967:
equivalent to address bits) and a few unique signal lines specific to ATA/IDE hard disks (such as the Cable Select/Spindle Sync. line.) In addition to the physical interface channel, ATA goes beyond and far outside the scope of ISA by also specifying a set of physical device registers to be implemented on every ATA (IDE) drive and a full set of protocols and device commands for controlling fixed disk drives using these registers. The ATA device registers are accessed using the address bits and address select signals in the ATA physical interface channel, and all operations of ATA hard disks are performed using the ATA-specified protocols through the ATA command set. The earliest versions of the ATA standard featured a few simple protocols and a basic command set comparable to the command sets of MFM and RLL controllers (which preceded ATA controllers), but the latest ATA standards have much more complex protocols and instruction sets that include optional commands and protocols providing such advanced optional-use features as sizable hidden system storage areas, password security locking, and programmable geometry translation.
398:
680:(ATA) hard disk interface is directly descended from the 16-bit ISA of the PC/AT. ATA has its origins in the IBM Personal Computer Fixed Disk and Diskette Adapter, the standard dual-function floppy disk controller and hard disk controller card for the IBM PC AT; the fixed disk controller on this card implemented the register set and the basic command set which became the basis of the ATA interface (and which differed greatly from the interface of IBM's fixed disk controller card for the PC XT). Direct precursors to ATA were third-party ISA
460:
2366:
445:
428:
43:
720:
1044:
that is enabled by pulling a single pin low, so that PCMCIA hardware and firmware are unnecessary to use them as an ATA drive connected to an ATA port. PCMCIA flash drive to ATA adapters are thus simple and inexpensive, but are not guaranteed to work with any and every standard PCMCIA flash drive. Further, such adapters cannot be used as generic PCMCIA ports, as the PCMCIA interface is much more complex than ATA.
574:(MCA). MCA overcame many of the limitations then apparent in ISA but was also an effort by IBM to regain control of the PC architecture and the PC market. MCA was far more advanced than ISA and had many features that would later appear in PCI. However, MCA was also a closed standard whereas IBM had released full specifications and circuit schematics for ISA. Computer manufacturers responded to MCA by developing the
711:
417:
152:
697:
since been separated from the ISA bus and connected directly to the local bus, usually by integration into the chipset, for much higher clock rates and data throughput than ISA could support. ATA has clear characteristics of 16-bit ISA, such as a 16-bit transfer size, signal timing in the PIO modes and the interrupt and DMA mechanisms.
1043:
specification can be seen as a superset of ATA. The standard for PCMCIA hard disk interfaces, which included PCMCIA flash drives, allows for the mutual configuration of the port and the drive in an ATA mode. As a de facto extension, most PCMCIA flash drives additionally allow for a simple ATA mode
966:
interface, used for ATA (a.k.a. IDE) hard disks. Physically, ATA is essentially a simple subset of ISA, with 16 data bits, support for exactly one IRQ and one DMA channel, and 3 address bits. To this ISA subset, ATA adds two IDE address select ("chip select") lines (i.e. address decodes, effectively
890:
Motherboard devices have dedicated IRQs (not present in the slots). 16-bit devices can use either PC-bus or PC/AT-bus IRQs. It is therefore possible to connect up to 6 devices that use one 8-bit IRQ each and up to 5 devices that use one 16-bit IRQ each. At the same time, up to 4 devices may use one
881:
The 16-bit AT bus slot originally used two standard edge connector sockets in early IBM PC/AT machines. However, with the popularity of the AT-architecture and the 16-bit ISA bus, manufacturers introduced specialized 98-pin connectors that integrated the two sockets into one unit. These can be found
974:
form. A further deviation between ISA and ATA is that while the ISA bus remained locked into a single standard clock rate (for backward hardware compatibility), the ATA interface offered many different speed modes, could select among them to match the maximum speed supported by the attached drives,
949:
bus has replaced the ISA bus as the connection to the legacy I/O devices on current motherboards; while physically quite different, LPC looks just like ISA to software, so that the peculiarities of ISA such as the 16 MiB DMA limit (which corresponds to the full address space of the Intel 80286 CPU
899:
Originally, the bus clock was synchronous with the CPU clock, resulting in varying bus clock frequencies among the many different IBM "clones" on the market (sometimes as high as 16 or 20 MHz), leading to software or electrical timing problems for certain ISA cards at bus speeds they were not
696:
drives moved both the drive and controller to a drive bay and used a ribbon cable and a very simple interface board to connect it to an ISA slot. ATA is basically a standardization of this arrangement plus a uniform command structure for software to interface with the HDC within the drive. ATA has
640:
PCI slots were the first physically-incompatible expansion ports to directly squeeze ISA off the motherboard. At first, motherboards were largely ISA, including a few PCI slots. By the mid-1990s, the two slot types were roughly balanced, and ISA slots soon were in the minority of consumer systems.
