000BEcoS..47..230P
7033:in House Sparrows (
6935:, pp. 427–429.
6862:, pp. 311–317.
6789:, pp. 304–306.
6774:, pp. 333–336.
6711:, pp. 137–141.
6699:, pp. 154–155.
6638:, pp. 105–115.
6606:, pp. 149–150.
6582:The Wilson Bulletin
6560:, pp. 176–177.
6548:, pp. 173–175.
6536:, pp. 175–176.
6524:, pp. 169–151.
6512:, pp. 201–204.
6386:, pp. 145–146.
6371:, pp. 157–172.
6359:, pp. 148–149.
6276:, pp. 131–132.
6076:2020PNAS..11714584N
6022:2012MolEc..21.1487B
5965:, pp. 143–144.
5941:, pp. 141–142.
5887:, pp. 142–143.
5870:, pp. 144–147.
5765:, pp. 135–136.
5740:(1). Archived from
5541:, pp. 276–279.
5495:The Wilson Bulletin
5441:, pp. 159–161.
5370:, pp. 279–281.
5280:, pp. 273–275.
5033:, pp. 139–142.
4823:in the Netherlands"
4778:, pp. 128–132.
4755:1956EmuAO..56..146W
4690:, pp. 424–425.
4678:, pp. 137–138.
4643:, pp. 210–212.
4499:10.1093/isle/isp025
4289:2005Oecol.145..243L
4217:, pp. 293–296.
4193:, pp. 171–173.
4117:, pp. 5, 9–12.
4046:, pp. 870–871.
4029:, pp. 126–128.
3998:, pp. 133–135.
3840:1964Sci...144..548J
3690:, pp. 169–170.
3678:, pp. 121–126.
3573:, pp. 126–127.
3498:, pp. 253–254.
3408:, pp. 114–146.
3396:, pp. 669–670.
3275:, pp. 114–115.
3248:, pp. 121–122.
3233:, pp. 463–465.
3221:, pp. 342–343.
3209:, pp. 472–477.
3039:, pp. 202–203.
2996:The Wilson Bulletin
2892:, pp. 118–121.
2867:on 4 December 2010.
2837:, pp. 116–117.
2818:, pp. 307–313.
2702:Egyptian hieroglyph
2196:forms, followed by
2163:Some intraspecific
1700:Maud Doria Haviland
1320:P. d. persicus
1190:in Algeria, and to
1122:nominate subspecies
1053:P. d. biblicus
833:Indian subcontinent
782:Fringilla domestica
687:P. d. hyrcanus
675:P. d. persicus
590:European greenfinch
572:Most house sparrow
420:conservation status
392:Mediterranean Basin
325:Passer rufidorsalis
283:Fringilla domestica
70:Conservation status
10454:Cosmopolitan birds
10022:BirdLife-Australia
9792:Sahel bush sparrow
9678:Swainson's sparrow
9527:Old World sparrows
9375:Todd, Kim (2012).
9144:Collins Bird Guide
8700:Summers-Smith 1963
8440:on 1 February 2009
8409:on 25 January 2011
7814:Summers-Smith 1988
7646:Summers-Smith 1988
7506:on 11 August 2011.
7499:The Times of India
7454:Seitz, J. (2007).
7363:Summers-Smith 2005
6971:Summers-Smith 1963
6872:Summers-Smith 1963
6820:Acta Ornithologica
6799:Summers-Smith 1992
6709:Summers-Smith 1988
6697:Summers-Smith 1988
6604:Summers-Smith 1988
6510:Ogilvie-Grant 1912
6357:Summers-Smith 1988
6274:Summers-Smith 1963
6136:Summers-Smith 1963
5885:Summers-Smith 1988
5868:Summers-Smith 1988
5512:Summers-Smith 1963
5451:Summers-Smith 1963
5439:Summers-Smith 1988
5422:Summers-Smith 1963
5031:Summers-Smith 1988
4998:Summers-Smith 1988
4953:and House Sparrow
4905:Phainopepla nitens
4840:Summers-Smith 1988
4776:Summers-Smith 1992
4676:Summers-Smith 1988
4237:Behavioral Ecology
4215:Summers-Smith 1988
4191:Summers-Smith 1963
4127:Summers-Smith 1988
4103:Summers-Smith 1988
4027:Summers-Smith 1988
3996:Summers-Smith 1988
3793:Systematic Zoology
3702:, pp. 22, 27.
