524:. This is particularly emphasized in the works of Cicero and Seneca. In this context, benevolence drives the idea of humaneness and is understood as a feeling either of love or tenderness that makes "someone willing to participate, at the level of feeling, in whatever is human." Such participation entails a willingness to engage both in human suffering and joy. This was echoed in the Kantian position on love, which cited a so-called rational benevolence driven by natural sympathetic joy and pity.
1100:, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (
492:
is a broad concept he defines variously as the gradual fulfillment of best human potential, the achievement of reason and fairness in all classes and in all affairs of men, and the joint product of the creative actions of legislators, poets, artists, philosophers, inventors, and educators through the
280:
alongside and drew a sketch of a lamp or candle. The Liège manuscript is lost and so is
Petrarch's copy, but Petrarch's copy "can be shown to be behind all but one of the later manuscripts" and preserves Petrarch's marginal annotations. Petrarch, in many respects a Medieval man, regretted that Cicero
502:
each age and every people embody ideals and capacities peculiar to themselves, thus allowing a fuller and more complete expression of the multiform potentialities of humankind than could otherwise occur. Herder expressly denied that one people or civilization was better than another. They were just
351:
was confident of his worth, courteous to others, decent in his social conduct, and active in his political role. He was a man, moreover, who faced life with courageous skepticism: he knows that the consolations of popular religion are for more credulous beings than himself, that life is uncertain,
497:
Although Herder is considered the originator of ethnic nationalism, he was no chauvinist. He maintained that each person loves his own nation, family, language, and customs not because they are better than other peoples' but because they are his. Love for one's own individuality ought to lead to
653:, for centuries erroneously attributed to Cicero but which in fact predates him. However, the concept was most fully elaborated by Cicero, who uses the word 299 times, accounting for about half of the 463 occurrences in all the other Classical Latin writers together. See Renato Oniga,
1096:, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant
527:
Others have also discussed benevolence in modern humanism. Max
Scheler, for example, used it in his discourse on sympathy. In one of his works, he linked benevolence and the concept of "fellow-feeling," which allows self-love, self-centred choice, solipsism, and
1040:: If a Hebrew desires to marry a heathen slave, he shall cut her hair and her nails. In like manner the Christian who loves secular learning shall purify it from all errors. Then it is worthy to serve God." St. Augustine "in his allegorical exposition of
632:
695:
romana sta propriamente nell’essere l’altra faccia di un insieme ordinato di valori molto precisi e severi, che facevano parte del codice di comportamento del cittadino romano fin dalle origini, e sono pressoché intraducibili in greco: la
246:
These studies nourish youth, entertain old age, enhance prosperity, offer refuge and solace too in adversity, delight us at home, not hindering us out of doors, spend the night with us, go abroad, and live in the countryside.
498:
respect for that of others. For Herder, the image of God was imprinted in each human being, along with an internal impulse for self-improvement and growth. Historian
William McNeil writes that Herder boldly proclaimed that:
757:
is that it constitutes one of the aspects of an orderly complex of very distinct and severe values that had been part of the code of conduct of a Roman citizen from the outset and are virtually untranslatable in Greek:
1048:: When they went out of Egypt the Israelites took gold and silver vessels with them, thus the Christian must rid pagan learning of what is superfluous and pernicious, that he may place it in the service of truth." See
919:
excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole
602:"For what weight of character, what firmness, magnanimity, probity, good faith, what surpassing virtue of any type, has been found in any people to such a degree as to make them the equals of our ancestors?" (
122:
to possess a collection of virtues of character suitable both for an active life of public service and a decent and fulfilling private life; these would include a fund of learning acquired from the study of
129:("good letters", i.e., classical literature, especially poetry), which would also be a source of continuing cultivation and pleasure in leisure and retirement, youth and old age, and good and bad fortune.
238:
Haec studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur.
532:
to finally be wholly overcome. Scheler equated benevolence with humanitarianism, explaining that these concepts — along with fellow-feeling — embrace all men, "simply because they are men."
