Ilyushin Il-2 - Knowledge

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target for the 88's relatively low rate of fire, only occasional hits were scored. Similarly, Finnish attempts to counter the Il-2 during the summer of 1944 proved ineffective as a result of the low numbers of 20 and 40 mm (0.79 and 1.57 in) AA in the field army. Heavier 76 mm (3.0 in) guns drawn from homeland defence proved also relatively ineffective and few Il-2s were downed despite attempting different tactics with time-fused fragmentation, contact-fused, and shrapnel ammunition: the heavy guns simply lacked the reaction times to take advantage of the brief firing opportunities presented by the low-altitude Il-2 attacks. Single-barrel

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especially from the rear and to the sides, and suffered about four times the casualties of pilots. Added casualties resulted from the Soviet policy of not returning home with unused ammunition, which typically resulted in repeated passes on the target. Soviet troops often requested additional passes even after the aircraft were out of ammunition to exploit the intimidating effect Il-2s had on German ground troops, who gave it the nickname the "flying tank". It was also called the "black death" by German troops.

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over-long takeoff run. The new variant had a lengthened fuselage compartment with an extended canopy offering some protection from the elements. Unlike the well-armoured cockpit of the pilot compartment with steel plating up to 12 mm (0.47 in) thick behind, beneath and on both sides as well as up to 65 mm (2.6 in) thick glass sections, the rear gunner was provided with 6 mm (0.24 in) thick armour, effective only against rifle-calibre rounds.

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it is difficult to find any first-hand accounts by German panzer crews on the Eastern Front describing anything more than the occasional loss to direct air attack. The vast majority, around 95–98%, of tank losses were due to enemy anti-tank guns, tanks, mines, artillery, and infantry assault, or simply abandonment as operational losses (due to causes such as mechanical breakdown or running out of fuel), which mostly happened during the last eleven months of the war.

310: 2040: 2002: 512: 1304: 1259: 1281: 435:.) Factory trials of the MP-6 gun on the Il-2 were conducted in August 1940. In the early Il-2 prototypes, these guns were fed by 81-round clips. In flight, these clips sometimes became dislodged because of their large surface, which caused them to experience significant aerodynamic pressure. Competitive tests were conducted in the spring of 1941 between the MP-6 gun modified to belt-fed and the newly developed, gas-operated 896:

armour did not extend to the rear or below although side armour panels were riveted to the rear armour plate to protect the ammunition tank for the UBT machine gun, providing some measure of protection. The modifications, including adding the rear gunner and gun, had added weight behind the center of gravity, resulting in "marginal" stability and handling characteristics that were "barely acceptable". The need to shift the

1357: 49: 675:(well after the battle), the 3rd Panzer Division still had 41 operational tanks. The 3rd Panzer Division continued fighting throughout July, mostly with 48th Panzer Corps. It did not record any extraordinary losses to air attack throughout this period. As with the other panzer divisions at Kursk, the large majority of the 3rd Panzer Division's tank losses were due to dug-in Soviet anti-tank guns and tanks. 1338: 853: 687:

claimed destroyed by the VVS. The 17th Panzer Division was not even in the main attack sector, but further south with the 1st Panzer Army's 24th Panzer Corps. The 17th Panzer did not register any abnormal losses due to aircraft in the summer of 1943, and retreated westwards with Army Group South later in the year, still intact.

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became available for the Soviet aviation industry, the Il-2 received a set of all-metal wing panels. At the same time, the outer wing planform was swept back, with a straight trailing edge, since the centre of gravity was shifted rearwards after the gunner was added. The wing planform change regained

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To improve performance, the Mikulin Design Bureau started work on an uprated AM-38 engine. The new engines produced 1,300 kW (1,700 hp) at takeoff and 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) at 750 metres (2,460 ft). They gave an improved takeoff and low-altitude performance. On 30 October 1942,

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rockets on the Hawker Typhoon, each with 5.5 kg (12 lb) of explosives. Likewise, the Shturmovik's bombs were usually only 50 kg (110 lb), or rarely 100 kg (220 lb), too small to compensate for the typically wide variation from the target point. To compensate for the poor

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days after German invasion began. The aircraft was so new that the pilots had no training in flight characteristics or tactics, and the ground crew no training in servicing or re-arming. The training received enabled the pilots only to take-off and land; none of the pilots had fired the armament, let

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losses (including the Il-10 type) in 1941–1945 were of 10,762 aircraft (533 in 1941, 1,676 in 1942, 3,515 in 1943, 3,347 in 1944 and 1,691 in 1945). The main defensive tactic was to fly low and reduce power as the enemy fighter closed in. This could make the fighter overshoot and fly into the Il-2's

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Other studies of the fighting at Kursk suggest that very few of German armour losses were caused by the IL-2 or any other Soviet aircraft. In fact, total German tank losses in Operation Citadel amounted to 323 destroyed, the vast majority by anti-tank guns and armored fighting vehicles. In addition,