3700:Summers-Smith 1992
3688:Summers-Smith 1988
3676:Summers-Smith 1988
3571:Summers-Smith 1988
3547:Summers-Smith 1988
3535:Summers-Smith 1988
3496:Summers-Smith 1988
3327:Summers-Smith 1988
3273:Summers-Smith 1988
3246:Summers-Smith 1988
3171:Summers-Smith 1988
3124:Summers-Smith 1988
3112:Summers-Smith 1963
3100:Summers-Smith 1963
3085:Summers-Smith 1963
3061:Summers-Smith 1963
2890:Summers-Smith 1988
2835:Summers-Smith 1988
2816:Summers-Smith 1988
2571:endangered species
2533:Population decline
2479:
2444:
2372:, the most common
2270:
2185:
2161:
2140:
2073:
2065:
1992:
1985:P. d. indicus
1965:P. d. parkini
1878:are eaten, as are
1803:
1768:Sleep and roosting
1639:P. d. indicus
1631:P. d. indicus
1527:
1515:
1456:P. d. rufidorsalis
1245:and Kudashev, 1916
1174:, is found in the
1145:, is found in the
1080:P. d. indicus
1076:P. d. indicus
1068:P. d. indicus
1057:P. d. indicus
1049:P. d. indicus
1037:
1017:
913:
887:, from the German
703:P. d. parkini
695:P. d. hufufae
691:P. d. indicus
685:group subspecies,
683:P. d. indicus
651:P. d. indicus
636:P. d. indicus
629:
625:P. d. indicus
443:
335:Passer engimaticus
248: Non-breeding
191:P. domesticus
10431:
10430:
10421:Passer domesticus
10364:Open Tree of Life
9965:Passer_domesticus
9940:Passer domesticus
9910:Passer domesticus
9902:Taxon identifiers
9893:
9892:
9827:Tibetan snowfinch
9703:Zarudny's sparrow
9658:Shelley's sparrow
9491:World Sparrow Day
9418:Passer domesticus
9405:978-1-57806-110-5
9386:978-1-86189-875-3
9362:Swainson, William
9345:978-0-9525383-2-5
9326:978-0-85661-073-8
9307:978-0-85661-048-6
9285:The House Sparrow
9275:978-0-19-854099-1
9254:978-0-300-04969-5
9232:978-0-19-577405-4
9213:978-0-300-10862-0
9176:978-0-292-70711-5
9154:978-0-00-219728-1
9110:978-0-19-214155-2
9080:978-0-7136-7006-6
9061:978-1-4081-2501-4
9028:978-0-85668-283-4
8994:978-3-923527-00-7
8973:978-0-85661-135-3
8945:978-0-7136-8017-1
8926:978-0-7011-6907-7
8907:978-0-472-10076-7
8876:978-0-522-84285-2
8857:978-0-8027-7966-3
8829:Passer domesticus
8817:978-0-19-530411-4
8767:, pp. 56–58.
8529:on 3 January 2010
8223:Passer domesticus
8046:Passer domesticus
7977:Passer domesticus
7883:on 6 October 2022
7830:Passer domesticus
7552:Passer domesticus
7365:, pp. 29–35.
7331:Passer domesticus
7237:. Prentice Hall.
7094:Passer domesticus
7035:Passer domesticus
7031:Toxoplasma gondii
6998:10.1111/ibi.12699
6947:"Sparrow suspect"
6801:, pp. 30–33.
6746:Passer domesticus
6744:"AnAge entry for
6687:, pp. 79–89.
6651:Passer domesticus
6341:on 28 March 2012.
6216:, pp. 33–34.
6214:Haverschmidt 1949
6166:978-83-01-08460-8
6138:, pp. 52–57.
5986:978-83-01-08460-8
5843:, pp. 47–48.
5777:Passer domesticus
5637:10.1111/ibi.12618
5604:978-83-01-08460-8
5467:Passer domesticus
5424:, pp. 34–35.
5304:Passer domesticus
5205:Passer domesticus
4856:Passer domesticus
4821:Passer domesticus
4763:10.1071/mu956143e
4483:Passer domesticus
4452:978-83-01-08460-8
4268:Passer domesticus
4231:Passer domesticus
4142:Passer domesticus
3951:Passer domesticus
3834:(3618): 548–550.
3643:P. hispaniolensis
3639:Passer domesticus
3482:978-84-96553-50-7
3420:, pp. 60–62.
3368:978-0-415-93735-1
3114:, pp. 31–32.
3102:, pp. 30–31.
3063:, pp. 26–30.
2972:978-0-7136-6250-4
2774:Passer domesticus
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2654:Gospel of Matthew
2628:World Sparrow Day
2543:red-billed quelea
2470:
2448:circadian rhythms
2408:occupy different
2385:Ixodes arboricola
2356:Toxoplasma gondii
1886:where available,
1736:
1616:Western Australia
1464:, described from
1463:
1444:, described from
1443:
1412:, described from
1411:
1372:, described from
1371:
1335:, described from
1334:
1310:, described from
1309:
1275:, described from
1274:
1246:
1203:, described from
1202:
1170:, described from
1169:
1141:, described from
1140:
1139:von Jordans, 1923
1119:
966:hybrid speciation
931:Mitochondrial DNA
438:
368:Passer domesticus
359:
358:
352:
342:
332:
322:
315:
301:
287:
209:Passer domesticus
93:
16:(Redirected from
10476:
10424:
10423:
10411:
10410:
10398:
10397:
10385:
10384:
10372:
10371:
10359:
10358:
10346:
10345:
10333:
10332:
10323:
10322:
10313:
10312:
10300:
10299:
10287:
10286:
10284:NHMSYS0000530537
10274:
10273:
10261:
10260:
10248:
10247:
10235:
10234:
10222:
10221:
10209:
10208:
10196:
10195:
10183:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10160:
10159:
10147:
10146:
10134:
10133:
10121:
10120:
10108:
10107:
10095:
10094:
10082:
10081:
10069:
10068:
10056:
10055:
10043:
10042:
10030:
10029:
10017:
10016:
10004:
10003:
9994:
9993:
9991:240E33900CE34D44
9981:
9980:
9968:
9967:
9955:
9954:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9897:
9896:
9885:Afghan snowfinch
9723:Chestnut sparrow
9653:Kordofan sparrow
9628:Dead Sea sparrow
9520:
9513:
9506:
9497:
9496:
9451:
9442:
9440:
9438:
9425:
9409:
9390:
9371:
9357:
9330:
9311:
9299:
9288:
9279:
9258:
9236:
9217:
9205:
9194:
9180:
9158:
9137:
9123:
9114:
9095:
9084:
9065:
9046:
9032:
9013:
8998:
8977:
8958:
8949:
8930:
8917:Birds Britannica
8911:
8892:
8880:
8861:
8849:
8838:
8821:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8754:Matthew 10:29–31
8751:
8745:
8744:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8684:
8683:
8682:. 11 March 2013.
