556:
771:
534:. As the space tourism market grows and technological developments are made, the cost of sending humans to other planets will likely decrease accordingly. A similar concept can be examined in the history of personal computers: when computers were used only for scientific research, with minor use in big industry, they were big, rare, heavy, and costly. When the potential market increased and they started to become common in businesses and later in homes (in Western and developed countries), the computing power of home devices skyrocketed and prices plummeted.
630:
816:
992:
279:
40:
942:
4653:
321:
5128:
218:
5116:
4665:
4833:
828:
454:. Aerocapture at Mars for human missions was studied in the 20th century. In a review of 93 Mars studies, 24 used aerocapture for Mars or Earth return. One of the considerations for using aerocapture on crewed missions is a limit on the maximum force experienced by the astronauts. The current scientific consensus is that 5 g, or five times Earth gravity, is the maximum allowable deceleration.
256:, the energy needed in the low-energy periods varies on roughly a 15-year cycle with the easiest periods needing only half the energy of the peaks. In the 20th century, a minimum existed in the 1969 and 1971 launch periods and another low in 1986 and 1988, then the cycle repeated. The last low-energy launch period occurred in 2023.
2656:
Martian biological contamination may occur if astronauts breathe contaminated dust or if they contact material that is introduced into their habitat. If an astronaut becomes contaminated or infected, it is conceivable that he or she could transmit
Martian biological entities or even disease to fellow
646:
Loss of kidney function. On 11 June 2024, researchers at the
University College of London's Department of Renal Medicine reported that "Serious health risks emerge (with respect to the kidneys) the longer a person is exposed to (the Galactic Radiation and Microgravity that astronauts would be exposed
722:
Robotic spacecraft to Mars are required to be sterilized. The allowable limit is 300,000 spores on the exterior of general craft, with stricter requirements for spacecraft bound for "special regions" containing water. Otherwise there is a risk of contaminating not only the life-detection experiments
846:
A return mission from Mars will need to land a rocket to carry crew off the surface. Launch requirements mean that this rocket could be significantly smaller than an Earth-to-orbit rocket. Mars-to-orbit launch can also be achieved in single stage. Despite this, landing an ascent rocket back on Mars
838:
Entry into the thin and shallow
Martian atmosphere will pose significant difficulties with re-entry; compared to Earth's much denser atmosphere, any spacecraft will descend very rapidly to the surface and must be slowed. A heat shield has to be used. NASA is carrying out research on retropropulsive
794:
module providing additional living-space for the 16-month-long journey. The first crewed Mars
Mission, which would include sending astronauts to Mars, orbiting Mars, and a return to Earth, is proposed for the 2030s. Technology development for US government missions to Mars is underway, but there is
699:
Some of these issues were estimated statistically in the HUMEX study. Ehlmann and others have reviewed political and economic concerns, as well as technological and biological feasibility aspects. While fuel for roundtrip travel could be a challenge, methane and oxygen can be produced using
Martian
2954:
the requirements for returning a first stage here on the Earth propulsively, and then ... the requirements for landing heavy payloads on Mars, there's a region where the two overlap—are right on top of each other ... If you start with a launch vehicle, and you want to bring it down in a controlled
294:
of Mars and Venus in under a year in space. Some flyby mission architectures can also be extended to include a style of Mars landing with a flyby excursion lander spacecraft. Proposed by R. Titus in 1966, it involved a short-stay lander-ascent vehicle that would separate from a "parent" Earth-Mars
526:
Critics argue that the immediate benefits of establishing a human presence on Mars are outweighed by the immense cost, and that funds could be better redirected towards other programs, such as robotic exploration. Proponents of human space exploration contend that the symbolism of establishing a
730:, and these cannot be removed. Containment seems the only option, but it is a major challenge in the event of a hard landing (i.e. crash). There have been several planetary workshops on this issue, yet there are no final guidelines for a way forward. Human explorers would also be vulnerable to
2176:
Mader, Thomas H.; Gibson, C. Robert; Pass, Anastas F.; Kramer, Larry A.; Lee, Andrew G.; Fogarty, Jennifer; Tarver, William J.; Dervay, Joseph P.; Hamilton, Douglas R.; Sargsyan, Ashot; Phillips, John L.; Tran, Duc; Lipsky, William; Choi, Jung; Stern, Claudia; Kuyumjian, Raffi; Polk, James D.
929:
Many Mars mission concepts propose precursor missions to the moons of Mars, for example a sample return mission to the Mars moon Phobos – not quite Mars, but perhaps a convenient stepping stone to an eventual
Martian surface mission. Lockheed Martin, as part of their "Stepping stones to Mars"
514:
A primary limiting factor for sending humans to Mars is funding. In 2010, the estimated cost was roughly US$ 500 billion, although the actual costs are likely to be more. Starting in the late 1950s, the early phase of space exploration was conducted by lone nations as much to make a political
870:
A person who is inactive for an extended period of time loses strength, muscle and bone mass. Spaceflight conditions are known to cause loss of bone mineral density in astronauts, increasing bone fracture risk. The most recent mathematical models predict 33% of astronauts will be at risk for
862:, which is mainly water, but contains other substances so it can be added directly to the human blood stream. If it could be created on the spot from existing water, this would reduce mass requirements. A prototype for this capability was tested on the International Space Station in 2010.
1945:
Gelling, Cristy (29 June 2013). "Atom & cosmos: Mars trip would mean big radiation dose: Curiosity instrument confirms expectation of major exposures: Atom & cosmos: Mars trip would mean big radiation dose: Curiosity instrument confirms expectation of major exposures".
964:
Sample return plans raise the concern, however remote, that an infectious agent could be brought to Earth. Regardless, a basic set of guidelines for extraterrestrial sample return has been laid out depending on the source of sample (e.g. asteroid, Moon, Mars surface, etc.)
795:
no well-funded approach to bring the conceptual project to completion with human landings on Mars by the mid-2030s, the stated objective. NASA-funded engineers are studying a way to build potential human habitats there by producing bricks from pressurized
Martian soil.
295:
transfer craft prior to its flyby of Mars. The Ascent-Descent lander would arrive sooner and either go into orbit around Mars or land, and, depending on the design, offer perhaps 10–30 days before it needed to launch itself back to the main transfer vehicle. (See also
953:(MSR) has sometimes been considered as a precursor to crewed missions to the Mars surface. In 2008, the ESA called a sample return "essential" and said it could bridge the gap between robotic and human missions to Mars. An example of a Mars sample return mission is
3124:
Bosanac, Natasha; Diaz, Ana; Dang, Victor; Ebersohn, Frans; Gonzalez, Stefanie; Qi, Jay; Sweet, Nicholas; Tie, Norris; Valentino, Gianluca; Abigail, Fraeman; Alison, Gibbings; Tyler, Maddox; Chris, Nie; Jamie, Rankin; Tiago, Rebelo; Graeme, Taylor (1 March 2014).
1860:
Saganti, Premkumar B.; Cucinotta, Francis A.; Wilson, John W.; Cleghorn, Timothy F.; Zeitlin, Cary J. (October 2006). "Model calculations of the particle spectrum of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment: Assessment with ACE/CRIS and MARIE measurements".
270:
Shorter Mars mission plans have round-trip flight times of 400 to 450 days, or under 15 months, but would require significantly higher energy. A fast Mars mission of 245 days (8.0 months) round trip could be possible with on-orbit staging. In 2014,
571:, so the dose over a Mars year is about 15 times the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) limit, not less than twice, as a quick glance might suggest. The actual dose would depend on factors such as spacecraft design and natural events such as
267:, which would involve a roughly 9-month travel time from Earth to Mars, about 500 days (16 mo) at Mars to wait for the transfer window to Earth, and a travel time of about 9 months to return to Earth. This would be a 34-month trip.