301:, who taught that Greek and Roman learning and literature were gifts of God and models of excellence, provided, of course, they were filtered and purified in order to serve Christianity.
1036:
For example, Ernst Robert
Curtius recounts that "St. Jerome furnished the Middle Ages with an oft repeated argument for utilizing antique learning in the service of Christianity: In
599:
Quae enim tanta gravitas, quae tanta constantia, magnitudo animi, probitas, fides, quae tam excellens in omni genere virtus in ullis fuit, ut sit cum maioribus nostris comparanda?
150:, it was particularly applicable to guiding the proper exercise of power over others. Hence Cicero's advice to his brother that "if fate had given you authority over Africans or
431:
hoped they possessed in good measure: modesty, self-control, manliness, beneficence, practicality, generosity, rationality, tolerance, and obedience to the dictates of nature.
548:
and constituted one of the bases for its position that nationality and religion do not matter, only universal humanity. Some orders of
Freemasonry are called "Humanitas".
913:), but also increased its actual scope, content, and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The
1909:
376:". Virtue, Cicero insisted, is nothing but nature perfected and developed to its highest point, and there is therefore a resemblance between man and God: "
345:
was a style of thought, not a formal doctrine. It asserted man's importance as a cultivated being, in control of his moral universe. The man who practiced
281:
had not been a
Christian and believed that he certainly would have been one had he not died before the birth of Jesus. To Petrarch and the Renaissance
3053:
1022:
1774:
2059:
293:
was not seen as in conflict with
Christianity or a Christian education. In this they followed the fifth century Church fathers such as
352:
and that sturdy pessimism is superior to self-deceptive optimism. Man becomes man as he refines himself; he even becomes godlike: “
2106:
1861:
1846:
1856:
1827:
1784:
1408:
1107:). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See
1101:
603:
2091:
984:
He marked details in it, sometimes because related things had struck him elsewhere in his reading of ancient literature
643:(1.1.3), where Caesar calls the tribe of the Belgae the bravest, because farthest away from Romanized Southern France (
1959:
1799:
1374:
1349:
1321:
1296:
379:
Est autem virtus nihil aliud quam in se perfecta et ad summum perducta natura; est igitur homini cum deo similitudio
3048:
810:
subsumed all these values... simultaneously blurring their outlines, rendering them less rigid and more universal.
2401:
1904:
1752:
744:
riassumeva in sé tuttiquesti valori... ma nello stesso tempo li sfumava, li rendeva meno rigidi e più universali.
2044:
1779:
1092:, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of
967:
provided classical scholarship in the
Renaissance with its charter of foundation. In Petrarch's attention to
419:
elaborated a veritable catalog of qualities which, all together, made up the virtues which Cicero had called
206:, which were understood during the Renaissance as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.
358:,” wrote Pliny, translating a Greek Stoic, “To help man is man's true God.” Finally, the man who practiced
160:
to be concerned about their comforts, their needs, and their safety." Echoing Cicero over a century later,
899:
Early
Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the
1810:
1037:
2908:
2426:
2214:
1234:
20:
2142:
1914:
1866:
395:'s claim – made in the midst of a lament over Roman bestiality – that man is a sacred thing to man: “
1367:
Cosmopolitan
Outsiders: Imperial Inclusion, National Exclusion, and the Pan-European Idea, 1900-1930
1045:
2925:
2493:
2101:
2026:
1899:
1548:
1401:
1041:
815:
Schadewaldt, Wolfgang (1973). "Humanitas Romana". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.).
75:
1097:
467:
2835:
2573:
2359:
2264:
1982:
1687:
649:
1925:
957:
If it is true that Italian humanists had no expression closer to ‘classical scholarship’ than
2508:
1952:
1763:
890:
609:). Of the Roman political virtues, Richard Bauman judges clemency as the most important. See
593:
2728:
1919:
1894:
1851:
1050:
927:
Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1944–45). "Humanism and Scholasticism In the Italian Renaissance".