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8467:. Archived from
8456:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8408:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8376:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8326:. Archived from
8293:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8229:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8199:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8093:
8082:
8081:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8015:
8009:
8008:
7998:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7949:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7836:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7723:. Archived from
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7691:. Archived from
7680:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7623:on 7 March 2012.
7622:
7607:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7539:on 23 June 2017.
7538:
7523:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7414:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7335:. Archived from
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7287:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6905:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6846:
6845:
6835:
6817:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6607:
6601:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6474:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6325:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6260:
6259:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6186:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6152:
6139:
6133:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6087:
6070:(25): 14584–92.
6055:
6042:
6041:
6004:
5991:
5990:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5871:
5865:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5692:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5463:Roof, Jennifer.
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5386:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5264:
5263:
5237:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5203:"House Sparrow (
5198:
5179:
5178:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5075:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4961:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4911:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4862:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4825:. Archived from
4814:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4740:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:10.1071/MU955202
4706:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4590:on 18 March 2016
4589:
4583:. Archived from
4570:
4564:Massam, Marion.
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4478:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4434:
4419:
4418:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4349:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4315:. Archived from
4274:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4140:"House Sparrow:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4030:
4024:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2915:(955): 373–390.
2902:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2853:
2838:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2764:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2477:light in Germany
2475:fluorescent tube
2471:
2318:Escherichia coli
2236:avoid inbreeding
2165:brood parasitism
2046:avoid inbreeding
1781:Body maintenance
1751:Social behaviour
1738:
1737:
1722:
1655:Tierra del Fuego
1458:
1434:
1402:
1388:to southeastern
1366:
1332:
1330:P. d. bactrianus
1307:
1269:
1241:
1200:
1163:
1161:P. d. tingitanus
1147:Balearic Islands
1138:
1117:
1115:P. d. domesticus
1107:P. d. domesticus
909:Italian sparrows
893:
814:
792:common chaffinch
780:, with the name
727:Italian sparrows
719:Dead Sea sparrow
540:
531:
519:
439:
347:
337:
327:
320:
318:Passer confucius
306:
292:
285:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
229:
211:
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
58:
44:
32:
31:
21:
10484:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10419:
10414:
10406:
10401:
10393:
10388:
10380:
10375:
10367:
10362:
10354:
10349:
10341:
10338:Observation.org
10336:
10328:
10326:
10318:
10316:
10308:
10303:
10295:
10290:
10282:
10277:
10269:
10264:
10256:
10251:
10243:
10238:
10230:
10225:
10217:
10212:
10204:
10199:
10191:
10186:
10178:
10176:
10168:
10163:
10155:
10150:
10142:
10137:
10129:
10124:
10116:
10111:
10103:
10098:
10090:
10085:
10077:
10072:
10064:
10059:
10051:
10046:
10038:
10033:
10025:
10020:
10012:
10007:
9999:
9997:
9989:
9984:
9976:
9971:
9963:
9958:
9952:
9947:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9923:
9922:
9917:
9904:
9894:
9889:
9854:
9836:
9806:
9771:
9753:
9742:
9734:
9688:Swahili sparrow
9638:Socotra sparrow
9624:or Pegu sparrow
9601:Italian sparrow
9596:Spanish sparrow
9570:
9552:
9534:
9524:
9459:
9454:
9436:
9434:
9423:
9406:
9387:
9346:
9327:
9308:
9276:
9255:
9233:
9214:
9177:
9155:
9111:
9081:
9062:
9029:
8995:
8987:. AULA-Verlag.
8974:
8946:
8927:
8908:
8877:
8858:
8818:
8801:
8796:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8775:
8771:
8763:
8759:
8752:
8748:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8710:
8706:
8698:
8687:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8598:
8594:
8571:10.1038/418931a
8557:(6901): 931–2.
8546:
8542:
8532:
8530:
8515:
8511:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8457:
8453:
8443:
8441:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8377:on 26 July 2011
8374:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8271:
8269:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8227:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8200:on 26 July 2011
8197:
8185:
8181:
8120:
8116:
8106:
8104:
8102:The Independent
8094:
8085:
8042:
8038:
8028:
8026:
8024:The Independent
8016:
8012:
7973:Accipiter nisus
7967:
7963:
7926:Biology Letters
7918:
7914:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7886:
7884:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7851:10.2307/4073887
7834:
7824:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7771:
7767:
7757:
7755:
7747:"House sparrow"
7745:
7744:
7740:
7730:
7728:
7715:"House sparrow"
7713:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7696:
7689:The Independent
7681:
7674:
7664:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7644:
7640:
7632:
7628:
7620:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7548:
7544:
7536:
7526:Current Science
7521:
7515:
7511:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7391:
7387:
7376:Susainathan, P.
7373:
7369:
7361:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7339:on 11 June 2011
7325:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7264:
7260:
7245:
7231:
7227:
7188:
7184:
7145:
7141:
7090:
7086:
7025:
7021:
6981:
6977:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6943:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6858:
6849:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6797:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6727:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6664:
6660:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6634:
6625:
6621:, p. 60ff.
6617:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6577:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6489:10.2307/1366345
6472:
6466:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6429:Wilson Bulletin
6424:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6355:
6346:
6338:
6323:
6319:Delichon urbica
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6236:
6232:
6228:, pp. 8–9.
