51:
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341:. Additionally, Descartes' method has been seen by many as the root of the modern scientific method. This method of doubt was largely popularized in Western philosophy by René Descartes, who sought to doubt the truth of all beliefs in order to determine which he could be certain were true. It is the basis for Descartes' statement, "
444:(1641), Descartes resolved to systematically doubt that any of his beliefs were true, in order to build, from the ground up, a belief system consisting of only certainly true beliefs; his end goalâor at least a major oneâwas to find an undoubtable basis for the sciences. Consider Descartes' opening lines of the
484:
Descartes, knowing that the context of our dreams, while possibly unbelievable, are often lifelike, hypothesized that humans can only believe that they are awake. There are no sufficient grounds to distinguish a dream experience from a waking experience. For instance, Subject A sits at the computer,
465:
René Descartes, the originator of
Cartesian doubt, put all beliefs, ideas, thoughts, and matter in doubt. He showed that his grounds, or reasoning, for any knowledge could just as well be false. Sensory experience, the primary mode of knowledge, is often erroneous and therefore must be doubted. For
453:
Several years have now elapsed since I first became aware that I had accepted, even from my youth, many false opinions for true, and that consequently what I afterward based on such principles was highly doubtful; and from that time I was convinced of the necessity of undertaking once in my life to
515:
of sorts. This demon is as clever and deceitful as he is powerful. He could have created a superficial world that we may think we live in. As a result of this doubt, sometimes termed the
Malicious Demon Hypothesis, Descartes found that he was unable to trust even the simplest of his perceptions.
493:"But when I distinctly see where things come from and where and when they come to me, and when I can connect my perceptions of them with the whole of the rest of my life without a break, then I am quite certain that when I encounter these things I am not asleep but awake."â
485:
typing this article. Just as much evidence exists to indicate that the act of composing this article is reality as there is evidence to demonstrate the opposite. Descartes conceded that we live in a world that can create such ideas as dreams. However, by the end of
532:
Descartes argued that all his senses were lying, and since your senses can easily fool you, his idea of an infinitely powerful being must be trueâsince that idea could have only been put there by an infinitely powerful being who would have no reason for deceit.
362:
in that methodological skepticism is an approach that subjects all knowledge claims to scrutiny with the goal of sorting out true from false claims, whereas philosophical skepticism is an approach that questions the possibility of certain knowledge.
541:
While methodic doubt has a nature, one need not hold that knowledge is impossible to apply the method of doubt. Indeed, Descartes' attempt to apply the method of doubt to the existence of himself spawned the proof of his famous saying,
437:
Hyperbolic doubt means having the tendency to doubt, since it is an extreme or exaggerated form of doubt. Knowledge in the
Cartesian sense means to know something beyond not merely all reasonable doubt, but all possible doubt. In his
1147:
François-Xavier de
Peretti, « Descartes sceptique malgrĂ© lui ? », International Journal for the Study of Skepticism, 11 (3), 2021, Brill, Leyde, pp. 177â192. Online publication date: 15 octobre 2020.
525:, Descartes stated that if one were mad, even briefly, the insanity might have driven man into believing that what we thought was true could be merely our minds deceiving us. He also stated that there could be '
470:. There is nothing that proves it cannot be. In short, if there is any way a belief can be disproved, then its grounds are insufficient. From this, Descartes proposed two arguments, the dream and the demon.
371:
Cartesian doubt is methodological. It uses doubt as a route to certain knowledge by identifying what can't be doubted. The fallibility of sense data in particular is a subject of
Cartesian doubt.
382:(also known as foundational beliefs). From these indubitable basic beliefs, Descartes then attempts to derive further knowledge. It's an archetypal and significant example that epitomizes the
548:" (I think, therefore I am). That is, Descartes tried to doubt his own existence, but found that even his doubting showed that he existed, since he could not doubt if he did not exist.
521:
50:
337:
Cartesian doubt is a systematic process of being skeptical about (or doubting) the truth of one's beliefs, which has become a characteristic method in
804:
1619:
2462:
2740:
635:
392:
argues that methodological skepticism presupposes that scientific theories and methods satisfy certain philosophical requirements:
3377:
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account, which claims that
Descartes' skepticism aims to eliminate all belief that it is possible to doubt, thus leaving only
355:
translated as "I exist" (per various Latin to
English dictionaries) presents a much larger and clearer meaning to the phrase.