449:
335:
was first brought to Rome by the philosophic circle around Scipio and further developed by
318:
193:
268:
Petrarch liked this quotation and referred to it often, and where Cicero used the phrase "
8:
2563:
2503:
2364:
2096:
1999:
1838:
1804:
1769:
1583:
1394:
904:
767:
183:
1057:. Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 40 and passim.
654:
2528:
2157:
2064:
1993:
1789:
1757:
1558:
1543:
1144:
1134:
1126:
1016:
479:
392:
298:
51:
255:
2869:
2863:
2621:
2614:
2483:
2324:
2182:
1654:
1637:
1563:
1553:
1505:
1370:
1345:
1317:
1292:
1138:
862:
458:" was used to designate the intellectual, physical, and moral formation of "a better
161:
55:
2792:
1201:
2629:
2523:
2376:
2076:
2049:
2039:
1945:
1721:
1118:
219:
174:
as the capacity to win the affections of lesser folk without impinging on greater.
625:
The word occurs also in other Latin writers of the Classical period. For example,
503:
different, in the same way that the German language was different from the French.
3058:
2990:
2703:
2637:
2558:
1987:
1726:
1716:
1675:
1627:
1478:
1451:
1219:
670:(2009) II. On the distinctly Roman cast of Cicero's adaptation of the concept of
416:
217:, Petrarch found and copied out in his own hand a manuscript of Cicero's speech,
2749:
2127:
1609:
1593:
996:
Such was his prestige both as a writer and as a collector that after his death
409:'s stern injunction: “Remember your dignity as a man.” In the beginning of his
3042:
2934:
2548:
2533:
2513:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2197:
2192:
2086:
2070:
2009:
1832:
636:
402:
89:
2876:
2800:
990:
He spoke of his discovery in correspondence that he put in wider circulation
858:
443:
2770:
2606:
2568:
2518:
2488:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2354:
2334:
2254:
2054:
2033:
2004:
1887:
1882:
1794:
1659:
1647:
1431:
563:
47:
1265:
McNiell, William Hardy (1981). "Discrepancies among the social sciences".
2588:
2478:
2396:
2319:
2269:
2172:
1736:
1704:
1665:
1510:
1436:
1007:
Reeve, Michael D. (1996). "Classical Scholarship". In Kraye, Jill (ed.).
900:
640:
545:
459:
411:
314:
187:
95:
2901:
2710:
2678:
2543:
2468:
2436:
2416:
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2279:
2239:
2219:
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1697:
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1588:
1515:
1500:
1488:
1456:
1417:
1195:
1130:
1093:
839:
557:
203:
684:, Oniga cites a 1973 study by the German scholar Wolfgang Schadewaldt:
364:
cultivated his aesthetic sensibilities as he listened to his reason: "
2695:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2661:
2538:
2371:
2349:
2339:
2294:
2274:
2244:
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2132:
2081:
1670:
1632:
1525:
779:
765:
715:
703:
677:
426:
310:
154:
or Gauls, wild and barbarous nations, you would still owe it to your
151:
145:
139:
119:
81:
73:
2821:
1122:
2942:
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2204:
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1709:
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644:
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322:
199:
3021:
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1692:
1642:
1616:
1493:
1446:
631:("culture and humanity"), meaning "civilization", appears in the
572:
214:
83:
2856:
2777:
2965:
2957:
2828:
2807:
2756:
2735:
2578:
2309:
1968:
1731:
1603:
1461:
1000:
became one of many texts in his library sought out for copying.
679:
566: – Traditional academic course in Western higher education
336:
294:
182:
The concept was of great importance during the re-discovery of
115:
101:
844:
Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul
92:
that made up the traditional unwritten Roman code of conduct (
2842:
2784:
2663:
2655:
2451:
2411:
2249:
2111:
1483:
1386:
781:
43:
34:
435:
304:
223:, which contained a famous passage in defense of poetry and
3013:
3005:
2463:
2386:
2224:
560: – Academic disciplines that study society and culture
274:", "the light of literature", Petrarch in the margin wrote
1937:
2583:
1910:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
1473:
401:”; and reappeared once more in the eighteenth century in
1072:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 107–108.