6224:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6153:
6142:
6134:
6111:
6056:
6045:
6005:
5994:
5987:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5918:10.2307/4083563
5901:
5895:
5891:
5883:
5874:
5866:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5804:
5800:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5744:on 13 July 2019
5726:
5722:
5707:10.2307/4084073
5690:
5684:
5680:
5665:10.2307/4512338
5649:
5645:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5591:
5587:
5572:10.2307/1367163
5555:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5530:
5526:, pp. 2–3.
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5401:10.2307/1368983
5384:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5349:on 13 July 2019
5331:
5327:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5267:
5252:10.2307/4083703
5235:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5199:
5182:
5151:
5147:
5132:10.2307/1366086
5115:
5109:
5105:
5090:10.2307/4083421
5073:
5067:
5063:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4979:on 10 June 2011
4976:
4959:
4951:Passer montanus
4945:
4941:
4926:10.2307/1365787
4909:
4899:
4892:
4877:10.2307/1366060
4860:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4815:
4808:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4510:
4506:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4435:
4422:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4364:on 4 March 2009
4358:Naturalist News
4350:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4272:
4262:
4258:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4156:
4154:
4150:Audubon Society
4138:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4025:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3967:10.2307/2408018
3947:
3943:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3900:10.2307/1366314
3881:
3875:
3871:
3824:
3820:
3805:10.2307/2411519
3789:
3785:
3762:10.2307/2406496
3746:
3742:
3738:, p. 1009.
3736:Oberholser 1974
3734:
3727:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3635:
3631:
3586:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3524:on 7 July 2011.
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3469:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3354:"House Sparrow"
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3303:"Sparrow"
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3162:
3141:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3008:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2959:
2944:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2861:All About Birds
2857:"House Sparrow"
2855:
2854:
2841:
2833:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2765:
2754:
2749:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2694:
2637:
2617:unleaded petrol
2535:
2462:
2460:
2436:
2369:Proctophyllodes
2347:West Nile virus
2306:
2258:
2244:
2132:
2123:Protocalliphora
2054:
1977:
1956:
1947:
1928:American robins
1795:
1783:
1770:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1667:
1576:
1548:southern Africa
1544:Central America
1505:By a nest in a
1499:
1386:Pamir Mountains
1324:P. d. bibilicus
1198:P. d. niloticus
1002:
962:Italian sparrow
901:
821:English sparrow
769:Systema Naturae
752:scientific name
748:
743:
711:
689:is larger than
638:group, and the
617:
603:, and a shrill
570:
550:
549:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
533:
532:
517:
486:
474:Bergmann's rule
453:
448:
433:
355:
354:
343:
333:
323:
321:Bonaparte, 1853
316:
304:Passer arboreus
302:
288:
267:
263:
261:
257:
255:
251:
249:
245:
243:
239:
220:
213:
207:
194:
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10482:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10425:
10412:
10399:
10386:
10373:
10360:
10347:
10334:
10324:
10314:
10301:
10288:
10275:
10262:
10249:
10236:
10223:
10210:
10197:
10184:
10174:
10161:
10148:
10135:
10126:Fauna Europaea
10122:
10109:
10096:
10083:
10070:
10057:
10044:
10031:
10018:
10005:
9995:
9982:
9969:
9956:
9945:
9930:
9914:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9866:
9864:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
9846:
9844:
9842:Onychostruthus
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9818:
9816:
9813:Montifringilla
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9783:
9781:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9763:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9749:Pale rockfinch
9745:
9743:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9732:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9698:Desert sparrow
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9619:
9616:Russet sparrow
9613:
9611:Somali sparrow
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9586:Saxaul sparrow
9582:
9580:
9572:
9571:
9569:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9558:Hypocryptadius
9554:
9553:
9546:
9544:
9536:
9535:
9523:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9500:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9481:Indian sparrow
9478:
9467:
9466:
9458:
9457:External links
9455:
9453:
9452:
9443:
9410:
9404:
9391:
9385:
9372:
9358:
9344:
9331:
9325:
9312:
9306:
9289:
9280:
9274:
9259:
9253:
9237:
9231:
9218:
9212:
9195:
9181:
9175:
9159:
9153:
9138:
9124:
9115:
9109:
9096:
9085:
9079:
9066:
9060:
9047:
9037:Hume, Allan O.
9033:
9027:
9014:
9012:: E. J. Brill.
8999:
8993:
8978:
8972:
8959:
8950:
8944:
8931:
8925:
8912:
8906:
8893:
8881:
8875:
8862:
8856:
8839:
8822:
8816:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8789:Wilkinson 1847
8781:
8769:
8757:
8746:
8728:
8713:Shipley, A. E.
8704:
8685:
8667:
8641:
8618:
8592:
8540:
8509:
8482:
8471:on 4 June 2011
8451:
8420:
8388:
8356:
8344:
8279:
8248:
8211:
8179:
8114:
8083:
8056:(2): 141–151.
8036:
8010:
7989:(2): 411–420.
7961:
7912:
7894:
7864:
7845:(2): 244–250.
7818:
7816:, p. 156.
7806:
7784:
7765:
7738:
7727:on 3 July 2011
7706:
7695:on 6 June 2011
7672:
7650:
7638:
7626:
7593:
7591:, p. 320.
7581:
7542:
7509:
7485:
7466:(2): 307–317.
7446:
7434:
7405:(3): 645–671.
7385:
7367:
7350:
7319:
7307:
7278:(4): 788–796.
7258:
7243:
7225:
7182:
7139:
7104:(4): 230–242.
7084:
7019:
6992:(1): 201–214.
6975:
6973:, p. 129.
6963:
6937:
6925:
6896:(4): 929–942.
6876:
6874:, p. 128.