887:
194:
1262:
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1194:
1175:
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189:
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1946:
728:
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17:
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rid myself of all the opinions I had adopted, and of commencing anew the work of building from the foundation...
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2190:
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There are several interpretations as to the objective of
Descartes' skepticism. Prominent among these is a
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2017:
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34:
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112:
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1255:
818:
359:
219:
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2236:
2151:
2141:
2065:
1931:
1903:
1053:
755:
608:
283:
204:
1482:
27:
Form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes
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2136:
1714:
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80:
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401:
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117:
1114:
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3333:
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2619:
2589:
2330:
1858:
1704:
1699:
1523:
1492:
1312:
1141:
François-Xavier de
Peretti. "Stop Doubting with Descartes". Topoi, Springer Nature (2022).
669:
224:
8:
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1330:
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997:
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573:
247:
137:
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3074:
3018:
2858:
2687:
2581:
2489:
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2172:
2163:
2126:
2121:
2027:
2022:
1999:
1918:
1732:
1659:
1290:
844:
814:
809:
583:
306:
is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of
276:
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107:
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1966:
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945:
883:
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645:
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209:
152:
122:
1436:
307:
42:
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3123:
3084:
3079:
2920:
2848:
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2368:
2340:
2325:
2288:
1994:
1974:
1941:
1846:
1808:
1518:
1426:
1406:
1302:
1297:
751:
544:
163:
132:
96:
511:
Descartes reasoned that our very own experience may very well be controlled by an
3327:
3296:
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3226:
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2955:
2853:
2811:
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2710:
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2415:
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2195:
2180:
1853:
1737:
1381:
1189:
1170:
1166:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1001:
771:
489:, he concludes that we can distinguish dream from reality at least in retrospect:
375:
343:
147:
75:
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3236:
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2996:
2970:
2806:
2655:
2594:
2507:
2350:
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1989:
1669:
1467:
1462:
1162:
1041:
1021:
964:
479:
252:
90:
2677:
2452:
412:, and systemism, that the data and hypotheses of science constitute a system.
3731:
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1836:
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1142:
1069:
665:
641:
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467:
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909:
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2831:
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2442:
2420:
2398:
2345:
2313:
2185:
2045:
1956:
1752:
1502:
1073:
743:
379:
157:
65:
3317:
3256:
3128:
3108:
3013:
2950:
2910:
2890:
2816:
2786:
2447:
2383:
2075:
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1936:
1926:
1875:
1841:
1780:
1528:
1416:
1017:
972:
800:
405:
397:
389:
383:
170:
70:
351:" translates to "I doubt therefore I think, I think therefore I exist."
3163:
2991:
2940:
2930:
2801:
2705:
2650:
2457:
2437:
2303:
2070:
1984:
1813:
1760:
1724:
1628:
1543:
1472:
1457:
1441:
1386:
1355:
1271:
1230:
526:
506:
409:
338:
102:
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2512:
2502:
2497:
2472:
2268:
1828:
1790:
1396:
1360:
1350:
603:
310:(March 31, 1596âFebruary 11, 1650). Cartesian doubt is also known as
2403:
1335:
3008:
2915:
2880:
2838:
2826:
2614:
2408:
2308:
2251:
2055:
2009:
1893:
1345:
393:
1204:
2635:
2609:
2604:
2546:
2541:
2373:
2261:
2256:
2215:
2037:
1883:
1765:
699:
2900:
2821:
2551:
2210:
2200:
1898:
1800:
1411:
1376:
1049:
529:' that had deceived us, preventing us from judging correctly.
347:" (I think, therefore I am). A fuller version of his phrase: "
2716:
2378:
1664:
1597:
1240:
2561:
748:
716:
Confessions of a Dying Mind: The Blind Faith Of Atheism
3693:
658:
1046:
Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction
555:
695:
The Path of Philosophy: Truth, Wonder, and Distress
1078:The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism
3729:
466:instance, what one is seeing may very well be a
420:Descartes' method of hyperbolic doubt included:
358:Methodological skepticism is distinguished from
867:
1613:
1256:
923:Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey
876:Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey
637:Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey
427:Breaking down these truths into smaller units
284:
944:. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
841:Fable, Method, and Imagination in Descartes
424:Accepting only information you know is true
1620:
1606:
1263:
1249:
1143:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09822-0
969:Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity
941:Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings
536:
495:Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings
291:
277:
1150:https://doi.org/10.1163/22105700-bja10016
1113:, Stoothoff, and Murdoch, trans. (1984).
