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373:(TIA) standards process, for the North American cellular band (Band Class 0, 800 MHz) under roughly the same time frame. IS-95 offered interoperation (including handoff) with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have most technical details in common. The immature style and structure of both documents are highly reflective of the "standardizing" of Qualcomm's internal project.
3187:
186:
398:. The IS-95B standards track provided for a merging of the TIA and ANSI standards tracks under the TIA, and was the first document that provided for interoperation of IS-95 mobile handsets in both band classes (dual-band operation). P_REV=4 was by far the most popular variant of IS-95, with P_REV=5 only seeing minimal uptake in South Korea.
327:, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used
682:
nature of traffic channels provide lower-rate frames to be transmitted at lower power causing less noise for other signals still to be correctly received. These factors provide an inherently lower noise level than other cellular technologies allowing the IS-95 network to squeeze more users into the same radio spectrum.
638:
data. A number of different vocoders are defined under IS-95, the earlier of which were limited to rate set 1, and were responsible for some user complaints of poor voice quality. More sophisticated vocoders, taking advantage of modern DSPs and rate set 2, remedied the voice quality situation and are
595:
The paging channel contains signaling messages transmitted from the network to all idle mobiles. A set of messages communicate detailed network overhead to the mobiles, circulating this information while the paging channel is free. The paging channel also carries higher-priority messages dedicated to
685:
Active (slow) power control is also used on the forward traffic channels, where during a call, the mobile sends signaling messages to the network indicating the quality of the signal. The network will control the transmitted power of the traffic channel to keep the signal quality just good enough,
681:
With CDMA, signals that are not correlated with the channel of interest (such as other PN offsets from adjacent cellular base stations) appear as noise, and signals carried on other Walsh codes (that are properly time aligned) are essentially removed in the de-spreading process. The variable-rate
541:
Other forward channels, selected by their Walsh code, carry data from the network to the mobiles. Data consists of network signaling and user traffic. Generally, data to be transmitted is divided into frames of bits. A frame of bits is passed through a convolutional encoder, adding forward error
705:
Once a call is established, a mobile is restricted to using the traffic channel. A frame format is defined in the MAC for the traffic channel that allows the regular voice (vocoder) or data (RLP) bits to be multiplexed with signaling message fragments. The signaling message fragments are pieced
591:
s starting with Walsh code 1. The paging channel frame time is 20 ms, and is time aligned to the IS-95 system (i.e. GPS) 2-second roll-over. There are two possible rates used on the paging channel: 4800 bit/s or 9600 bit/s. Both rates are encoded to 19200 symbols per second.
657:
Under IS-95B P_REV=5, it was possible for a user to use up to seven supplemental "code" (traffic) channels simultaneously to increase the throughput of a data call. Very few mobiles or networks ever provided this feature, which could in theory offer 115200 bit/s to a user.
580:, which has a length and content dependent on the P_REV. The message is transmitted 32 bits per frame, encoded to 128 symbols, yielding a rate of 1200 bit/s. The Sync Channel Message contains information about the network, including the PN offset used by the BTS sector.
583:
Once a mobile has found a strong pilot channel, it listens to the sync channel and decodes a Sync
Channel Message to develop a highly accurate synchronization to system time. At this point the mobile knows whether it is roaming, and that it is "in service".
537:
When a mobile is "searching", it is attempting to find pilot signals on the network by tuning to particular radio frequencies and performing a cross-correlation across all possible PN phases. A strong correlation peak result indicates the proximity of a BTS.
622:
Since voice and user data are intermittent, the traffic channels support variable-rate operation. Every 20 ms frame may be transmitted at a different rate, as determined by the service in use (voice or data). P_REV=1 and P_REV=2 supported
526:, which is an unmodulated PN sequence (in other words, spread with Walsh code 0). Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN offset in steps of 64 chips. There is no data carried on the forward pilot. With its strong
654:. RLP provides a mechanism to improve the performance of the wireless link for data. Where voice calls might tolerate the dropping of occasional 20 ms frames, a data call would have unacceptable performance without RLP.
642:
The mobile receiving a variable-rate traffic frame does not know the rate at which the frame was transmitted. Typically, the frame is decoded at each possible rate, and using the quality metrics of the
350:
cdmaOne's technical history is reflective of both its birth as a
Qualcomm internal project, and the world of then-unproven competing digital cellular standards under which it was developed. The
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umbrella. Besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 documents are much more mature in terms of layout and content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to IS-95.