6864:
6847:
6803:
6791:
6776:
6764:
6735:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6658:
6640:
6623:
6608:
6591:
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6483:(3): 319–325.
6460:
6438:
6412:
6400:
6398:, p. 319.
6388:
6373:
6361:
6344:
6307:
6278:
6261:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6172:
6165:
6140:
6109:
6043:
6016:(6): 1487–99.
5992:
5985:
5967:
5955:
5953:, p. 145.
5943:
5931:
5889:
5872:
5845:
5833:
5814:(1): 173–183.
5798:
5787:(5): 603–611.
5767:
5755:
5720:
5678:
5659:(2): 108–112.
5643:
5630:(2): 184–191.
5610:
5603:
5585:
5543:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5478:
5469:house sparrow"
5455:
5443:
5426:
5414:
5372:
5360:
5325:
5294:
5292:, p. 246.
5282:
5265:
5246:(4): 692–713.
5223:
5180:
5161:(3): 587–599.
5145:
5126:(4): 375–384.
5103:
5061:
5035:
5014:
5012:, p. 247.
5002:
5000:, p. 228.
4990:
4939:
4920:(2): 169–174.
4890:
4844:
4842:, p. 129.
4832:
4806:
4780:
4768:
4726:
4692:
4680:
4657:
4655:, p. 777.
4645:
4633:
4613:
4601:
4556:
4530:
4504:
4493:(2): 281–298.
4470:
4458:
4451:
4420:
4398:10.1.1.603.208
4375:
4337:
4335:, p. 586.
4325:
4283:(2): 244–251.
4256:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4168:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4105:, p. 134.
4095:
4078:Montifringilla
4060:
4058:, p. 289.
4048:
4031:
4000:
3988:
3961:(4): 638–653.
3941:
3913:
3894:(3): 217–258.
3869:
3818:
3783:
3740:
3725:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3629:
3590:Passer italiae
3575:
3563:
3551:
3549:, p. 172.
3539:
3537:, p. 164.
3527:
3500:
3488:
3481:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3384:, p. 429.
3374:
3367:
3343:
3341:, p. 138.
3331:
3319:
3308:Chisholm, Hugh
3298:Newton, Alfred
3289:
3277:
3262:
3260:, p. 183.
3250:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3197:, p. 445.
3187:
3175:
3173:, p. 117.
3160:
3128:
3126:, p. 254.
3116:
3104:
3089:
3087:, p. 101.
3077:
3075:, p. 291.
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3027:, p. 444.
3006:
2978:
2971:
2942:
2921:10.1086/282841
2894:
2882:
2880:, p. 443.
2870:
2839:
2820:
2808:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2636:
2633:
2621:methyl nitrite
2556:Eastern Europe
2552:Western Europe
2534:
2531:
2459:
2456:
2452:photoperiodism
2435:
2432:
2404:. A number of
2379:Argas reflexus
2351:haemosporidian
2339:reservoir host
2305:
2302:
2257:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2138:Eggs in a nest
2131:
2130:Eggs and young
2128:
2053:
2050:
1976:
1973:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1935:Pseudomonadota
1815:nectar robbing
1794:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1666:
1663:
1575:
1572:
1568:Rishiri Island
1525:of New Zealand
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1453:
1429:
1422:Southeast Asia
1397:
1361:
1327:
1305:P. d. hyrcanus
1301:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1267:P. d. biblicus
1264:
1239:P. d. persicus
1236:
1195:
1158:
1133:
1118:Linnaeus, 1758
1111:
1110:
1001:
998:
900:
897:
825:Indian sparrow
762:, in the 1758
747:
744:
742:
739:
710:
709:Identification
707:
616:
613:
569:
566:
545:
544:
535:
534:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
485:
482:
452:
449:
447:
444:
380:about 25
357:
356:
345:Passer ahasvar
290:Passer indicus
286:Linnaeus, 1758
280:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
242: Resident
238:
231:
230:
222:
221:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:House sparrow
26:
18:House sparrows
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10481:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10422:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10356:house-sparrow
10352:
10348:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10325:
10321:
10320:house-sparrow
10315:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10180:house-sparrow
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10027:house-sparrow
10023:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9961:
9957:
9950:
9946:
9941:
9935:
9931:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9898:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9779:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9648:Kenya sparrow
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9633:Great sparrow
9631:
9629:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9591:House sparrow
9589:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9567:
9566:Cinnamon ibon
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9533:: Passeridae)
9532:
9528:
9521:
9516:
9514:
9509:
9507:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9492:
9489:
9486:
9485:house sparrow
9482:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9471:House sparrow
9469:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9449:
9444:
9433:
9429:
9422:
9421:
9417:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9322:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9298:
9297:
9290:
9286:
9281:
9277:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9128:Morris, F. O.
9125:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9092:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9072:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9020:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8937:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8899:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8848:
8847:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8830:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8790:
8785:
8778:
8773:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8714:
8708:
8701:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8629:
8622:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8544:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8513:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8492:British Birds
8486:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8439:
8435:
8434:The Telegraph
8431:
8424:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8392:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8224:
8215:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8134:(7): 182197.