821:
For further discussion of Schadewaldt's essay, see also
1536:
895:
Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts
568:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
177:
2790:
1252:
Light in Germany: Scenes from an Unknown Enlightenment
2627:
2604:
373:
id est, cum humanitate et doctrina habere commercium
1109:Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb".
202:, who revived Cicero's injunction to cultivate the
114:in describing the formation of an ideal speaker (
3040:
1289:Cadenzas: Philosophical Notes for Postmodernism
1009:The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism
1070:The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism
993:He put the speech itself into wide circulation
448:(the German version of the eighteenth-century
198:, beginning with the illustrious Italian poet
3019:
3003:
1953:
1775:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1402:
1171:To save themselves from blank forgetfulness!
1163:Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped
926:
856:
687:
655:
575: – Educational model once used in Athens
282:
191:
1177:"The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth,
1055:European Literature in the Latin Middle Ages
897:. New York: Harper Torchbooks. p. 178.
487:
453:
441:
61:
2955:
2932:
2923:
2914:
1083:
958:
914:
908:
814:
805:
799:
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787:
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752:
739:
733:
727:
721:
709:
697:
690:
671:
660:
626:
597:
535:
519:
513:
507:
466:). It was used, for example, by theologian
420:
396:
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359:
353:
346:
340:
330:
288:
275:
269:
224:
169:
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124:
109:
93:
67:
37:
27:
2060:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
1960:
1946:
1409:
1395:
1335:
1333:
1316:. Berlin: Walter de Gryuter. p. 141.
1165:By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,
1021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
889:
817:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
88:(education) which were amalgamated with a
1344:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
846:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
436:Revival in 18th- and 19th-century Germany
305:Humanitas during the French Enlightenment
105:
1169:That not the slender privilege is theirs
1155:And feelingly the Sage shall make report
2107:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
1364:
1339:
1330:
1282:
1280:
1264:
1167:Amid his calm abstractions, would admit
1049:
476:Letters for the Advancement of Humanity
391:... reappeared in the first century in
287:who immediately followed him, Cicero's
3054:Concepts in philosophical anthropology
3041:
1161:On mere material instruments;—how weak
1108:
978:He liked it because it extolled poetry
877:. Transaction Publishers. p. 102.
872:
714:(che non coincidono esattamente con l’
610:
544:is also a cornerstone of the credo of
72:corresponded to the Greek concepts of
1941:
1862:National Endowment for the Humanities
1847:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
1390:
1311:
1159:Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends
1157:How insecure, how baseless in itself,
1088:, etc., refers to an anecdote in the
1006:
971:eight elements can be distinguished:
838:
1857:Moscow University for the Humanities
1828:Arts and Humanities Research Council
1785:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1286:
1277:
1254:. University of Chicago. p. 59.
1249:
1232:
1153:Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,
1151:Call Archimedes from his buried tomb
1082:Peter Gay's citation of the phrase,
942:. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1961.
907:with a new and more ambitious name (
827:. London: Routledge. pp. 21–27.
778:(which do not coincide exactly with
647:). It also occurs five times in the
472:Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität
231:
178:Revival in Early Italian Renaissance
2092:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1067:
13:
1213:
1193:
822:
405:'s call for human autonomy and in
165:
14:
3070:
1291:. Berlin: Springer. p. 231.
702:(che è qualcosa di diverso dalla
80:(loving what makes us human) and
615:. London: Routledge. p. 21.
592:The opening chapter of Cicero's
512:In Roman humanism, benevolence (
355:Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem
313:, the eighteenth-century French
1905:Humanities in the United States
1753:American Journal of Archaeology
1358:
1305:
1258:
1243:
1226:
1207:
1187:
54:, and kindness. It has uses in
2045:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1780:Journal of Controversial Ideas
1416:
1076:
1061:
1030:
981:He used it in works of his own
948:
903:, not merely provided the old
883:
850:
831:
619:
586:
518:) was considered a feature of
1:
579:
58:, which are discussed below.
