Billy Hughes - Knowledge

2324:(CSIRO). The council had no basis in legislation, and was intended only as a temporary body to be replaced with "Bureau of Science and Industry" as soon as possible. However, due to wartime stresses and other considerations the council endured until 1920, at which point an act of parliament was passed transforming it into a new government agency, the Institute of Science and Industry. According to Fitzhardinge: "The whole affair was highly typical of Hughes's methods. An idea coming from outside happened to chime with his preoccupation of the moment. He seized it, put his own stamp on it, and pushed it through to the point of realization. Then, having established the machinery, he expected it to run itself while he turned his full energies elsewhere, and tended to be evasive or testy if he was called back to it. Yet his interest was genuine, and without his enthusiasm and drive the Commonwealth intervention would either not have come at all or would have been far slower". 3129:, which was so bulky that it could only be worn for short periods and had to be carried around in a box. However, his deafness could sometimes be to his advantage, as he could feign misapprehension or simply turn off his device when he no longer wished to listen to someone. Physically, Hughes was short in stature and slightly built, standing 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) and weighing around 9 stone (57 kg) at most. He had a "naturally weak constitution", suffering frequently from colds and other infections, and to compensate became a "fanatical devotee of physical fitness". He also suffered from chronic indigestion, on account of which he abstained from red meat and alcohol and rarely ate large meals. Hughes often worked himself to exhaustion, and required long periods of convalescence to recharge – sometimes weeks or even months. He was prone to bouts of depression interspersed with periods of euphoria, and following a near 1767:, a fellow Labor minister, was a prominent example of his combative style. Hughes was also the club patron for the Glebe Rugby League team in the debut year of Rugby League in Australia, in 1908. Hughes was one of a number of prominent Labor politicians who were aligned with the Rugby League movement in Sydney in 1908. Rugby League was borne out of a player movement against the Metropolitan Rugby Union who refused to compensate players for downtime from their jobs due to injuries sustained playing Rugby Union. Labor politicians aligned themselves with the new code as it was seen as a strong social standpoint, politically, and it was an enthusiastic professional game, which made the politicians themselves appear in a similar vein, in their opinions anyway. 1871:

federal parliamentary Labor Party until, at 14 November caucus meeting, a no-confidence motion against him was passed. Hughes and 24 others, including almost all of the Parliamentary talent, walked out to form a new party heeding Hughes's cry "Let those who think like me, follow me." This left behind the 43 members of the Industrialists and Unionists factions. That same evening Hughes tendered his resignation to the Governor-General, received a commission to form a new Government, and had his recommendations accepted. Years later, Hughes said, "I did not leave the Labor Party, The party left me." The timing of Hughes's expulsion from the Labor Party meant that he became the first Labor leader who never led the party to an election. On 15 November,

2499:, which as a result of lobbying by him and others was not included in the final Treaty. His position on this issue reflected the racist attitudes dominant among white Australians; informing David Lloyd George that he would leave the conference if the clause was adopted, Hughes clarified his opposition by announcing at a meeting that "ninety-five out of one hundred Australians rejected the very idea of equality." Hughes offered to accept the clause so long as it did not affect immigration policy but the Japanese turned the offer down. Lloyd George said that the clause "was aimed at the restrictions and disabilities which were imposed by certain states against Japanese emigration and Japanese settlers already within their borders". 1892: 2401: 2986: 2451:" to the respective Dominions. In a same-same deal Japan obtained control over its occupied German possessions north of the equator. At the meeting of 30 January, Hughes clashed with Wilson on the question of mandates, as Hughes preferred formal sovereignty over the islands. According to the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, Wilson was dictatorial and arrogant in his approach to Hughes, adding that "Hughes was the last man I would have chosen to handle in that way". Lloyd George described how, after Hughes stated his case against subjecting the islands conquered by Australia to a mandate: 2977:

who had "fought like hell for what he believed to be right, and for that Australia will honour him". In June 1951, Hughes was the guest of honour at a banquet marking the golden jubilee of the federal parliament. The following year, "almost every member of the House of Representatives and Senate" attended his birthday dinner. Prime Minister Robert Menzies observed that Hughes had been a member of every political party at one time or another, at which point Arthur Fadden interjected that he had never joined the Country Party. Hughes then remarked "had to draw the line somewhere, didn't I?".

2570: 3046: 2381: 2183: 2393: 2145: 1488: 2893:. Soon afterwards, Hughes criticised the British government for their weakness in the Far East and declared that they were living on "fast-fading gleams of British triumphs in other wars". However, in February 1942 he said that "Britain has temporarily lost control of the seas but she has lost it in an effort to protect Australia. It would be well if those who criticise Britain would turn the searchlights on Australia". In August he criticised the defensive strategy of the Allies in the Pacific but after the 3087: 3061:

Charles (b. 1898). They also raised Arthur (b. 1885), Elizabeth's son from a previous relationship, who took Hughes as his surname. Their marriage was solid, though sometimes strained by Hughes's devotion to his work and frequent absences from home. Elizabeth had little interest in politics, and was sometimes ill at ease in the social situations that occurred as her husband's career progressed. She died of heart failure on 1 September 1906, aged 42, after a long period of ill health.

1776: 1195: 7041: 3161:"back to front". As an adult, he would often use Biblical turns of phrase in his writing and public speaking. Hughes's participation in organised religion seemingly declined after he moved to Australia, and some writers have suggested that he became an agnostic or an atheist. The evidence for this is largely circumstantial – he was not a regular churchgoer, his first marriage was never solemnised in a church, and he frequently used blasphemous language. 2778: 1391: 3207: 67: 3118: 1687: 1583: 2590: 2922: 2224:, which was formally launched in February. Although the Liberals were the larger partner in the merger, Hughes emerged as the new party's leader, with Cook as his deputy. The presence of several working-class figures—including Hughes—in what was basically an upper- and middle-class party allowed the Nationalists to convey an image of national unity. At the same time, he became and remains a traitor in Labor histories. 2456:

to miss a word, indicated at the end that he was still of the same opinion. Whereupon the President asked him slowly and solemnly: "Mr. Hughes, am I to understand that if the whole civilised world asks Australia to agree to a mandate in respect of these islands, Australia is prepared still to defy the appeal of the whole civilised world?” Mr. Hughes answered: "That's about the size of it, President Wilson".

3073:, the daughter of a well-to-do pastoralist. At the time of their marriage, he was 48 and she was 37. Mary was politically and socially astute, and her husband often turned to her for advice on political matters. Unusually for the time, he insisted that he be accompanied by her on all of his overseas trips, even those made during wartime. Through his second marriage, Hughes also became the brother-in-law of 1714: 3020:. Including his service in the New South Wales colonial parliament before that, Hughes had spent a total of 58 years as an MP, and had never lost an election. His period of service remains a record in Australia. He was the last member of the original Australian Parliament elected in 1901 still serving in Parliament when he died. Hughes was the penultimate member of the First Parliament to die; 2508:

later said that "the right of the state to determine the conditions under which persons shall enter its territories cannot be impaired without reducing it to a vassal state", adding: "When I offered to accept it provided that words were incorporated making it clear that it was not to be used for the purpose of immigration or of impairing our rights of self-government in any way,

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February 1919 cable from Hughes said: "Several Australian aviators are desirous of attempting flight London to Australia they are all first-class men and very keen your thoughts", and also advised the cabinet of the advantages that such a groundbreaking flight would offer Australia: "would be a great advertisement for Australia and would concentrate the eyes of the world on us."

1802:, which was a bestseller. His biographer, Laurie Fitzhardinge, said these speeches were "electrifying" and that Hughes "swept his hearers off their feet". According to two contemporary writers, Hughes's speeches "have in particular evoked intense approbation, and have been followed by such a quickening power of the national spirit as perhaps no other orator since 2188: 2187: 2185: 1791:, found the strain of leadership during World War I taxing and faced increasing pressure from the ambitious Hughes who wanted Australia to be firmly recognised on the world stage. By 1915 Fisher's health was suffering and, in October, he resigned and was succeeded by Hughes. In social policy, Hughes introduced an institutional pension for pensioners in 1863:"Yes" from the people would give him a mandate to bypass the Senate. The Lloyd George Government of Britain did favour Hughes but only came to power in 1916, several months after the first referendum. The predecessor Asquith government greatly disliked Hughes considering him to be "a guest, rather than the representative of Australia". According to 2189: 2186: 4069: 2738:, which was to be his primary residence for the rest of his life. In 1925 Hughes again had little involvement in parliamentary affairs, but began to portray himself as "champion of Australian industries struggling to get established against foreign competition and government indifference", with the aid of his friends 1617:. The following year, with his wife's financial assistance, he was able to open a small shop selling general merchandise. The income from the shop was not enough to live on, so he also worked part-time as a locksmith and umbrella salesman, and his wife as a washerwoman. One of Hughes's acquaintances in Balmain was 1859:. The narrow defeat (1,087,557 Yes and 1,160,033 No), however, did not deter Hughes, who continued to argue vigorously in favour of conscription. This revealed the deep and bitter split within the Australian community that had existed since before Federation, as well as within the members of his own party. 3181:

Hughes frequently exploited religion for political ends. In his early days in the labour movement, he drew on his mastery of scripture to reassure Christians that socialism was not anti-religious or atheistic. Hughes became stridently anti-Catholic during World War I, though this was due to political

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Unable to convince Curtin to join in a War Cabinet and facing growing pressure within his own party, Menzies resigned as prime minister on 29 August 1941. Although the UAP had been in government for a decade, it was so bereft of leadership that a joint UAP-Country meeting elected Country Party leader

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to write a series of articles on topics of his choosing. In the articles he defended his legacy as prime minister and stated he would support the new government as long as it followed his principles. In 1924, Hughes embarked on a lecture tour of the United States. His health broke down midway through

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said that although Hughes failed to secure sovereignty over the conquered German islands or relief for Australia's war debts, "both he and his countrymen found satisfaction with his achievements. By characteristic methods he had gained single-handed at least the points that were vital to his nation's

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In reaction to Hughes's campaign for conscription, on 15 September 1916 the NSW executive of the Political Labour League (the state Labor Party organisation at the time) expelled him and other leading New South Wales pro-conscription advocates from the Labor movement. Hughes remained as leader of the

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as the capital of Australia, Hughes gave a speech proclaiming that the country was obtained via the elimination of the indigenous population. "We were destined to have our own way from the beginning....killed everybody else to get it," Hughes said, adding that "the first historic event in the history

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President Wilson pulled him up sharply and proceeded to address him personally in what I would describe as a heated allocution rather than an appeal. He dwelt on the seriousness of defying world opinion on this subject. Mr. Hughes, who listened intently, with his hand cupped around his ear so as not

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occurred only months later in June 1919. Despite the risks of such a venture, Hughes' eagerness to see Australia at the forefront of technological development and in a central position in world affairs, had him seeking the support of his cabinet for a scheme to establish a Britain–Australia route. A

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on 8 December 1884 after a two-month journey. On arrival, he gave his year of birth as 1864, a deception that was not uncovered until after his death. Hughes attempted to find work with the Education Department, but was either not offered a position or found the terms of employment to be unsuitable.