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engine. A redesigned single-seat version was soon developed and saw combat, particularly in the early phase of the war in the Soviet Union. While the Il-2 proved to be a deadly air-to-ground weapon, heavy losses were caused by its vulnerability to fighter attack. Consequently, in February 1942, the

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70 metres (230 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) wide could cover the enemy tanks, giving a high "kill" probability. Pilots of 291st ShAP were the first to use the PTAB-2.5-1.5 bombs. During one sortie on 5 June 1943, six attack aircraft led by Lt. Col. A. Vitrook destroyed 15 enemy tanks in

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in Finland, Finnish anti-aircraft forces were far too few in number to counter the armadas of Pe-2 and Il-2, but quickly found that the Il-2 attacks generally missed their marks widely, particularly with bombs. While some attacks against large unprotected targets such as horse and truck convoys and

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During the Battle of Kursk, VVS Il-2s claimed the destruction of no less than 270 tanks (and 2,000 men) in a period of just two hours against the 3rd Panzer Division. On 1 July, however, the 3rd Panzer Division's 6th Panzer Regiment had just 90 tanks, 180 fewer than claimed as destroyed. On 11 July

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Nonetheless, the death rate among the air gunners remained exceptionally high and it was only for late models produced after 1944 that the 13 mm (0.51 in) rear plate of the armour shell was moved rearwards into the (wooden) rear fuselage to allow a gunner to sit behind the fuel tank. The

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A major threat to the Il-2 was German ground fire. In postwar interviews, Il-2 pilots reported 20 mm (0.79 in) and 37 mm (1.5 in) artillery as the primary threat. While the fabled 88 mm (3.5 in) calibre gun was formidable, low-flying Il-2s presented too fast-moving a

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Perhaps the most extraordinary claim by the VVS's Il-2s is that, over a period of four hours, they destroyed 240 tanks and in the process virtually wiped out the 17th Panzer Division. On 1 July, the 17th Panzer Division had only one tank battalion (the II./Pz Rgt 39), with 67 tanks, 173 fewer than

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The Il-2 is a single-engine, propeller-driven, low-wing monoplane of mixed construction with a crew of two (one in early versions), specially designed for assault operations. Its most notable feature was the inclusion of armor in an airframe load-bearing scheme. Armor plates replaced the frame and

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The armored tub, ranging from 5 to 12 mm (0.20 to 0.47 in) in thickness and enveloping the engine and the cockpit, could deflect all small arms fire and glancing blows from larger-caliber ammunition. Unfortunately the rear gunners did not have the benefit of all-around armor protection,

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The main problem with the Il-2 was the inaccuracy of its attacks. Towards the end of war, the Soviets were able to concentrate large numbers of Shturmoviks to support their main offensives. The effect, however, was often more psychological than actual physical destruction of targets, particularly

439:, which had otherwise rather similar characteristics. The VYa-23 was declared the winner at this trial. Subsequently, in May 1941, development of the MP-6 gun was terminated. Taubin was arrested and summarily executed in October that year for plotting to continue production of his failed weapon. 964:

While the Il-2 was a strong air-to-ground weapon, and even a fairly effective interceptor against slow bombers and transport aircraft, heavy losses resulted from its vulnerability to fighter attack. Losses were very high, the highest of all types of Soviet aircraft, though given the numbers in

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was shifted backwards. At the beginning of March 1942, a production two-seat Il-2 with the new gunner's cockpit began manufacturer tests. The second cockpit and armament increased all-up weight by 170 kg (370 lb) so the flaps were allowed to be deployed at an angle of 17° to avoid an

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machine gun in an improvised mounting. The semi-turret gun mount allowed the machine gun to be fired at angles of up to 35° upwards, 35° to starboard and 15° to port. Tests showed that maximum speed decreased by between 10 and 20 km/h (6 and 12 mph) and that the two-seater was more

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railyards had devastating results, attacks against dug-in point targets were usually ineffective. The frequent duels between dug-in 20 and 40 mm AA guns and Il-2 attackers never resulted in the complete destruction of the gun, while many Il-2s were brought down in these attacks.

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were also found somewhat inadequate due to limited firepower: one or two shells were often not enough to destroy the Il-2, and unless the Il-2 was attacking the gun itself, thus presenting effectively a stationary target, scoring more hits during a firing opportunity was rare.

360:. Standing loaded, the Ilyushin weighed more than 4,700 kg (10,400 lb), making the armoured shell about 15% of the aircraft's gross weight. Uniquely for a World War II attack aircraft, and similarly to the forward fuselage design of the World War I-era Imperial German 536:

alone learned tactics. There were 249 Il-2s available on 22 June 1941. In the first three days, 4th ShAP had lost 10 Il-2s to enemy action, a further 19 were lost to other causes, and 20 pilots were killed. By 10 July, 4th ShAP was down to 10 aircraft from a strength of 65.