2694:
2685:
2662:
1800:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1239:. Vol. II. p. 378.
1181:(Book Eighth, lines 220–230)
1143:The incident is recalled by
1111:The Journal of Roman Studies
1011:. Cambridge. pp. 21–22.
825:Human Rights in Ancient Rome
819:. Vol. I.4. p. 47.
780:
766:
716:
704:
678:
613:Human Rights in Ancient Rome
427:
146:
140:
118:) who he believed should be
82:
74:
7:
2791:
2628:
2605:
1967:
1365:Sorrels, Katherine (2016).
611:Bauman, Richard A. (2000).
551:
325:-tinged paganism congenial:
10:
3075:
21:Humanitas (disambiguation)
18:
2975:
2893:
2720:
2647:
2597:
2120:
2018:
1975:
1915:Outline of the humanities
1895:Criticism of mass culture
1875:
1867:National Humanities Medal
1820:
1745:
1576:
1424:
1216:Moral letters to Lucilius
975:He discovered the speech.
954:Michael D. Reeve writes:
804:, and so on. The idea of
764:(which is different from
596:enumerates some of them:
321:found Cicero's eclectic,
62:Classical origins of term
1900:Educational essentialism
1537:Interdisciplinary fields
1312:Rinne, Pärttyli (2018).
1236:Philosophical Dictionary
751:...the essence of Roman
738:, e così via. L’idea di
605:Tusculanae Disputationes
508:Humanitas as benevolence
244:
235:
3049:Philosophy of education
468:Johann Gottfried Herder
309:According to historian
3020:
3004:
2956:
2933:
2924:
2915:
1688:Liberal arts education
1342:The Nature of Sympathy
1184:
1084:
1003:
959:
915:
909:
891:Kristeller, Paul Oskar
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
774:
760:
753:
748:
740:
734:
728:
722:
710:
698:
691:
688:
672:
661:
656:
650:Rhetorica ad Herennium
628:cultus atque humanitas
627:
598:
536:
520:
514:
505:
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488:
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397:
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331:
289:
283:
276:
270:
225:
192:
170:
156:
134:
125:
110:
94:
68:
38:
28:
2509:Righteous indignation
1764:History of Humanities
1340:Scheler, Max (2008).
1287:Poma, Andrea (2017).
1267:Conspectus of History
1148:
1090:Tusculan Disputations
1051:Curtius, Ernst Robert
955:
749:
685:
594:Tusculan Disputations
500:
484:
398:homo res sacra homini
327:
2027:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
1920:Renaissance humanism
1852:Master of Humanities
1369:. Berlin: Springer.
1068:Gay, Peter (1995) .
987:He adjusted its text
873:Yavetz, Zvi (1988).
19:For other uses, see
2097:Theological virtues
2000:Positive psychology
1839:Geisteswissenschaft
1805:Teaching Philosophy
1584:Abductive reasoning
1250:Reed, T.J. (2015).
1098:Dionysius the Elder
940:Renaissance Thought
857:Pliny the Younger.
823:Bauman, Richard A.
689:...l’essenza della
184:classical antiquity
90:series of qualities
2529:Self-transcendence
2121:Individual virtues
2065:Nine Noble Virtues
1994:Nicomachean Ethics
1926:Studia Humanitatis
1233:Voltaire. "Evil".