8133:
8129:
8125:
8118:
8103:
8099:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8040:
8025:
8021:
8014:
8006:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7979:) in Britain"
7978:
7974:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7822:
7815:
7810:
7794:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7677:
7660:
7654:
7647:
7642:
7635:
7634:Anderson 2006
7630:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7589:Anderson 2006
7585:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7338:
7334:
7332:
7323:
7316:
7315:Anderson 2006
7311:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7244:0-13-073701-1
7240:
7236:
7229:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7186:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6972:
6967:
6952:
6951:New Scientist
6948:
6941:
6934:
6933:Anderson 2006
6929:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6861:
6860:Anderson 2006
6856:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6795:
6788:
6787:Anderson 2006
6783:
6781:
6773:
6772:Anderson 2006
6768:
6753:
6749:
6747:
6739:
6723:
6717:
6710:
6705:
6698:
6693:
6686:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6559:
6558:Anderson 2006
6554:
6547:
6546:Anderson 2006
6542:
6535:
6534:Anderson 2006
6530:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6448:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6410:, p. 55.
6409:
6404:
6397:
6396:Anderson 2006
6392:
6385:
6384:Anderson 2006
6380:
6378:
6370:
6369:Anderson 2006
6365:
6358:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6282:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6222:
6215:
6210:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5963:Anderson 2006
5959:
5952:
5951:Anderson 2006
5947:
5940:
5939:Anderson 2006
5935:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5842:
5841:Birkhead 2012
5837:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5763:Anderson 2006
5759:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5539:Anderson 2006
5535:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5453:, p. 33.
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5368:Anderson 2006
5364:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5290:Anderson 2006
5286:
5279:
5278:Anderson 2006
5274:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5010:Anderson 2006
5006:
4999:
4994:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4956:
4955:P. domesticus
4952:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4688:Anderson 2006
4684:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4611:, p. 25.
4610:
4609:Anderson 2006
4605:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4468:, p. 17.
4467:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4205:, p. 22.
4204:
4203:Anderson 2006
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4179:Anderson 2006
4175:
4173:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4116:
4115:Anderson 2006
4111:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3938:(2): 313–323.
3937:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3664:Anderson 2006
3660:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3561:, p. 16.
3560:
3559:Anderson 2006
3555:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3418:Swainson 1885
3414:
3407:
3406:Lockwood 1984
3402:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3329:, p. 13.
3328:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3287:, p. 36.
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:Linnaeus 1758
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3049:Anderson 2006
3045:
3038:
3037:Anderson 2006
3033:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3003:(3): 539–544.
3002:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:House bunting
2729:
2728:
2724:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:Great Britain
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2527:IUCN Red List
2524:
2523:least concern
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:Ciṭṭukkuruvi
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:avian malaria
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:birds of prey
2275:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:street lights
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:sexual organs
1990:
1986:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:North America
1532:
1524:
1523:Southern Alps
1519:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:P. d. hufufae
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:P. d. indicus
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1364:P. d. parkini
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:P. d. indicus
1295:
1294:
1290:
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1234:
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1199:
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1189:
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1173:
1167:
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1134:
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1123:
1116:
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1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
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1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
955:hybridisation
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
910:
905:
896:
894:
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886:
882:
878:
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870:
866:
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858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
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834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
776:collected in
775:
774:type specimen
771:
770:
765:
761:
760:Carl Linnaeus
757:
753:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634:
626:
621:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:vocalisations
565:
563:
557:
555:
539:
530:
521:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
431:
429:
428:IUCN Red List
425:
424:least concern
422:is listed as
421:
415:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
396:introductions
393:
389:
388:
384:in the genus
383:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:house sparrow
353:
350:
346:
340:
336:
330:
326:
319:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
291:
284:
277:
274:
270:
237:
236:P. domesticus
232:
228:
223:
218:
212:
210:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:Passeriformes
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9909:
9859:
9841:
9811:
9776:
9767:Rock sparrow
9758:
9739:
9727:
9668:Cape sparrow
9663:Iago sparrow
9606:Sind sparrow
9590:
9575:
9557:
9547:
9539:
9447:
9435:. Retrieved
9419:
9415:
9395:
9376:
9366:
9335:
9316:
9296:The Sparrows
9295:
9284:
9264:
9244:
9222:
9201:
9189:
9166:
9143:
9132:
9119:
9100:
9090:
9070:
9051:
9041:
9018:
9004:
8983:
8963:
8954:
8935:
8916:
8897:
8886:
8866:
8845:
8834:
8828:
8807:
8784:
8772:
8760:
8749:
8740:
8731:
8720:
8707:
8679:
8670:
8658:. Retrieved
8654:
8644:
8632:. Retrieved
8621:
8609:. Retrieved
8606:The Guardian
8605:
8595:
8554:
8550:
8543:
8531:. Retrieved
8527:the original
8522:
8512:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8473:. Retrieved
8469:the original
8464:
8454:
8442:. Retrieved
8438:the original
8433:
8423:
8411:. Retrieved
8404:the original
8398:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8372:the original
8366:
8359:
8352:Vincent 2005
8347:
8335:. Retrieved
8328:the original
8299:
8295:
8282:
8270:. Retrieved
8266:the original
8261:
8251:
8240:the original
8235:
8231:
8222:
8214:
8202:. Retrieved
8195:the original
8189:
8182:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8105:. Retrieved
8101:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8029:24 September
8027:. Retrieved
8023:
8013:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7964:
7932:(1): 43–46.
7929:
7925:
7915:
7906:
7897:
7885:. Retrieved
7881:the original
7876:
7867:
7842:
7838:
7829:
7821:
7809:
7797:. Retrieved
7787:
7779:the original
7768:
7756:. Retrieved
7750:
7741:
7729:. Retrieved
7725:the original
7718:
7709:
7697:. Retrieved
7693:the original
7688:
7663:. Retrieved
7653:
7641:
7629:
7618:the original
7613:
7609:
7596:
7584:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7534:the original
7529:
7525:
7512:
7504:the original
7497:
7488:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7437:
7402:
7398:
7388:
7370:
7341:. Retrieved
7337:the original
7330:
7322:
7310:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7234:
7228:
7198:(3): 22–29.