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or geared Ash-82IR engine. It had deteriorated rate of climb and field performance however it retained the same handling qualities. Recommended for production in Plant No.381 and Plant No.135, with 678 to be delivered by 1943. Cancelled because AM-38 production stabilized.

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Two-seat version, AM-38 engine, first action on 30 October 1942 near Stalingrad. Maximum bomb load reduced from 600 to 400 kg (1,300 to 880 lb). Used on edges of flight formations for defense against German fighters. Quickly replaced by the "Il-2 production of

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Tactics improved as Soviet aircrews became used to the Il-2's strengths. Instead of a low horizontal straight approach at 50 metres (160 ft) altitude, the target was usually kept to the pilot's left and a turn and shallow dive of 30 degrees was used, using an

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landed near the crash site and the pilot began to investigate the wrecked Il-2, possibly to look for souvenirs. Thinking quickly, Kuznetsov ran to the German fighter and used it to fly home, barely avoiding being shot down by Soviet fighters in the process.

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You have let down our country and our Red Army. You have the nerve not to manufacture IL-2s until now. Our Red Army now needs IL-2 aircraft like the air it breathes, like the bread it eats. Shenkman produces one IL-2 a day and Tretyakov builds one or two

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The heavy armor of the Il-2 also meant that it would typically carry only comparatively light bomb-loads, which together with the poor accuracy of its attacks made it a far less deadly attack aircraft than contemporary Allied fighter-bombers such as the

654:, each plane protecting the one ahead with its forward machine guns, while individual Il-2s took turns leaving the circle, attacking a target, and rejoining the circle. Ryazanov was later awarded the Gold Star of Hero of Soviet Union twice, and the 666: 632:). Here our assault aircraft delivered three powerful attacks in groups of 20–30, which resulted in the destruction and disabling of 34 tanks. The enemy was forced to halt further attacks and to withdraw the remnants of his force north of Kashara. 658:

under his command became the first unit to be awarded the honorific title of Guards. In 1943, one aircraft was lost for every 26 Shturmovik sorties. About half of those lost were shot down by fighters, the rest falling to anti-aircraft fire.

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flew the Ilyushin in 185 sorties, and was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title in 1944. He was the earliest-born cosmonaut, and the only cosmonaut to be a Hero of the Soviet Union for an earlier achievement unrelated to space travel.

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Heavy losses to enemy fighters forced the reintroduction of a rear gunner; early Il-2s were field modified by cutting a hole in the fuselage behind the cockpit for a gunner sitting on a canvas sling armed with a 12.7 mm (0.50 in)

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aircraft bomb was put into production. These small-calibre bombs were loaded directly into the bomb bays and were dropped onto enemy vehicles from altitudes up to 100 metres (330 ft). As each Il-2 could carry up to 192 bombs, a

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As a result, "the production of Shturmoviks rapidly gained speed. Stalin's notion of the Il-2 being 'like bread' to the Red Army took hold in Ilyushin's aircraft plants and the army soon had their Shturmoviks available in quantity."

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rear guns proved to be effective against hostile fighters, and during the service trials alone, gunners shot down seven Bf 109s and repulsed many attacks. In January 1943, two-seat attack aircraft powered by uprated AM-38F engines

573:, "anti-tank aviation bomb"). They were designated PTAB-2.5-1.5, as they had a total weight of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), and an explosive charge of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). Up to 192 were carried in four external dispensers ( 1012:

Recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union award, T. Kuznetsov survived the crash of his Il-2 in 1942 when shot down returning from a reconnaissance mission. Kuznetsov escaped from the wreck and hid nearby. To his surprise, a

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paneling throughout the nacelle and middle part of the fuselage, and an armored hull made of riveted homogeneous armor steel AB-1 (AB-2) secured the aircraft's engine, cockpit, water and oil radiators, and fuel tanks.

577:) or up to 220 in the inner wing panels' internal ventral weapon bays. The charge could easily penetrate the relatively thin upper armor of all heavy German tanks. PTABs were first used on a large scale in the 623:

Ground forces highly valued the work of aviation on the battlefield. In a number of instances enemy attacks were thwarted thanks to our air operations. Thus on 7 July enemy tank attacks were disrupted in the

1774:. This particular plane was shot down in 1943 over Karelia, but the heavily wounded pilot, K. Kotlyarovsky, managed to crash-land the plane near Lake Oriyarvi. The aircraft was returned to Kuybyshev in 1975. 1147:

Referred in the west as the "Il-2M". Powered by an upgraded AM-38F engine. Delivered to the front units from early 1943. In 1943, the 20 mm ShVAK armed Il-2s faded out, leaving only the 23 mm VYa

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came out with redesigned "arrow-wings" that possessed leading edges that were swept back 15 degrees on the outer panels, and nearly straight trailing edges, resulting in a wing planform somewhat like the

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three classes. Despite having lost his right eye as a result of injuries sustained in a combat mission on 14 August 1943, he returned to flying status and continued to fly combat sorties until war's end.