960:studia humanitatis
916:studia humanitatis
910:Studia humanitatis
875:Plebs and Princeps
480:Friedrich Schiller
370:,” wrote Cicero, “
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
2183:Conscientiousness
2050:Epistemic virtues
1935:
1934:
1655:General knowledge
1638:Cultural literacy
1572:
1571:
1506:Religious studies
1442:Classical studies
1038:Deuteronomy 21:12
633:opening sentences
266:
265:
162:Pliny the Younger
56:the Enlightenment
3066:
3025:
3009:
2961:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2796:
2699:
2690:
2667:
2633:
2610:
2595:
2594:
2524:Self-cultivation
2077:Prussian virtues
2040:Cardinal virtues
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1722:Self-realization
1534:
1533:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1142:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1012:
962:
952:
946:
943:
936:
922:
918:
912:
887:
881:
878:
868:
854:
848:
847:
835:
829:
828:
820:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
777:
771:
763:
756:
746:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
694:
683:
675:
664:
659:
657:L'Idea Latina Di
630:
623:
617:
616:
601:
590:
569:
539:
531:
523:
517:
491:
478:), 1792, and by
457:
447:
430:
424:
400:
390:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
350:
344:
334:
292:
286:
279:
277:lumen litterarum
273:
271:litterarum lumen
232:
228:
197:
173:
167:
159:
149:
143:
138:corresponded to
137:
128:
113:
107:
99:
87:
79:
71:
42:, "human") is a
41:
31:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3028:
2971:
2889:
2716:
2643:
2593:
2116:
2102:Three Treasures
2019:Virtue families
2014:
1988:Moral character
1971:
1966:
1936:
1931:
1871:
1816:
1741:
1727:Self-reflection
1717:Moral character
1676:Human condition
1628:Critical theory
1568:
1532:
1479:Performing arts
1420:
1415:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1123:10.2307/3184859
1081:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1035:
1031:
1014:
1013:
953:
949:
938:
888:
884:
855:
851:
836:
832:
676:from the Greek
624:
620:
591:
587:
582:
567:
554:
529:
510:
482:, among others.
438:
417:Marcus Aurelius
307:
249:
241:
190:by the Italian
180:
66:The Latin word
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Accountability
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1610:Belles-lettres
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:Antipositivism
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1357:
1350:
1329:
1322:
1304:
1297:
1276:
1257:
1242:
1225:
1206:
1194:Cicero, M.T.,
1186:
1174:
1149:
1075:
1060:
1029:
1002:
1001:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
947:
945:
944:
882:
880:
879:
849:
830:
618:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
570:
561:
553:
550:
509:
506:
437:
434:
425:and which the
415:, the Emperor
339:. For Cicero,
306:
303:
264:
263:
261:
251:
250:
242:
179:
176:
126:bonae litterae
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Sportsmanship
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Righteousness
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Nonattachment
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Seven virtues
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:Brahmavihārās
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2010:Virtue ethics
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:About virtues
1974:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:Human science
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Environmental
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:Language arts
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1376:9781349720620
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1351:9781412806879
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1323:9783110543858
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1298:9783319528113
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1214:Seneca, L.A.
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1180:
1179:The Excursion
1172:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1010:
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
972:
970:
966:
961:
951:
941:
937:Reprinted in
934:
930:
924:
923:
921:
917:
911:
906:
902:
896:
892:
886:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
853:
845:
841:
834:
826:
818:
811:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
783:
776:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
745:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
693:
682:
681:
674:
669:
665:
663:
658:
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
637:Julius Caesar
634:
629:
622:
614:
608:
606:
600:
595:
589:
585:
574:
571:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
549:
547:
543:
538:
533:
525:
522:
516:
504:
499:
494:
490:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:), the term "
451:
450:Enlightenment
446:
445:
432:
429:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
349:
343:
338:
333:
329:The ideal of
326:
324:
320:
319:Enlightenment
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
291:
285:
278:
272:
262:
260:
259:paragraph 16.
