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from China, and sold them to
Americans of means. Import duties paid by firms such as Howland & Aspinwall played a significant role in the financing of the American
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had begun to make clipper ships and other fast sailing ships obsolete. With other New York businessmen, the
Howland and Aspinwall interests formed the
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Opium
Traders and Their Worlds-Volume One: A Revisionist Exposé of the World's Greatest Opium Traders
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Part of the
Aspinwall family fortune was eventually bequeathed, through paternal grandmother
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turned their attention from the China trade to
California traffic. Improvements in the
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In 1848, as a result of the United States's acquisition of
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The
American President Lines and its Forebears 1948-1984,
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Beyond
Boundaries: The First 35 Years of the NOL Story,
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p. 15, University of
Delaware Press, Newark, NJ, 1987.
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Howland & Aspinwall imported luxury goods such as
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p. 22, Mystic
Seaport Museum, Inc., Mystic, CT, 1983.
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during the 1840s. Howland & Aspinwall exported
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443:Defunct shipping companies of the United States
89:. In 1832, upon the admission of their clerk,
23:in the 1830s and 1840s. It specialized in the
27:trade, especially the importing of goods from
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134:, partners G.S. Howland, S.S. Howland, and
423:1848 disestablishments in New York (state)
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428:American companies disestablished in 1848
448:Defunct companies based in New York City
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413:1832 establishments in New York (state)
170:, 32nd President of the United States.
418:American companies established in 1832
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377:p. 8, Neptune Orient Lines Ltd., 2004.
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146:. Pacific Mail eventually became
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453:History of foreign trade in China
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210:"Captain Robert "Bully" Waterman"
322:"Forbes and Aspinwall Go to War"
266:"Obituary: William H. Aspinwall"
189:. eraoftheclipperships.com. 2009
35:, especially the American-built
212:. The Maritime Heritage Project
62:used by Howland & Aspinwall
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208:D. Blethen Adams Levy (2009).
144:Pacific Mail Steamship Company
126:Pacific Mail Steamship Company
120:Pacific Mail Steamship Company
77:The firm, originally known as
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320:Grady, John (July 26, 2013).
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19:was a merchant firm based in
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237:. iUniverse. p. 403.
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81:, was founded by brothers
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295:"William Henry Aspinwall"
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164:Mary Aspinwall Roosevelt
148:American President Lines
390:Howland & Aspinwall
150:, which is now part of
136:William Henry Aspinwall
91:William Henry Aspinwall
83:Gardiner Greene Howland
79:G.G. & S.S. Howland
17:Howland & Aspinwall
438:1840s in New York City
433:1830s in New York City
299:www.panamarailroad.org
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349:The Aspinwall Empire,
301:. The Panama Railroad
231:Kienholz, M. (2008).
168:Franklin D. Roosevelt
124:Further information:
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152:Neptune Orient Lines
140:marine steam engine
87:Samuel Shaw Howland
327:The New York Times
275:. January 19, 1875
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277:. Retrieved
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116:to China.
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407:Categories
305:31 January
250:31 January
174:References
132:California
60:House flag
98:porcelain
72:Sea Witch
44:Sea Witch
398:WorldCat
333:8 April
51:History
38:Rainbow
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158:Legacy
104:, and
269:(PDF)
166:, to
114:opium
29:China
394:OCLC
335:2021
307:2018
281:2008
252:2018
239:ISBN
218:2009
195:2009
102:silk
85:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