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The only child from Hughes's second marriage was Helen Myfanwy Hughes, who was born in 1915 (a few months before he became prime minister). He doted upon her, calling her the "joy and light of my life", and was devastated by her death in childbirth in 1937, aged 21. Her son survived and was adopted

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with Elizabeth Cutts, the daughter of one of his landladies. Their relationship was never formally registered or solemnised, but they lived as husband and wife and had six children together – William (b. 1891; died in infancy), Ethel (b. 1892), Lily (b. 1893), Dolly (b. 1895), Ernest (b. 1897), and

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It was a scheme of Hughes' devising that set the scene for long-distance civil aviation in Australia. His interest in the possibilities of peacetime aviation was sparked by his flights travelling between London and Paris for the Paris Peace Conference. On a Christmas visit the year before, in 1918,

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for the Senate, and that remained in force until it was changed to a quota-preferential system of proportional representation in 1948. Those changes were considered to be a response to the emergence of the Country Party, so that the non-Labor vote would not be split, as it would have been under the

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All of Hughes's biographers have regarded him as a sincere Christian, albeit with a rather idiosyncratic theology. Fitzhardinge writes that Hughes had "a generalised faith in the spiritual values of Christianity" combined with "a profound belief in the after-life and the all-pervasiveness of God".

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Hughes celebrated a number of milestones in his last years in parliament. In 1944, a celebratory dinner was held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his election to the Parliament of New South Wales, and 50 consecutive years of service as an MP. Prime Minister John Curtin toasted him as someone

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Hughes was brought back to Australia by Lyons as Minister for External Affairs in 1937. In 1938 Germany requested the return of her Pacific colonies but Hughes declared that Australia should hold onto New Guinea, and in April 1939 he said that if Germany wanted colonies she would have to fight for

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that had been adopted in 1901, one of his subordinates writing: "No Gov't could live for a day in Australia if it tampered with a White Australia ...The position is this – either the Japanese proposal means something or it means nothing: if the former, out with it; if the latter, why have it?"{ He

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celebrations. Hughes called Welsh the "language of heaven", but his own grasp of it was patchy. Like many of his contemporaries, he had no formal schooling in Welsh, and had particular difficulties with spelling. Nonetheless, he received and replied to correspondence from Welsh-speakers throughout

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was particularly controversial. His former colleagues in the Labor Party considered him a traitor, while conservatives were suspicious of what they viewed as his socialist economic policies. He was extremely popular among the general public, particularly ex-servicemen, who affectionately nicknamed

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largely by refusing to hold any party meetings and by agreeing to let Fadden lead the Opposition as a whole. The Coalition was severely defeated, winning only 19 seats. Hughes himself was nearly defeated in North Sydney on a swing of over 14 percent, seeing his majority dwindle from a comfortably

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as his successor to lead a minority government on the eve of World War Two. Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939 and a special War Cabinet was created after war was declared – initially composed of Prime Minister Menzies and five senior ministers including Hughes. Labor

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Hughes had entered politics as a trade unionist, and like most of the Australian working class was very strongly opposed to Asian immigration to Australia (excluding Asian immigration was a popular cause with unions in Canada, the U.S., Australia and New Zealand in the early 20th century). Hughes

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Conscription had been in place since the 1910 Defence Act, but only in the defence of the nation. Hughes was seeking via a referendum to change the wording in the act to include "overseas". A referendum was not necessary but Hughes felt that in light of the seriousness of the situation, a vote of

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Hughes is generally acknowledged as one of the most influential Australian politicians of the 20th century. He was a controversial figure throughout his lifetime, and his legacy continues to be debated by historians. His strong views and abrasive manner meant he frequently made political enemies,

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and added: "The League of Nations was to him what a toy was to a child—he would not be happy till he got it". At the Paris Peace Conference, Hughes clashed with Wilson. When Wilson reminded him that he spoke for only a few million people, Hughes replied: "I speak for 60,000 dead. How many do you

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Hughes, a tiny, wiry man, with a raspy voice and an increasingly wizened face, was an unlikely national leader, but during the First World War he acquired a reputation as a war leader—the troops called him the "Little Digger"—that sustained him for the rest of his life. He is remembered for his

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of South Africa, Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan. Within months of the declaration of the European War in 1914, Japan, Australia and New Zealand had seized all German territorial possessions in the Pacific. Though Japan had occupied German possessions with the blessing of the British,

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asked Hughes if he had considered the effects that reparations would have on working-class German households. Hughes replied that "the Committee had been more concerned in considering the effects upon the working-class households in Great Britain, or in Australia, if the Germans did not pay an

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named "Bryn Rosa". He earned pocket money by doing chores for his aunt's tenants and singing in the choir at the local church. Hughes began his formal education in Llandudno, attending two small single-teacher schools. He spent his holidays with his mother's family in Llansantffraid. There, he

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G-EAOU twin engine plane landed in Darwin on 10 December 1919. The flight set a record for distance travelled by aircraft, having flown 17,911 kilometres (11,129 mi), surpassing the previous record of 5,140 kilometres (3,190 mi) set the year before on a Cairo to Delhi flight. Hughes

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to lead the Coalition. Hughes remained in the Fadden government, serving as Attorney-General and Minister for the Navy. A month later, Coles and Wilson joined with the Labor opposition to defeat the budget and bring down the government. The independents, under prodding from Governor-General

1867:: "He and Asquith did not get on too well. They would not. They were antipathetic types. As Hughes was never over-anxious to conceal his feelings or restrain his expression of them, and was moreover equipped with a biting tongue, the consultations between them were not agreeable to either". 1674:

While in Parliament he became secretary of the Wharf Labourer's Union. In 1900 he founded and became first national president of the Waterside Workers' Union. During this period Hughes studied law, and was admitted as a barrister in 1903. Unlike most Labor men, he was a strong supporter of

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was somewhat sceptical of the earnestness of the beliefs that Hughes professed in public. With regard to Hughes's personal philosophy, Clark wrote that he had a "bleakly Hobbesian view of life", seeing it as "a savage elemental struggle for survival in which strong men crushed the weak".

2695:, thus giving up one of the last symbolic links to his working-class roots. The Nationalists lost their outright majority at the election. The Country Party, despite its opposition to Hughes's farm policy, was the Nationalists' only realistic coalition partner. However, party leader 1346:. He became one of Bruce's leading critics over time, and in 1928, following a dispute over industrial relations, he and his supporters crossed the floor on a confidence motion and brought down the government. After a period as an independent, Hughes formed his own organisation, the 4057: 2434:'s chariot". He added that it was intolerable for Wilson "to dictate to us how the world was to be governed. If the saving of civilisation had depended on the United States, it would have been in tears and chains to-day". He also said that Wilson had no practical scheme for a 3099:

by a friend of the family, with his grandfather contributing towards his upkeep. Because she was unmarried at the time, the circumstances of Helen's death were kept hidden and did not become generally known until 2004, when the ABC screened a programme presented by the actor

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After 1920, Hughes's political position declined. Many of the more conservative elements of his own party never trusted him because they thought he was still a socialist at heart, citing his interest in retaining government ownership of the Commonwealth Shipping Line and the

2351:, announced: "With a view to stimulating aerial activity, the Commonwealth Government has decided to offer £10,000 for the first successful flight to Australia from Great Britain." The reward would go to the first crew to complete the journey in under thirty days. Brothers 2554:] of Anglo-American relations". Unlike Smuts, Hughes opposed the concept of the League of Nations, as in it he saw the flawed idealism of "collective security". He declared in June 1919 that Australia would rely on the League "but we shall keep our powder dry". 2710:

Whilst the incumbent prime minister, Hughes switched seats at both the 1917 and 1922 elections, the only prime minister to have done so not once but twice. All other elections have seen the prime minister re-contest the seat that they held prior to the election.

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that the League of Nations was broken and that it could have worked only if it had been backed by force. He believed that every nation must look to its own defences and that, as Britain was preoccupied in European affairs, Australia would have to defend itself.

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The White Australia is yours. You may do with it what you please, but at any rate, the soldiers have achieved the victory and my colleagues and I have brought that great principle back to you from the conference, as safe as it was on the day when it was first

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to wounded servicemen convalescing in Kent, Hughes had met Australian pilots who were facing the seven-week sea voyage home and were eager to pioneer an air route and fly to Australia instead. Such a vast distance had never been attempted by air; the

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C. Hartley Grattan, 'Review: William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography. Volume I: That Fiery Particle, 1862–1914. by L. F. Fitzhardinge; Wiliam Morris Hughes: A Political Biography. Volume II: The Little Digger, 1914–1952. by L. F. Fitzhardinge',

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chose to remain on the council and was expelled from the UAP. A few months later, Hughes rejoined the War Council at the personal invitation of John Curtin. He was expelled from the UAP on 14 April 1944, and replaced as deputy leader by

1504:. His relative financial security allowed him to pursue his own interests for the first time, which included bellringing, boating on the Thames, and travel (such as a two-day trip to Paris). He also joined a volunteer battalion of the 3190:, Australia's first Catholic prime minister, would later suggest that Hughes's divisiveness "very nearly wrecked Australia". He also banned the use of German in Australian churches, though this affected Lutherans more than Catholics. 2231:

Hughes and the Nationalists won a huge electoral victory, which was magnified by the large number of Labor MPs who followed him out of the party. At this election Hughes gave up his working-class Sydney seat and was elected for the

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Hughes's mother died in May 1869, when he was six years old. His father subsequently sent him to be raised by relatives in Wales. During the school term, he lived with his father's sister, Mary Hughes, who kept a boarding house in

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After finishing his initial apprenticeship, Hughes stayed on at St Stephen's as a teaching assistant. He had no interest in teaching as a career though, and also declined Matthew Arnold's offer to secure him a clerkship at

2184: 1354:(UAP). He returned to cabinet in 1934, and became known for his prescient warnings against Japanese imperialism. As late as 1939, he missed out on a second stint as prime minister by only a handful of votes, losing the 1756:

of the Commonwealth we are engaged in today without the slightest trace of that race we have banished from the face of the earth." But he warned that "we must not be too proud lest we should, too, in time disappear."

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of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia argued their case to keep their occupied German possessions of German Samoa, German South West Africa, and German New Guinea respectively; these territories were given as

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The UAP won a sweeping victory at the 1931 election. Lyons sent Hughes to represent Australia at the 1932 League of Nations Assembly in Geneva and in 1934 Hughes became Minister for Health and Repatriation in the

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Hughes was a strong supporter of Australia's participation in World War I and, after the loss of 28,000 men as casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in July and August 1916, Generals Birdwood and White of the

2765:. He had a falling-out with Scullin over financial matters, however. In 1931 he buried the hatchet with his former non-Labor colleagues and joined the Nationalists and several right-wing Labor dissidents under 8543: 8272: 2882:, who was sworn in as prime minister on 7 October 1941. Going into opposition the UAP opted for a joint Coalition opposition led by Fadden, which led Menzies to resign the leadership. The 79-year-old Hughes 8518: 8523: 8493: 1476:" for five years, instructing younger students for five hours a day in exchange for personal lessons from the headmaster and a small stipend. At St Stephen's, Hughes came into contact with the poet 8513: 1798:

From March to June 1916, Hughes was in Britain, where he delivered a series of speeches calling for imperial co-operation and economic warfare against Germany. These were published under the title

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opposition leader John Curtin declined to join and Menzies lost his majority at the 1940 Election. With the Allies suffering a series of defeats and the threat of war growing in the Pacific, the

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in Asia. From 1938, Prime Minister Joseph Lyons had Hughes head a recruitment drive for the Defence Forces. On 7 April 1939, Lyons died in office. The United Australia Party selected

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After his first wife's death, Hughes's oldest daughter Ethel kept house for him and helped look after the younger children. After a brief courtship, he remarried on 26 June 1911 to

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let it be known that he and his party would not serve under Hughes. Under pressure from his party's right wing, Hughes resigned in February 1923 and was succeeded by his Treasurer,

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exposed a lack of preparation in Australia for what Hughes correctly supposed to be a coming war. Soon after, the Lyons government tripled the defence budget. Hughes also wrote in

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to have served as a parliamentarian for more than 50 years. He represented six political parties during his career, leading five, outlasting four, and being expelled from three.