2884:
2488:
No-one has yet proved that there is deep groundwater on Mars, but it is plausible as there is certainly surface ice and atmospheric water vapour, so we wouldn't want to contaminate it and make it unusable by the introduction of
543:
527:
presence in space may garner public interest to join the cause and spark global cooperation. There are also claims that a long-term investment in space travel is necessary for humanity's survival.
921:
Some missions may be considered a "Mission to Mars" in their own right, or they may only be one step in a more in-depth program. An example of this is missions to Mars's moons, or flyby missions.
3200:
2657:
astronauts, or introduce such entities into the biosphere upon returning to Earth. A contaminated vehicle or item of equipment returned to Earth could also be a source of contamination.
2434:
Rapp, D.; Andringa, J.; Easter, R.; Smith, J.H.; Wilson, T.J.; Clark, D.L.; Payne, K. (2005). "Preliminary system analysis of in situ resource utilization for Mars human exploration".
1211:
515:
statement as to make observations of the solar system. This proved to be unsustainable, and the current climate is one of international cooperation, with large projects such as the
2501:
2722:
975:, which landed on Mars in 2021, is equipped with a device that allows it to collect rock samples to be returned at a later date by another mission. Perseverance as part of the
968:
At the dawn of the 21st century, NASA crafted four potential pathways to Mars human missions, of which three included a Mars sample return as a prerequisite to human landing.
3345:
689:
Social effects of several humans living under cramped conditions for more than one Earth year, and possibly two or three years, depending on spacecraft and mission design.
1526:
2776:
1122:"Can Humans Endure the Psychological Torment of Mars? – NASA is conducting tests on what might be the greatest challenge of a Mars mission: the trauma of isolation"
2067:
839:
deceleration technologies to develop new approaches to Mars atmospheric entry. A key problem with propulsive techniques is handling the fluid flow problems and
726:
Sterilizing human missions to this level is impossible, as humans are host to typically a hundred trillion (10) microorganisms of thousands of species of the
506:, have mapped Mars in higher resolution with improved instruments. These later surveys have identified the probable locations of water, a critical resource.
3247:
3075:
1442:
1707:
1158:"Astronauts Will Face Many Hazards on a Journey to Mars – NASA is trying to bring the various risks down before launching astronauts to Mars in the 2030s"
961:. However, such missions have been hampered by complexity and expense, with one ESA proposal involving no fewer than five different uncrewed spacecraft.
2955:
manner, you're going to end up operating that propulsion system in the supersonic regime at the right altitudes to give you Mars-relevant conditions.
109:
started in the early 1950s, with planned missions typically being stated as taking place between 10 and 30 years from the time they are drafted. The
2938:"NASA, SpaceX Share Data On Supersonic Retropropulsion : Data-sharing deal will help SpaceX land Falcon 9 on Earth and NASA put humans on Mars"
2584:
308:
at Mars could reduce the mass required for a human Mars mission lifting off from Earth by as much as half. As a result, Mars missions have designed
4702:
1131:
673:
problems while on board the
International Space Station, based on a six-month study of 11 healthy astronauts. The results may influence long-term
682:
Psychological effects of isolation from Earth and, by extension, the lack of community due to lack of a real-time connection with Earth (Compare
3197:
2999:
1897:
3648:
658:
2865:
883:
While humans can breathe pure oxygen, usually additional gases such as nitrogen are included in the breathing mix. One possibility is to use
95:
3488:; presented as paper IAC-04-IAA.3.7.2.05, 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver, British Columbia, Oct. 4–8, 2004.
3102:
2749:
1637:
2651:
2553:
2508:
1777:
954:
3377:
2726:
761:
3519:
3526:. 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. 4–7 January 2010, Orlando, Florida.
3412:
2483:
17:
2976:
2606:
3642:
2179:"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight"
1583:
3665:
3505:, January 11–12, 2001, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. LPI Contribution, number 1089. Accessed 11/15/2012.
3273:
2003:"Cosmic kidney disease: an integrated pan-omic, physiological and morphological study into spaceflight-induced renal dysfunction"
783:
654:
3913:
3352:
3000:"A Solution for Medical Needs and Cramped Quarters in Space IVGEN Undergoes Lifetime Testing in Preparation For Future Missions"
4946:
4934:
4929:
3983:
2117:
Axpe, Eneko; Chan, Doreen; Abegaz, Metadel F.; Schreurs, Ann-Sofie; Alwood, Joshua S.; Globus, Ruth K.; Appel, Eric A. (2020).
1534:
898:, but they are hard to separate from each other. As a result, a Mars habitat may use 40% argon, 40% nitrogen, and 20% oxygen.
610:
round-trip. The agency's career radiation limit for astronauts is 1 sievert. In mid-September 2017, NASA reported temporarily
4122:
4107:
2645:
2547:
1620:
4581:
4695:
3838:
2669:
798:
The ESA has a long-term goal to send humans, but has not yet built a crewed spacecraft. It has sent robotic probes such as
2034:
244:
trips, the period is every 26 months (2 years, 2 months), so missions are typically planned to coincide with one of these
4336:
3923:
3658:
3654:
3267:"Ground Truth From Mars (2008) – Mars Sample Return at 6 Kilometers per Second: Practical, Low Cost, Low Risk, and Ready"
181:
as something living on Mars is part of the fiction. Proposals for human missions to Mars have come from agencies such as
3092:"Mars Needs Insects – If humans are ever going to live on the red planet, they're going to have to bring bugs with them"
4576:
3126:
2225:
872:
3327:
3294:
3033:
2276:
2250:
2089:
1342:
4898:
4726:
4205:
3144:
2451:
2178:
743:
110:
1472:
1185:
1505:
749:
121:. The plans for these crews have varied—from scientific expeditions, in which a small group (between two and eight
2937:
1332:, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Chapter 3, pp. 15–16. NASA SP-2001-4521.
5153:
4688:
3858:
2101:
1450:
1264:, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Chapter 3, pp. 18–19. NASA SP-2001-4521.
902:
611:
542:
This article is about the unique medical issues related to a future manned Mars mission. For other articles, see
4803:
3514:
George R. Schmidt, Geoffrey A. Landis, and Steven R. Oleson NASA Glenn
Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44135,
2057:
1756:
4772:
3898:
3735:
3692:
3611:
2356:
Horneck, Gerda (2006). "General human health issues for Moon and Mars missions: Results from the HUMEX study".
583:
3217:
1834:"Death on Mars – The martian radiation environment is a problem for human explorers that cannot be overstated"
4893:
2847:
2583:. Chapter 7, "Return to Mars" – final section: "Should we do away with human missions to sensitive targets".
1121:
1086:
905:. While one carbon dioxide scrubber filters the astronaut's air, the other is vented to the Mars atmosphere.
599:
560:
259:
Several types of mission plans have been proposed, including opposition class and conjunction class, or the
4939:
4876:
4818:
4777:
4311:
1080:
1036:
995:
555:
450:
When an expedition reaches Mars, braking is required to enter orbit. Two options are available: rockets or
5066:
3559:
275:
was proposed, which may reduce fuel cost and provide more flexible launch windows compared to the
Hohmann.
4813:
4541:
4296:
4291:
4200:
3808:
2821:
2576:
913:
If humans are to live on Mars, growing food on Mars may be necessary – with numerous related challenges.
875:(ARED) would be needed in the spaceship but would not fully counteract the loss of bone mineral density.