672:
PCI slots are "rotated" compared to their ISA counterparts—PCI cards were essentially inserted "upside-down," allowing ISA and PCI connectors to squeeze together on the motherboard. Only one of the two connectors can be used in each slot at a time, but this allowed for greater flexibility.
929:
ISA is still used today for specialized industrial purposes. In 2008, IEI Technologies released a modern motherboard for Intel Core 2 Duo processors which, in addition to other special I/O features, is equipped with two ISA slots. It was marketed to industrial and military users had invested in
920:
Memory address decoding for the selection of 8 or 16-bit transfer mode was limited to 128 KiB sections, leading to problems when mixing 8- and 16-bit cards as they could not co-exist in the same 128 KiB area. This is because the MEMCS16 line is required to be set based on the value of
1004:
Many later AT (and AT successor) motherboards had no integrated hard drive interface but relied on a separate hard drive interface plugged into an ISA/EISA/VLB slot. There were even a few 80486 based units shipped with MFM/RLL interfaces and drives instead of the increasingly common AT-IDE.
987:
interface, there was an 8-bit XT-IDE (also known as XTA) interface for hard disks. It was not nearly as popular as ATA has become, and XT-IDE hardware is now fairly hard to find. Some XT-IDE adapters were available as 8-bit ISA cards, and XTA sockets were also present on the motherboards of
490:
bus, was introduced with the release of the IBM PC/AT in 1984. The AT bus was a mostly backward compatible extension of the PC bus—the AT bus connector was a superset of the PC bus connector. In 1988, the 32-bit EISA standard was proposed by the "Gang of Nine" group of PC-compatible
873:
in-line with the eight-bit XT-bus connector, which is unchanged, retaining compatibility with most 8-bit cards. The second connector adds four additional address lines for a total of 24, and 8 additional data lines for a total of 16. It also adds new interrupt lines connected to a second
534:
of main memory is addressable. The original 8-bit bus ran from the 4.77 MHz clock of the 8088 CPU in the IBM PC and PC/XT. The original 16-bit bus ran from the CPU clock of the 80286 in IBM PC/AT computers, which was 6 MHz in the first models and 8 MHz in later models. The
975:
and kept adding faster speeds with later versions of the ATA standard (up to 133 MB/s for ATA-6, the latest.) In most forms, ATA ran much faster than ISA, provided it was connected directly to a local bus (e.g. southbridge-integrated IDE interfaces) faster than the ISA bus.
758:
and electrically buffered versions of the 8 data and 20 address lines of the 8088 processor, along with power lines, clocks, read/write strobes, interrupt lines, etc. Power lines included −5 V and ±12 V in order to directly support
669:, an array of PCI slots, and one or two ISA slots near the end. In late 2008, even floppy disk drives and serial ports were disappearing, and the extinction of vestigial ISA (by then the LPC bus) from chipsets was on the horizon.
518:
CPU (and expanded interrupt and DMA facilities) used in the IBM AT, with improved support for bus mastering. The ISA bus was therefore synchronous with the CPU clock, until sophisticated buffering methods were implemented by
937:
Similarly, ADEK Industrial
Computers released a modern motherboard in early 2013 for Intel Core i3/i5/i7 processors, which contains one (non-DMA) ISA slot. Also, MSI released a modern motherboard with one ISA slot in 2020.
582:(VLB). VLB used some electronic parts originally intended for MCA because component manufacturers already were equipped to manufacture them. Both EISA and VLB were backward compatible expansions of the AT (ISA) bus.
996:
units. The XTA pinout was very similar to ATA, but only eight data lines and two address lines were used, and the physical device registers had completely different meanings. A few hard drives (such as the
1076:
IEEE started a standardization of the ISA bus in 1985, called the P996 specification. However, despite books being published on the P996 specification, it never officially progressed past draft status.
782:. Three of the DMA channels are brought out to the XT bus expansion slots; of these, 2 are normally already allocated to machine functions (diskette drive and hard disk controller):
1350:
882:
in almost every AT-class PC manufactured after the mid-1980s. The ISA slot connector is typically black (distinguishing it from the brown EISA connectors and white PCI connectors).
692:(HDC) onto one card. This was at best awkward and at worst damaging to the motherboard, as ISA slots were not designed to support such heavy devices as HDDs. The next generation of
622:
software to automatically manage resource allocations. In reality, ISA PnP could be troublesome and did not become well-supported until the architecture was in its final days.