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In early 1916, Hughes established the Advisory Council on Science and Industry, the first national body for scientific research and the first iteration of what is now the

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At one point, Wilson reminded the Australian leader that he spoke for only a few million people. 'I speak for 60 000 dead', Hughes shot back. 'How many do you speak for?'

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He spent the next two years as an itinerant labourer, working various odd jobs. In his memoirs, Hughes claimed to have worked variously as a fruitpicker, tally clerk,

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divided his time between "Winllan", the farm of his widowed aunt (Margaret Mason), and "Plas Bedw", the neighbouring farm of his grandparents (Peter and Jane Morris).

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for the House of Representatives in 1918. That preferential system has essentially applied ever since. A multiple majority-preferential system was introduced at the

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during the war, and also created a number of new state-owned enterprises to aid the post-war economy. He made a significant impression on other world leaders at the

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and began laying the groundwork for forming a party that they felt would be both avowedly nationalist as well as socially radical. Hughes was forced to conclude a

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often from within his own parties. Hughes's opponents accused him of engaging in authoritarianism and populism, as well as inflaming sectarianism; his use of the

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in his leadership by his party, resigned as prime minister. However, there were no credible alternative candidates. For this reason, Munro-Ferguson used his

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intervened on Wilson's side, and the mandates scheme went through. Hughes's frequent clashes with Wilson led to Wilson labelling him a "pestiferous varmint".

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At the age of 22, finding his prospects in London dim, Hughes decided to emigrate to Australia. Taking advantage of an assisted-passage scheme offered by the

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At the age of 90 years, one month and three days, Hughes is the oldest person ever to have been a member of the Australian parliament. His death sparked the

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Hughes became prime minister in October 1915, when Fisher retired due to ill health. The war was the dominant issue of the time, and his support for sending

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Hughes regarded his early years in Wales as the happiest time of his life. He was immensely proud of his Welsh identity, and he later became active in the

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Hughes was furious at being ousted by his own party and nursed his grievance on the back-benches until 1929, when he led a group of back-bench rebels who

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within Labor ranks. Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the party in November 1916, but he was able to remain in power at the head of the new

1212: 52: 1508:, which consisted mainly of artisans and white-collar workers. In later life, Hughes recalled London as "a place of romance, mystery and suggestion". 8468: 8422: 8367: 6193: 1406:, London, the son of William Hughes and the former Jane Morris. His parents were both Welsh. His father, who worked as a carpenter and joiner at the 8347: 8011: 7397: 1226: 5072: 3199:

outstanding political and diplomatic skills, for his many witty sayings, and for his irrepressible optimism and patriotism. At the same time, the

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on 30 December 1918, Hughes warned that if they "were not very careful, we should find ourselves dragged quite unnecessarily behind the wheels of

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After marrying his wife Mary in 1911, the couple went on a long drive, because he did not have time for a honeymoon. Their car crashed where the

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for Liberal Party endorsement and won a comfortable victory. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the 20th and final time at the

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By the time of Lyons' death in 1939, Hughes was also serving as Attorney-General and Minister for Industry. He also was Minister for the Navy,

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in forming the United Australia Party (UAP), under Lyons' leadership. He voted with the rest of the UAP to bring the Scullin government down.

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parents. He emigrated to Australia at the age of 22, and became involved in the fledgling Australian labour movement. He was elected to the

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and may have already joined the newly formed Labor Party. In 1894, Hughes spent eight months in central New South Wales organising for the

1609:

for a few days. Hughes eventually found a steady job at a forge, making hinges for colonial ovens. Around the same time, he entered into a

4217:

Biography for TUDOR, the Hon. Frank Gwynne, Biographies, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from

4136:

MR. HUGHES AND THE LABOR PARTY (16 September 1916). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954), p. 11. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from

2969:, with 79 percent of the vote. Hughes's last speech in parliament was an attack on the Menzies government's decision to sell its share in 5138: 8473: 8072: 6816: 6479: 6422: 2875: 5418: 5386: 2541:

said Hughes became "something of a folk hero in later Australian historiography for his assertiveness at the Paris peace conference".

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achieved his aim of garnering world press attention for Australia, while Australia's first, and one of the world's earliest airlines,

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Hughes had a severe hearing loss that began when he was relatively young and worsened with age. He relied on a primitive electronic

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of the Parliament to bring down the Bruce government. Hughes was expelled from the Nationalist Party, and formed his own party, the

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the tour, while he was in New York. As a result he cancelled the rest of his engagements and drove back across the country in a new

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was thought to contribute to his volatile temperament) made his colleagues reluctant to have him as Leader. His on-going feud with

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Good God, David! Do you want to ruin me? I am Labor Prime Minister of Australia and President of the Waterside Workers' Federation

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Photograph of Hughes conversing with John Curtin in 1945, wearing his hearing aid and with the apparatus bulging under his jacket

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at the Welsh Baptist Church in London, though he wed with Anglican rites. Hughes attended church schools as a boy, and knew the

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On returning home from the conference, he was greeted with a welcome "unsurpassed in the history of Australia" which historian

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THE FEDERAL CRISIS (15 November 1916). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954), p. 7. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from

3012:. He had been a member of the House of Representatives for 51 years and seven months, beginning his service in the reign of 8191: 8186: 8181: 7390: 6836: 6554: 6175: 6151: 6034: 4190: 3370: 3079: 2962: 2348: 2020: 1668: 1288: 1249: 986: 167: 8001: 6212: 3233: 2913:

safe 67 percent to a marginal 53 percent. After the election, Hughes yielded the leadership of the UAP back to Menzies.

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to immediately re-commission Hughes, thus allowing him to remain as prime minister while keeping his promise to resign.

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Hughes rarely addressed metaphysics in his own works, but in his memoirs did note that he had rejected the doctrine of

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on rural produce. In the New Year's Day Honours of 1922, Hughes's wife Mary was appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the

2298:

electoral system applying to both houses of the Federal Parliament under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1903 with a

8583: 6641: 6453: 3001:, and was one of the largest Australia has seen: some 450,000 spectators lined the streets. He was later buried at 2998: 2966: 2950: 2930: 2909: 2789: 2758: 2688: 2647: 2333: 2303: 2228: 2132: 2127: 2122: 1784: 1718: 1626: 1331: 1308: 1304: 391: 286: 282: 278: 117: 4230: 2801:. Later Lyons appointed him Minister for External Affairs, but Hughes was forced to resign in 1935 after his book 2646:. Despite the rejection of his conscription policy, Hughes retained popularity with Australian voters and, at the 7996: 7784: 7383: 2289: 2049: 1891: 1822: 1818: 1296: 1702:'s proposals for a small professional army and instead advocated compulsory universal training. In 1903, he was 8056: 7981: 7976: 7961: 7274: 6740: 6381: 6371: 5982: 5930: 5889: 5870: 5826: 4830: 4797: 4334: 4202: 3930: 3913: 3591: 2905:

into law. He believed that Britain and the Dominions should instead work together for a common foreign policy.

2854: 2814: 2611: 2221: 1124: 273: 1570:. Hughes's accounts are by their nature unverifiable, and his biographers have cast doubt on their veracity – 8618: 8588: 8231: 8135: 8097: 7991: 6598: 6317: 6290: 6263: 6043: 4423: 3887: 2821:

in 1935. Hughes believed that the British Empire was in danger because of its weakness in the Mediterranean.

2786: 2607: 2155: 2032: 1481: 1300: 1269: 558: 31: 8041: 7966: 3146: 1656: 2658:. However, they continued to support him for some time after the war, if only to keep Labor out of power. 2267:

was held in December 1917, but was again defeated, this time by a wider margin. Hughes, after receiving a

1342:. Hughes's resignation was the price for Country Party support, and he was succeeded as prime minister by 8478: 8026: 6832: 6344: 6030: 2970: 2902: 2894: 2720: 2670: 2662: 2416: 2264: 1848: 1652: 1339: 1320: 1222: 82: 5110: 4219:

https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fallmps%2FKWL%22

3272:" awards – more than any other Prime Minister of Australia. Among these are the following cities in the 1613:

with Elizabeth Cutts, his landlady's daughter; they had six children together. In 1890, Hughes moved to

1194: 8221: 5068: 3392: 3215: 3200: 3009: 2994: 2943: 2818: 2735: 2573: 2368:, was founded in 1920, commencing international passenger flights in 1935. A cofounder of the airline, 2243:

Hughes had promised to resign if his Government did not win the power to conscript. Queensland Premier

2206: 1146: 5685: 4878: 8206: 8087: 7673: 5368: 5336: 5263: 5231: 5147: 4932: 3961: 2844:

Defence issues became increasingly dominant in public affairs with the rise of Fascism in Europe and

2577: 2448: 1415: 1312: 4508: 1795:, equal to the difference between the 'act of grace' payment to the institution and the rate of IP. 6141: 3581: 3461: 3349: 3074: 2725: 2692: 2677: 2496: 2064: 1971: 1622: 1614: 1563: 1368: 972: 2985: 2400: 8092: 7925: 7910: 7875: 7865: 7663: 6087: 6074: 5997: 5093: 4933:"Election Speeches · Billy Hughes, 1919 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House" 4650: 4065: 3339: 2681: 2600: 2144: 2069: 1945: 1695: 1676: 1559: 1535: 1257: 1234: 1230: 962: 7242: 3908:

Bastian, Peter (2009). Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man. Sydney, N.S.W: UNSW Press. p. 110.

2817:, Hughes believed that the British should remain neutral, and adopted the same attitude towards 8082: 8036: 7920: 7905: 7880: 7870: 7860: 7850: 7825: 7794: 7406: 7338: 6783: 6700: 6673: 3446: 3436: 3211: 2890: 2504: 2495:

At the Treaty negotiations, Hughes was the most prominent opponent of the inclusion of Japan's

2356: 2220:(himself a former Labor man) to turn their wartime coalition into a formal party. This was the 2104: 2094: 1351: 1277: 1139: 1129: 1114: 487: 434: 386: 5372:. No. 35, 836. New South Wales, Australia. 29 October 1952. p. 24 – via Trove. 5135: 4264: 2942:. Hughes and Spender sat as an independents until 13 September 1945, when they joined the new 2197:

Hughes and his followers, which included many of Labor's early leaders, called themselves the

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that had been founded earlier in the year. By that point the War Council had been abolished.