7195:
7191:
7185:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7047:(3): 363–7.
7044:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7022:
6989:
6985:
6978:
6966:
6954:. Retrieved
6950:
6940:
6928:
6893:
6889:
6879:
6867:
6826:(2): 77–93.
6823:
6819:
6806:
6794:
6767:
6755:. Retrieved
6751:
6745:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6716:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6672:the original
6661:
6650:
6643:
6585:
6581:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6480:
6476:
6463:
6451:. Retrieved
6441:
6432:
6428:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6364:
6336:the original
6331:
6327:
6321:in Slovakia"
6318:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6294:
6288:
6281:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6221:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6195:(3): 378–380
6192:
6188:
6175:
6156:
6067:
6063:
6013:
6009:
5976:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5909:
5905:
5892:
5836:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5758:
5748:24 September
5746:. Retrieved
5742:the original
5737:
5733:
5723:
5701:(1): 187–9.
5698:
5694:
5681:
5656:
5653:Bird-Banding
5652:
5646:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5594:
5588:
5566:(2): 205–8.
5563:
5559:
5546:
5524:Vincent 2005
5519:
5507:
5498:
5494:
5481:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5446:
5417:
5395:(1): 57–67.
5392:
5388:
5375:
5363:
5353:24 September
5351:. Retrieved
5347:the original
5342:
5338:
5328:
5314:(1): 72–74.
5311:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5285:
5243:
5239:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:
5204:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5123:
5119:
5106:
5084:(3): 558–9.
5081:
5077:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5038:
5005:
4993:
4983:10 September
4981:. Retrieved
4974:the original
4969:
4963:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4917:
4913:
4904:
4871:(1): 79–80.
4868:
4864:
4855:
4847:
4835:
4827:the original
4820:
4800:
4796:
4783:
4771:
4749:(2): 146–7.
4746:
4742:
4729:
4712:
4708:
4695:
4683:
4648:
4636:
4623:
4616:
4604:
4592:. Retrieved
4585:the original
4572:
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4545:. 2 May 2018
4542:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:
4507:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4466:Barrows 1889
4461:
4442:
4438:
4391:(2): 83–89.
4388:
4384:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:the original
4357:
4328:
4317:the original
4280:
4276:
4267:
4259:
4243:(4): 702–7.
4240:
4236:
4230:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4181:, p. 5.
4162:
4155:. Retrieved
4147:
4141:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4051:
3991:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3935:
3929:
3916:
3891:
3885:
3872:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3799:(1): 73–89.
3796:
3792:
3786:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3519:the original
3510:
3503:
3491:
3472:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3358:
3346:
3339:Jobling 2009
3334:
3322:
3311:
3292:
3285:Brisson 1760
3280:
3253:
3226:
3214:
3207:Roberts 1992
3202:
3190:
3178:
3144:
3119:
3107:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3000:
2994:
2981:
2962:
2912:
2906:
2885:
2873:
2865:the original
2860:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2785:
2779:
2773:
2723:Birds portal
2669:
2657:
2638:
2625:
2610:
2583:
2579:
2560:
2536:
2506:
2492:
2487:birdwatchers
2482:
2480:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2406:chewing lice
2402:gamasoidosis
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2345:such as the
2326:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2271:
2266:domestic cat
2245:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2186:
2162:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2094:
2081:tree hollows
2074:
2035:
2019:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1987:) mating in
1984:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1932:
1904:grasshoppers
1864:caterpillars
1853:
1830:
1804:
1784:
1771:
1754:
1705:
1692:
1668:
1659:Amazon basin
1651:Buenos Aires
1647:Cape sparrow
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1593:
1577:
1574:Introduction
1528:
1472:in northern
1455:
1450:Saudi Arabia
1431:
1399:
1393:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1304:
1296:
1291:in the east.
1266:
1260:
1238:
1225:rufidorsalis
1224:
1216:
1197:
1160:
1135:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:, Kazakhstan
1024:
1009:
959:
951:
942:
926:
920:
916:
914:
888:
884:
880:
875:, mainly in
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:Central Asia
828:
824:
820:
816:
804:
795:
785:
781:
767:
764:10th edition
749:
735:Sind sparrow
714:
712:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
630:
624:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
585:
581:
577:
571:
558:
551:
514:
487:
470:
454:
416:
400:
385:
367:
366:
362:
360:
349:Kleinschmidt
344:
334:
324:
317:
303:
289:
282:
281:
235:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
29:
10305:Neotropical
10266:NatureServe
10201:iNaturalist
9934:Wikispecies
8799:Works cited
8302:(6): 1–11.
7877:blog.nature
7699:12 December
7155:(s29): 44.
6728:24 November
6588:(2): 81–93.
6453:24 November
6408:Davies 2000
5058:(4): 371–2.
4518:Opinionator
4368:17 December
3756:(1): 1–28.
3602:: 117–145.