649:
specification recommended that ISA slots be removed entirely, though the system architecture still required ISA to be present in some vestigial way internally to handle the
1540:
1590:
514:(16/8 bit) CPU in the IBM PC and PC/XT, augmented with prioritized interrupts and DMA channels. The 16-bit version was an upgrade for the motherboard buses of the Intel
904:
used a separate clock generator, or a clock divider which either fixed the ISA bus frequency at 4, 6, or 8 MHz or allowed the user to adjust the frequency via the
2422:
585:
Users of ISA-based machines had to know special information about the hardware they were adding to the system. While a handful of devices were essentially "
503:
the AT bus to "ISA" to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC and PC/AT systems (and to avoid giving their major competitor, IBM, free advertisement).
2400:
945:
bus, used in industrial and embedded applications, is a derivative of the ISA bus, utilizing the same signal lines with different connectors. The
3617:
339:
by IBM PC clone manufacturers in the late 1980s or early 1990s as a reaction to IBM attempts to replace the AT-bus with its new and incompatible
60:
107:
1342:
2429:
79:
2361:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
1806:
86:
2519:
2514:
2482:
2334:
878:(connected to one of the lines of the first) and 4 × 16-bit DMA channels, as well as control lines to select 8- or 16-bit transfers.
1963:
1826:
1122:
575:
347:
93:
1633:
1532:
1510:
661:
was created. ISA slots remained for a few more years, and towards the turn of the century it was common to see systems with an
1594:
1383:
3647:
2470:
2393:
2014:
1685:
75:
3632:
3627:
590:
1720:
2067:
1906:
1836:
3452:
346:
The 16-bit ISA bus was also used with 32-bit processors for several years. An attempt to extend it to 32 bits, called
1896:
1140:
771:
602:
355:
204:
126:
1425:
1373:
3493:
1994:
1068:
themselves provide services such as temperature monitoring and voltage readings through ISA buses as ISA devices.
605:
actually incorporated many of the ideas first explored with MCA, though it was more directly descended from EISA.
2386:
1163:
3478:
2721:
1486:
1265:
1230:
963:
475:
64:
486:
system - it used the same physical connector, and a similar signal protocol and pinout. A 16-bit version, the
2338:
1989:
1958:
1085:
There still is an existing user base with old computers, so some ISA cards are still manufactured, e.g. with
1611:
100:
2492:
1936:
805:
693:
438:
31:
3637:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2262:
2201:
2056:
3571:
3498:
2659:
1861:
1626:
1128:
571:
340:
2231:
3488:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3043:
2783:
1916:
1183:
1146:
662:
589:", this was rare. Users frequently had to configure parameters when adding a new device, such as the
389:, where certain specialized expansion cards that never transitioned to PCI and PCI Express are used.
3457:
397:
3642:
2509:
2477:
2460:
483:
3622:
3513:
2552:
2542:
2369:
2344:
2236:
1891:
1061:
1008:
666:
539:
also used the 16-bit bus. ISA was also used in some non-IBM compatible machines such as
Motorola
53:
17:
2953:
2948:
1566:
3576:
3483:
3386:
2776:
1926:
1257:
1251:
909:
249:
1476:
2771:
2465:
2190:
2143:
1999:
1771:
1619:
1090:
2808:
1315:
570:
improved the AT bus's performance but in 1987, IBM replaced the AT bus with its proprietary
3503:
2689:
2684:
2597:
2592:
2186:
2039:
1921:
1198:
775:
689:
610:
598:
8:
3419:
2098:
1653:
297:
767:
circuits such as dynamic RAMs among other things. The XT bus architecture uses a single
614:, a plug-n-play system that used a combination of modifications to hardware, the system
3549:
2763:
1642:
998:
482:
as part of the IBM PC project in 1981. It was an 8-bit bus based on the I/O bus of the
385:
Even though ISA disappeared from consumer desktops many years ago, it is still used in
3591:
3539:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3198:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3102:
2654:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2088:
1710:
1646:
1482:
1430:
1379:
1271:
1261:
317:
2803:
1502:
1011:
built the XT-IDE based peripheral hard drive / memory expansion unit A590 for their
3564:
3559:
3292:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2983:
2963:
2958:
2943:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2798:
2793:
2788:
1821:
970:
In mid-1990s, the ATA host controller (usually integrated in chipset) was moved to
931:
891:
8-bit DMA channel each, while up to 3 devices can use one 16-bit DMA channel each.
619:
459:
629:(3-byte manufacturer ID + 2-byte hex number) to identify the device. For example,
3554:
3429:
1951:
1801:
1781:
1656:
1178:
685:
544:
285:
1052:
Although most modern computers do not have physical ISA buses, almost all PCs —
2815:
2252:
1946:
1871:
1796:
1700:
1675:
1168:
1134:
870:
579:
552:
526:
ISA was designed to connect peripheral cards to the motherboard and allows for
351:
1290:
3611:
2664:
2324:
2211:
2103:
2051:
2034:
1816:
1715:
1705:
1680:
1641:
1116:
946:
912:
video cards, for instance), could show significant performance improvements.