258:
253:
252:
248:
243:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
227:
222:
221:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
196:
195:
189:
185:
175:
172:
164:(61–112
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
141:philanthrôpía
136:
130:
127:
121:
117:
112:
104:(106–43
103:
98:
97:
91:
86:
85:
78:
77:
76:philanthrôpía
70:
59:
57:
53:
49:
46:noun meaning
45:
40:
36:
32:
30:
22:
3012:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2907:
2900:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2776:
2771:Brahmacharya
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2702:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2636:
2620:
2613:
2569:Tranquillity
2519:Self-control
2489:Renunciation
2447:Philanthropy
2442:Perspicacity
2402:Magnificence
2355:Intelligence
2335:Impartiality
2255:Faithfulness
2143:Authenticity
2069:
2055:Five virtues
2032:
2025:
2005:Trait theory
1992:
1924:
1888:Philistinism
1883:Antihumanism
1837:
1809:
1795:Nova Religio
1762:
1681:
1680:
1660:Hermeneutics
1615:
1608:
1432:Anthropology
1366:
1360:
1341:
1314:Kant on Love
1313:
1307:
1288:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1215:
1209:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1150:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1089:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1032:
1008:
1004:
997:
968:
964:
956:
950:
939:
932:
928:
898:
894:
885:
874:
863:
852:
843:
833:
824:
816:
750:
720:), e poi la
686:
667:
648:
621:
612:
604:
588:
564:Liberal arts
534:
526:
515:benevolentia
511:
501:
496:
485:
475:
471:
439:
410:
384:
328:
308:
267:
256:
245:
237:
236:
218:
209:In 1333, in
208:
181:
131:
65:
52:civilization
48:human nature
26:
25:
2589:Workmanship
2479:Punctuality
2397:Magnanimity
2320:Hospitality
2270:Forgiveness
2215:Discernment
2173:Cleanliness
1737:Work of art
1705:Metaphysics
1666:Historicism
1511:Visual arts
1437:Archaeology
1425:Disciplines
1273:(7): 37–38.
1042:Exodus 3:22
901:Middle Ages
840:Woolf, Greg
641:Gallic Wars
546:Freemasonry
542:benevolence
460:human being
440:During the
428:philosophes
412:Meditations
315:philosophes
229:(letters):
188:Renaissance
186:during the
132:Insofar as
96:mos maiorum
3043:Categories
2902:Auctoritas
2750:Aparigraha
2729:Adhiṭṭhāna
2711:Sophrosyne
2679:Eutrapelia
2564:Temperance
2544:Solidarity
2534:Simplicity
2494:Resilience
2469:Politeness
2437:Patriotism
2417:Moderation
2290:Good faith
2280:Generosity
2240:Equanimity
2220:Discipline
2178:Compassion
1698:Quadrivium
1623:Creativity
1589:Aesthetics
1516:Filmmaking
1501:Philosophy
1457:Literature
1418:Humanities
1197:De Legibus
1145:Wordsworth
1094:Archimedes
998:Pro Archia
969:Pro Archia
965:Pro Archia
837:Quoted in
801:integritas
735:integritas
580:References
558:Humanities
444:Aufklärung
257:Pro Archia
220:Pro Archia
204:humanities
168:) defined
33:(from the
16:Latin noun
2950:Humanitas
2696:Phronesis
2687:Philotimo
2539:Sincerity
2504:Reverence
2372:Judgement
2360:Emotional
2350:Integrity
2340:Innocence
2295:Gratitude
2275:Frugality
2265:Foresight
2245:Etiquette
2235:Endurance
2210:Diligence
2133:Alertness
2082:Scout Law
1983:Endowment
1770:Humanitas
1682:Humanitas
1671:Historism
1633:Criticism
1526:Sculpture
1139:162402665
1117:: 51–52.
1085:Cum musis
1053:(1973) .
1017:cite book
935:: 346–74.
929:Byzantion
925:See also
864:Epistulae
859:"To Tiro"
807:humanitas
754:humanitas
741:humanitas
692:humanitas
673:humanitas
662:Humanitas
537:Humanitas
521:humanitas
489:Humanität
486:Herder's
455:Humanität
422:humanitas
388:humanitas
385:Cicero's
367:Cum musis
361:humanitas
348:humanitas
342:humanitas
332:humanitas
311:Peter Gay
299:Augustine
290:humanitas
171:humanitas
157:humanitas
152:Spaniards
135:humanitas
111:humanitas
69:humanitas
29:Humanitas
2943:Gravitas
2926:Dignitas
2672:Ataraxia
2554:Sympathy
2484:Religion
2474:Prudence
2432:Patience
2407:Meekness
2382:Kindness
2330:Humility
2325:Humanity
2260:Fidelity
2205:Courtesy
2168:Chivalry
2163:Chastity
2153:Charisma
2148:Calmness
2138:Altruism
1821:Academia
1790:Leonardo
1758:Daedalus
1746:Journals
1710:Ontology
1599:The arts
1521:Painting
1467:Rhetoric
1175:—
893:(1965).