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engine, a development of the AM-35 optimised for low-level operation. The TsKB-57 first flew on 12 October 1940. The production aircraft passed State Acceptance Trials in March 1941, and was redesignated

650:, developing and improving the tactics of Il-2 operations in co-ordination with infantry, artillery and armored troops. Il-2s at Kursk used the "circle of death" tactic: up to eight Shturmoviks formed a 1231:

Il-2 fitted with a rocket motor in the rear, prototype only. The design was part of a concept to have units of Il-2R´s as part of a rapid response force, spread across the front to counter sudden

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In early 1941, the Il-2 was ordered into production at four factories, and was eventually produced in greater numbers than any other military aircraft in aviation history, but by the time

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rearwards with the revised "arrow wing" planform to correct the earlier problem, and this became the most common version of the Il-2. A radial engine powered variant of the Il-2 with the

5639: 1037:. Soviet sources assert that Stepanyan flew no fewer than 239 combat sorties, sank 53 ships, thirteen of which he did alone, destroyed 80 tanks, 600 armored vehicles, and 27 aircraft. 981:

Squadrons and Luftwaffe II./JG 54 took a toll on Soviet Il-2 squadrons. In just 30 days (10 June – 9 July), Finnish and German fighter pilots shot down 111 and 53 Il-2s, respectively.

712:(of which four were carried) having a warhead with only 0.9 kg (2.0 lb) of explosives, which compared poorly with the P-47's typical load of ten 5 in (13 cm) 1126:

Single-seat serial aircraft, AM-38 engine, first flight on 29 December 1940, some delivered to combat units in May–June 1941. Renamed the Il-2 in April 1941. Cannons 20 mm

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Production early in the war was slow because after the German invasion the aircraft factories near Moscow and other major cities in western Russia had to be moved east of the

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daily. It is a mockery of our country and the Red Army. I ask you not to try the government's patience, and demand that you manufacture more ILs. This is my final warning.

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principle and had a rate of fire of about 600 rpm. (The development of the MP-6 gun can be traced back to 1937. The initial version was tested in the spring of 1940 on a

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in conformal gun pods under the wings, instead of the 20/23 mm cannons, this version is an attempt to create an anti-tank aircraft, first used in combat during the

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rockets could destroy armored vehicles with one hit, they were so inaccurate that experienced Il-2 pilots mainly used the cannon. Another potent weapon of the Il-2 were

1004:, another Il-2 pilot, was one of only four men awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and also a Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory as a recipient of each of the 584:

The Il-2 was thereafter deployed widely on the Eastern Front. The aircraft could fly in low light conditions and carried weapons able to defeat the thick armor of the

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The original Mikulin AM-38F engine was impractical to restore (no such engines are airworthy in the 21st century), and the aircraft was instead mated with a reliable

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cannons removed to save weight, it was able to carry a single 45 cm (18 in) torpedo. Evidently, it was only a design as the 23rd Attack Air Regiment of the

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The 23 mm (0.91 in) armament of Il-2 was subject to a competition. One of the first 1940 photographs of the Il-2 show it equipped with two MP-6 23 mm

337: 2030:. As of August 2024, the plane (which can be viewed in the restoration hangar there) appeared complete and ready for final touches before being put on display. 1101:

ground attack aircraft was produced in small quantities, but was generally considered unsuitable due to inadequate performance and lack of defensive armament.

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accuracy of the Il-2's bombsight, in 1943, the Soviet Command decided to use shaped-charge armor-piercing projectiles against enemy armored vehicles, and the

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1870930 - Under restoration to airworthy condition by the Wings of Victory Foundation in Moscow. It is the only surviving single-seat Il-2 built before 1942.

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were claimed to be destroyed by Ilyushin Il-2s in just 20 minutes. In another report of the action on the same day, a Soviet staff publication states that:

479:. Ilyushin and his engineers had time to reconsider production methods, and two months after the move Il-2s were again being produced. The tempo was not to 332:

armored biplanes. However, Soviet engines at the time lacked the power needed to provide the heavy aircraft with good performance. The Il-2 was designed by

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that Yegorova had received "posthumously" in late 1944, since she was presumed dead after being shot down. She survived imprisonment in a German POW camp.

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Thanks to the heavy armor protection, the Il-2 could take a great deal of punishment and proved difficult for both ground and aircraft fire to shoot down.

423:) at OKB-16. The MP-6 gun weighed 70 kg (150 lb) and developed an initial muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s). It operated on the 5836: 2516: 1025:

flew an Il-2 and took part in a number of aerial battles and bombing sorties. He was shot down once but returned to Soviet lines. On his final sortie in

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of the aircraft forwards due to the weight of the added rear gunner and lengthened cockpit was the reason for the swept back outer wings in later Il-2s.