677:
527:
496:
386:
208:
1451:
1275:
3462:
3447:
3188:
3183:
2674:
2061:
2004:
1856:
1761:
650:
409:
371:
1001:
ST351A/X) could support either type of interface, selected with a jumper.
3424:
2820:
2679:
2487:
2378:
2329:
2308:
2226:
2071:
2009:
1984:
1911:
1695:
1690:
1204:
1157:
830:
755:
654:
594:
586:
507:
467:
293:
238:
165:
2148:
3596:
2669:
2627:
2182:
1881:
1670:
1188:
1028:
875:
779:
774:, giving eight vectorized and prioritized interrupt lines. It has four
768:
764:
760:
743:
739:
548:
511:
435:
3534:
2634:
2206:
2196:
2163:
2158:
2093:
1968:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1209:
1020:
1012:
950:
used in the original IBM AT) are likely to stick around for a while.
862:
844:
751:
681:
642:
536:
379:
359:
313:
296:
and its immediate successors during the 1980s. The bus was (largely)
289:
930:
expensive specialized ISA bus adaptors, which were not available in
908:
setup. When used at a higher bus frequency, some ISA cards (certain
495:
created the term "Industry
Standard Architecture" (ISA) to replace "
444:
427:
42:
3586:
3529:
3508:
2830:
2716:
2711:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2547:
2537:
2504:
2455:
2216:
2153:
1886:
1746:
1581:
531:
500:
452:
336:
608:
This trouble with configuration eventually led to the creation of
2349:
2303:
2287:
2113:
1931:
1876:
1811:
1766:
1193:
1094:
993:
989:
984:
971:
901:
658:
556:
520:
363:
362:. Derivatives of the AT bus structure were and still are used in
1426:"MSI's LGA1151 Motherboard Takes Us Back to 1992 With PCI Slots"
2499:
2282:
2173:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
1941:
1831:
1791:
1751:
1110:
1057:
1040:
942:
747:
719:
492:
487:
375:
367:
309:
281:
161:
2267:
2178:
1313:
861:(or 80286-) version of the PC/XT bus, was introduced with the
710:
506:
IBM designed the 8-bit version as a buffered interface to the
350:(EISA), was not very successful, however. Later buses such as
3581:
2277:
2168:
2108:
2046:
2019:
1901:
1851:
1776:
1173:
1152:
1053:
1024:
646:
560:
515:
301:
157:
1567:
2272:
2257:
2118:
2029:
2024:
1866:
1098:
1060:— have ISA buses allocated in physical address space. Some
1016:
905:
615:
567:
305:
1591:"Removing the ISA Architecture in Windows-Based Platforms"
358:
were used instead, often along with ISA slots on the same
2409:
2221:
1846:
1841:
1253:
Milestones in computer science and information technology
1086:
1065:
869:
by IBM. It extends the XT-bus by adding a second shorter
858:
735:
540:
479:
194:
1478:
A+ Guide to PC Hardware
Maintenance and Repair, Volume 1
416:
151:
601:
channel. MCA had done away with this complication and
1582:"Connector Bus ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)"
992:'s later XT clones as well as a short-lived line of
474:The original PC bus was developed by a team led by
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
962:section, ISA was the basis for development of the
3609:
625:A PnP ISA, EISA or VLB device may have a 5-byte
1964:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
1340:
1314:LaPlante, Alice; Furger, Roberta (1989-01-23).
900:designed for. Later motherboards or integrated
1047:
657:, etc., which was why the software compatible
27:Internal expansion bus in early PC compatibles
2394:
1627:
1256:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp.
915:
1334:
1316:"Compaq Vying To Become the IBM of the '90s"
2408:
2401:
2387:
1634:
1620:
1288:
150:
1588:
1503:"Lo-tech ISA USB Adapter - lo-tech.co.uk"
1481:. Thomson, Delmar Learning. p. 191.
1423:
1307:
1015:and 500+ computers that also supported a
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1228:
458:
443:
426:
415:
396:
1123:Extended Industry Standard Architecture
924:
700:
576:Extended Industry Standard Architecture
348:Extended Industry Standard Architecture
14:
3618:Computer-related introductions in 1981
3610:
1474:
1371:
1249:
551:(68030) workstations, the short-lived
523:to interface ISA to much faster CPUs.