3430:Carver 1987
2736:House finch
2650:Shakespeare
2567:Netherlands
2548:house finch
2503:aphrodisiac
2495:earthenware
2415:Menacanthus
2397:Dermanyssus
2343:Arboviruses
2205:brood patch
2011:dee-dee-dee
1892:vertebrates
1890:, and even
1884:crustaceans
1870:flies, and
1858:, of which
1596:linden moth
1560:New Zealand
1552:West Africa
1538:(including
1531:Middle East
1474:South Sudan
1460:C. L. Brehm
1353:Baluchistan
1345:Afghanistan
1316:Caspian Sea
1249:Karun River
1223:, and with
974:intergrades
947:Palaearctic
939:Pleistocene
640:Palaearctic
554:supercilium
446:Description
329:C. L. Brehm
312:preoccupied
10438:Categories
10416:Xeno-canto
9861:Pyrgilauda
9740:Carpospiza
9437:2 December
9432:2086/10742
8634:17 January
8630:. BBC News
8611:17 January
8533:17 January
8475:17 January
8413:17 January
8381:17 January
8337:18 January
8204:10 January
8107:17 January
7758:25 January
7665:6 December
7343:16 January
6757:1 February
6477:The Condor
6300:10 January
6295:NatureSpot
5912:(1): 146.
5560:The Condor
5389:The Condor
5120:The Condor
4914:The Condor
4865:The Condor
4715:(4): 202.
4641:Lever 2005
4594:1 February
4575:(117/99).
4566:"Sparrows"
4539:"Sparrows"
3887:The Condor
3653:: 317–334.
3647:Le Gerfaut
2747:References
2741:House wren
2586:South Asia
2518:falconers'
2501:, to have
2434:Physiology
2327:Salmonella
2323:Salmonella
2312:Salmonella
2290:Accipiters
2209:incubating
2109:neon signs
2062:California
2022:monogamous
1945:Locomotion
1941:increase.
1888:earthworms
1876:arthropods
1589:Cape Verde
1550:, part of
1509:cactus in
1420:, western
1285:Azerbaijan
1233:Somaliland
1229:Wadi Halfa
1213:Wadi Halfa
1188:Béni Abbès
1082:group and
1000:Subspecies
935:speciation
915:The genus
907:A pair of
817:domesticus
697:is paler,
494:dimorphism
478:subspecies
462:wing chord
407:grasslands
167:Passeridae
10258:103818789
10014:103818789
8765:Todd 2012
8737:"Sparrow"
8717:"Sparrow"
8680:The Hindu
8655:The Hindu
8504:0007-0335
8465:The Times
8156:2054-5703
7887:6 October
7799:10 August
7480:0260-9541
7421:1573-0387
7253:681290505
7169:0007-0963
7126:0340-5443
7061:0023-4001
7006:1474-919X
6912:0004-8038
6256:0024-645X
6250:: 64–65.
6199:1 October
4803:(1): 206.
4581:0726-934X
4549:7 October
4393:CiteSeerX
4277:Oecologia
4090:2246/5394
3955:Evolution
3750:Evolution
3616:1175-5334
3155:2246/2345
2770:(2019) .
2700:, but an
2642:Aphrodite
2602:New Delhi
2575:dominomus
2331:avian pox
2286:squirrels
2256:Predation
2194:egg white
2090:bluebirds
1969:migratory
1939:Bacillota
1912:True bugs
1710:Behaviour
1680:coal mine
1671:commensal
1612:Cape York
1608:Melbourne
1585:Greenland
1556:Australia
1480:coast in
1440:Cheeseman
1436:Ticehurst
1418:Sri Lanka
1414:Bangalore
1384:from the
1382:Himalayas
1355:and with
1341:Tian Shan
1277:Palestine
1253:Khuzestan
1217:bibilicus
1211:north of
1130:Kamchatka
994:Karpathos
968:. In the
911:, in Rome
802:in 1760.
787:Fringilla
615:Variation
403:woodlands
308:Bonaparte
234:Range of
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
10271:2.106216
10219:10582565
10066:bob15910
10009:BirdLife
9998:BioLib:
9919:Wikidata
9778:Gymnoris
9759:Petronia
9364:(1885).
9354:80016868
9187:(1912).
9165:(1974).
8715:(1899).
8660:22 March
8579:12198534
8324:52366095
8174:31417708
8070:17613041
8005:86228079
7956:17148322
7576:10987859
7429:27785658
7378:(1921).
7302:11011958
7294:22320215
7177:84993822
7079:23864750
7014:91994621
6842:52832425
6573:(1953).
6244:The Loon
6104:32513746
6038:22335620
6010:Mol Ecol
5828:10753579
5734:Notornis
5339:Notornis
5216:21 April
5175:86062593
4965:Forktail
4573:Farmnote
4415:13123780
4313:13394657
4305:15965757
4148:Bermuda
4084:(1814).
4074:Petronia
3983:28563981
3864:31619378
3856:17836354
3778:28562938
3722:: 112–4.
3624:35687355
3300:(1911).
3149:(1406).
2937:84083164
2801:16 March
2709:See also
2662:and the
2421:Brueelia
2298:roadkill
2292:and the
2242:Survival
2198:eggshell
2143:Clutches
2085:swallows
2015:copulate
2006:displays
1975:Breeding
1924:stealing
1920:sawflies
1908:crickets
1894:such as
1880:molluscs
1868:dipteran
1774:scapular
1764:season.
1643:Tanzania
1466:Khartoum
1374:Srinagar
1368:Whistler
1349:persicus
1337:Tashkent
1180:Ajdabiya
1155:Anatolia
1126:Sakhalin
1033:Baikonur
1027:(with a
1014:Istanbul
899:Taxonomy
877:Scotland
853:spadgick
633:Oriental
310:, 1850 (
273:Synonyms
217:Linnaeus
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
10408:1451658
10157:5231190
9986:Avibase
9549:Species
9477:website
9473:at the
9377:Sparrow
8743:. 2007.
8587:4382585
8559:Bibcode
8498:: 558.
8304:Bibcode
8165:6689627
8136:Bibcode
8078:2936866
7983:The Auk
7947:1617206
7859:4073887
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