1080:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019),
937:
626:
624:
433:Making complete lists of further problems
1119:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1116:The Philosophical Writings of Descartes
873:
691:
630:
527:some malicious, powerful, cunning demon
14:
3730:
1205:"RenĂ© Descartes (1596â1650): Overview"
664:
621:
3359:
2101:
1639:
1601:
1244:
1223:. In Cottingham, et al. (eds.), 1984.
902:Stone, J., "Dreaming and Certainty",
799:
712:
473:
994:History and Philosophy of Psychology
460:
1210:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1195:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1176:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1131:, Princeton University Press, 2002.
992:Chung, M. C., & Hyland, M. E.,
349:dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo sum
190:Rules for the Direction of the Mind
24:
1202:
1183:
1104:
1028:(Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010),
878:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.
817:. pp. 377â380. Archived from
366:
25:
3784:
1161:
1155:
1138:, Harvard University Press, 1978.
1076:, & Antoine-Mahut, D., eds.,
500:
430:Solving the simple problems first
3715:
3703:
3677:
3676:
3663:
1236:Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind
558:
49:
1582:List of skeptical organizations
1220:Meditations on First Philosophy
1087:
1063:
1035:
1011:
986:
958:
931:
925:(London: Penguin Books, 1994),
915:
896:
441:Meditations on First Philosophy
215:Meditations on First Philosophy
1627:
1562:List of books about skepticism
1270:
1136:Descartes against the Skeptics
938:Descartes, René (1988-02-26).
854:
833:
793:
765:
737:
706:
685:
456:âDescartes, Meditation I, 1641
13:
1:
3360:
1572:List of skeptical conferences
614:
3149:Ordinary language philosophy
1640:
805:"The Scientist's Skepticism"
415:
7:
3199:Contemporary utilitarianism
3114:Internalism and externalism
1577:List of skeptical magazines
1567:List of scientific skeptics
1128:Descartes's Method of Doubt
1026:A Companion to Epistemology
776:Descartes's Method of Doubt
551:
10:
3789:
2463:Svatantrika and Prasangika
2102:
1587:List of skeptical podcasts
784:Princeton University Press
579:Bracketing (phenomenology)
504:
477:
243:Christina, Queen of Sweden
3753:Philosophical methodology
3657:
3609:
3509:
3471:
3418:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3355:
3305:
3217:
3055:
3046:
2979:
2762:
2753:
2731:
2686:
2628:
2580:
2534:
2525:
2488:
2359:
2224:
2171:
2162:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2036:
2008:
1965:
1917:
1874:
1827:
1799:
1751:
1723:
1685:Philosophy of mathematics
1675:Philosophy of information
1650:
1646:
1635:
1552:
1511:
1450:
1369:
1323:
1278:
1217:Descartes, René. (1641).
1186:"Descartes' Epistemology"
698:. Boston, Massachusetts:
594:Incontrovertible evidence
320:methodological skepticism
258:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
113:Causal adequacy principle
3763:Epistemological theories
1488:Problem of the criterion
756:Rowman & Littlefield
671:A Philosophical Glossary
360:philosophical skepticism
220:Principles of Philosophy
3768:Epistemology of science
3154:Postanalytic philosophy
3095:Experimental philosophy
1054:Oxford University Press
713:Guite, Haulian (2017).
609:Theory of justification
537:I think, therefore I am
386:schools of philosophy.
205:Discourse on the Method
3287:Social constructionism
2299:Hellenistic philosophy
1715:Theoretical philosophy
1690:Philosophy of religion
1680:Philosophy of language
1478:Five-minute hypothesis
1370:Skeptical philosophers
1324:Skeptical philosophies
692:Marmysz, John (2012).