2382:
1615:
894:
754:in the 1980s. Among its 62 pins were
335:by IBM. The ISA term was coined as a
1543:from the original on 24 October 2017
885:
778:channels originally provided by the
491:manufacturers that included Compaq.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1353:from the original on 6 January 2015
1343:"Introducing the First PS/2 Clones"
1080:
292:and similar computers based on the
24:
3458:ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe
1559:
1071:
718:
709:
635:Creative Sound Blaster 16 / 32 PnP
25:
3659:
2430:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1574:
1513:from the original on 9 April 2018
1452:"PCI IDE Controller - OSDev Wiki"
1141:Peripheral Component Interconnect
865:. This bus was officially termed
3494:Professional Graphics Controller
2365:
2364:
76:"Industry Standard Architecture"
41:
1525:
1495:
1468:
1444:
1164:List of computer bus interfaces
52:needs additional citations for
3545:Industry Standard Architecture
1417:
1413:MS-98A9 Product Specifications
1405:
1392:
1365:
1341:Lewis, Peter H. (1988-04-24).
1282:
1243:
1231:"The Wonderful World of Buses"
1222:
323:Originally referred to as the
274:Industry Standard Architecture
224:
145:Industry Standard Architecture
13:
1:
1959:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
1215:
331:(16-bit), it was also termed
1937:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
1927:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
1411:ADEK Industrial Computers:
1093:based on modern processors,
1031:series – use AT-IDE drives.
806:Dynamic random-access memory
694:Integrated Drive Electronics
32:Instruction set architecture
7:
3648:Computer hardware standards
1593:. Microsoft. Archived from
1475:Graves, Michael W. (2005).
1424:Zhiye Liu (14 March 2020).
1372:Brooks, Charles J. (2003).
1104:
1048:Emulation by embedded chips
378:bus, and internally within
178:; 43 years ago
10:
3664:
3633:X86 IBM personal computers
3628:Motherboard expansion slot
3499:Multi-Color Graphics Array
3479:Monochrome Display Adapter
2423:Influence on the PC market
1922:Compute Express Link (CXL)
1129:Micro Channel architecture
1019:drive. Later models – the
916:8/16-bit incompatibilities
572:Micro Channel Architecture
392:
341:Micro Channel architecture
29:
3522:
3489:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
3471:
3440:
3412:
3379:
3321:
3243:
3197:
3129:
3101:
3042:
2992:
2972:
2932:
2882:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2756:
2747:
2704:
2530:
2448:
2439:
2417:
2358:
2317:
2296:
2245:
2159:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
2081:
2074:logical device interface)
1977:
1729:
1663:
1289:John Titus (2001-09-15).
1184:List of device bandwidths
1147:Accelerated Graphics Port
1113:- Embedded variant of ISA
1034:
978:
663:Accelerated Graphics Port
263:
255:
245:
234:
223:
215:
200:
190:
172:
149:
144:
1589:Microsoft (1999-06-02).
1570:; Intel; 73 pages; 1989.
1400:IMBA-9654ISA User Manual
1291:"Whence Came the IBM PC"
499:". In the process, they
484:IBM System/23 Datamaster
30:Not to be confused with
3514:Extended Graphics Array
667:central processing unit
665:(AGP) sitting near the
3484:Color Graphics Adapter
1721:List of bus bandwidths
1250:Reilly, Edwin (2003).
1091:single-board computers
953:
723:
714:
471:
456:
441:
424:
413:
2784:PS/2 Note and PS/note
1402:, Rev. 1.00, May 2008
1398:IEI Technology Corp:
763:and enhancement mode
722:
713:
578:(EISA) and the later
501:retroactively renamed
462:
447:
430:
423:: Adlib FM Sound card
419:
400:
256:Hotplugging interface
3504:Video Graphics Array
2164:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
1902:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
1199:Universal Serial Bus
958:As explained in the
925:Past and current use
701:ISA bus architecture
690:hard disk controller
530:. Only the first 16
61:improve this article
2543:Industrial Computer
2005:Parallel ATA (PATA)
910:Hercules-compatible
298:backward compatible
141:
3638:IBM PC compatibles
3577:Music Feature Card
2412:personal computers
1912:PCI Express (PCIe)
1375:A+: Training Guide
1347:The New York Times
1089:ports or complete
983:Before the 16-bit
895:Varying bus speeds
794:Standard function
724:
715:
684:that integrated a
472:
457:
442:
434:: Madge 4/16 Mbps
425:
414:
318:IBM PC compatibles
264:External interface
139:
3605:
3604:
3540:IBM PC compatible
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3095:
3094:
2752:
2700:
2699:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2089:Apple Desktop Bus
2066:PCI Express (via
2025:Serial ATA (SATA)
1711:Network on a chip
1537:www.advantech.com
1507:www.lo-tech.co.uk
1385:978-0-7897-3044-2
886:Number of devices
851:
850:
728:
727:
271:
270:
241:8 MB/s or 16 MB/s
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3655:
3453:Power Series 600
3099:
3098:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2446:
2445:
2432:
2425:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2360:
1822:HP Precision Bus
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:(Microsoft Word)
1585:
1584:. Hardware Book.