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A backup project prepared while plants producing AM-35/AM-38 were evacuated. Compared to the original Il-2 it had additional armor, a rear gunner and

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structure, thus saving considerable weight. The prototype TsKB-55, which first flew on 2 October 1939, won the government competition against the

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flew regular Il-2M-3s fitted with torpedo racks as a field modification, and that no such aircraft were ever noted in the battle sortie logs.

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1,022 kW (1,371 hp) engine designed to give its greatest power outputs at high altitude. Because of this, it was redesigned as the

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Owing to a shortage of fighters, in 1941–1942, Il-2s were occasionally used as fighters. While outclassed by dedicated fighters such as the

3543: 4140: 4510: 269:, a total of 42,330 were built, making it the single most produced military aircraft design in aviation history, as well as one of the 953:. Pilots of 33rd GvShAP were the most successful in these operations. Other successful units were those in 1942–1943 operating near 431:

bought from Germany, because there was no suitable Soviet aircraft on which to mount it. In the summer of 1940 it was tested on the

254:"Ilyusha". To the soldiers on the ground, it was called the "Hunchback", the "Flying Tank" or the "Flying Infantryman". Its postwar 5841: 1945: 1416: 465: 255: 101: 3611: 3164: 5399: 3667: 731:

one attack, and during five days of the enemy advance, the 291st Division claimed to have destroyed or damaged 422 enemy tanks.

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Ilyushin IL-2 undergoing restoration in the restoration hanger of the National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

5851: 5831: 4050: 4035: 3989: 3944: 3922: 3907: 3852: 3792: 3743: 3728: 3713: 3582: 3387: 2752: 1952:. It incorporates parts of four different wrecked aircraft recovered from Russia and was restored by Retro Avia Tech with a 5512: 4937: 4103: 3232: 3518: 2930: 3088: 1953: 3773: 1033:

on 14 December 1944, his plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire, and although wounded, he flew his airplane into a German

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765 km (475 mi, 413 nmi) at 275 km/h (171 mph; 148 kn) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft)

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production Il-2s powered by AM38s were used on the Central Front for the first time when they successfully attacked

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and Factory 381 at Leningrad had commenced production, with 249 having been built by the time of the German attack.

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Bergstrom 2007, p. 26. Cites document "TsAMO f. 319, op.4799d.25." Russian Central Military Archive at Podolsk.

1465: 1459: 1453: 1308: 857: 270: 2513: 2120:, 1,280 kW (1,720 hp) (takeoff power),1,100 kW (1,500 hp) at 750 m (2,460 ft) 2023: 1909: 1483: 713: 3900:

Panzer Truppen, The Complete Guide to the Creation and Combat Deployment of Germany’s Tank Force: 1943–1945.

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The true capabilities of the Il-2 are difficult to determine from existing documentary evidence. W. Liss in

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Panzer Truppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation and Combat Deployment of Germany’s Tank Force, 1943–1945

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improvements, use of wooden outer wing panels instead of metal and increased fuel capacity. In 1943, the

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The airworthy Ilyushin Il-2M3 of the Flying Heritage Collection, flown with an Allison V-1710 powerplant

5846: 5826: 5614: 5589: 4126: 2638: 1976: 1582: 1315: 655: 3862:, Issue Twelve, April–July 1980, pp. 1–10, 71–77. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press. ISSN 0143-5450. 1089:

engine was proposed in 1942 to remedy projected shortages in the Mikulin inline engines. However, the

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Onward to Berlin!: Red Army Valor in World War II - The Full Cavaliers of the Soviet Order of Glory.

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How to fly Il-2. Training Film by the Red Army Air Force Research Institute, 1943. English subtitles

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Onward to Berlin!: Red Army Valor in World War II - The Full Cavaliers of the Soviet Order of Glory.

3421: 3259:"В Новороссийске состоялась торжественная церемония открытия памятника легендарному штурмовику Ил-2" 1648: 1221:

bombers. Proved infeasible due to its low speed, which causes it to be able to intercept only older

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suffered most of all from the ravages of Il-2s. Il-2 pilots also often attacked close formations of

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mentions an engagement during the Battle of Kursk on 7 July 1943, in which 70 tanks from the German

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Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The Annals of Ilyusha: Ilyushin's Proliferous Shturmovik".