678:. Accordingly, capacity improves with SNR and bandwidth. IS-95 has a fixed bandwidth, but fares well in the digital world because it takes active steps to improve SNR.
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in order to operate in the optimal range of the mobile's power amplifier. Like the forward link, the chip rate is 1,228,800 per second and signals are spread with
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887:
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823:
425:, a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95 is widely described as a three-layer stack, where L1 corresponds to the physical (
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s. These channels carry the individual voice and data calls supported by IS-95. Like the paging channel, traffic channels have a frame time of 20ms.
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When a mobile is idle, it is mostly listening to a paging channel. Once a mobile has parsed all the network overhead information, it
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correction redundancy, generating a frame of symbols. These symbols are then spread with the Walsh and PN sequences and transmitted.
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Traffic channels may also carry circuit-switch data calls in IS-95. The variable-rate traffic frames are generated using the IS-95
365:. J-STD-008, published in 1995, was only defined for the then-new North American PCS band (Band Class 1, 1900 MHz). The term
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IS-95 and its use of CDMA techniques, like any other communications system, have their throughput limited according to
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ms long, and its frame boundary is aligned to the pilot. The sync channel continually transmits a single message, the
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After convolution coding and repetition, symbols are sent to a 20 ms block interleaver, which is a 24 by 16 array.
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In the forward direction, radio signals are transmitted by base stations (BTS's). Every BTS is synchronized with a
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function, the forward pilot allows mobiles to determine system timing and distinguish different BTSs for
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For the reverse direction, radio signals are transmitted by the mobile. Reverse link transmissions are
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generically applies to the earlier set of protocol revisions, namely P_REV's one through five.
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433:(MAC) and Link-Access Control (LAC) sublayers, and L3 to the call-processing state machine.
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338:(IS-136), a TDMA-based standard, as well as with the TDMA-based GSM. It was supplanted by
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receiver so transmissions are tightly controlled in time. All forward transmissions are
387:. TSB-74 was the next incremental improvement over IS-95A in the TIA standards process.
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The Walsh space not dedicated to broadcast channels on the BTS sector is available for
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This article is about the mobile phone technology. For the channel access method, see
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together in the LAC, where complete signaling messages are passed on to Layer 3.
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in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The proprietary name for IS-95 is
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with a chip rate of 1,228,800 per second. Each signal is spread with a
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Japan and South Korea (2G GSM is not available in these two countries)
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thereby keeping the noise level seen by all other users to a minimum.
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1973:
319:). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike
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728:, other operators and Hutchison Telecom itself also provides GSM)
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1225:
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907:
607:. Both of these processes are described in more detail below.
522:
Every BTS dedicates a significant amount of output power to a
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For voice calls, the traffic channel carries frames of
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IS-95 defines the transmission of signals in both the
272:) was the first digital cellular technology that used
555:
549:
spread with Walsh code 32. The sync channel frame is
478:
295:
mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a
769:"Air Interface - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
195:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
587:BTSs transmit at least one, and as many as seven,
568:
491:
472:) of length 2, yielding a PN roll-over period of
3217:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1995
3203:
369:properly refers to P_REV=1, developed under the
361:standards process with documentation reference
334:In North America, the technology competed with
3212:3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 standards
831:
2125:
1799:
817:
689:The receiver also uses the techniques of the
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27:First CDMA-based digital cellular technology
3140:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
610:
514:code, which is also known as a Short Code.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3176:
2132:
2118:
1806:
1792:
824:
810:
596:setting up calls to and from the mobiles.
714:cdmaOne was used in the following areas:
603:with the network, then optionally enters
342:(CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard.
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:, without removing the technical details.
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:
252:
385:Technical Services Bulletin 74 (TSB-74)
371:Telecommunications Industry Association
282:Telecommunications Industry Association
280:and later adopted as a standard by the
14:
3204:
2139:
1694:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
396:Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase II
323:(TDMA), a competing system used in 2G
2113:
1787:
805:
392:Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase I
345:
205:make it understandable to non-experts
3186:
1835:Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
1652:Spectral efficiency comparison table
744:Comparison of mobile phone standards
661:
179:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
77:
36:
408:
24:
693:to improve SNR as well as perform
401:P_REV=6 and beyond fall under the
25:
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1880:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
789:
436:
52:This article has multiple issues.
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3175:
3166:
3165:
3154:
2775:Free-space optical communication
1768:
1757:
843:List of mobile phone generations
647:, the correct result is chosen.