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1081:Modern ISA cards
785:
784:
738:ISA bus used by
705:
704:
620:operating system
465:
450:
433:
422:
407:
403:
312:, including the
226:
186:
184:
179:
154:
142:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3643:Legacy hardware
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3518:
3467:
3436:
3420:Palm Top PC 110
3400:
3391:
3375:
3317:
3239:
3193:
3125:
3091:
3038:
3009:701 "Butterfly"
2988:
2968:
2928:
2878:
2825:
2743:
2696:
2526:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2313:
2292:
2241:
2154:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
2077:
1973:
1952:Infinity Fabric
1782:Europe Card Bus
1725:
1659:
1640:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1577:
1562:
1560:Further reading
1557:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:. pp. 1, 8
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1179:Switched fabric
1160:(PCI-E or PCIe)
1107:
1083:
1074:
1072:Standardization
1050:
1037:
981:
956:
927:
918:
897:
888:
746:systems in the
708:
703:
686:hard disk drive
633:corresponds to
566:Companies like
553:AT&T Hobbit
463:
448:
431:
420:
412:(top to bottom)
405:
401:
395:
230:up to 6 devices
182:
180:
177:
168:
164:ISA slots on a
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Computer buses
3620:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3550:IntelliStation
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3472:Video hardware
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:Model 425/425C
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2727:PS/2 portables
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:list of models
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:list of models
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2442:and all-in-one
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Intel HD Audio
2260:
2255:
2253:ADAT Lightpipe
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:HyperTransport
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Bus contention
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Front-side bus
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:computer buses
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1586:
1576:
1575:External links
1573:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1524:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1456:wiki.osdev.org
1443:
1431:Tom's Hardware
1416:
1404:
1391:
1384:
1364:
1333:
1306:
1281:
1266:
1242:
1229:Kyle Chapman.
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Amiga Zorro II
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1135:VESA Local Bus
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1049:
1046:
1036:
1033:
980:
977:
955:
952:
934:bus versions.
926:
923:
921:LA17-23 only.
917:
914:
896:
893:
887:
884:
871:edge connector
849:
848:
842:
839:
835:
834:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
726:
725:
716:
702:
699:
580:VESA Local Bus
555:and the later
455:10BASE-5/2 NIC
394:
391:
387:industrial PCs
352:VESA Local Bus
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
236:
232:
231:
228:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
174:
170:
169:
155:
147:
146:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3660:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Micro Channel
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:Single models
2447:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2371:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Multidrop bus
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:External PCIe
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Parallel SCSI
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Commodore bus
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Fibre Channel
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
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1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Plug and play
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Bus mastering
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Back-side bus
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1600:on 2012-03-11
1596:
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1471:
1457:
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1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:Low Pin Count
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
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860:
856:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
819:Add-on cards