599:Suspension of judgment
589:Egocentric predicament
498:
458:
3748:Philosophy of science
3670:Philosophy portal
3189:Scientific skepticism
3169:Reformed epistemology
1695:Philosophy of science
1498:Simulation hypothesis
905:Philosophical Studies
813:. Amherst, New York:
721:Bloomsbury Publishing
679:University of Houston
491:
450:
3090:Critical rationalism
2797:Edo neo-Confucianism
2641:Acintya bheda abheda
2620:Renaissance humanism
2331:School of the Sextii
1705:Practical philosophy
1700:Political philosophy
1524:Semantic externalism
1493:Problem of induction
1483:MĂŒnchhausen trilemma
977:Taylor & Francis
874:Scruton, R. (2012).
821:on 12 September 2021
384:Continental Rational
312:Cartesian skepticism
225:Passions of the Soul
195:The Search for Truth
2661:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2572:Korean Confucianism
2319:Academic Skepticism
1529:Process reliabilism
1451:Skeptical scenarios
1331:Academic Skepticism
1279:Types of skepticism
1020:, Steup, M., &
719:. London, England:
640:. London, England:
574:Academic skepticism
248:Nicolas Malebranche
118:Mindâbody dichotomy
86:Doubt and certainty
3282:Post-structuralism
3184:Scientific realism
3139:Quinean naturalism
3119:Logical positivism
3075:Analytical Marxism
2294:Peripatetic school
2206:Chinese naturalism
1733:Aesthetic response
1660:Applied philosophy
845:Palgrave Macmillan
815:Center for Inquiry
810:Skeptical Inquirer
677:. Houston, Texas:
644:. pp. 39â50.
584:Clinical equipoise
474:The dream argument
263:Francine Descartes
108:Trademark argument
3691:
3690:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3070:Analytic feminism
3042:
3041:
3004:Kierkegaardianism
2966:Transcendentalism
2926:Neo-scholasticism
2772:Classical Realism
2749:
2748:
2521:
2520:
2336:Neopythagoreanism
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
1710:Social philosophy
1595:
1594:
1534:Epistemic closure
1134:Edwin M. Curley,
889:978-1-4482-1051-0
566:Philosophy portal
461:Descartes' method
301:
300:
153:Balloonist theory
128:Coordinate system
123:Analytic geometry
16:(Redirected from
3780:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3247:Frankfurt School
3194:Transactionalism
3144:Normative ethics
3124:Legal positivism
3100:Falsificationism
3085:Consequentialism
3080:Communitarianism
3053:
3052:
2921:New Confucianism
2760:
2759:
2567:Neo-Confucianism
2532:
2531:
2341:Second Sophistic
2326:Middle Platonism
2169:
2168:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2098:
1942:Epiphenomenalism
1809:Consequentialism
1743:Institutionalism
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1519:Here is one hand
1427:Sextus Empiricus
1407:Philo of Larissa
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1214:
1203:Skirry, Justin.
1199:
1190:Zalta, Edward N.
1180:
1171:Zalta, Edward N.
1098:
1093:Scruton, ibid.,
1091:
1085:
1067:
1061:
1039:
1033:
1015:
1009:
990:
984:
962:
956:
955:
935:
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893:
871:
865:
858:
852:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
797:
791:
769:
763:
741:
735:
734:
710:
704:
703:
689:
683:
682:
676:
662:
656:
655:
628:
568:
563:
562:
561:
545:Cogito, ergo sum
332:hyperbolic doubt
328:systematic doubt
293:
286:
279:
133:Cartesian circle
97:Cogito, ergo sum
53:
30:
29:
21:
18:Hyperbolic doubt
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3781:
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3687:
3664:
3662:
3641:
3605:
3505:
3467:
3414:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3328:Russian cosmism
3301:
3297:Western Marxism
3262:New Historicism
3227:Critical theory
3213:
3209:Wittgensteinian
3105:Foundationalism
3038:
2975:
2956:Social contract
2812:Foundationalism
2745:
2727:
2711:Illuminationism
2696:Aristotelianism
2682:
2671:Vishishtadvaita
2624:
2576:
2517:
2484:
2355:
2284:Megarian school
2279:Eretrian school
2220:
2181:Agriculturalism
2158:
2104:
2085:
2032:
2004:
1961:
1913:
1870:
1854:Incompatibilism
1823:
1795:
1747:
1719:
1642:
1631:
1626:
1596:
1591:
1548:
1507:
1446:
1365:
1319:
1274:
1269:
1227:Cartesian doubt
1158:
1123:Janet Broughton
1107:
1105:Further reading
1102:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1074:Schmaltz, T. M.