803:
516:
502:
1805:
1554:
786:
has several robotic missions currently exploring Mars, with a sample-return planned for the future. The
466:, and a survey of the planet to identify suitable landing sites. Major global surveys were conducted by
5106:
4473:
4306:
4177:
4063:
3950:
950:
757:
1833:
1367:
5148:
5061:
4593:
4408:
4100:
3918:
3498:
3091:
3007:
1974:
309:
172:
1302:
462:
Conducting a safe landing requires knowledge of the properties of the atmosphere, first observed by
4511:
4503:
4080:
1157:
1069:
3843:
843:
of the descent vehicle during the supersonic retropropulsion phase of the entry and deceleration.
4856:
3893:
3750:
3437:
3179:, pp. 367–342 (1995); presented at Case for Mars V, Boulder Colorado, 26–29 May 1993; appears in
2909:
2885:"Decades of attempts show how hard it is to land on Mars – here's how we plan to succeed in 2021"
2628:
Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface
1638:"How SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin and others compete in the growing space tourism market"
1420:
840:
603:
564:
559:
Comparison of radiation doses – includes the amount detected on a trip from Earth to Mars by the
3128:
Manned sample return mission to Phobos: A technology demonstration for human exploration of Mars
1708:"Measurements of Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory"
1025:
A similar idea was the proposed "Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations" mission.
156:
has been a goal of national space programs for decades, and was first achieved in 1965 with the
5088:
4283:
4258:
4095:
3998:
3940:
3872:
3760:
2701:"We're sending humans to Mars! Watch our #JourneytoMars briefing live today at 12pm ET: #Orion"
1297:
437:
283:
264:
125:) would visit Mars for a period of a few weeks or more, to a continuous presence (e.g. through
2623:
2525:
650:
5078:
5020:
4977:
4458:
4331:
4142:
4090:
4085:
4068:
3945:
3930:
2007:
1393:
1029:
1011:
764:
622:
206:
190:
67:
2277:"Astronauts experienced reverse blood flow and blood clots on the space station, study says"
1975:"Large solar storm sparks global aurora and doubles radiation levels on the martian surface"
606:
while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011–2012. The calculated radiation dose was 0.66
5083:
5046:
4915:
4493:
4488:
4275:
3515:
3471:
2677:
2400:
2365:
2130:
1918:
1870:
1724:
1669:
1287:
1246:, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. NASA SP-2001-4521.
972:
930:
project, called the "Red Rocks Project", proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.
717:
484:
431:
393:
249:
130:
113:
shows the various mission proposals that have been put forth by multiple organizations and
79:
75:
3172:
3067:
2475:
1658:
Kerr, Richard (31 May 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".
1328:
1260:
1242:
770:
661:. (Depends on mission and spacecraft design.) In November 2019, researchers reported that
590:. In May 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible mission to Mars may involve great
8:
5120:
5051:
4910:
4756:
4669:
4625:
4438:
4048:
4028:
3993:
3745:
3462:
Landis, G. A. (2008). "Teleoperation from Mars Orbit: A Proposal for Human Exploration".
2795:
1838:
1216:
1074:
831:
NASA has stated that robots will prepare an underground base for a human surface mission.
802:
in 2016 and planned to send the next probe in 2022, but the project was suspended due to
385:
291:
221:
The minimum distance between the orbits of Mars and Earth from 2014 to 2061, measured in
160:
153:
71:
3475:
3266:
2968:
2599:
2404:
2369:
2134:
2029:
1874:
1728:
1673:
1292:
957:. Mars sample return was the highest priority Flagship Mission proposed for NASA by the
778:
A number of nations and organizations have long-term intentions to send humans to Mars.
328:
A number of uncrewed spacecraft have landed on the surface of Mars, while some, such as
171:, Mars is a frequent target of exploration and settlement in books, graphic novels, and
5132:
4366:
4075:
3988:
3978:
3727:
3685:
3097:
2670:"Nasa's Orion spacecraft prepares for launch in first step towards crewed Mars mission"
2457:
2391:
Ehlmann, Bethany L. (2005). "Humans to Mars: A feasibility and cost–benefit analysis".
2333:
2323:
2304:
2206:
2153:
2118:
1782:
1748:
1126:
895:
871:
osteoporosis during a human mission to Mars. A resistive exercise device similar to an
791:
787:
731:
634:
587:
222:
31:
3394:
933:
Use of fuel produced from water resources on Phobos or Deimos has also been proposed.
5010:
4951:
4887:
4598:
4535:
4386:
4376:
4263:
4241:
4219:
4157:
4147:
4132:
4058:
4043:
4008:
4003:
3848:
3624:
3616:
3371:
3140:
2700:
2641:
2543:
2447:
2416:
2338:
2309:
2198:
2158:
2002:
1740:
1715:
1685:
1660:
1616:
1033:
999:
859:
835:
Significant technological hurdles need to be overcome for human spaceflight to Mars.
638:
568:
490:
401:
370:
272:
260:
146:
126:
118:
106:
51:
3483:
2461:
2412:
2210:
629:
4850:
4798:
4603:
4528:
4185:
4167:
4152:
4112:
4023:
3935:
3479:
3132:
2631:
2533:
2439:
2408:
2373:
2328:
2318:
2190:
2148:
2138:
2104:
The Independent (UK). By Anthony Cuthbertson. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
2024:
2016:
1955:
1923:
1878:
1732:
1677:
1307:
790:(MPCV) is intended to serve as the launch/splashdown crew delivery vehicle, with a
727:
335:
3538:
1 of 4 Geoffrey Landis – HERRO TeleRobotic Exploration of Mars – Mars Society 2010
2305:"Assessment of Jugular Venous Blood Flow Stasis and Thrombosis During Spaceflight"
1882:
1752:
1681:
815:
752:
have been proposed or studied for human spaceflights to Mars. These have included
5056:
4635:
4588:
4246:
4137:
4033:
4018:
4013:
3965:
3955:
3908:
3903:
3813:
3798:
3773:
3740:
3710:
3523:
3516:
HERRO Missions to Mars and Venus using Telerobotic Surface Exploration from Orbit
3204:
2781:
2777:"'Incredibly brave' Mars colonists could live in red-brick houses, say engineers"
2194:
2143:
2119:"A human mission to Mars: Predicting the bone mineral density loss of astronauts"
753:
423:
365:
338:(2016), have failed what is considered a difficult landing. Among the successes:
253:
168:
164:
774:
Artist's rendering of the planned Orion/DSH/Cryogenic Propulsion Module assembly
530:
One factor reducing the funding needed to place a human presence on Mars may be
4982:
4861:
4751:
4546:
3868:
3823:
3778:
2020:
1810:
1057:
991:
901:
An idea for keeping carbon dioxide out of the breathing air is to use reusable
550:
379:
233:
99:
3536:
3136:
2443:
2377:
5142:
4656:
4424:
4253:
4236:
4228:
4162:
4117:
4038:
3973:
3888:
3803:
3793:
3783:
3678:
3628:
3620:
2577:"When Biospheres Collide – a history of NASA's Planetary Protection Programs"
1902:
1098:
1044:
1007:
531:
520:
245:
142:
138:
134:
3580:
3150:
1959:
1736:
1443:"Making A Trip To Mars Cheaper & Easier: The Case For Ballistic Capture"
5025:
5005:
4987:
4782:
4615:
4610:
4551:
4483:
4463:
4127:
3883:
3828:
3768:
3302:
3041:
2754:
2420:
2342:
2202:
2162:
2058:"Human missions to Mars in doubt after astronaut kidney shrinkage revealed"
1744:
1689:
1312:
1275:
1092:
1063:
1019:
858:
One of the medical supplies that might be needed is a considerable mass of
666:
496:
202:
133:, or other continuous habitation). Some have also considered exploring the
114:
83:
3664:
A longer bibliography can be found in the bibliography of Portree's book,
819:
Depiction of plants growing in a Mars base. NASA plans to grow plants for
5073:
4881:
4871:
4360:
4355:
3818:
2600:"Planetary Protection Knowledge Gaps for Human Extraterrestrial Missions"
2102:
Human missions to Mars in doubt after astronaut kidney shrinkage revealed
1480:
767:, as well as a wide variety of landing, living, and return methodologies.