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fighter which effectively secured all available engines to the Lavochkin bureau. The radial engine

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armored, all-metal biplane, the Il-2's armor was designed as a load-bearing part of the Ilyushin's

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During the war, 36,183 units of the Il-2 were produced, and in combination with its successor, the

2983: 1625:. It was recovered from a lake on the Norwegian side of the border in 1985 and restored in Russia. 993:

piloted 243 Il-2 missions and was decorated three times. One of these awards was the Gold Star of

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4,525 m (14,846 ft) (service ceiling), 6,360 m (20,870 ft) (absolute ceiling)

3932:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1968. No ISBN. Reprinted in 1971 and 1982. 3258: 1935: 344:

was a two-seat aircraft with an armoured shell weighing 700 kg (1,500 lb), protecting

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First public flight of the Flying Heritage Collection's Il-2, with P-47 Thunderbolt chase plane

3551: 1423: 1349:– received 33 Il-2 and 2 training Il-2U aircraft. This type was operated between 1944 and 1949. 1273:– received 120 Il-2 and 10 training Il-2U in 1945. The type was operated between 1945 and 1954. 1169: 489: 212: 1152: 5731: 5649: 5476: 5444: 5321: 4358: 4205: 1550: 1401: 709: 436: 31: 3362: 3284: 3113: 1081:

trainer. Performance and handling were much improved from the resulting shift of the Il-2's

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The first use in action of the Il-2 was with the 4th ShAP (Ground Attack Regiment) over the

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3-bladed AV-57-158 variable-pitch propeller, 3.60 m (11 ft 10 in) diameter

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The early two-seater prototype proved to be too heavy for the limited power of the early

616: 180: 118: 1426:– received 213 aircraft in Il-2M3 and UIl-2 versions and used them until 1954. Used by: 5270: 4639: 3619: 3172: 2027: 1612: 1082: 897: 646:(Operation Citadel), General V. Ryazanov became a master in the use of attack aircraft 184: 128: 1217:

Armoured fighter, prototype only. Concept based on several dogfights between Il-2 and

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4× dispensers for 48 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) PTAB anti-armour bombs (192 total) in wing bays

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Ilyushin Il-2 of the 30th air regiment, 4. air division Czechoslovak Air Force, 1946

483:'s liking, however, and he issued the following telegram to Shenkman and Tretyakov: 399:, a lighter single-seat design with the more powerful 1,254 kW (1,682 hp) 320:

The idea for a Soviet armored ground-attack aircraft dates to the early 1930s, when

5527: 5341: 5336: 5100: 4974: 4964: 4866: 4684: 4632: 4337: 3641: 2747:("Anti-aircraft Men's Experiences in The Continuation War"). Helsinki: WSOY, 2002. 2305: 1396: 1376:) received about 230 Il-2 aircraft between 1944 and 1946. All were retired in 1949. 1373: 1168:

Referred in the west as the "Il-2 Type 3M". Based on the two-seat Il-2, armed with

1043: 1022: 692: 373: 208: 111: 54: 3574: 1665:. It was used by the 3rd Assault Aviation Regiment (3 Pułk Lotnictwa Szturmowego). 1616:

The restored Ilyushin IL-2m3 Shturmovik at Sør-Varanger museum in Kirkenes, Norway

1296:– received an unknown number of aircraft. The type was operated from 1945 to 1952. 600: 5753: 5599: 5331: 5275: 5157: 5142: 4979: 4969: 4897: 4669: 4491: 4429: 4409: 4393: 4388: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4220: 4075:(Aircraft number 155). Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. 2934: 2577: 2520: 2295: 1980: 1242: 1232: 1208: 1173: 1090: 1086: 930: 651: 643: 605: 578: 333: 314: 228: 71: 903:

In February 1945, the highest scoring German flying ace to be killed in action,

5780: 5726: 5721: 5486: 5481: 5454: 5439: 5434: 5361: 5356: 5326: 5300: 5290: 5280: 5239: 5213: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5162: 5126: 5095: 5065: 5060: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 4994: 4989: 4839: 4794: 4769: 4764: 4694: 4679: 4644: 4605: 4578: 4573: 4475: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4353: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4210: 4200: 4195: 3780: 3596: 3309: 2927: 2278: 1908:

1870710 - under restoration for display at Wickenby, Lincolnshire, England for

1771: 1331: 1094: 1005: 1001: 705: 532: 476: 266: 195: 4108: 716:, each having 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) of explosives, or the eight to twelve 231:: штурмовик), the generic Russian term for a ground-attack aircraft, became a 5815: 5654: 5584: 5559: 5449: 5366: 5193: 5152: 5147: 5055: 5050: 4814: 4719: 4714: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4190: 4169: 4164: 3575:"Flying the Winged Tank - Modern impressions of the legendary Il-2 Sturmovik" 2300: 2290: 2273: 2268: 2113: 1802:

The restored Ilyushin IL-2 Shturmovik at the Central Air Force Museum, Monino

1746: 1056: 990: 950: 934: 562: 480: 432: 400: 392: 289: 3493: 2832:

Luftwaffe Fighter Ace: from the Eastern Front to the Defence of the Homeland

2205: 2195: 5619: 5351: 5265: 5218: 5208: 5090: 5085: 5080: 4950: 4946: 4858: 4689: 4674: 4664: 4600: 4439: 3865: 2232: 2223: 1750: 1738: 1721: 1389: 1187:

controllability of the two-seat Il-2 back to level of the single-seat Il-2.