1068:
1064:
1040:
1036:
1016:
1012:
1002:Wiley-Blackwell
991:
987:
963:
959:
952:
936:
932:
920:
916:
901:
897:
890:
872:
868:
860:Skirry (2006),
859:
855:
838:
834:
824:
822:
803:(Summer 1992).
798:
794:
770:
766:
742:
738:
731:
723:. p. 354.
711:
707:
690:
686:
674:
663:
659:
652:
629:
622:
617:
564:
559:
557:
554:
539:
509:
503:
487:The Meditations
482:
476:
463:
418:
376:foundationalist
369:
367:Characteristics
344:Cogito ergo sum
324:universal doubt
304:Cartesian doubt
297:
268:
267:
238:
230:
229:
185:
177:
176:
148:Cartesian diver
76:Foundationalism
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Theory of mind
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:René Descartes
3740:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:Middle Eastern
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Existentialism
3234:
3232:Deconstruction
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Applied ethics
3061:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3029:Nietzscheanism
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2971:Utilitarianism
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:Transcendental
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Existentialism
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Augustinianism
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:Zoroastrianism
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2351:Church Fathers
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1866:Libertarianism
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
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1746:
1745:
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1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Metaphilosophy
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1593:
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1584:
1579:
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1558:
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1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Dream argument
1465:
1463:Brain in a vat
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:René Descartes
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
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1371:
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1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
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1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
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1282:
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1276:
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1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1200:
1181:
1157:
1156:External links
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1120:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1062:
1034:
1010:
985:
957:
950:
930:
914:
895:
888:
866:
853:
839:Griffith, J.,
832:
792:
764:
736:
730:978-9386432216
729:
705:
702:. p. 403.
684:
668:, ed. (2001).
666:Leiber, Justin
657:
650:
632:Scruton, Roger
619:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
553:
550:
538:
535:
505:Main article:
502:
501:The Evil Demon
499:
480:Dream argument
475:
472:
462:
459:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
417:
414:
368:
365:
316:methodic doubt
308:René Descartes
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
281:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
253:Baruch Spinoza
250:
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227:
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217:
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160:
155:
150:
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140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
93:
91:Dream argument
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:René Descartes
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3785:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:Miscellaneous
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:Miscellaneous
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Structuralism
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Postmodernism
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Phenomenology
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Vienna Circle
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Moral realism
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Phenomenology
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Individualism
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2741:Judeo-Islamic
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Shuddhadvaita
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Scholasticism
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
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2297:
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2148:
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2135:
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2125:
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2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Conceptualism
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Particularism
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Functionalism
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Eliminativism
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Compatibilism
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Particularism
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
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1703:
1701:
1698:
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1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
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1542:
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1539:Contextualism
1537:
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1286:Philosophical
1284:
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1187:
1184:Newman, Lex.
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1007:
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989:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
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951:9780521358125
947:
943:
942:
934:
928:
924:
921:Scruton, R.,
918:
911:
907:
906:
899:
891:
885:
881:
877:
870:
863:
857:
850:
846:
842:
836:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
796:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Broughton, J.
768:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
732:
726:
722:
718:
717:
709:
701:
697:
696:
688:
681:. p. 88.