674:
621:
25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive unexpected
572:
451:
304:
87:
48:
4680:
941:
806:. It is now looking to send the probe in 2028 with assistance from NASA.
278:
39:
5093:
5030:
4468:
4453:
3788:
3718:
2630:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 29 May 2002. p. 37.
2062:
1040:
1003:
820:
677:, including a mission to the planet Mars, according to the researchers.
320:
296:
122:
3413:"Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet"
704:
O (preferably as water ice instead of liquid water) and atmospheric CO
5015:
4620:
4556:
4190:
4053:
2866:"NASA Chief: We're Closer to Sending Humans on Mars Than Ever Before"
2092:, University College of London. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
1555:"A Comparative Study of Aerocapture Missions with a Mars Destination"
1553:
Vaughan, Diane; James, Bonnie F.; Murk, Michelle M. (26 April 2005).
1162:
976:
662:
614:
595:
591:
468:
463:
417:
157:
90:
have been on Mars. The farthest humans have been beyond Earth is the
55:
3878:
3649:
Reference Mission Version 3.0, Addendum to Human Exploration of Mars
1066: – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars
1018:
Starting in 2004, NASA scientists have proposed to explore Mars via
324:
Inserts depict observation and analysis to find a safe landing site.
4924:
4808:
4630:
4342:
4323:
4195:
2750:"Why Obama's "giant leap to Mars" is more of a bunny hop right now"
2636:
2538:
2281:
1979:
959:
Planetary Decadal Survey 2013–2022: The Future of Planetary Science
887:
670:
474:
357:
351:
330:
70:
and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader
2494:
579:
Several key physical challenges exist for human missions to Mars:
217:
4956:
3833:
2226:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions"
980:
799:
607:
409:
229:
177:
1584:"NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars"
4832:
1615:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 306.
1060: – Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
683:
618:
343:
198:
194:
3173:
Footsteps to Mars: an Incremental Approach to Mars Exploration
1859:
4961:
3218:"One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon"
2476:"Queens University Belfast scientist helps NASA Mars project"
1089: – Conceptual design studies for crewed missions to Mars
891:
827:
237:
3248:"Mars Sample Return: bridging robotic and human exploration"
2251:"Breaking News Videos, Story Video and Show Clips – CNN.com"
228:
The energy needed for transfer between planetary orbits, or
4715:
3701:
3322:
3320:
3117:
1186:"Japan Space Agency: Why We're Exploring the Moons of Mars"
241:
186:
182:
91:
63:
1919:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
1329:
Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000
1261:
Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000
1243:
Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000
695:
Potential failure of propulsion or life-support equipment.
290:
In the Crocco grand tour, a crewed spacecraft would get a
4866:
2848:"Crew Members Sample Leafy Greens Grown on Space Station"
2303:
Marshall-Goebel, Karina; et al. (13 November 2019).
44:
3317:
2468:
810:
3670:
3123:
2433:
2302:
1521:
1519:
1506:"To Mars by Flyby-Landing Excursion Mode (FLEM) (1966)"
3177:
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 48
2116:
2090:
Would astronauts’ kidneys survive a roundtrip to Mars?
1898:"Too much radiation for astronauts to make it to Mars"
5104:
3609:
Collins, Michael (November 1988). "Mission to Mars".
3181:
From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies
2175:
1280:
International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration
850:
In 2014, NASA proposed the Mars Ecopoiesis Test Bed.
105:
Conceptual proposals for missions that would involve
3061:
3059:
2624:"5. Potential Hazards of the Biological Environment"
2530:
An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars
2112:
2110:
1778:"Data Point to Radiation Risk for Travelers to Mars"
1516:
734:
to Earth if they become carriers of microorganisms.
3338:
3207:
builds up to "Red Rocks: Explore Mars from Deimos".
1254:
1252:
1212:"Humans don't have to set foot on Mars to visit it"
1077: – Research simulating the environment on Mars
3560:"Time delay between Mars and Earth – Mars Express"
3295:"Science Strategy – NASA Solar System Exploration"
3090:
2936:
2822:"ESA's ExoMars plans depend on NASA contributions"
2723:"NASA's Orion Flight Test and the Journey to Mars"
3245:
3056:
2568:
2107:
5140:
3643:Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission
3034:"The Caves of Mars – Martian Air Breathing Mice"
2597:
1701:
1699:
1653:
1651:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1276:"Mission design options for human Mars missions"
1249:
523:being built and launched by multiple countries.
30:"Man on Mars" redirects here. For the song, see
3615:. Vol. 174, no. 5. pp. 732–764.
3165:
2598:Rummel, J. D.; Race, M. S.; Kminek, G. (2015).
1771:
1769:
1320:
924:
748:Over the past seven decades, a wide variety of
3661:. List of most crewed mission projects to Mars
1910:
1421:"FAST MARS TRANSFERS THROUGH ON-ORBIT STAGING"
1151:
1149:
936:
4696:
3686:
3131:. California: CaltechAUTHORS. pp. 1–20.
2296:
2217:
1966:
1696:
1648:
1541:
1236:
1234:
96:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3185:AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 91,
3082:
2910:"Spinning heat shield for future spacecraft"
2268:
2243:
1797:
1766:
1500:
1498:
1101: – Branch of space physics and aeronomy
2741:
2055:
2049:
2000:
1994:
1938:
1825:
1705:
1146:
1113:
1095: – Advocacy group for Mars exploration
1083: – Longest-running Mars analog habitat
955:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars
163:. Human missions to Mars have been part of
4703:
4689:
3693:
3679:
3241:
3239:
2928:
2526:"7 Planetary Protection for Mars Missions"
2274:
2169:
1231:
1209:
1203:
986:
657:, including bone mineral density loss and
544:Human body in outer space (disambiguation)
263:. The lowest energy transfer to Mars is a
4710:
3503:Science and the Human Exploration of Mars
3499:"Human Mars Mission Contamination Issues"
3491:
3258:
3065:
2916:. University of Manchester. 9 August 2018
2635:
2537:
2332:
2322:
2152:
2142:
2028:
2001:Siew, Keith; et al. (11 June 2024).
1495:
1311:
1301:
1291:
145:. By 2020, virtual visits to Mars, using
3389:
3387:
3198:Deep Space Exploration – Stepping Stones
2997:
2654:from the original on 11 September 2015.
1916:
1706:Zeitlin, C.; et al. (31 May 2013).
1581:
1440:
1385:
990:
940:
826:
814:
769:
633:Artistic vision of spacecraft providing
628:
554:
319:
277:
216:
201:, and space advocacy groups such as the
38:
3608:
3236:
3066:Courtland, Rachel (30 September 2015).
2934:
2574:
2390:
2355:
2275:Strickland, Ashley (15 November 2019).
1944:
1273:
1032:, which ranges from 4 to 24 minutes, a
711:
14:
5141:
4947:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
4930:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
3461:
3376:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3088:
3027:
3025:
2991:
2935:Morring, Frank Jr. (16 October 2014).
2882:
2858:
2845:
2747:
2556:from the original on 11 September 2015
2532:. The National Academies Press. 2007.