2405: 2385: 2352: 2299: 2260: 2202: 2109: 2099: 2089: 1984: 1875:

was elected unopposed as the new leader of the Federal Parliamentary Australian Labor Party.

1407: 1335: 1221:(25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was an Australian politician who served as the seventh 977: 5945:

Billy Hughes: Prime Minister and Controversial Founding Father of the Australian Labor Party

4842:

Joan Beaumont, ‘'Unitedly we have fought': imperial loyalty and the Australian war effort',

3697:

Billy Hughes, Prime Minister and Controversial Founding Father of the Australian Labor Party

3045: 2359:, pilot and navigator, and mechanics Walter Shiers and Jim Bennett won the prize when their 8563: 8558: 7930: 7895: 7885: 6724: 3700: 3354: 2949:

A major redistribution and expansion of the House of Representatives occurred prior to the

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automobile, which he brought back to Australia. Later in the year he purchased a house in

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Members of the Australian Parliament who have represented more than one state or territory

1260:

in 1901. Hughes combined his early political career with part-time legal studies, and was

8: 7915: 7799: 7295: 6114: 5858: 5172: 3926: 3359: 3269: 3057: 2295: 2233: 1958: 1856: 1610: 1571: 1543: 1229:, and his influence on national politics spanned several decades. He was a member of the 967: 7306: 7053: 3182:

interference from the church hierarchy rather than on theological grounds. He "inflamed

2719:

Hughes played little part in parliament for the remainder of 1923. He rented a house in

2247:

was a key opponent to conscription, and violence almost broke out when Hughes ordered a

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never forgave him for defecting to the conservatives, and still considers him a "rat".

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Hughes demanded that Australia have independent representation within the newly-formed

2268: 2074: 1864: 1810: 1606: 1449: 1216: 56: 6801: 5331: 5258: 5226: 5160: 3988: 3083:. His niece, Edith Haynes, lived with him and his wife as a companion for many years. 2569: 2423:

on behalf of Australia – the first time Australia had signed an international treaty.

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In God They Trust?: The Religious Beliefs of Australia's Prime Ministers, 1901–2013

5507: 5434:

Billy Hughes who, at 90, was the country's oldest serving MP before he died in 1952

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he praised the United States' armed forces. Hughes opposed the Curtin government's

2798: 2754: 2392: 1764: 1440: 1422:; at the time of their marriage, in June 1861, his parents were both 37 years old. 1395: 1374: 1347: 1134: 343: 3024:

outlived him by fourteen months. Hughes was also the last surviving member of the

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states that they were embellished at best and at worst "a world of pure fantasy".

1448:

his political career, and as prime minister famously traded insults in Welsh with

8021: 7815: 7703: 7603: 7593: 7578: 6968: 6666: 6327: 6134: 6026: 5963: 5167: 5142: 4644: 4564: 4011:

The Making of Murdoch: Power, Politics and What Shaped the Man Who Owns the Media

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with his daughter Helen; his widow Dame Mary joined them upon her death in 1958.

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there being named after him; it was later replaced by the Billy Hughes Bridge.

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In February 1944, the parliamentary UAP voted to withdraw its members from the

2849: 2833: 2704: 2691:, Hughes gave up the seat of Bendigo and transferred to the upper-middle-class 2666: 2509: 2457: 2431: 1694:

In 1901 Hughes was elected to the first federal Parliament as Labor MP for the

1477: 1411: 1359: 1334:, the Nationalists lost their majority in parliament and were forced to form a 605: 589: 508: 426: 414: 5397: 5363: 4738: 4178: 4137: 3956: 1825:

was necessary if Australia was to sustain its contribution to the war effort.

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in about mid-1886, working his way there as a deckhand and galley cook aboard

8447: 8151: 7688: 7683: 7633: 7628: 7598: 7588: 7542: 7489: 7458: 7434: 7290: 7211: 7158: 7127: 7103: 7003: 6973: 6928: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6853: 6848: 6750: 6693: 6683: 6581: 6535: 6518: 6405: 6354: 6337: 6229: 6124: 4956:

Dorsey D. Jones, 'The Foreign Policy of William Morris Hughes of Australia',

4735:"100 Years: The Australia Story. Episode 2: Rise and Fall of White Australia" 4677:

The usually reserved Wilson even described Hughes as 'a pestiferous varmint.'

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believed that accepting the Racial Equality Clause would mean the end of the

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In 1972, he was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by

3183: 3025: 2958: 2953:, with much of the northern portion of North Sydney transferred to the new 2858: 2766: 2533: 2360: 1837: 1775: 1741: 1722: 1539: 1245: 886: 790: 581: 5202:

Jones, 'The Foreign Policy of William Morris Hughes of Australia', p. 162.

5069:"In office – Joseph Lyons – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers" 5058:

Jones, 'The Foreign Policy of William Morris Hughes of Australia', p. 161.

3149:. He inherited this affiliation from his maternal side – his father was a 2532:

With reference to Hughes's actions at the Peace Conference, the historian

1717:

Group photograph of all Federal Labour Party MPs elected at the inaugural

1484:; Hughes credited Arnold with instilling his lifelong love of literature. 8125: 7678: 7668: 7643: 7618: 7613: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7495: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7447: 7375: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7164: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7116: 7013: 6993: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6888: 6863: 6710: 6608: 6364: 6283: 6273: 6246: 6097: 5836: 4560: 3965:. No. 23, 454. New South Wales, Australia. 13 March 1913. p. 10 3186:

to a tragic degree" with vitriolic personal attacks on Catholic leaders;

3126: 3070: 2879: 2782: 2465: 2412: 2369: 2217: 1872: 1833: 1737: 1730: 1551: 1461: 1167: 910: 760: 701: 617: 307: 212: 8156: 8130: 7693: 7638: 7549: 7535: 7218: 7204: 7008: 6998: 6918: 6508: 6489: 6203: 3312: 3284: 2777: 2696: 2614: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2515:

When the proposal failed, Hughes reported in the Australian parliament:

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speaker. His mother, a domestic servant, was from the small village of

794: 585: 5865:. Vol. 1: That Fiery Particle, 1862–1914. Angus & Robertson. 4365:"Flying far: The largely forgotten 1919 England to Australia Air Race" 3251:

In 1916 he declined the offer of a peerage from the UK Prime Minister

8544:

Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia

7501: 7170: 6983: 3374: 3316: 3304: 3296: 2558: 2525: 2472: 1760: 1602: 1550:'s assistant, and to have travelled (mostly on foot) as far north as 1472:. After finishing his elementary schooling, he was apprenticed as a " 1432: 1390: 5884:. Vol. 2: The Little Digger, 1914–1952. Angus & Robertson. 3206: 3117: 2703:. His eight-year tenure was the longest for a prime minister until 2589: 1686: 1582: 66: 8519:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for North Sydney

7648: 4737:. Australian Broadcasting Commission. 21 March 2001. Archived from 3490: 3486: 3280: 2524:

Japan was notably offended by Hughes's position on the issue. Like

2443: 2252: 1836:

representatives as well as the Industrialists (Socialists) such as

1752: 1680: 1644: 1605:, but at one point supposedly had to resort to living in a cave on 1526: 1464:, one of the many church schools established by the philanthropist 103: 8524:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for West Sydney

4263:. Proportional Representation Society of Australia. Archived from 3169:

at an early age: "I believed as a man sowed so he should reap ...

2921: 1809:

In July 1916 Hughes was a member of the British delegation at the

1468:. He won prizes in geometry and French, receiving the latter from 1460:

At the age of eleven, Hughes was enrolled in St Stephen's School,

8494:

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia

7272: 5534: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3210:

Bust of Billy Hughes by sculptor Wallace Anderson located in the

2256: 1851:, but it was narrowly defeated. The enabling legislation was the 1555: 1418:(near the English border), and spoke only English. Hughes was an 1403: 1067: 8514:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Bradfield

4150:

A Documentary History of the Australian Labor Movement 1850–1975

1621:, another future MP, while one of the customers at his shop was 5023: 4999: 4987: 4624: 4527: 3396: 3308: 3154: 2365: 1591: 1547: 1501: 1084: 8509:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Bendigo

5302: 5300: 5298: 5044:

Brian Carroll; From Barton to Fraser; Cassell Australia; 1978.

4643:

Xu, Guoqi (2017). "7: The Japanese Dream of Racial Equality".

4545:

David Lowe, "Australia in the World", in Joan Beaumont (ed.),

2886:

on 9 October but widely regarded as a stop-gap given his age.

2832:

and Attorney-General at various times under Lyons' successor,

2487:. When the Imperial Cabinet met to discuss the Hughes Report, 1713: 1264:

in 1903. He first entered cabinet in 1904, in the short-lived

8549:

United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia

8529:

Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

8489:

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia

5602: 5600: 4408:"AVIATION DEVELOPMENT:Commonwealth Government offers £10,000" 4279: 3827: 3825: 3774: 1531: 1316: 1303:. His government was re-elected with large majorities at the 5546: 5484: 5463: 5451: 5439: 4302:. London: Angus & Robertson (U.K.) Ltd. pp. 12–15. 2544:

Seth Tillman described him as "a noisesome demagogue", the "

2322:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1828:

However, a two-thirds majority of his party, which included

1748:'s three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15. 8569:

National Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia

8499:

Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

5522: 5312: 5295: 5283: 5179: 5011: 4975: 4963: 4766: 4703: 4691: 4612: 4384:

The Last Explorer: Hubert Wilkins, Australia's Unknown Hero

3675: 3673: 3648: 3646: 3320: 2404:

Hughes addressing the fifth Australian Field Ambulance, in

5644: 5642: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5597: 5573: 5563: 5561: 3849: 3837: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3762: 3750: 1402:

Hughes was born on 25 September 1862, at 7 Moreton Place,

7336: 7083: 4045:

The Official History of Australia in The War of 1914–1918

3871:. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub, 2005. 3738: 3726: 2680:, Hughes argued unsuccessfully in favour of renewing the 2550: 5923:

Billy Hughes in Paris: The Birth of Australian Diplomacy

3670: 3658: 3643: 3631: 2993:

Hughes died on 28 October 1952, aged 90, at his home in

2989:

Billy Hughes' funeral, Sydney, 2 November 1952, Sam Hood

2661:

A new party, the Country Party (known since 1975 as the

8579:

Australian Party members of the Parliament of Australia

6831: 5666: 5654: 5639: 5612: 5585: 5558: 4479:"Oldest Airlines in the World That Are Still Operating" 4103:

Billy Hughes in Paris-The Birth of Australian Diplomacy

3987:. webarchive.nla.gov.au. 23 August 2006. Archived from 2388:, after Hughes returned from the Paris Peace Conference 2347:

A month later, the acting prime minister of Australia,

2193:

Animated cartoon of Billy Hughes by Harry Julius (1915)

2961:

challenge for the first time since 1894, but defeated

2757:. After the Nationalists were heavily defeated in the 2471:

Hughes, unlike Wilson or South African Prime Minister

2384:

Australian soldiers carrying the "Little Digger" down

1744:'s first Labor government. He was Attorney-General in 5419:"Tuckey refuses to stand aside for younger candidate" 4846:, Vol. 90, No. 2, The Great War (March 2014), p. 409. 3927:"William Morris Hughes – Australia's Prime Ministers" 3522:"1917: the most terrible year in Australia's history" 3056:

Soon after arriving in Sydney, Hughes entered into a

2761:, Hughes initially supported the Labor government of 2714: 2263:

where anti-conscription sentiments had been aired. A

1562:. He also claimed to have served briefly in both the 5040: 5038: 4047:, Vol III, The AIF in France, C. E. W. Bean, p. 864. 3028:

Cabinet, as well as the first and third Cabinets of

1647:, a street-corner speaker, president of the Balmain 1323:, where he secured Australian control of the former 1276:'s governments. He was elected deputy leader of the 8539:

Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly

6022:

Billy Hughes at the National Film and Sound Archive

4729: 4727: 4436: 4300:

The greatest air race : England-Australia 1919

3103:. Vaughan had played Billy Hughes in the 1975 film 8574:Independent members of the Parliament of Australia 8504:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 1466:Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts 5925:. Australian Institute of International Affairs. 5035: 2419:. He remained away for 16 months, and signed the 1706:after several years part-time study. He became a 8445: 4724: 4386:. Sydney, New South Wales: Hatchette Australia. 4261:"A brief history of the society and its purpose" 2878:, then threw their support to Opposition Leader 5819:The Great Professional: A Study of W. M. Hughes 5410: 4197:. University of Queensland Press. p. 447. 4058:"Plebiscite results, 28 October 1916" 3240:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 1356:1939 United Australia Party leadership election 8534:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada 5807: 4790:Paris 1919 – Six Months That Changed the World 4761:Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World 3049:Grave of Billy, Dame Mary and Helen Hughes at 1385: 8609:Leaders of the Nationalist Party of Australia 7391: 7322: 7258: 7069: 6817: 5216:, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 1980), pp. 381–382. 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 2650:, his government was comfortably re-elected. 2163: 630:17 September 1914 – 21 December 1921 27:Prime Minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923 5961: 5882:William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography 5879: 5863:William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography 5857: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5490: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5318: 5306: 5289: 5185: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4772: 4709: 4697: 4630: 4618: 4533: 4430: 4285: 4168:The Australian Century, Robert Manne, p. 75. 3855: 3843: 3831: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3679: 3664: 3652: 3637: 3582:"Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)" 2216:, persuaded Hughes and Liberal Party leader 1311:. Hughes established the forerunners of the 447:18 September 1914 – 27 October 1915 233:14 November 1916 – 17 February 1917 6674:Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party 5416: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4563:(2014). "9: A land fit for heroes ?". 4463:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4179:http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155059469 4138:http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155158739 3373:in Canberra are named after him. A park in 2723:in his new electorate and was recruited by 2460:grunted his assent of this abrupt defiance. 2411:In 1919 Hughes, with former prime minister 2059: 1511: 1295:, which after a few months merged with the 831:21 December 1921 – 9 February 1923 404:9 October 1941 – 22 September 1943 299:17 February 1917 – 9 February 1923 180:27 October 1915 – 14 November 1916 7405: 7398: 7384: 7329: 7315: 7265: 7251: 7076: 7062: 6824: 6810: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4566:Australia 1901 – 2001: A narrative history 4349: 3590:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2876:Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie 2529:Hughes felt alarm at this turn of events. 2212:A few months later, the Governor-General, 2170: 2156: 1740:. He was Minister for External Affairs in 1661:Amalgamated Shearers' Union of Australasia 500:22 September 1943 – 14 April 1944 95:27 October 1915 – 9 February 1923 65: 5972: 5098:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister 4784: 4022:Thomas Farrow and William Walter Crotch, 3869:Henry George's legacy in economic thought 3413:Crusts and Crusades: tales of bygone days 2901:, which incorporated sections 2–6 of the 2630:Learn how and when to remove this message 2375: 2255:, with the aim of confiscating copies of 2214:Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar 1787:, the Labor Prime Minister of Australia, 1632: 780:29 November 1937 – 26 April 1939 30:For other people named Billy Hughes, see 8469:Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs 5991: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5633: 5621: 5606: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5191: 5047: 4960:, Vol. 2, No. 2 (February 1943), p. 160. 4646:Asia and the Great War: A Shared History 4362: 3579: 3326: 3259:. He also declined offers of knighthood. 3205: 3116: 3090:Helen Hughes (1915–1937), as painted by 3085: 3044: 2984: 2920: 2899:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 2776: 2568: 2399: 2391: 2379: 2181: 2055:1919 Monopoly nationalisation referendum 1774: 1712: 1685: 1581: 1486: 1410:, was from North Wales and was a fluent 1389: 1237:in 1901 until his death in 1952, and is 954:29 March 1901 – 28 October 1952 6572:Vice-President of the Executive Council 6461:Vice-President of the Executive Council 5738:The Dictionary of Australian Quotations 5385:, 1952: farewell to the "Little Digger" 4609:Lowe, "Australia in the World", p. 129. 4598: 4382:Nasht, Simon (2011). "The Great Race". 4321: 4319: 4026:(London: Chapman and Hall, 1916), p. 3. 3051:Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium 3003:Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium 2475:, demanded heavy reparations from the 2310: 1751:In 1913, at the foundation ceremony of 1100:Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium 876:27 April 1904 – 17 August 1904 726:13 November 1908 – 2 June 1909 571:20 March 1939 – 7 October 1941 14: 8446: 6194:Father of the House of Representatives 6027:Newspaper clippings about Billy Hughes 5975:The Diplomatic Battles of Billy Hughes 5939: 5920: 5835: 5813: 5750:Carl Bridge, William Hughes: Australia 5344:from the original on 20 September 2018 5075:from the original on 26 September 2011 4907:"Australia's last brick of nationhood" 4363:McGregor, Alasdair (9 December 2019). 4297: 4189: 4148:Caucus minutes of 14 November 1916 in 3882:"Mr William Morris Hughes (1862–1952)" 3691: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3263: 2561:says was the highpoint of his career. 2249:raid on the Government Printing Office 8604:Leaders of the United Australia Party 8599:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 8197:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 8177:History of the Australian Labor Party 7379: 7310: 7246: 7085:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 7057: 6805: 5898: 5792:from the original on 13 February 2010 5788:. Australian Stamp and Coin Company. 5718:from the original on 24 February 2019 4667:from the original on 20 February 2017 4583:from the original on 20 February 2017 4381: 4127:The Australian Century, Robert Manne. 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3377:, is named Hughes Park after Hughes. 3246:Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour 2307:previous first-past-the-post system. 1225:from 1915 to 1923. He led the nation 679:29 April 1910 – 24 June 1913 6784:Leader of the United Australia Party 6701:Leader of the Australian Labor Party 4559: 4316: 3937:from the original on 22 January 2010 3421:(Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1950). 3415:(Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1947). 3371:Hughes, Australian Capital Territory 2980: 2612:adding citations to reliable sources 2583: 1878: 1853:Military Service Referendum Act 1916 1849:national plebiscite for conscription 1669:New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1350:, which in 1931 merged into the new 1250:New South Wales Legislative Assembly 999:17 July 1894 – 11 June 1901 987:New South Wales Legislative Assembly 356:2 October 1929 – 7 May 1931 8614:20th-century Australian politicians 8459:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 5117:from the original on 24 August 2011 4879:"1919: The triumph of Billy Hughes" 4331:City of Canada Bay Heritage Society 2933:. Hughes and Menzies resigned, but 2481:Walter Cunliffe, 1st Baron Cunliffe 2415:, travelled to Paris to attend the 2283: 942:Australian House of Representatives 24: 6725:Leader of the National Labor Party 5965:The Truth about the Peace Treaties 5332:"Mr. HUGHES GIVEN BIRTHDAY DINNER" 5259:"Hughes and Spender Join Liberals" 4763:(London: Macmillan, 2003), p. 328. 4721:Kajima, Diplomacy of Japan p. 405 4642: 4549:, Allen & Unwin, 1995, p. 132. 4333:. 16 December 2019. Archived from 4235:Dictionary of Australian Biography 4072:from the original on 14 March 2012 3587:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3540: 3467:Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident 3406: 3335:from the following universities: 3064: 2715:Political eclipse and re-emergence 2485:John Hamilton, 1st Viscount Sumner 2278: 1577: 1443:community, frequently speaking at 1256:, and then transferred to the new 25: 8635: 8474:Ministers for health of Australia 6545:Minister in charge of Territories 6015: 4515:from the original on 27 June 2018 4489:from the original on 6 April 2019 4445:from the original on 9 March 2019 4241:from the original on 26 July 2015 4195:T. J. Ryan: A Political Biography 3457:Electoral history of Billy Hughes 3268:Hughes was honored with fifteen " 3040: 2265:second plebiscite on conscription 1770: 1759:His abrasive manner (his chronic 1665:Electoral district of Sydney-Lang 1639:Electoral history of Billy Hughes 1568:Queensland Maritime Defence Force 1157:5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 7040: 7039: 5778: 5764: 5755: 5743: 5730: 5704: 5678: 5496: 5475: 5390: 5376: 5271:from the original on 2 July 2018 5239:from the original on 2 July 2018 4509:"The Men Who Established Qantas" 4298:Eustis, Hamilton Nelson (1969). 4118:(London: Odhams, 1938), p. 1034. 3234:Queen's Privy Council for Canada 3035: 2997:. His state funeral was held at 2967:1951 Australian federal election 2910:1943 Australian federal election 2865:for its parliamentary majority. 2790:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 2689:1922 Australian federal election 2648:1919 Australian federal election 2588: 2396:Paris 1919 Australian delegation 2341:first ocean crossing by aircraft 2334:1919 England to Australia flight 2315: 2304:1919 Australian federal election 2229:1917 Australian federal election 2143: 1890: 1785:1914 Australian federal election 1627:Chief Justice of New South Wales 1601:. He found occasional work as a 1332:1922 Australian federal election 1193: 6741:Leader of the Nationalist Party 5356: 5324: 5251: 5219: 5205: 5161:Mr. Hughes Replaces Mr. Menzies 5154: 5129: 5103: 5087: 5061: 4950: 4937:electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au 4925: 4899: 4871: 4858: 4849: 4836: 4819: 4806: 4778: 4753: 4715: 4682: 4636: 4569:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. 