680:
673:
672:
667:
661:
653:
651:9781844131068
647:
643:
642:Pimlico Books
639:
638:
633:
627:
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607:
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534:
530:
528:
524:
523:
517:
514:
508:
497:
496:
490:
488:
481:
471:
469:
468:hallucination
457:
455:
449:
447:
443:
442:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
421:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:basic beliefs
377:
372:
364:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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305:
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143:Rule of signs
141:
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119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
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57:
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52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3675:
3661:
3332:
3323:Postcritique
3313:Kyoto School
3272:Posthumanism
3252:Hermeneutics
3107: /
3048:Contemporary
3024:Newtonianism
2987:Cartesianism
2946:Reductionism
2782:Conservatism
2777:Collectivism
2715:
2443:SarvÄstivadÄ
2421:Anekantavada
2346:Neoplatonism
2314:Epicureanism
2247:Pythagoreans
2186:Confucianism
2152:Contemporary
2142:Early modern
2046:Anti-realism
2000:Universalism
1957:Subjectivism
1753:Epistemology
1503:Wax argument
1340:
1219:
1208:
1193:
1174:
1167:"Skepticism"
1163:Klein, Peter
1135:
1127:
1115:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1045:
1037:
1025:
1013:
993:
988:
968:
965:Revonsuo, A.
960:
940:
933:
922:
917:
903:
898:
875:
869:
856:
840:
835:
825:12 September
823:. Retrieved
819:the original
808:
801:Bunge, Mario
795:
775:
767:
747:
744:Rockmore, T.
739:
715:
708:
694:
687:
670:
660:
636:
543:
540:
531:
522:Meditation I
520:
518:
512:
510:
494:
492:
486:
483:
464:
452:
451:
445:
439:
436:
419:
388:
373:
370:
357:
352:
348:
342:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
302:
210:La Géométrie
169:
164:Res cogitans
162:
158:Wax argument
95:
85:
66:Cartesianism
3318:Objectivism
3257:Neo-Marxism
3219:Continental
3129:Meta-ethics
3109:Coherentism
3014:Hegelianism
2951:Rationalism
2911:Natural law
2891:Materialism
2817:Historicism
2787:Determinism
2678:Navya-NyÄya
2453:SautrÄntika
2448:Pudgalavada
2384:Vaisheshika
2237:Presocratic
2137:Renaissance
2076:Physicalism
2061:Materialism
1967:Normativity
1952:Objectivism
1937:Emergentism
1927:Behaviorism
1876:Metaphysics
1842:Determinism
1781:Rationalism
1473:Evil genius
1417:Aenesidemus
1402:Clitomachus
973:Milton Park
910:pp. 353â368
446:Meditations
406:rationalism
398:materialism
390:Mario Bunge
171:Res extensa
71:Rationalism
3738:Skepticism
3732:Categories
3722:Psychology
3710:Philosophy
3617:Amerindian
3524:Australian
3463:Vietnamese
3443:Indonesian
2992:Kantianism
2941:Positivism
2931:Pragmatism
2906:Naturalism
2886:Liberalism
2864:Subjective
2802:Empiricism
2706:Avicennism
2651:Bhedabheda
2535:East Asian
2458:Madhyamaka
2438:Abhidharma
2304:Pyrrhonism
2071:Nominalism
2066:Naturalism
1995:Skepticism
1985:Relativism
1975:Absolutism
1904:Naturalism
1814:Deontology
1786:Skepticism
1771:Naturalism
1761:Empiricism
1725:Aesthetics
1629:Philosophy
1544:Relativism
1458:Acatalepsy
1442:David Hume
1387:Arcesilaus
1356:Pyrrhonism
1308:Scientific
1272:Skepticism
1231:PhilPapers
1111:Cottingham
1070:Nadler, S.
1042:Dicker, G.
908:45, 1983,
752:Lanham, MD
615:References
513:evil demon
507:Evil demon
478:See also:
410:empiricism
339:philosophy
103:Evil demon
60:Philosophy
3496:Pakistani
3458:Taiwanese
3405:Ethiopian
3378:By region
3364:By region
3179:Scientism
3174:Systemics
3034:Spinozism
2961:Socialism
2896:Modernism
2859:Objective
2767:Anarchism
2701:Averroism
2590:Christian
2542:Neotaoism
2513:Zurvanism
2503:Mithraism
2498:Mazdakism
2269:Cyrenaics
2196:Logicians
1829:Free will
1791:Solipsism
1738:Formalism
1512:Responses
1432:Montaigne
1397:Carneades
1361:Solipsism
1351:Humeanism
1341:Cartesian
1313:Religious
1056:, 2013),
1022:Dancy, J.