2486:from the original on 5 November 2023.
1831:
1635:
1610:
1274:Wooster, Paul D.; et al. (2007).
1210:Von Drehle, David (15 December 2020).
478:and two orbiters, which supported the
232:, is lowest at intervals fixed by the
4684:
3674:
3384:
3264:
3105:from the original on 28 November 2023
2819:
2612:from the original on 8 November 2023.
2587:from the original on 17 October 2022.
2056:Cuthbertson, Anthony (12 June 2024).
1972:
1895:
1803:
1775:
1636:Sheetz, Michael (26 September 2020).
1606:
1604:
1418:
1134:from the original on 25 February 2024
811:Technological innovations and hurdles
708:with sufficiently mature technology.
2966:
2698:
2502:"COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy"
2223:
1917:Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014).
1832:Scharf, Calib A. (20 January 2020).
1657:
1582:Anderson, Gina (28 September 2015).
1183:
1155:
1120:Rich, Nathaniel (25 February 2024).
1119:
737:
312:and landers capable of aerobraking.
302:In the 1980s, it was suggested that
74:. Long-term proposals have included
3022:
1441:Williams, Matt (28 December 2014).
916:
903:amine-bead carbon dioxide scrubbers
167:since the 1880s, and more broadly,
24:
3602:
3265:Jones, S. M.; et al. (2008).
3089:Scoles, Sarah (27 November 2023).
3031:
2979:from the original on 9 August 2020
2883:Coates, Andrew (2 December 2016).
2846:Rainey, Kristine (7 August 2015).
2324:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15011
1896:Shiga, David (16 September 2009).
1613:The Scientific Exploration of Mars
1601:
1028:In order to reduce communications
873:Advanced Resistive Exercise Device
866:Advanced resistive exercise device
445:
315:
25:
5165:
4727:List of crewed Mars mission plans
3666:available in pdf format from NASA
3636:
3078:from the original on 2 July 2017.
2070:from the original on 13 June 2024
2037:from the original on 13 June 2024
1400:. Bonnier Corporation. March 1964
744:List of crewed Mars mission plans
567:(2011–2013). Vertical axis is in
482:landers. Later orbiters, such as
212:
111:list of crewed Mars mission plans
5126:
5114:
4831:
4663:
4652:
4651:
2820:Foust, Jeff (29 November 2022).
2748:Berger, Eric (12 October 2016).
2575:Meltzer, Michael (31 May 2012).
2507:. 24 March 2011 . Archived from
1973:Scott, Jim (30 September 2017).
1449:. Universe Today. Archived from
1343:"Hohmann transfer orbit diagram"
1022:from human astronauts in orbit.
788:Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
723:but possibly the planet itself.
617:on the surface of Mars, with an
3573:
3552:
3529:
3508:
3484:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.12.049
3455:
3430:
3417:NASA's Mars Exploration Program
3405:
3287:
3210:
3190:
3068:"Suiting Up for the Red Planet"
2960:
2902:
2876:
2839:
2813:
2788:
2769:
2715:
2692:
2662:
2616:
2591:
2518:
2427:
2413:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.010
2384:
2349:
2095:
2082:
1889:
1853:
1804:Regis, Ed (21 September 2015).
1629:
1575:
1465:
1434:
1412:
1360:
4773:Austere Human Missions to Mars
2998:Giannone, Mike (10 May 2012).
2725:. NASA website. Archived from
2436:2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference
2224:Puiu, Tibi (9 November 2011).
1776:Chang, Kenneth (30 May 2013).
1335:
1267:
1177:
584:Health threat from cosmic rays
457:
62:The idea of sending humans to
43:Concept for a Mars base, with
13:
1:
4894:Mars Design Reference Mission
3299:NASA Solar System Exploration
2967:Hall, Loura (24 March 2017).
1883:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.12.008
1682:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031
1156:Wall, Mike (27 August 2019).
1106:
1087:Mars Design Reference Mission
1039:has been proposed to control
1014:of controlling it from Earth.
945:Sample return mission concept
600:radiation assessment detector
4877:Space Exploration Initiative
4819:Vision for Space Exploration
4778:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
4108:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
3651:Design Reference Mission 3.0
3645:Design Reference Mission 1.0
3548:– via www.youtube.com.
2195:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021
2144:10.1371/journal.pone.0226434
1081:Mars Desert Research Station
979:mission, was launched on an
925:Missions to Deimos or Phobos
804:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
596:energetic particle radiation
7:
4542:Inspiration Mars Foundation
1419:Folta; et al. (2012).
1050:
996:Mars orbital command module
937:Mars sample return missions
692:Lack of medical facilities.
647:to during a Mars mission)."
517:International Space Station
503:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
10:
5170:
4577:Artificial objects on Mars
2969:"Mars Ecopoiesis Test Bed"
2358:Advances in Space Research
2021:10.1038/s41467-024-49212-1
1184:JAXA (20 September 2021).
951:Mars sample return mission
741:
715:
548:
541:
537:
509:
149:, had also been proposed.
82:. Currently, only robotic
29:
5039:
4996:
4970:
4909:
4840:
4829:
4791:
4765:
4744:
4735:
4722:
4646:
4594:List of films set on Mars
4569:
4520:
4502:
4446:
4437:
4417:
4409:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
4401:
4322:
4274:
4227:
4218:
4206:Classical albedo features
4176:
3964:
3857:
3759:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3137:10.1109/AERO.2014.6836251
2444:10.1109/AERO.2005.1559325
2378:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.077
310:interplanetary spacecraft
18:Human exploration of Mars
4512:List of missions to Mars
3700:
3655:Mars expeditions, flybys
2699:NASA (2 December 2014).
1806:"Let's Not Move To Mars"
1611:Taylor, Fredric (2010).
1070:List of missions to Mars
983:rocket on 30 July 2020.
655:prolonged weightlessness
152:Meanwhile, the uncrewed
66:has been the subject of
4857:Martian Piloted Complex
4670:Solar System portal
3246:European Space Agency.
1960:10.1002/scin.5591831304
1737:10.1126/science.1235989
987:Crewed orbital missions
604:Mars Science Laboratory
80:terraforming the planet
5154:Human missions to Mars
5089:Mars atmospheric entry
4284:Solar eclipses on Mars
4143:"Swiss cheese" feature
3999:Concentric crater fill
1863:Radiation Measurements
1372:Jim Wilson's Home Page
1313:10.1555/mars.2007.0002
1047:without long latency.
1015:
946:
832:
824:
775:
651:Adverse health effects
642:
637:by spinning (see also
576:
325:
287:
284:Hubble Space Telescope
265:Hohmann transfer orbit
225:
59:
5079:Mars orbit rendezvous
5021:Mars Excursion Module
4978:Caves of Mars Project
4804:Constellation program
3171:Geoffrey A. Landis, "
2800:The Planetary Society
2008:Nature Communications
1347:The Planetary Society
1326:David S. F. Portree.
1258:David S. F. Portree.
1240:David S. F. Portree,
994:
944:
830:
818:
773:
750:mission architectures
632:
558:
323:
282:Three views of Mars,
281:
220:
207:The Planetary Society
191:European Space Agency
102:which ended in 1972.
68:aerospace engineering
42:
5084:Terraforming of Mars
5047:Colonization of Mars
4484:Permanent settlement
3328:"Mars Sample Return"
2678:The Associated Press
2438:. pp. 319–338.