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
757:
756:demultiplexed
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
721:
717:
712:
707:
706:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:AT Attachment
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
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588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
528:bus mastering
524:
522:
517:
513:
510:buses of the
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:PC compatible
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
461:
454:
446:
440:
437:
429:
418:
411:
399:
390:
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365:
361:
357:
353:
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321:
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299:
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283:
279:
275:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
222:
218:
216:Width in bits
214:
210:
206:
203:
201:Superseded by
199:
196:
193:
189:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
148:
143:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3544:
3044:Power Series
2994:
2974:
2934:
2884:
2849:
2768:PS/2 Laptop
2757:pre-ThinkPad
1857:TURBOchannel
1786:
1647:
1602:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1565:
1545:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1346:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1284:
1252:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1224:
1084:
1075:
1062:Southbridges
1051:
1038:
1007:
1003:
982:
969:
959:
957:
940:
936:
928:
919:
898:
889:
880:
866:
854:
852:
734:is an eight-
731:
729:
688:(HDD) and a
675:
671:
655:serial ports
651:floppy drive
639:
634:
630:
626:
624:
609:
607:
584:
565:
547:(68020) and
525:
505:
473:
384:
372:CompactFlash
345:
332:
328:
324:
322:
277:
273:
272:
211:(1993, 1998)
173:Year created
123:
117:January 2014
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2764:Convertible
2722:Portable PC
2680:ThinkCentre
2330:CoreConnect
2309:ExpressCard
2237:Thunderbolt
2227:Camera Link
2010:Bus and Tag
1696:Address bus
1691:Control bus
1686:Daisy chain
1205:Legacy port
1158:PCI Express
867:I/O Channel
847:controller
833:controller
831:Floppy disk
788:DMA channel
595:I/O address
587:plug-n-play
508:motherboard
468:US Robotics
333:I/O Channel
327:(8-bit) or
316:as well as
304:bus of the
294:Intel 80286
239:Half-duplex
166:motherboard
3612:Categories
3597:ThinkLight
3441:Prototypes
2816:PS/55 Note
2655:ValuePoint
2461:DataMaster
2183:ACCESS.bus
2082:Peripheral
1882:InfiniBand
1877:HP GSC bus
1671:System bus
1604:2007-07-14
1533:"PCA-6763"
1488:1401852300
1461:2024-07-27
1437:2024-07-25
1300:2020-10-13
1267:1573565210
1236:2021-06-30
1216:References
1189:CompactPCI
1029:Amiga 4000
1027:, and the
780:Intel 8237
769:Intel 8259
744:Intel 8088
740:Intel 8086
549:Amiga 3000
512:Intel 8088
449:16-bit ISA
436:Token Ring
432:16-bit ISA
406:16-bit ISA
370:standard,
227:of devices
191:Created by
87:newspapers
3555:Keyboards
3535:IBM BASIC
3387:TransNote
2665:PC Series
2144:Lightning
2094:Atari SIO
1969:SpaceWire
1802:Zorro III
1742:S-100 bus
1737:SS-50 bus
1730:Standards
1650:standards
1643:Technical
1357:6 January
1320:InfoWorld
1210:Backplane
1064:and some
1013:Amiga 500
1009:Commodore
863:IBM PC/AT
855:PC/AT-bus
845:Hard disk
791:Expansion
752:IBM PC XT
732:PC/XT-bus
682:hardcards
643:Microsoft
537:IBM RT PC
476:Mark Dean
470:56k Modem
380:Super I/O
360:mainboard
314:IBM PC/XT
300:with the
290:IBM PC/AT
284:internal
280:) is the
160:and five
3592:UltraBay
3530:IBM 5151
3509:IBM 8514
3463:WatchPad
3448:Leapfrog
3413:Handheld
3323:R series
3245:X series
3199:A series
3131:T series
3103:G series
2831:ThinkPad
2705:Portable
2690:M series
2685:A series
2675:NetVista
2650:EduQuest
2370:Category
2345:Wishbone
2318:Embedded
2297:Portable
2217:Profibus
2149:DMX512-A
2035:Parallel
1887:Ethernet
1797:Zorro II
1747:Multibus
1648:de facto
1541:Archived
1511:Archived
1351:Archived
1326:17 March
1276:51258496
1105:See also
902:chipsets
876:8259 PIC
808:refresh
521:chipsets
464:8-bit XT
453:Ethernet
421:8-bit XT
402:8-bit XT
337:retronym
250:Parallel
3587:SurePOS
3565:Model M
3560:Model F
3523:Related
3425:WorkPad
2821:PCradio
2777:CL57 SX
2520:3270 AT
2488:3270 PC
2440:Desktop
2350:SLIMbus
2304:PC Card
2288:TOSLINK
1978:Storage
1932:RapidIO
1812:FASTBUS
1767:STD Bus
1664:General
1378:. Que.
1295:edn.com
1194:PC card
1095:USB 3.0
999:Seagate
994:Philips
990:Amstrad
985:ATA/IDE
960:History
857:, a 16-
659:LPC bus
631:CTL0044
627:EISA ID
611:ISA PnP
559:-based
557:PowerPC
543:-based
393:History
382:chips.