449:(mobile-to-network) directions.
421:The IS-95 standards describe an
184:
82:
41:
1874:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
798:CDMA Standards Developing Group
569:{\displaystyle {\frac {80}{3}}}
492:{\displaystyle {\frac {80}{3}}}
357:P_REV=1 was developed under an
329:frequency-division multiplexing
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
761:
13:
1:
754:
709:
378:Interim Standard 95A (IS-95A)
321:time-division multiple access
274:code-division multiple access
32:Code-division multiple access
3161:Telecommunication portal
2942:Telecommunications equipment
2068:Low probability of intercept
2037:PN (pseudorandom noise) code
1892:Time-hopping spread spectrum
1764:Telecommunication portal
311:. CDMA transmits streams of
276:(CDMA). It was developed by
7:
2678:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
796:TR-45 Engineering Committee
732:
669:
639:still in wide use in 2005.
10:
3238:
2382:Telecommunications history
1261:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
700:
518:Forward broadcast channels
429:) layer, L2 refers to the
29:
3149:
3091:
3028:
2990:Public Switched Telephone
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2914:
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2802:telecommunication circuit
2763:Fiber-optic communication
2746:
2508:Francis Blake (telephone)
2455:
2303:Optical telecommunication
2147:
2076:
2029:
1945:
1901:
1863:
1822:
1817:in digital communications
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1405:
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1213:
1198:
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1143:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
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1116:
1076:
1068:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
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1038:
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931:
921:
849:
840:
652:Radio Link Protocol (RLP)
417:cdmaOne network structure
2901:Orbital angular-momentum
2338:Satellite communications
2177:Communications satellite
2094:Statistical multiplexing
749:CDMA spectral efficiency
611:Forward traffic channels
445:(network-to-mobile) and
394:, and P_REV=5 is termed
2780:Molecular communication
2603:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2432:Undersea telegraph line
2167:Cable protection system
1599:Comparison of standards
1238:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
2922:Communication protocol
2708:Charles Sumner Tainter
2523:Walter Houser Brattain
2468:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2276:Information revolution
2052:Power spectral density
1604:Channel access methods
1243:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
570:
493:
418:
262:
2896:Polarization-division
2628:Narinder Singh Kapany
2593:Erna Schneider Hoover
2513:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2493:Alexander Graham Bell
2224:online video platform
2084:Digital communication
1946:Major implementations
1886:Chirp spread spectrum
1775:Telephones portal
883:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
773:www.sciencedirect.com
571:
494:
416:
256:
2738:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2698:Almon Brown Strowger
2668:Charles Grafton Page
2323:Prepaid mobile phone
2251:Electrical telegraph
1392:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
1165:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
578:Sync Channel Message
553:
476:
431:Media Access Control
102:improve this article
2688:Johann Philipp Reis
2447:Wireless revolution
2409:The Telephone Cases
2266:Hydraulic telegraph
1278:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
1120:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
888:Mobile TeleSeratout
512:pseudo-random noise
466:pseudo-random noise
464:of length 64 and a
266:Interim Standard 95
2886:Frequency-division
2863:Telephone exchange
2733:Charles Wheatstone
2663:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2638:Innocenzo Manzetti
2573:Reginald Fessenden
2308:Optical telegraphy
2141:Telecommunications
1766:
1352:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
1346:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
1344:1xEV-DO Revision A
566:
489:
419:
390:P_REV=4 is termed
383:P_REV=3 is termed
376:P_REV=2 is termed
346:Protocol revisions
263:
3199:
3198:
2937:Store and forward
2932:Data transmission
2846:Network switching
2797:Transmission line
2643:Guglielmo Marconi
2608:Internet pioneers
2473:Mohamed M. Atalla
2442:Whistled language
2107:
2106:
1781:
1780:
1584:Cellular networks
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1501:
1500:
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1423:
1270:
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1226:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
1194:
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1161:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
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1111:
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995:
726:Hutchison Telecom
676:Shannon's theorem
662:Block Interleaver
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16:(Redirected from
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3030:Notable networks
3020:Wireless network
2960:Cellular network
2952:Types of network
2927:Computer network
2814:Network topology
2728:Thomas A. Watson
2583:Oliver Heaviside
2568:Philo Farnsworth
2543:Daniel Davis Jr.