1531:Spaceflight.nasa.gov
1037:Mars orbital station
718:Planetary protection
712:Planetary protection
665:experienced serious
485:Mars Global Surveyor
5052:Exploration of Mars
4757:SpaceX Mars program
4626:Timekeeping on Mars
4303:Planetary transits
4288:Satellite transits
4201:Observation history
4049:Lobate debris apron
3612:National Geographic
3585:www.astronautix.com
3476:2008AcAau..62...59L
3358:on 17 November 2015
3187:pp. 339–350 (1997).
2405:2005AcAau..56..851E
2370:2006AdSpR..37..100H
2135:2020PLoSO..1526434A
1875:2006RadM...41.1152S
1869:(9–10): 1152–1157.
1839:Scientific American
1729:2013Sci...340.1080Z
1723:(6136): 1080–1084.
1674:2013Sci...340.1031K
1453:on 30 November 2015
1391:Wernher von Braun,
1293:2007IJMSE...3...12W
1217:The Washington Post
1075:Mars analog habitat
847:will be difficult.
659:eyesight impairment
175:. The concept of a
154:exploration of Mars
147:haptic technologies
72:exploration of Mars
3522:2013-05-13 at the
3203:2022-02-07 at the
3183:, R. Zubrin, ed.,
3153:on 22 October 2015
3098:The New York Times
2729:on 2 December 2014
2088:Dr. Matt Midgley,
1783:The New York Times
1483:on 1 December 2017
1368:"Homann Transfers"
1127:The New York Times
1016:
947:
896:atmosphere of Mars
833:
825:
792:Deep Space Habitat
776:
732:back contamination
643:
635:artificial gravity
588:ionizing radiation
577:
326:
288:
226:
223:astronomical units
60:
32:Man on Mars (song)
5102:
5101:
5011:Crewed Mars rover
4952:Concordia Station
4888:The Case for Mars
4827:
4826:
4678:
4677:
4631:Sol (day on Mars)
4599:Martian scientist
4582:Memorials on Mars
4565:
4564:
4536:The Case for Mars
4433:
4432:
4214:
4213:
4148:Terrain softening
4113:Ring mold craters
4081:North Polar Basin
4004:Dark slope streak
3849:Vastitas Borealis
3746:Dust devil tracks
3497:M. L. Lupisella,
3464:Acta Astronautica
2785:(April 27, 2017).
2680:. 1 December 2014
2647:978-0-309-08426-0
2549:978-0-309-10851-5
2399:(9–12): 851–858.
2393:Acta Astronautica
2310:JAMA Network Open
2189:(10): 2058–2069.
1622:978-0-521-82956-4
1537:on 2 August 2007.
1527:"Photo-s88_35629"
1394:"Popular Science"
860:intravenous fluid
854:Intravenous fluid
738:Mission proposals
639:Centrifugal force
569:logarithmic scale
519:and the proposed
491:2001 Mars Odyssey
441:helicopter – 2021
273:ballistic capture
127:research stations
119:space exploration
117:in this field of
94:, under the U.S.
27:Proposed concepts
16:(Redirected from
5161:
5149:Missions to Mars
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5110:
4851:The Mars Project
4835:
4814:Inspiration Mars
4799:Aurora programme
4742:
4741:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4529:The Mars Project
4444:
4443:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4225:
4224:
4086:Ocean hypothesis
3936:Outflow channels
3724:
3723:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3632:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3533:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3438:"Launch Windows"
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3351:. Archived from
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3301:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3194:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:. Archived from
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3040:. Archived from
3032:Murphy, Denise.
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:on 12 April 2016
3006:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2889:The Conversation
2880:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2541:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2514:on 6 March 2013.
2513:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:micro-organisms.
2472:
2466:
2465:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2317:(11): e1915011.
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2177:(October 2011).
2173:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2032:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1762:on 7 March 2019.
1761:
1755:. Archived from
1712:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1533:. Archived from
1523:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1117:
917:Related missions
841:attitude control
728:human microbiota
615:radiation levels
598:measured by the
336:Schiaparelli EDM
76:sending settlers
21:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5035:
4998:
4992:
4966:
4913:
4905:
4842:
4836:
4823:
4787:
4761:
4737:
4731:
4718:
4709:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4642:
4636:Darian calendar
4561:
4516:
4498:
4429:
4413:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4318:
4270:
4264:Voltaire crater
4242:Stickney crater
4210:
4172:
4014:Fretted terrain
3960:
3860:
3853:
3814:Sinus Meridiani
3799:Planum Australe
3774:Cerberus (Mars)
3755:
3713:
3711:Outline of Mars
3704:
3699:
3659:selected flybys
3639:
3605:
3603:Further reading
3600:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3524:Wayback Machine
3513:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:"Archived copy"
3344:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3305:on 21 July 2011
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3224:. 20 April 2011
3216:
3215:
3211:
3205:Wayback Machine
3195:
3191:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3087:
3083:
3064:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3044:on 24 July 2007
3030:
3023:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2881:
2877:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2796:"ExoMars rover"
2794:
2793:
2789:
2782:The Independent
2775:Johnston, Ian.
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2648:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2482:. 23 May 2014.
2474:
2473:
2469:
2454:
2432:
2428:
2389:
2385:
2354:
2350:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2174:
2170:
2129:(1): e0226434.
2115:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1656:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1303:10.1.1.524.7644
1272:
1268:
1257:
1250:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1053:
989:
939:
927:
919:
879:Breathing gases
813:
746:
740:
720:
714:
707:
703:
553:
547:
540:
512:
460:
448:
446:Orbital capture
366:Mars Pathfinder
334:(2003) and the
318:
316:Landing on Mars
215:
165:science fiction
107:human explorers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5136:
5135:
5123:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:Mars Institute
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:Mars Base Camp
4748:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4659:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Mars Institute
4544:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Seasonal flows
4120:
4118:Rootless cones
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Valley network
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:Observed rocks
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3844:Ultimi Scopuli
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Terra Cimmeria
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3652:
3646:
3638:
3637:External links
3635:
3634:
3633:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3572:
3551:
3528:
3507:
3490:
3454:
3429:
3404:
3399:Spacedaily.com
3395:"Next On Mars"
3383:
3337:
3316:
3286:
3257:
3235:
3209:
3189:
3164:
3145:
3116:
3081:
3055:
3021:
2990:
2959:
2927:
2901:
2875:
2857:
2838:
2812:
2787:
2768:
2740:
2714:
2691:
2661:
2646:
2637:10.17226/10360
2615:
2590:
2567:
2548:
2539:10.17226/11937
2517:
2493:
2467:
2452:
2426:
2383:
2364:(1): 100–108.
2348:
2295:
2267:
2242:
2230:Zmescience.com
2216:
2168:
2106:
2094:
2081:
2048:
1993:
1965:
1937:
1909:
1888:
1852:
1824:
1811:New York Times
1796:
1765:
1695:
1668:(6136): 1031.