4552: 4539: 4501: 4471: 4400: 4375: 4291: 4253: 4223: 4211: 4183: 4171: 4162: 4142: 4130: 4121: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4050: 4038: 4029: 4016: 4003: 3977: 3949: 3919: 3902: 3874: 3861: 2839: 2599:needs additional citations for 2290:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 2050:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 1819:First Australian Imperial Force 1655:. He was an organiser with the 1398:Hughes at about the age of four 8594:Critics of the Catholic Church 8554:British emigrants to Australia 8484:Attorneys-general of Australia 7275:Nationalist Party of Australia 6760:Leader of the Australian Party 6372:Minister for Trade and Customs 5686:"Australia: The Little Digger" 5417:O'Brien, Amanda (6 May 2009). 4831:University of Queensland Press 4812:'Australia and the Protocol', 3931:National Archives of Australia 3717: 3685: 3592:Australian National University 3514: 3479: 3016:and ending it in the reign of 2916: 2855:Menzies government (1939-1941) 2815:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2222:Nationalist Party of Australia 2205:agreement with the opposition 2010:Term of government (1915–1923) 1380: 13: 1: 6599:Attorney-General of Australia 6526:Minister for External Affairs 6396:Minister for External Affairs 6318:Attorney-General of Australia 6291:Attorney-General of Australia 6264:Attorney-General of Australia 6237:Minister for External Affairs 6044:Parliament of New South Wales 5740:, 1987 reprint, H345. p. 144. 5113:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. 5071:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. 4792:. Random House. p. 319. 4424:National Library of Australia 3888:Parliament of New South Wales 3508: 2999:St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney 2819:Italy's invasion of Abyssinia 2787:Governor-General of Australia 2065:Opposition to racial equality 1516: 1482:Complete Works of Shakespeare 1270:Attorney-General of Australia 1244:Hughes was born in London to 768:Minister for External Affairs 559:Attorney-General of Australia 32:Billy Hughes (disambiguation) 8454:Prime ministers of Australia 8022:Australian Capital Territory 6833:Prime ministers of Australia 5962:Lloyd George, David (1938). 5880:Fitzhardinge, L. F. (1979). 5761:. Retrieved 24 October 2019. 5752:. Retrieved 24 October 2019. 5506:. Abc.net.au. Archived from 4437:2018 Great Air Race (2019). 4327:"The Great Air Race of 1919" 3133:in 1924 was diagnosed with " 2908:Hughes led the UAP into the 2857:relied on two independents, 2564: 2294:The government replaced the 2259:that covered debates in the 2038:1917 Conscription plebiscite 2016:1916 Conscription plebiscite 1821:(AIF) persuaded Hughes that 1643:In Balmain, Hughes became a 1252:in 1894, as a member of the 7: 6345:Prime Minister of Australia 6031:20th Century Press Archives 5808:Sources and further reading 5736:Stephen Murray-Smith, ed., 5398:"Death of Dame Mary Hughes" 5111:"In office – Arthur Fadden" 4649:. The Greater War. Oxford: 3425: 3140: 2971:Commonwealth Oil Refineries 2903:Statute of Westminster 1931 2884:was narrowly elected leader 2807:Australia and the War Today 2803:Australia and the War Today 2721:Kirribilli, New South Wales 2671:Order of the British Empire 2663:National Party of Australia 2656:Australian Wireless Company 2417:Versailles Peace Conference 2327: 2033:Nationalist Party formation 1997:Prime Minister of Australia 1653:Australian Socialist League 1386:Birth and family background 1321:1919 Paris Peace Conference 1254:New South Wales Labor Party 1223:prime minister of Australia 1110:Australian Socialist League 83:Prime Minister of Australia 10: 8640: 8222:Norfolk Island Labor Party 5786:"Australian postage stamp" 5227:"U.A.P. EXPELS MR. HUGHES" 4414:. 20 March 1919. p. 6 4152:, Brian McKinley, (1979); 4013:(Bloomsbury, 2020), p. 47. 3393:Main Southern railway line 3221: 3216:Ballarat Botanical Gardens 3201:Australian labour movement 3173:he might find salvation." 3010:1952 Bradfield by-election 2944:Liberal Party of Australia 2331: 2287: 2207:Commonwealth Liberal Party 1847:In October, Hughes held a 1636: 153:Party leadership positions 29: 8464:Australian King's Counsel 8240: 8169: 8144: 8118: 8111: 8088:Australian Fabian Society 8065: 8010: 7944: 7808: 7717: 7571: 7415: 7345: 7281: 7091: 7037: 6844: 6790: 6781: 6773: 6757: 6747: 6738: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6698: 6690: 6680: 6671: 6663: 6658: 6648: 6639: 6631: 6615: 6605: 6596: 6588: 6578: 6569: 6561: 6551: 6542: 6532: 6523: 6515: 6505: 6499:Minister for Repatriation 6496: 6486: 6477: 6469: 6458: 6450: 6442:Minister for Repatriation 6439: 6429: 6420: 6412: 6402: 6393: 6388: 6378: 6369: 6361: 6351: 6342: 6334: 6324: 6315: 6307: 6297: 6288: 6280: 6270: 6261: 6253: 6243: 6234: 6226: 6221: 6210: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6172: 6163: 6158: 6148: 6139: 6131: 6121: 6112: 6104: 6094: 6085: 6080: 6073: 6063: 6054: 6049: 6042: 5973:Spartalis, Peter (1983). 5947:. John Wiley & Sons. 5904:In Search of Billy Hughes 5841:William Hughes: Australia 5369:The Sydney Morning Herald 5337:The Sydney Morning Herald 5264:The Sydney Morning Herald 5232:The Sydney Morning Herald 5148:The Sydney Morning Herald 4958:The Far Eastern Quarterly 4816:(13 October 1924), p. 13. 4439:"The 1919 Great Air Race" 3962:The Sydney Morning Herald 3193: 3112: 3077:, one of the founders of 2578:George Washington Lambert 2021:Labor Party split of 1916 1811:Paris Economic Conference 1657:Australian Workers' Union 1455: 1416:Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain 1313:Australian Federal Police 1201: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1161: 1153: 1105: 1095: 1074: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1027: 1015: 1003: 992: 984: 958: 947: 939: 935: 931: 924: 920: 904: 892: 880: 869: 857: 845: 835: 824: 812: 800: 784: 773: 766: 754: 742: 730: 719: 707: 695: 683: 672: 660: 648: 634: 623: 611: 599: 575: 564: 557: 553: 546: 542: 526: 514: 504: 493: 485: 473: 461: 451: 440: 432: 420: 408: 397: 384: 372: 360: 349: 341: 329: 317: 303: 292: 271: 259: 247: 237: 226: 218: 206: 194: 184: 173: 168:Leader of the Labor Party 166: 162: 158: 151: 147: 135: 123: 114:Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson 109: 99: 88: 80: 76: 64: 41: 8624:Royal Fusiliers soldiers 6659:Party political offices 6213:Father of the Parliament 5977:. Hale & Iremonger. 4827:Australia During the War 4547:Australia's War, 1914–18 3985:"Australian Web Archive" 3472: 3462:Racial Equality Proposal 3350:University of Birmingham 2772: 2693:Division of North Sydney 2678:1921 Imperial Conference 2497:Racial Equality Proposal 2464:However, South Africa's 1899:This article is part of 1779:Hughes as prime minister 1564:Queensland Defence Force 1512:First years in Australia 1425: 1369:War Precautions Act 1914 110:Governors‑General 8584:Australian nationalists 8093:Chifley Research Centre 6142:Member for North Sydney 6075:Parliament of Australia 5998:Bible Society Australia 4651:Oxford University Press 4441:. 2018 Great Air Race. 4231:"Ronald Munro Ferguson" 4066:Parliament of Australia 3419:Policies and Potentates 3340:University of Edinburgh 2682:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1696:Division of West Sydney 1560:Orange, New South Wales 1235:Federation of Australia 8083:Australian Young Labor 7408:Australian Labor Party 7339:United Australia Party 6088:Member for West Sydney 6057:Member for Sydney-Lang 5992:Williams, Roy (2013). 5921:Hudson, W. J. (1978). 5481:Hughes (2005), p. 155. 5136:NEW GOVERNMENT (Cont.) 4868:(26 June 1919), p. 10. 4062:Parliamentary Handbook 3957:"HONOURING THE STATES" 3886:Former members of the 3447:Fourth Hughes Ministry 3437:Second Hughes Ministry 3218: 3212:Prime Ministers Avenue 3145:Hughes was a lifelong 3122: 3095: 3053: 2990: 2926: 2895:Battle of the Solomons 2793: 2581: 2576:portrait of Hughes by 2522: 2512:was unable to agree". 2505:White Australia policy 2462: 2408: 2397: 2389: 2376:Paris Peace Conference 2194: 2060:Paris Peace Conference 1780: 1733: 1691: 1633:Early political career 1587: 1558:, and as far south as 1496: 1399: 1352:United Australia Party 1278:Australian Labor Party 488:United Australia Party 387:United Australia Party 8227:The light on the hill 6642:Minister for the Navy 6618:Minister for Industry 5771:Hughes Park Lane Cove 5383:Sydney Morning Herald 5340:. 26 September 1952. 5267:. 14 September 1945. 4864:'Germany Unchanged', 4844:International Affairs 4369:Australian Geographic 4116:War Memoirs: Volume I 4105:, W. J. Hudson, p. 2. 3723:Hughes (2005), p. 34. 3701:John Wiley & Sons 3452:Fifth Hughes Ministry 3442:Third Hughes Ministry 3432:First Hughes Ministry 3389:Sydney–Melbourne road 3345:University of Glasgow 3327:Honorary appointments 3209: 3120: 3089: 3048: 2988: 2955:Division of Bradfield 2924: 2891:attacked Pearl Harbor 2889:On 7 December, Japan 2830:Minister for Industry 2780: 2572: 2517: 2453: 2403: 2395: 2386:George Street, Sydney 2383: 2261:Queensland Parliament 2203:confidence and supply 2192: 2043:Egg-throwing incident 1778: 1716: 1689: 1585: 1490: 1408:Palace of Westminster 1393: 1208:William Morris Hughes 1144:Independent (1944–45) 1055:William Morris Hughes 486:Deputy Leader of the 433:Deputy Leader of the 8619:Georgist politicians 8589:Australian Anglicans 6166:Member for Bradfield 5543:, pp. 265, 563. 4759:Margaret Macmillan, 4114:David Lloyd George, 4024:The Coming Trade War 3991:on 13 September 2004 3355:University of Oxford 2931:Advisory War Council 2707:passed him in 1957. 2608:improve this article 2428:Imperial War Cabinet 2426:At a meeting of the 2421:Treaty of Versailles 2311:Science and industry 2199:National Labor Party 2026:National Labor Party 1855:and the outcome was 1736:In 1911, he married 1536:blacksmith's striker 1523:Colony of Queensland 1293:National Labor Party 1268:, and was later the 221:National Labor Party 44:The Right Honourable 8207:Federal Labor (NSW) 8073:National Conference 7972:Beazley (1996–2001) 6719:New political party 6480:Minister for Health 6454:Alexander McLachlan 6423:Minister for Health 5859:Fitzhardinge, L. F. 5843:. Haus Publishing. 5173:Launceston Examiner 5166:3 July 2018 at the 5141:3 July 2018 at the 5032:, pp. 538–541. 5008:, pp. 530–531. 4996:, pp. 525–529. 4786:MacMillan, Margaret 4633:, pp. 543–546. 4536:, pp. 194–196. 4422:– via Trove: 3580:Fitzhardinge, L.F. 3485:He was either from 3360:University of Wales 3270:Freedom of the City 3264:Freedom of the City 3071:Mary Ethel Campbell 3058:common-law marriage 2726:The Daily Telegraph 2300:preferential system 2296:first-past-the-post 2234:Division of Bendigo 2209:to stay in office. 1704:admitted to the bar 1611:common-law marriage 852:Position re-created 8479:Australian sailors 8078:National Executive 8066:Party institutions 8032:Northern Territory 6222:Political offices 6115:Member for Bendigo 5692:. 10 November 1952 5403:The Canberra Times 4688:Lowe, pp. 136–137. 4267:on 4 December 2008 3973:– via Trove. 