585: 581:

with little success, perhaps due to the poor bombing accuracy of the Il-2.

574: 461: 457: 424: 416: 220: 216: 5684: 5664: 5569: 2745:

Ohiampujat: Ilmatorjuntamiesten kokemuksia jatkosodan ratkaisutaisteluista

5644: 5624: 5554: 5549: 5407: 5295: 5260: 5234: 5203: 5116: 5075: 4889: 4739: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4532: 4455: 4434: 3997:История конструкций самолетов в СССР 1938–1950 гг. (3 изд.). (in Russisn) 2141:

410 km/h (250 mph, 220 kn) at 1,500 m (4,900 ft)

2001: 1098: 1065: 1030: 904: 722: 570: 511: 369: 361: 2185: 973:

During the Battle in Karelian Isthmus, Vyborg Offensive in summer 1944,

708:. The rocket projectiles especially were not effective, even the larger 5800: 5785: 5629: 5285: 5070: 4874: 3336: 2566: 2208: 2117: 2039: 1318:– received 71 Il-2 in 1945. The type was operated between 1945 and 1954 929:

aircraft with some success. German front line units equipped with the

866: 412: 274: 251: 232: 5579: 4030:(Osprey Combat Aircraft, no 71). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008. 3984:. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2014. 2546: 1026: 5609: 3599:-113 engine, the same powerplant used in the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. 1183: 1120:

Single-seat prototype, AM-38 engine, first flight on 12 October 1940.

1040: 925: 365: 357: 309: 4118: 1863: 4149: 1891: 1694: 1622: 1303: 1258: 880: 691:

against dug-in and armored targets. In the 9 June offensive in the

549:

assault by four to twelve aircraft at a time. Although the Il-2's

469: 293: 292:

told the factory managers that the Il-2s were "as essential to the

89: 3967:

Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik: Il-2 Type 3, Il-2 Type 3M, Il-2KR, UIl-2

3233:"Il-2 attack aircraft restored to flight condition in Novosibirsk" 949:

transport aircraft, and became the most dangerous opponent of the

4894: 4825: 1742: 1586: 1522: 1286: 1157: 1108:

Two-seat prototype, AM-35 engine, first flight on 2 October 1939.

1034: 957:. Their targets were not only Ju 52s but also Heinkel He 111 and 625: 589: 408:

in April. Deliveries to operational units commenced in May 1941.

4945: 4009:

Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950 gg. (3rd ed.)

3363:"Airframe Dossier - Ilyushin Il-2M3, s/n 19 red VVS, c/n 301060" 670:

Il-2s banking towards targets in the vicinity of Leningrad, 1943

48: 5316: 2188: 1812: 1690: 1662: 1362: 1204: 1131: 554: 520: 349: 235:

for the Il-2 in English sources, where it is commonly rendered

2898:

Anon. "Ստեփանյան, Նելսոն Գևորգի" (Stepanyan, Nelson Gevorgi).

2020:

Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility

3915:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.

3815:

OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft

3706:

Bagration to Berlin: The final Air Battle in the East 1944–45

3544:"The Flying Heritage Collection Adds Another Vintage Warbird" 1757: 1554: 1337: 1127: 852: 550: 391:

The BSh-2 was overweight and underpowered, with the original

2694:. Anness Publishing Ltd: Hermes House, London, 2006, p. 365. 1689:

1872452 – Airworthy with the Wings of Victory Foundation in

961:

bombers, delivering supplies to the besieged German troops.

3114:"Airframe Dossier - Ilyushin Il-2M, s/n Unknown Russian AF" 3064:"Airframe Dossier - Ilyushin Il-2M3, s/n 38 VVS, c/n 12438" 2867: 717: 345: 3817:. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. 2692:

The Complete Guide to Fighters and Bombers of World War II

1732:

Forward fuselage of Ilyushin Il-2 c/n 7826 at Patriot Park

1693:. It was recovered in 2015 from the bottom of a lake near 1134:(depending on which factory the Il-2 was manufactured in). 937:, as the 7.92 mm (0.312 in) machine guns of the 4705: 3800:

The Battle for Kursk 1943: The Soviet General Staff Study

2245:

6× 100 kg (220 lb) bombs in wing bomb-bays and underwing

3813:

Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergei Komissarov.

2106:

730 L (190 US gal; 160 imp gal)

604:

Soviet Il-2 planes attacking a German column during the

526: 4863: 3902:

Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1996.

2671: 2382: 1737:

7826 - (forward fuselage only) displayed unrestored at

1182:

Referred in West as "Il-2M3" or "Il-2 Type 3". As more

2456: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2375: 2373: 945:. In the winter of 1941–1942, Il-2s were used against 3870:

The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995

3847:. Hinckley UK: Midland / Ian Allan Publishing, 2008. 3040:(in Czech). Vojenský Historický Ústav. Archived from 1697:

and restored by Aviarestoration on a commission from

3885:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

3787:

London: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd, Surrey, UK, 1999.