1647:
1628:
1621:
1600:
1574:
1540:
1515:
1494:
1464:
1433:
1411:
1384:
1359:
1334:
1319:
1266:
1248:
1230:
1202:
1176:
1145:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:Delta-v budget
1054:
1052:
1049:
988:
985:
938:
935:
926:
923:
918:
915:
911:
910:
881:
880:
868:
867:
856:
855:
812:
809:
808:
807:
796:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
679:
678:
648:
627:
626:
594:risk based on
551:Space medicine
549:Main article:
539:
536:
511:
508:
459:
456:
447:
444:
443:
442:
428:
414:
406:
398:
390:
376:
362:
348:
317:
314:
246:launch periods
234:synodic period
214:
213:Travel to Mars
211:
115:space agencies
100:Apollo program
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5166:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4834:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:Human mission
4706:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Human mission
4477:
4475:
4474:Sample return
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:Mars-crossers
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Tharsis bulge
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Ore resources
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Chaos terrain
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Brain terrain
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Chaos terrain
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Planum Boreum
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Olympia Undae
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Eridania Lake
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3561:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3443:
3442:mars.nasa.gov
3439:
3433:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3146:9781479955824
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3072:IEEE Spectrum
3069:
3062:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2944:
2943:Aviation Week
2939:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2870:Marsdaily.com
2867:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2702:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:0-7803-8870-4
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Ophthalmology
2180:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1903:New Scientist
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1562:Ntrs.nasa.gov
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1099:Space weather
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1045:Mars aircraft
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1008:Mars aircraft
1005:
1001:
1000:Manned module
997:
993:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
934:
931:
922:
914:
908:
907:
906:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
886:
878:
877:
876:
874:
865:
864:
863:
861:
853:
852:
851:
848:
844:
842:
836:
829:
822:
817:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:United States
781:
780:
779:
772:
768:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
735:
733:
729:
724:
719:
709:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
644:
640:
636:
631:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
605:
602:(RAD) on the
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
552:
545:
535:
533:
532:space tourism
528:
524:
522:
521:Lunar Gateway
518:
507:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
477:
476:
472:
470:
465:
455:
453:
440:
439:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
420:
419:
415:
413:lander – 2018
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
399:
397:lander – 2008
396:
395:
391:
389:rovers – 2004
388:
387:
382:
381:
377:
374:
373:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
340:
339:
337:
333:
332:
322:
313:
311:
307:
306:
300:
298:
293:
285:
280:
276:
274:
268:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
248:. Due to the
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Martian moons
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5121:Solar System
5006:Mars habitat
4988:Mars Society
4911:Mars analogs
4886:
4849:
4841:20th-century
4783:Mars to Stay
4736:21st-century
4711:
4616:Life on Mars
4611:Flag of Mars
4552:Mars Society
4534:
4527:
4494:Terraforming
4489:Colonization
4478:
4259:Swift crater
4101:polar wander
3829:Terra Sabaea
3769:Arabia Terra
3610:
3588:. Retrieved
3584:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3537:
3531:
3510:
3502:
3493:
3470:(1): 59–65.
3467:
3463:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3416:
3407:
3398:
3360:. Retrieved
3353:the original
3340:
3331:
3307:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3298:
3289:
3279:30 September
3277:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3226:. Retrieved
3221:
3212:
3196:Larry Page.
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:the original
3127:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3096:
3084:
3071:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3037:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
3003:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2972:
2962:
2953:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:ScienceDaily
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2790:
2780:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:Ars Technica
2753:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2674:The Guardian
2673:
2664:
2655:
2627:
2618:
2593:
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2509:the original
2496:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2435:
2429:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2314:
2308:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2280:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2219:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2126:
2122:
2097:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2012:
2006:
1996:
1986:30 September
1984:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1951:
1948:Science News
1947:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:
1901:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1817:22 September
1815:. Retrieved
1809:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1781:
1757:the original
1720:
1714:
1665:
1659:
1641:
1631:
1612:
1593:28 September
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1535:the original
1530:
1509:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1446:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1397:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1241:
1221:. Retrieved
1215:
1205:
1195:25 September
1193:. Retrieved
1190:SciTechDaily
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1161:
1136:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1093:Mars Society
1064:Life on Mars
1027:
1024:
1020:telepresence
1017:
1010:without the
973:Perseverance
970:
967:
963:
958:
949:An uncrewed
948:
932:
928:
920:
912:
909:Growing food
900:
884:
882:
869:
857:
849:
845:
837:
834:
777:
747:
725:
721:
698:
578:
573:solar flares
529:
525:
513:
501:
497:Mars Express
495:
489:
483:
479:
473:
467:
461:
449:
436:
432:Perseverance
430:
427:rover – 2021
422:
416:
408:
405:rover – 2012
400:
392:
384:
378:
375:rover – 1997
371:
364:
356:
350:
342:
329:
327:
303:
301:
289:
269:
261:Crocco flyby
258:
254:Mars's orbit
250:eccentricity
227:
203:Mars Society
176:
151:
131:colonization
104:
61:
36:
5133:Spaceflight
5074:Mars cycler
5026:Mars lander
4882:Mars Direct
4872:Ride Report
4439:Exploration
4361:5261 Eureka
4029:Groundwater
3994:Composition
3819:Tempe Terra
3809:Quadrangles
3736:Circulation
3447:19 February
3422:19 February
3109:28 November
2288:22 November
1930:12 February
1223:16 December
1138:25 February
1002:to control
675:spaceflight
623:solar storm
563:inside the
458:Survey work
452:aerocapture
421:lander and
386:Opportunity
305:aerobraking
49:pressurized
5143:Categories
5094:Mars flyby
5040:Miscellany
5031:Mars rover
4096:Polar caps
4076:Mud cracks
4059:Meteorites
4044:Lava tubes
3979:Carbonates
3914:Labyrinthi
3789:Iani Chaos
3728:Atmosphere
3362:5 November
3309:3 November
3157:3 November
2948:18 October
2761:12 October
2733:1 December
2707:2 December
2684:3 December
2235:9 February
2063:Yahoo News
1845:20 January
1487:3 November
1398:google.com
1107:References
971:The rover
821:space food
765:propulsion
716:See also:
667:blood flow
663:astronauts
586:and other
435:rover and
297:Mars flyby
169:in fiction
123:astronauts
56:Mars suits
5016:Mars suit
4843:proposals
4738:proposals
4621:Sub-Earth
4604:Mythology
4557:Mars race
4324:Asteroids
4220:Astronomy
4191:Hesperian
4186:Amazonian
4158:Volcanism
4133:Spherules
4054:Marsquake
4009:Dichotomy
3924:by height
3919:Mountains
3719:Geography
3629:643483454
3621:0027-9358
3581:"Marpost"
3222:Space.com
3038:High Mars
2826:SpaceNews
2703:. Twitter
1954:(13): 8.
1298:CiteSeerX
1169:27 August
1163:Space.com
977:Mars 2020
894:from the
592:radiation
469:Mariner 9
464:Mariner 4
438:Ingenuity
418:Tianwen-1
402:Curiosity
372:Sojourner
158:Mariner 4
4999:concepts
4997:Hardware
4971:Advocacy
4925:MARS-500
4809:Mars One
4657:Category
4521:Advocacy
4504:Missions
4447:Concepts
4276:Transits
4247:Monolith
4196:Noachian
4168:Yardangs
4064:on Earth
4024:Glaciers
3869:"Canals"
3861:features
3859:Physical
3520:Archived
3372:cite web
3201:Archived
3103:Archived
3076:Archived
2977:Archived
2920:24 April
2894:24 April
2852:Nasa.gov
2831:10 April
2805:10 April
2652:Archived
2607:Archived
2585:Archived
2554:Archived
2484:Archived
2480:BBC News
2462:25429680
2421:15835029
2343:31722025
2282:CNN News
2211:13965518
2203:21849212
2163:31967993
2123:PLOS ONE
2068:Archived
2035:Archived
2030:11167060
2015:(4923).