3369:and the suburb of 3367:Division of Hughes 3253:David Lloyd George 3219: 3171:by faith and works 3123: 3096: 3054: 3018:Queen Elizabeth II 2991: 2927: 2794: 2582: 2409: 2398: 2390: 2269:vote of confidence 2195: 2075:Territory of Papua 2070:German reparations 1865:David Lloyd George 1793:benevolent asylums 1781: 1734: 1692: 1588: 1497: 1450:David Lloyd George 1400: 1285:conscripted troops 1258:federal parliament 1231:federal parliament 1227:during World War I 379:Position abolished 266:Position abolished 8441: 8440: 8232:Tree of Knowledge 8217:Industrial Groups 8165: 8164: 8136:Independent Labor 8103:John Curtin House 8057:Western Australia 7987:Beazley (2005–06) 7957:Whitlam (1975–77) 7952:Whitlam (1967–72) 7373: 7372: 7304: 7303: 7240: 7239: 7051: 7050: 6800: 6799: 6791:Succeeded by 6748:Succeeded by 6708:Succeeded by 6681:Succeeded by 6649:Succeeded by 6606:Succeeded by 6579:Succeeded by 6552:Succeeded by 6533:Succeeded by 6506:Succeeded by 6487:Succeeded by 6430:Succeeded by 6403:Succeeded by 6382:William Archibald 6379:Succeeded by 6352:Succeeded by 6325:Succeeded by 6298:Succeeded by 6271:Succeeded by 6244:Succeeded by 6201:Succeeded by 6173:Succeeded by 6149:Succeeded by 6122:Succeeded by 6095:Succeeded by 6067:John Joseph Power 6064:Succeeded by 5774:Lane Cove Council 5636:, pp. 77–78. 5609:, pp. 74–75. 5582:, pp. 72–73. 5553:Fitzhardinge 1979 5541:Fitzhardinge 1979 5529:Fitzhardinge 1979 5491:Fitzhardinge 1979 5470:Fitzhardinge 1979 5458:Fitzhardinge 1964 5446:Fitzhardinge 1964 5319:Fitzhardinge 1979 5307:Fitzhardinge 1979 5290:Fitzhardinge 1979 5235:. 15 April 1944. 5186:Fitzhardinge 1979 5176:, 9 October 1941. 5151:, 9 October 1941. 5100:; NewSouth; 2011. 5030:Fitzhardinge 1979 5018:Fitzhardinge 1979 5006:Fitzhardinge 1979 4994:Fitzhardinge 1979 4982:Fitzhardinge 1979 4970:Fitzhardinge 1979 4913:. 7 December 2010 4773:Lloyd George 1938 4741:on 1 January 2017 4710:Lloyd George 1938 4698:Lloyd George 1938 4631:Lloyd George 1938 4619:Lloyd George 1938 4534:Lloyd George 1938 4393:978-0-7336-2584-8 4286:Fitzhardinge 1979 3856:Fitzhardinge 1964 3844:Fitzhardinge 1964 3832:Fitzhardinge 1964 3817:Fitzhardinge 1964 3805:Fitzhardinge 1964 3793:Fitzhardinge 1964 3783:, pp. 11–12. 3781:Fitzhardinge 1964 3769:Fitzhardinge 1964 3757:Fitzhardinge 1964 3745:Fitzhardinge 1964 3733:Fitzhardinge 1964 3680:Fitzhardinge 1964 3665:Fitzhardinge 1964 3653:Fitzhardinge 1964 3638:Fitzhardinge 1964 3601:978-0-522-84459-7 3399:, leading to the 3151:Primitive Baptist 3131:nervous breakdown 2981:Death and funeral 2957:. Hughes faced a 2792:in Canberra, 1945 2751:crossed the floor 2644:League of Nations 2640: 2639: 2632: 2489:Winston Churchill 2436:League of Nations 2190: 2180: 2179: 2002:Electoral history 1989: 1976: 1963: 1950: 1937: 1917: 1916: 1879:Nationalist Party 1800:The Day—and After 1700:Barton government 1698:. He opposed the 1663:and then won the 1651:, and joined the 1649:Single Tax League 1554:, as far west as 1445:Saint David's Day 1325:German New Guinea 1301:Nationalist Party 1266:Watson government 1262:called to the bar 1205: 1204: 1070:, London, England 1065:25 September 1862 1037: 1036: 916: 915: 538: 537: 274:Nationalist Party 18:Hughes government 16:(Redirected from 8631: 8241:Leadership votes 8116: 8115: 8014: 7699:Anthony Albanese 7562:Anthony Albanese 7453:Matthew Charlton 7419: 7409: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7243: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7042: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6774:Preceded by 6768:Party disbanded 6733:Party disbanded 6691:Preceded by 6664:Preceded by 6632:Preceded by 6626:Title abolished 6589:Preceded by 6562:Preceded by 6516:Preceded by 6470:Preceded by 6451:Preceded by 6413:Preceded by 6362:Preceded by 6335:Preceded by 6308:Preceded by 6281:Preceded by 6254:Preceded by 6227:Preceded by 6132:Preceded by 6105:Preceded by 6040: 6039: 6011: 5988: 5969: 5958: 5936: 5917: 5895: 5876: 5854: 5832: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5782: 5776: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5712:"It's an Honour" 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5504:"Rewind: ABC TV" 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5364:"Family Notices" 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5223: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5158: 5152: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5045: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4833:, 1989), p. 809. 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4289: 4288:, p. 64–67. 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4035:(Bean, vol III). 4033: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3923: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3577: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3518: 3502: 3483: 3333:honorary degrees 3331:Hughes received 3159:King James Bible 3092:Philip de László 2799:Lyons government 2759:ensuing election 2755:Australian Party 2635: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2592: 2584: 2574:Parliament House 2449:Class C Mandates 2432:President Wilson 2284:Electoral reform 2191: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2147: 1981: 1968: 1955: 1942: 1929: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1623:Frederick Jordan 1590:Hughes moved to 1525:, he arrived in 1495:uniform, c. 1880 1441:Welsh Australian 1373:him "the little 1348:Australian Party 1287:overseas caused 1220: 1219: 1197: 1140:United Australia 1081: 1064: 1062: 1046:Personal details 1018: 1006: 997: 952: 922: 921: 907: 895: 883: 874: 860: 848: 838: 829: 815: 803: 787: 778: 757: 745: 733: 724: 710: 698: 686: 677: 663: 651: 637: 628: 614: 602: 578: 569: 544: 543: 529: 521:Position created 517: 498: 476: 464: 445: 423: 411: 402: 375: 367:Position created 363: 354: 344:Australian Party 332: 324:Position created 320: 297: 262: 254:Position created 250: 231: 209: 197: 178: 149: 148: 138: 126: 93: 69: 59: 39: 38: 21: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8236: 8161: 8140: 8107: 8061: 8042:South Australia 8027:New South Wales 8012: 8006: 7945:Shadow cabinets 7940: 7804: 7713: 7704:Tanya Plibersek 7604:Arthur Blakeley 7594:Albert Gardiner 7579:Gregor McGregor 7567: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7374: 7369: 7341: 7337:Leaders of the 7335: 7305: 7300: 7277: 7273:Leaders of the 7271: 7241: 7236: 7087: 7082: 7052: 7047: 7033: 6840: 6830: 6796: 6787: 6779: 6763: 6753: 6744: 6728: 6713: 6704: 6696: 6686: 6677: 6669: 6667:Gregor McGregor 6654: 6645: 6637: 6621: 6611: 6602: 6594: 6584: 6575: 6567: 6557: 6548: 6538: 6529: 6521: 6511: 6502: 6492: 6483: 6475: 6464: 6456: 6445: 6435: 6426: 6418: 6408: 6399: 6384: 6375: 6367: 6357: 6348: 6340: 6330: 6328:Littleton Groom 6321: 6313: 6303: 6294: 6286: 6276: 6267: 6259: 6249: 6240: 6232: 6216: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6188:Original member 6186: 6178: 6169: 6154: 6145: 6137: 6135:Granville Ryrie 6127: 6118: 6110: 6100: 6091: 6069: 6060: 6018: 6008: 5985: 5955: 5941:Hughes, Aneurin 5933: 5914: 5892: 5873: 5851: 5829: 5821:. McGraw-Hill. 5815:Booker, Malcolm 5810: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5411: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5377: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5214:Pacific Affairs 5210: 5206: 5201: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5168:Wayback Machine 5159: 5155: 5143:Wayback Machine 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4887:. 24 April 2019 4877: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4653:. p. 201. 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4599: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4446: 4435: 4431: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4376: 4361: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4337:on 29 June 2022 4325: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3867:Laurent, John. 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3693:Hughes, Aneurin 3690: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3602: 3578: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3528:. 24 April 2020 3520: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3428: 3409: 3407:Published works 3329: 3266: 3224: 3196: 3143: 3115: 3106:Billy and Percy 3067: 3065:Second marriage 3043: 3038: 2983: 2919: 2842: 2813:After the 1931 2775: 2740:James Hume Cook 2717: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2605: 2593: 2567: 2378: 2336: 2330: 2318: 2313: 2292: 2286: 2281: 2279:Domestic policy 2182: 2176: 2142: 2137: 2114: 2081: 2007: 2006: 1992: 1926: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1881: 1830:Roman Catholics 1806:ever aroused". 1773: 1710:(KC) in 1909. 1641: 1635: 1580: 1578:New South Wales 1519: 1514: 1506:Royal Fusiliers 1493:Royal Fusiliers 1458: 1428: 1388: 1383: 1239:the only person 1211: 1210: 1166: 1165:Elizabeth Cutts 1145: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1106:Political party 1089:New South Wales 1083: 1079: 1078:28 October 1952 1066: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1016: 1004: 998: 993: 976: 971: 966: 953: 948: 927: 905: 893: 881: 875: 870: 858: 846: 836: 830: 825: 813: 801: 793: 785: 779: 774: 755: 749:Littleton Groom 743: 731: 725: 720: 708: 696: 684: 678: 673: 667:Littleton Groom 661: 649: 643: 635: 629: 624: 612: 600: 592: 588: 584: 576: 570: 565: 549: 527: 515: 499: 494: 474: 468:Gregor McGregor 462: 446: 441: 421: 409: 403: 398: 389: 373: 361: 355: 350: 330: 318: 310: 308:Sir Joseph Cook 298: 293: 276: 260: 248: 232: 227: 207: 195: 179: 174: 154: 136: 124: 116: 94: 89: 72: 60: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8637: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8098:Federal Caucus 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8013:State branches 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7709:Richard Marles 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7624:Arthur Calwell 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7572:Deputy leaders 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7484:Arthur Calwell 7481: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7380: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6797: 6794:Robert Menzies 6792: 6789: 6780: 6777:Robert Menzies 6775: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6706: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6679: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6647: 6638: 6635:Archie Cameron 6633: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6595: 6592:Robert Menzies 6590: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6550: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6401: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6377: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6314: 6311:William Irvine 6309: 6305: 6304: 6301:William Irvine 6299: 6296: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6242: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6207: 6204:Sir Earle Page 6202: 6199: 6190: 6187: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6171: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6147: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6111: 6108:Alfred Hampson 6106: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6037: 6024: 6017: 6016:External links 6014: 6013: 6012: 6006: 5989: 5983: 5970: 5968:. V. Gollancz. 5959: 5953: 5937: 5931: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5890: 5877: 5871: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5827: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5777: 5763: 5754: 5742: 5729: 5703: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5638: 5626: 5611: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5557: 5555:, p. 530. 5545: 5533: 5521: 5510:on 29 May 2008 5495: 5493:, p. 278. 5483: 5474: 5472:, p. 255. 5462: 5460:, p. 178. 5450: 5448:, p. 177. 5438: 5423:The Australian 5409: 5389: 5375: 5355: 5323: 5321:, p. 666. 5311: 5309:, p. 670. 5294: 5292:, p. 669. 5282: 5250: 5218: 5204: 5190: 5188:, p. 655. 5178: 5153: 5128: 5102: 5094:Anne Henderson 5086: 5060: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5020:, p. 535. 5010: 4998: 4986: 4984:, p. 522. 4974: 4972:, p. 521. 