2518:Charles Bourseul
2478:John Logie Baird
2187:Data compression
2182:Computer network
2134:
2127:
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2047:Near–far problem
1864:Spread spectrum
1808:
1801:
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1689:Mobile broadband
1589:Mobile telephony
1577:Related articles
1518:
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1461:LTE Advanced Pro
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1356:EV-DO Revision C
1350:EV-DO Revision B
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854:radio telephones
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409:Protocol details
257:Samsung cdmaOne
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2648:Robert Metcalfe
2503:Tim Berners-Lee
2451:
2271:Information Age
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1979:Cordless phones
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1830:Spread spectrum
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1276:3G transitional
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1118:2G transitional
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617:traffic channel
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189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Space-division
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Camille Tissot
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Claude Shannon
2690:
2685:
2683:Tivadar Puskás
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Antonio Meucci
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Charles K. Kao
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Harold Hopkins
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Emile Berliner
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Videotelephony
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2333:Radiotelephone
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Internet video
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2030:Major concepts
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:Commercial use
1847:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1755:
1752:
1751:
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1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
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1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1005:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
949:
944:
938:
936:
926:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Autotel (PALM)
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
847:
846:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
821:
814:
806:
800:
799:
791:
790:External links
788:
785:
784:
759:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
741:
734:
731:
730:
729:
724:Hong Kong (by
722:
719:
711:
708:
702:
699:
671:
668:
663:
660:
612:
609:
589:paging channel
563:
560:
519:
516:
486:
483:
438:
437:Physical layer
435:
410:
407:
347:
344:
249:
248:
231:
230:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3234:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2906:Code-division
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Time-division
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:and switching
2815:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:optical fiber
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Coaxial cable
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Radia Perlman
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Lee de Forest
2561:
2559:
2558:Thomas Edison
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Donald Davies
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Claude Chappe
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Smoke signals
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:Semiconductor
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:Digital media
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Rake receiver
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:(aka IS-2000)
2008:
2005:
2003:(aka cdmaOne)
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:Space Network
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:Main articles
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:Wi-Fi Calling
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:NGMN Alliance
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
943:
942:AMPS - N-AMPS
940:
939:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
807:
804:
797:
794:
793:
774:
770:
764:
760:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
727:
723:
720:
718:North America
717:
716:
715:
707:
698:
696:
692:
691:rake receiver
687:
683:
679:
677:
667:
659:
655:
653:
648:
646:
640:
637:
632:
630:
626:
620:
618:
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
590:
585:
581:
579:
561:
558:
548:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:pilot channel