1980:Phys.org
1745:23723233
1690:23723213
1567:16 March
1473:"Crocco"
1428:Usra.edu
1377:27 March
1352:27 March
1132:Archived
1051:See also
888:nitrogen
762:electric
754:chemical
671:clotting
608:sieverts
475:Viking 1
369:and its
358:Viking 2
352:Viking 1
5107:Portals
5057:Fiction
4957:HI-SEAS
4766:Passive
4589:Fiction
4570:Related
4464:Landing
4459:Orbiter
4418:General
4387:2007 NS
4377:1999 UJ
4367:1998 VF
4356:Trojans
4343:2007 WD
4332:Impacts
4312:Mercury
4178:History
4138:Surface
4069:on Mars
4034:Gullies
4019:Geysers
3966:Geology
3956:Gravity
3951:Valleys
3904:Gullies
3894:Craters
3884:Catenae
3879:Canyons
3834:Tharsis
3779:Cydonia
3761:Regions
3751:Methane
3741:Climate
3472:Bibcode
3332:Esa.int
3252:Esa.int
3228:12 June
3048:12 June
3014:12 June
2983:5 March
2560:12 June
2401:Bibcode
2366:Bibcode
2334:6902784
2260:12 June
2154:6975633
2131:Bibcode
2074:13 June
2041:13 June
1906:(2726).
1871:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1716:Science
1670:Bibcode
1661:Science
1457:12 June
1404:12 June
1288:Bibcode
1030:latency
1012:latency
981:Atlas V
885:in situ
800:ExoMars
758:nuclear
612:doubled
538:Medical
510:Funding
424:Zhurong
410:InSight
394:Phoenix
331:Beagle2
230:delta-v
178:Martian
98:(NASA)
84:landers
5067:novels
4862:Aelita
4792:Former
4745:Active
4661:
4650:
4402:Comets
4297:Deimos
4292:Phobos
4254:Deimos
4237:Phobos
3941:Plains
3909:Mensae
3899:Fossae
3657:, and
3627:
3619:
3590:13 May
3565:13 May
3544:13 May
3143:
2644:
2546:
2460:
2450:
2419:
2341:
2331:
2209:
2201:
2161:
2151:
2027:
1789:31 May
1753:604569
1751:
1743:
1688:
1619:
1477:Tdf.it
1300:
1286:: 12.
1041:robots
1034:manned
1004:robots
760:, and
684:Hermit
619:aurora
500:, and
480:Viking
380:Spirit
361:– 1976
347:– 1971
344:Mars 3
286:, 1997
236:. For
199:SpaceX
195:Boeing
189:, the
143:Deimos
139:Phobos
88:rovers
58:, 2016
54:, and
47:home,
5062:films
4962:NEEMO
4935:FMARS
4469:Rover
4454:Flyby
4425:Orbit
4307:Earth
4229:Moons
4163:Water
4039:Lakes
3989:Color
3839:Undae
3356:(PDF)
3349:(PDF)
3270:(PDF)
2610:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2458:S2CID
2207:S2CID
1924:Wired
1760:(PDF)
1749:S2CID
1711:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1510:Wired
1424:(PDF)
892:argon
292:flyby
238:Earth
173:films
161:flyby
52:rover
4940:MDRS
4916:list
4716:Mars
4128:Soil
3873:list
3702:Mars
3625:OCLC
3617:ISSN
3592:2024
3567:2024
3546:2024
3449:2021
3424:2021
3378:link
3364:2015
3311:2015
3281:2012
3274:USRA
3230:2015
3159:2015
3141:ISBN
3111:2023
3050:2015
3016:2015
3004:NASA
2985:2018
2973:NASA
2950:2014
2922:2021
2896:2021
2833:2023
2807:2023
2763:2016
2735:2014
2709:2014
2686:2014
2642:ISBN
2581:NASA
2562:2015
2544:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2417:PMID
2339:PMID
2290:2019
2262:2015
2237:2012
2199:PMID
2159:PMID
2076:2024
2043:2024
1988:2017
1932:2014
1847:2020
1819:2015
1791:2013
1741:PMID
1686:PMID
1642:CNBC
1617:ISBN
1595:2020
1588:NASA
1569:2019
1489:2015
1459:2015
1406:2015
1379:2018
1354:2018
1225:2020
1197:2021
1171:2019
1140:2024
1043:and
1006:and
890:and
782:The
669:and
383:and
355:and
242:Mars
205:and
187:CNSA
183:NASA
141:and
92:Moon
86:and
78:and
64:Mars
4899:3.0
4867:TMK
4714:to
3480:doi
3175:",
3133:doi
2632:doi
2534:doi
2440:doi
2409:doi
2374:doi
2329:PMC
2319:doi
2255:CNN
2191:doi
2187:118
2149:PMC
2139:doi
2025:PMC
2017:doi
1956:doi
1952:183
1879:doi
1733:doi
1721:340
1678:doi
1666:340
1447:io9
1308:doi
653:of
565:MSL
561:RAD
299:.)
252:of
137:of
45:ice
5145::
4369:31
3623:.
3583:.
3518:,
3501:,
3478:.
3468:62
3466:.
3440:.
3415:.
3397:.
3386:^
3374:}}
3370:{{
3330:.
3319:^
3297:.
3272:.
3250:.
3238:^
3220:.
3139:.
3101:.
3095:.
3074:.
3070:.
3058:^
3036:.
3024:^
3002:.
2975:.
2971:.
2952:.
2941:.
2912:.
2887:.
2868:.
2850:.
2824:.
2798:.
2779:,
2752:.
2676:.
2672:.
2650:.
2640:.
2626:.
2605:.
2579:.
2552:.
2542:.
2528:.
2478:.
2456:.
2446:.
2415:.
2407:.
2397:56
2395:.
2372:.
2362:37
2360:.
2337:.
2327:.
2313:.
2307:.
2279:.
2253:.
2228:.
2205:.
2197:.
2185:.
2181:.
2157:.
2147:.
2137:.
2127:15
2125:.
2121:.
2109:^
2066:.
2060:.
2033:.
2023:.
2013:15
2011:.
2005:.
1977:.
1950:.
1921:.
1900:.
1877:.
1867:41
1865:.
1836:.
1808:.
1780:.
1768:^
1747:.
1739:.
1731:.
1719:.
1713:.
1698:^
1684:.
1676:.
1664:.
1650:^
1640:.
1603:^
1586:.
1560:.
1543:^
1529:.
1518:^
1508:.
1497:^
1475:.
1445:.
1426:.
1396:.
1370:.
1345:.
1306:.
1296:.
1282:.
1278:.
1251:^
1233:^
1214:.
1188:.
1160:.
1148:^
1130:.
1124:.
998:;
756:,
686:).
494:,
488:,
209:.
197:,
193:,
185:,
129:,
5109::
4918:)
4914:(
4704:e
4697:t
4690:v
4389:2
4379:7
4346:5
3875:)
3871:(
3694:e
3687:t
3680:v
3631:.
3594:.
3569:.
3486:.
3482::
3474::
3451:.
3426:.
3401:.
3380:)
3366:.
3334:.
3313:.
3283:.
3254:.
3232:.
3161:.
3135::
3113:.
3052:.
3018:.
2987:.
2924:.
2898:.
2872:.
2854:.
2835:.
2809:.
2765:.
2737:.
2711:.
2688:.
2634::
2564:.
2536::
2464:.
2442::
2423:.
2411::
2403::
2380:.
2376::
2368::
2345:.
2321::
2315:2
2292:.
2264:.
2239:.
2213:.
2193::
2165:.
2141::
2133::
2078:.
2045:.
2019::
1990:.
1962:.
1958::
1934:.
1885:.
1881::
1873::
1849:.
1821:.
1793:.
1735::
1727::
1692:.
1680::
1672::
1644:.
1625:.
1597:.
1571:.
1512:.
1491:.
1461:.
1430:.
1408:.
1381:.
1356:.
1316:.
1310::
1290::
1284:3
1227:.
1199:.
1173:.
1142:.
823:.
706:2
702:2
700:H
641:)
625:.
575:.
546:.
471:,
240:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