4962: 4949: 4924: 4898: 4870: 4857: 4848: 4835: 4825:Ernest Scott, 4818: 4805: 4798: 4777: 4775:, p. 636. 4765: 4752: 4723: 4714: 4712:, p. 477. 4702: 4700:, p. 473. 4690: 4681: 4659: 4635: 4623: 4621:, p. 542. 4611: 4597: 4575: 4551: 4538: 4526: 4500: 4470: 4429: 4399: 4392: 4374: 4348: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4278: 4252: 4222: 4210: 4203: 4182: 4170: 4161: 4141: 4129: 4120: 4107: 4095: 4093:, Les Carlyon. 4083: 4049: 4037: 4028: 4015: 4002: 3976: 3948: 3918: 3901: 3873: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3716: 3709: 3703:. p. 34. 3684: 3669: 3657: 3642: 3630: 3600: 3539: 3526:The Australian 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3493:, or from the 3477: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3401:level crossing 3382:Australia Post 3363: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3274:United Kingdom 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3228:King's Counsel 3223: 3220: 3195: 3192: 3167:predestination 3142: 3139: 3114: 3111: 3101:Martin Vaughan 3066: 3063: 3042: 3041:First marriage 3039: 3037: 3034: 3014:Queen Victoria 2982: 2979: 2925:Hughes in 1945 2918: 2915: 2850:Robert Menzies 2846:militant Japan 2841: 2838: 2834:Robert Menzies 2781:Billy Hughes, 2774: 2771: 2716: 2713: 2705:Robert Menzies 2667:price controls 2638: 2637: 2620:September 2022 2596: 2594: 2587: 2566: 2563: 2377: 2374: 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2288:Main article: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1978: 1977: 1965: 1964: 1952: 1951: 1939: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1901:a series about 1895: 1880: 1877: 1783:Following the 1772: 1771:Prime minister 1769: 1729:, Hughes, and 1708:King's Counsel 1690:Hughes in 1908 1671:by 105 votes. 1634: 1631: 1586:Hughes in 1895 1579: 1576: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1491:Hughes in his 1478:Matthew Arnold 1457: 1454: 1427: 1424: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1360:Robert Menzies 1309:1919 elections 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1120:National Labor 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1082:(aged 90) 1076: 1072: 1071: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 990: 989: 985:Member of the 982: 981: 960: 956: 955: 945: 944: 940:Member of the 937: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 926:Constituencies 925: 918: 917: 914: 913: 908: 902: 901: 896: 890: 889: 884: 882:Prime Minister 878: 877: 867: 866: 861: 855: 854: 849: 843: 842: 839: 837:Prime Minister 833: 832: 822: 821: 816: 810: 809: 804: 798: 797: 788: 786:Prime Minister 782: 781: 771: 770: 764: 763: 758: 752: 751: 746: 740: 739: 734: 732:Prime Minister 728: 727: 717: 716: 714:William Irvine 711: 705: 704: 699: 693: 692: 687: 685:Prime Minister 681: 680: 670: 669: 664: 658: 657: 655:William Irvine 652: 646: 645: 638: 636:Prime Minister 632: 631: 621: 620: 615: 609: 608: 606:Robert Menzies 603: 597: 596: 590:Robert Menzies 579: 577:Prime Minister 573: 572: 562: 561: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 524: 523: 518: 512: 511: 509:Robert Menzies 506: 502: 501: 491: 490: 483: 482: 477: 471: 470: 465: 459: 458: 453: 449: 448: 438: 437: 430: 429: 427:Robert Menzies 424: 418: 417: 415:Robert Menzies 412: 406: 405: 395: 394: 385:Leader of the 382: 381: 376: 370: 369: 364: 358: 357: 347: 346: 342:Leader of the 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 321: 315: 314: 305: 301: 300: 290: 289: 272:Leader of the 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 251: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 224: 223: 219:Leader of the 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 171: 170: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 86: 85: 78: 77: 74: 73: 71:Hughes in 1919 70: 62: 61: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8636: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152:Ferguson Left 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Julia Gillard 7687: 7685: 7684:Jenny Macklin 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Lance Barnard 7632: 7630: 7629:Gough Whitlam 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7599:James Scullin 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:George Pearce 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7543:Julia Gillard 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7490:Gough Whitlam 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7459:James Scullin 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7435:Andrew Fisher 7432: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6751:Stanley Bruce 6743: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6694:Andrew Fisher 6689: 6685: 6684:George Pearce 6676: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6582:George McLeay 6574: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6536:Henry Gullett 6528: 6527: 6520: 6519:George Pearce 6514: 6510: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6474: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6406:Stanley Bruce 6398: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6355:Stanley Bruce 6347: 6346: 6339: 6338:Andrew Fisher 6333: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6231: 6230:Alfred Deakin 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6125:Geoffry Hurry 6117: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6009: 6007:9780647518557 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5954:9781740311366 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5913:9780333252475 5909: 5906:. Macmillan. 5905: 5901: 5900:Horne, Donald 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5850:9781907822209 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5767: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5675:, p. 78. 5674: 5673:Williams 2013 5669: 5663:, p. 70. 5662: 5661:Williams 2013 5657: 5651:, p. 76. 5650: 5649:Williams 2013 5645: 5643: 5635: 5634:Williams 2013 5630: 5624:, p. 71. 5623: 5622:Williams 2013 5618: 5616: 5608: 5607:Williams 2013 5603: 5601: 5594:, p. 77. 5593: 5592:Williams 2013 5588: 5581: 5580:Williams 2013 5576: 5570:, p. 72. 5569: 5568:Williams 2013 5564: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5531:, p. xv. 5530: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4855:Lowe, p. 136. 4852: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4685: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4660:9780191632723 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4582: 4578: 4576:9781742241876 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4309:9780207950988 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:Murphy, D. J. 4186: 4180: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4158:0-909081-29-8 4155: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4091:The Great War 4087: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4009:Tom Roberts, 4006: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3858:, p. 20. 3857: 3852: 3846:, p. 19. 3845: 3840: 3834:, p. 17. 3833: 3828: 3826: 3819:, p. 16. 3818: 3813: 3807:, p. 14. 3806: 3801: 3795:, p. 13. 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3771:, p. 11. 3770: 3765: 3759:, p. 10. 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3720: 3712: 3710:9781740311366 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3634: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3495:Vale of Clwyd 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3191: 3189: 3188:James Scullin 3185: 3179: 3176: 3175:Manning Clark 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3135:psychasthenia 3132: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3036:Personal life 3033: 3031: 3030:Andrew Fisher 3027: 3023: 3022:King O'Malley 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951:1949 election 2947: 2945: 2941: 2940:Eric Harrison 2936: 2935:Percy Spender 2932: 2923: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2871:Arthur Fadden 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2763:James Scullin 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2744:Ambrose Pratt 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701:Stanley Bruce 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2634: 2631: 2623: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2597:This section 2595: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2539:Joan Beaumont 2535: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:German Empire 2474: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2316:Research body 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2276: 2274: 2273:reserve power 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1911: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1857:advisory only 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1842:Easter Rising 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789:Andrew Fisher 1786: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1765:King O'Malley 1762: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1746:Andrew Fisher 1743: 1739: 1738:Mary Campbell 1732: 1728: 1727:Andrew Fisher 1724: 1720: 1719:1901 election 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:William Wilks 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:pupil-teacher 1471: 1470:Lord Harrowby 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Stanley Bruce 1341: 1340:Country Party 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274:Andrew Fisher 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168:Mary Campbell 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1096:Resting place 1094: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1002: 996: 991: 988: 983: 979: 974: 969: 964: 961: 957: 951: 946: 943: 938: 934: 930: 923: 919: 912: 909: 903: 900: 899:Alfred Deakin 897: 891: 888: 885: 879: 873: 868: 865: 864:Stanley Bruce 862: 856: 853: 850: 844: 840: 834: 828: 823: 820: 819:Henry Gullett 817: 811: 808: 807:George Pearce 805: 799: 796: 792: 789: 783: 777: 772: 769: 765: 762: 759: 753: 750: 747: 741: 738: 737:Andrew Fisher 735: 729: 723: 718: 715: 712: 706: 703: 700: 694: 691: 690:Andrew Fisher 688: 682: 676: 671: 668: 665: 659: 656: 653: 647: 642: 641:Andrew Fisher 639: 633: 627: 622: 619: 616: 610: 607: 604: 598: 595: 594:Arthur Fadden 591: 587: 583: 580: 574: 568: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548:Cabinet posts 545: 541: 534: 533:Eric Harrison 531: 525: 522: 519: 513: 510: 507: 503: 497: 492: 489: 484: 481: 480:George Pearce 478: 472: 469: 466: 460: 457: 456:Andrew Fisher 454: 450: 444: 439: 436: 431: 428: 425: 419: 416: 413: 407: 401: 396: 393: 388: 383: 380: 377: 371: 368: 365: 359: 353: 348: 345: 340: 337: 336:Stanley Bruce 334: 328: 325: 322: 316: 313: 312:Stanley Bruce 309: 306: 302: 296: 291: 288: 284: 280: 275: 270: 267: 264: 258: 255: 252: 246: 243: 242:George Pearce 240: 236: 230: 225: 222: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 201:Andrew Fisher 199: 193: 190: 189:George Pearce 187: 183: 177: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 150: 146: 143: 142:Stanley Bruce 140: 134: 131: 130:Andrew Fisher 128: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 92: 87: 84: 79: 75: 68: 63: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8212:Gang of Four 8202:Faceless men 7674:Gareth Evans 7659:Paul Keating 7654:Lionel Bowen 7609:Ted Theodore 7584:Billy Hughes 7583: 7560: 7556:Bill Shorten 7548: 7541: 7534: 7509:Paul Keating 7507: 7500: 7488: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7442:Billy Hughes 7441: 7440: 7433: 7428:Chris Watson 7426: 7359: 7285: 7229: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7176: 7169: 7157: 7140: 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