364:ATA/IDE
308:-based
219:8 or 16
181: (
101:scholar
18:ISA bus
3380:Others
2997:series
2977:series
2937:series
2887:series
2852:series
2804:N51SLC
2772:L40 SX
2748:Laptop
2670:Aptiva
2618:70 486
2613:70 386
2578:30 286
2563:25 286
2531:Series
2515:AT/370
2493:XT 286
2483:XT/370
2283:S/PDIF
2174:1-Wire
2139:RS-485
2134:RS-423
2129:RS-422
2124:RS-232
1985:ST-506
1942:NVLink
1792:STEbus
1752:Unibus
1485:
1382:
1274:
1264:
1125:(EISA)
1111:PC/104
1097:, and
1058:x86-64
1056:, and
1041:PCMCIA
1035:PCMCIA
979:XT-IDE
943:PC/104
748:IBM PC
618:, and
593:line,
545:Apollo
493:Compaq
488:IBM AT
376:PC/104
374:, the
368:PCMCIA
366:, the
329:AT bus
325:PC bus
310:IBM PC
282:16-bit
162:16-bit
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3582:Mwave
2954:555BJ
2949:550BJ
2799:N51SX
2794:N45SL
2789:N33SX
2660:Ambra
2635:PS/55
2608:65 SX
2598:55 LS
2593:55 SX
2568:25 SX
2510:PC AT
2478:PC XT
2278:McASP
2246:Audio
2191:SMBus
2187:PMBus
2169:UNI/O
2109:HP-IL
2062:SATAe
2047:ESCON
2020:HIPPI
1852:NuBus
1807:CAMAC
1777:Q-Bus
1772:SMBus
1757:VAXBI
1654:wired
1547:3 May
1517:3 May
1201:(USB)
1174:NuBus
1153:PCI-X
1149:(AGP)
1143:(PCI)
1137:(VLB)
1131:(MCA)
1119:(LPC)
1054:IA-32
1025:A1200
647:PC-99
597:, or
561:BeBox
516:80286
302:8-bit
246:Style
235:Speed
158:8-bit
108:JSTOR
94:books
3313:X61t
3308:X60t
3236:A31p
3233:A30p
3224:A22p
3221:A21p
3218:A20p
3215:A22e
3212:A22m
3209:A21m
3206:A20m
2717:5110
2712:5100
2645:PS/1
2640:PS/V
2588:50 Z
2548:PS/2
2538:5550
2505:PCjr
2456:5120
2335:AMBA
2273:MADI
2258:AES3
2119:MIDI
2072:NVMe
2068:AHCI
2030:SCSI
2015:DSSI
1990:ESDI
1867:SBus
1827:EISA
1762:MBus
1652:for
1645:and
1549:2018
1519:2018
1483:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1359:2015
1328:2016
1272:OCLC
1262:ISBN
1099:SATA
1066:CPUs
1039:The
1021:A600
1017:SCSI
941:The
906:BIOS
853:The
765:nMOS
761:pMOS
750:and
742:and
730:The
676:The
616:BIOS
568:Dell
410:EISA
354:and
306:8088
183:1981
176:1981
156:One
80:news
3430:Z50
3371:R61
3366:R60
3361:R52
3356:R51
3351:R50
3346:R40
3341:R32
3336:R31
3331:R30
3303:X60
3298:X41
3293:X40
3288:X32
3283:X31
3278:X30
3273:X24
3268:X23
3263:X22
3258:X21
3253:X20
3230:A31
3227:A30
3189:T61
3184:T60
3179:T43
3174:T42
3169:T41
3164:T40
3159:T30
3154:T23
3149:T22
3144:T21
3139:T20
3121:G50
3116:G41
3111:G40
3087:860
3082:851
3077:850
3072:823
3067:822
3062:821
3057:820
3052:800
3034:770
3029:765
3024:760
3019:755
3014:750
3004:700
2984:600
2964:570
2959:560
2944:500
2924:390
2919:380
2914:365
2909:360
2904:350
2899:310
2894:300
2874:240
2869:235
2864:230
2859:220
2737:P75
2732:P70
2410:IBM
2339:AXI
2268:I²S
2222:USB
2207:D²B
2202:SPI
2197:I3C
2179:I²C
2114:HIL
2099:DCB
2070:or
2057:SSA
2040:SAS
2000:SMD
1995:IPI
1917:AGP
1907:PXI
1897:PCI
1892:UPA
1872:VLB
1862:MCA
1847:VPX
1842:VXS
1837:VXI
1832:VME
1817:LPC
1787:ISA
1087:USB
972:PCI
964:ATA
954:ATA
947:LPC
932:PCI
859:bit
841:Yes
827:Yes
816:Yes
776:DMA
772:PIC
736:bit
645:'s
603:PCI
599:DMA
591:IRQ
541:68k
480:IBM
478:at
439:NIC
356:PCI
288:of
286:bus
278:ISA
225:No.
209:LPC
205:PCI
195:IBM
140:ISA
63:by
3614::
2995:xx
2975:xx
2935:xx
2885:xx
2850:xx
2623:80
2603:60
2583:50
2573:30
2558:25
2500:JX
2466:PC
2189:,
2185:,
1539:.
1535:.
1509:.
1505:.
1454:.
1428:.
1349:.
1345:.
1318:.
1293:.
1270:.
1260:.
1258:37
1101:.
1023:,
802:No
653:,
637:.
563:.
532:MB
466::
451::
408:,
404:,
343:.
320:.
267:No
259:No
207:,
2993:7
2973:6
2933:5
2883:3
2848:2
2628:E
2402:e
2395:t
2388:v
2341:)
2337:(
2193:)
2181:(
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1607:.
1551:.
1521:.
1491:.
1464:.
1440:.
1388:.
1361:.
1330:.
1303:.
1278:.
1239:.
838:3
824:2
813:1
799:0
276:(
185:)
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