1004:, 2012),
981:pp. 50â52
979:, 2010),
849:pp. 67â70
847:, 2018),
843:(London:
786:, 2002),
780:Princeton
760:pp. 64â65
758:, 2005),
700:Wadsworth
604:Solipsism
416:Technique
200:The World
81:Mechanism
3682:Category
3637:Yugoslav
3627:Romanian
3534:Scottish
3519:American
3448:Japanese
3428:Buddhist
3410:Africana
3400:Egyptian
3242:Feminist
3164:Rawlsian
3159:Quietism
3057:Analytic
3009:Krausism
2916:Nihilism
2881:Kokugaku
2844:Absolute
2839:Idealism
2827:Humanism
2615:Occamism
2582:European
2527:Medieval
2473:Yogacara
2433:Buddhist
2426:SyÄdvÄda
2309:Stoicism
2274:Cynicism
2262:Sophists
2257:Atomists
2252:Eleatics
2191:Legalism
2132:Medieval
2056:Idealism
2010:Ontology
1990:Nihilism
1894:Idealism
1652:Branches
1641:Branches
1346:Charvaka
1024:, eds.,
1018:Sosa, E.
634:(2004).
552:See also
394:Idealism
35:a series
33:Part of
3696:Portals
3632:Russian
3601:Spanish
3596:Slovene
3586:Maltese
3581:Italian
3561:Finland
3529:British
3511:Western
3501:Turkish
3486:Islamic
3481:Iranian
3433:Chinese
3420:Eastern
3387:African
3334:more...
3019:Marxism
2849:British
2792:Dualism
2688:Islamic
2646:Advaita
2636:Vedanta
2610:Scotism
2605:Thomism
2547:Tiantai
2490:Persian
2478:Tibetan
2468:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
2409:CÄrvÄka
2399:ÄjÄ«vika
2394:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
2374:Samkhya
2289:Academy
2242:Ionians
2216:Yangism
2173:Chinese
2164:Ancient
2127:Western
2122:Ancient
2081:Realism
2038:Reality
2028:Process
1909:Realism
1889:Dualism
1884:Atomism
1766:Fideism
1422:Agrippa
1392:Lacydes
1291:Radical
1192:(ed.).
1173:(ed.).
998:Hoboken
927:p. 538.
402:realism
3591:Polish
3571:German
3566:French
3551:Danish
3541:Canada
3491:Jewish
3453:Korean
3438:Indian
2980:People
2901:Monism
2854:German
2822:Holism
2755:Modern
2733:Jewish
2656:Dvaita
2629:Indian
2552:Huayan
2404:Ajñana
2361:Indian
2226:Greco-
2211:Taoism
2201:Mohism
2147:Modern
2114:By era
2103:By era
2018:Action
1899:Monism
1819:Virtue
1801:Ethics
1412:Cicero
1377:Pyrrho
1336:Ajñana
1050:Oxford
1030:p. 308
948:
886:
862:p. 115
727:
648:
237:People
138:Folium
3773:Doubt
3622:Aztec
3576:Greek
3556:Dutch
3546:Czech
3395:Bantu
2832:Anti-
2379:Nyaya
2369:Hindu
2229:Roman
2023:Event
1665:Logic
1554:Lists
1382:Timon
1303:Moral
1298:Local
1188:. In
1169:. In
1095:p. 56
1082:p. 83
1058:p. 16
1006:p. 66
880:33â36
675:(PDF)
330:, or
184:Works
2723:Sufi
2557:Chan
2416:Jain
2389:Yoga
1919:Mind
1859:Hard
1847:Hard
1148:Doi:
946:ISBN
884:ISBN
827:2021
788:p. 6
725:ISBN
646:ISBN
2997:Neo
2562:Zen
1229:at
519:In
353:Sum
3734::
1207:.
1165:.
1125:,
1072:,
1052::
1044:,
1000::
975::
967:,
882:.
807:.
782::
774:,
754::
746:,
623:^
448::
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
334:.
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
37:on
3698::
1621:e
1614:t
1607:v
1264:e
1257:t
1250:v
1213:.
1198:.
1179:.
1097:.
1084:.
1060:.
1048:(
1032:.
1008:.
996:(
983:.
971:(
954:.
912:.
892:.
864:.
851:.
829:.
790:.
778:(
762:.
750:(
733:.
654:.
542:"
292:e
285:t
278:v
20:)
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