842:(1998).
795:gravitas
789:dignitas
768:eusébeia
729:gravitas
723:dignitas
705:eusébeia
668:Tulliana
645:Provence
552:See also
464:Humanism
407:Voltaire
284:umanisti
226:litterae
200:Petrarch
194:umanisti
120:educated
2998:Sadaqah
2984:Ganbaru
2917:Decorum
2909:Caritas
2864:Śraddhā
2850:Shaucha
2815:Kshanti
2743:Akrodha
2598:Chinese
2499:Respect
2422:Modesty
2392:Loyalty
2377:Justice
2345:Insight
2305:Honesty
2300:Heroism
2230:Empathy
2188:Courage
2158:Charity
2071:Pāramīs
1969:Virtues
1876:Related
1811:more...
1693:Trivium
1643:Culture
1617:Bildung
1559:Medical
1544:Digital
1494:Theatre
1447:History
1131:3184859
905:Trivium
867:. IX.5.
786:), and
573:Paideia
470:in his
317:of the
215:Belgium
147:paideia
108:) used
84:paideia
39:hūmānus
3059:Cicero
2966:Virtus
2958:Pietas
2877:Upekṣā
2870:Saddhā
2836:Prajñā
2829:Muditā
2808:Kshama
2801:Karuṇā
2764:Asteya
2757:Ārjava
2736:Ahimsa
2721:Indian
2704:Sophia
2579:Wisdom
2457:Filial
2365:Social
2310:Honour
1732:Wisdom
1664:
1604:Beauty
1577:Themes
1564:Public
1554:Health
1462:Poetry
1373:
1348:
1320:
1295:
1202:I.8.25
1137:
1129:
1105:5.64–5
963:, the
920:group.
761:pietas
699:pietas
680:paidea
528:egoism
462:" (or
393:Seneca
337:Cicero
295:Jerome
116:orator
102:Cicero
3022:Virtù
2976:Other
2935:Fides
2894:Latin
2884:Vīrya
2843:Satya
2822:Mettā
2785:Dhṛti
2664:Arete
2656:Agape
2648:Greek
2574:Trust
2559:Taste
2452:Piety
2412:Mercy
2285:Glory
2250:Faith
2198:Moral
2193:Civil
2112:Yamas
1489:Music
1484:Dance
1135:S2CID
1127:JSTOR
1046:12:35
782:ethos
775:mores
726:, la
717:ethos
711:mores
493:ages.
323:Stoic
211:Liège
44:Latin
35:Latin
3014:Sisu
3006:Seny
2991:Giri
2857:Sevā
2778:Dāna
2615:Jing
2464:Pity
2387:Love
2315:Hope
2225:Duty
1648:High
1371:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1222:.33.
1044:and
1023:link
1005:See
871:See
813:See
732:, l’
403:Kant
382:"...
297:and
144:and
2793:Hrī
2630:Ren
2584:Wit
1474:Law
1119:doi
772:),
708:),
666:in
639:'s
635:of
607:1.2
540:as
106:BCE
100:).
3045::
2638:Yi
2622:Li
2607:De
1332:^
1279:^
1269:.
1220:95
1218:.
1200:,
1147::
1133:.
1125:.
1115:92
1113:.
1103:TD
1019:}}
1015:{{
933:17
931:.
861:.
798:,
792:,
213:,
166:CE
50:,
2867:/
1961:e
1954:t
1947:v
1410:e
1403:t
1396:v
1379:.
1354:.
1326:.
1301:.
1271:1
1141:.
1121::
1025:)
530:"
474:(
254:—
23:.
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