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
484:
481:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:air interface
415:
406:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:digital radio
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
255:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
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2873:Multiplexing
2748:Transmission
2713:Nikola Tesla
2703:Henry Sutton
2658:Samuel Morse
2588:Robert Hooke
2553:Amos Dolbear
2488:John Bardeen
2407:
2387:Telautograph
2291:Mobile phone
2246:Edholm's law
2229:social media
2162:Broadcasting
2058:Process gain
2000:
1903:
1865:
1704:Push-to-talk
1482:IEEE 802.16m
1451:LTE Advanced
1435:IMT Advanced
1380:IEEE 802.16e
1375:Mobile WiMAX
1336:3GPP2 family
1263:(TIA/IS-856)
1254:3GPP2 family
1152:3GPP2 family
1131:/3GPP family
1048:
947:TACS - ETACS
776:. Retrieved
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695:soft handoff
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261:disassembled
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100:Please help
95:verification
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54:Please help
51:
3073:NPL network
2785:Radio waves
2723:Alfred Vail
2633:Hedy Lamarr
2618:Dawon Kahng
2578:Elisha Gray
2538:Yogen Dalal
2463:Nasir Ahmed
2397:Teleprinter
2261:Heliographs
1845:Hedy Lamarr
1533:5G-Advanced
1521:3GPP family
1471:IEEE family
1463:(4.5G/4.9G)
1444:3GPP family
1286:3GPP family
1214:3GPP family
1159:CDMA2000 1X
1030:CSD - HSCSD
508:Walsh codes
299:scheme for
158:August 2022
3206:Categories
3119:Antarctica
3078:Toasternet
3000:Television
2483:Paul Baran
2415:Television
2399:(teletype)
2392:Telegraphy
2370:transistor
2348:Phryctoria
2318:Photophone
2296:Smartphone
2286:Mass media
2089:Modulation
1387:Flash-OFDM
778:2022-08-05
755:References
710:Deployment
629:rate set 2
625:rate set 1
462:Walsh code
352:term IS-95
309:cell sites
305:telephones
213:April 2011
128:newspapers
57:improve it
3103:Americas
3092:Locations
3063:Internet2
2824:Bandwidth
2528:Vint Cerf
2425:streaming
2403:Telephone
2343:Semaphore
2234:streaming
1974:Bluetooth
1487:WiMax 2.1
1342:CDMA2000
835:standards
601:registers
363:J-STD-008
117:"CdmaOne"
63:talk page
3222:Qualcomm
3171:Category
3058:Internet
3048:CYCLADES
2965:Ethernet
2915:Concepts
2839:terminal
2790:wireless
2613:Bob Kahn
2456:Pioneers
2281:Internet
2172:Cable TV
2099:Waveform
2080:See also
2016:Qualcomm
2007:CDMA2000
1990:Cellular
1922:TD-SCDMA
1512:IMT-2020
1416:HiperMAN
1315:DC-HSDPA
1205:IMT-2000
733:See also
670:Capacity
510:and the
403:CDMA2000
317:PN codes
291:It is a
278:Qualcomm
3191:Commons
3181:Outline
3134:Oceania
3053:FidoNet
3038:ARPANET
2851:circuit
2420:digital
2149:History
2021:Verizon
1969:GLONASS
1964:Galileo
1937:MC-CDMA
1932:FH-CDMA
1927:DS-CDMA
1917:TD-CDMA
1904:schemes
1866:methods
1855:More...
1841:History
1746:Osmocom
1594:History
1564:DECT-5G
1538:NR-IIoT
983:DataTAC
978:Mobitex
739:PN code
701:Layer 2
636:vocoder
532:handoff
470:PN code
447:reverse
443:forward
340:IS-2000
286:cdmaOne
199:Please
142:scholar
3129:Europe
3099:Africa
3083:Usenet
3043:BITNET
2980:Mobile
2856:packet
2365:MOSFET
2360:device
2157:Beacon
1997:Mobile
1955:(NASA)
1912:W-CDMA
1894:(THSS)
1882:(FHSS)
1876:(DSSS)
1548:NB-IoT
1514:(2021)
1509:(2018)
1455:E-UTRA
1437:(2013)
1432:(2009)
1409:family
1368:family
1326:E-UTRA
1207:(2001)
1202:(1998)
1061:family
1042:family
1018:family
1004:(1991)
935:family
925:(1979)
908:B-Netz
856:(1946)
468:code (
144:
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130:
123:
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3112:South
3107:North
3068:JANET
3005:Telex
2995:Radio
2834:Nodes
2829:Links
2750:media
2328:Radio
2313:Pager
2241:Drums
2207:video
2202:image
2192:audio
2054:(PSD)
2001:IS-95
1995:EV-DO
1902:CDMA
1888:(CSS)
1724:ViLTE
1719:VoLTE
1677:5G NR
1626:STDMA
1614:OFDMA
1557:Other
1543:LTE-M
1528:5G NR
1491:WiBro
1478:WiMAX
1397:WiBro
1310:HSPA+
1303:HSUPA
1298:HSDPA
1181:WiDEN
1174:Other
1077:Other
1040:3GPP2
973:Hicap
968:C-450
956:Other
873:Altai
504:OQPSK
499:ms.
367:IS-95
270:IS-95
149:JSTOR
135:books
18:IS-95
3124:Asia
3010:UUCP
2970:ISDN
2042:Chip
2012:Also
1983:DECT
1734:ViNR
1729:VoNR
1709:MIMO
1682:CDMA
1667:UMTS
1645:SDMA
1638:CDMA
1633:SSMA
1621:TDMA
1609:FDMA
1407:ETSI
1366:IEEE
1293:HSPA
1231:FOMA
1221:UMTS
1186:DECT
1138:GPRS
1089:iDEN
1084:CDPD
1059:AMPS
1016:3GPP
933:AMPS
893:AMTS
868:IMTS
458:QPSK
359:ANSI
313:bits
307:and
121:news
3015:WAN
2985:NGN
2975:LAN
2256:Fax
2197:DCT
1959:GPS
1714:IMS
1672:LTE
1662:GSM
1322:LTE
1129:GSM
1104:CT2
1099:PHS
1094:PDC
1025:GSM
1012:GSM
988:CT1
963:NMT
913:AMR
903:ARP
878:OLT
863:MTS
454:GPS
427:PHY
325:GSM
203:to
104:by
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1430:4G
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1002:2G
923:1G
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