3523:

Flying Heritage Collection & Combat Armor Museum

2940:, No. 4, Part 1, 2000. Retrieved: 18 September 2011. 1203:

Torpedo bomber version for the Soviet Navy with the

4886: 4871: 3738:London: Anness Publishing Ltd: Hermes House, 2006. 3736:

The Complete Guide to Fighters and Bombers of WWII.

3388:"Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik Recovery – Updated Story" 2758: 2681:

Ian Allan Publishing Ltd, Surrey, UK, 1999, p. 349.

2403: 2370: 2285:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

595: 4855: 4015:. Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1994. 2715: 4655: 4544: 3969:. Prague, Czech Republic: 4+ Publications, 2006. 3195:"Airframe Dossier - Ilyushin Il-2M3, s/n 21 SPRP" 3009:"Airframe Dossier - Ilyushin Il-2M3, s/n 425 BBC" 2969: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2949:Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 24-25. 2860: 2858: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2664: 2662: 2660: 5813: 4730: 4099:25 shots of Il-2 memorial (Novorossyisk, Russia) 892:– uprated) began to arrive at front line units. 4591: 2846: 2636: 2470: 2468: 1770:S/N unknown - displayed in a traffic circle in 1749:. The aircraft was reportedly shot down in the 3721:Barbarossa: The Air Battle: July–December 1941 3089:"ILYUSHIN IL-2M-3 "STURMOVIK" ATTACK AIRCRAFT" 2964: 2952: 2855: 2837: 2806: 2790: 2697: 2684: 2657: 2588:Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 38. 2536:Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 18. 2361: 1753:on 1 November 1943, and was recovered in 2015. 941:were ineffective against the heavily armoured 734: 250:To Il-2 pilots, the aircraft was known by the 5513: 5393: 4931: 4518: 4134: 4013:History of Aircraft design in USSR: 1938–1950 3930:Ilyushin Il-2 (Aircraft in Profile number 88) 3887:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1982. 3686: 3263:Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation 2396: 2394: 923:, in dogfights, the Il-2 could take on other 907:, was shot down by return fire from an Il-2. 823: 817: 4755: 2877:Teufelsberg Press, Seattle, WA, 2017, p. 34. 2774: 2772: 2770: 2465: 2352: 2082:4.17 m (13 ft 8 in) (tail up) 796:or 'tractor') derived from a word play with 288:. When factories fell behind on deliveries, 3668:"Preparing to Restore the "Concrete Plane"" 3034:"Iljušin Il-2m3 Šturmovik – bitevní letoun" 2911: 829: 801: 781: 761: 30:"Il-2" redirects here. For other uses, see 5837:World War II Soviet ground attack aircraft 5520: 5506: 5400: 5386: 4938: 4924: 4525: 4511: 4141: 4127: 4028:IL-2 Sturmovik Guards Units of World War 2 3798:Glantz, David M. and Harold S. Orenstein. 3708:. Hersham UK, Classic Publications, 2008. 3469:"Ilyushin Il-2 Restoration United Kingdom" 3328: 2943: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2525:КАЛАШНИКОВ. ОРУЖИЕ, БОЕПРИПАСЫ, СНАРЯЖЕНИЕ 2477: 2447: 2391: 2034: 2010:Composite – undergoing restoration at the 4104:Interview with Il-2 pilot Yuri Khukhrikov 2920: 2767: 1946:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum 1807:301060 – Il-2m3 on static display at the 1156:Il-2m with the NS-37 cannon in conformal 299: 273:along with the American postwar civilian 271:most produced piloted aircraft in history 5531:trainer aircraft designations, 1945–1958 2572:, June 2006. Retrieved: 27 March 2010. 2038: 2000: 1934: 1797: 1727: 1647: 1611: 1589:. Recovered from a lake. Engine #259059. 1336: 1151: 851: 677: 665: 599: 510: 442: 308: 3939:. Bath, UK: Parragon Books Ltd., 2012. 3751:Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft 3665: 2732: 2623: 2621: 2582: 2530: 2211:machine gun in rear cockpit, 300 rounds 2165:15 min to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) 682:Il-2s flying towards Berlin, 1 May 1945 14: 5814: 4060:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1977. 4058:Ground Attack Aircraft of World War II 4043:Heroines of the Soviet Union: 1941–45. 3828:Gordon, Yefim and Sergey Kommissarov. 3585:from the original on 14 September 2017 2880: 2706: 1621:3035560 – at the Grenselandsmuseet in 1179:Il-2 production 1944 "wing with arrow" 1114:VVS designation for TsKB-55 prototype. 506: 284:The Il-2 played a crucial role on the 5501: 5381: 4919: 4805: 4785: 4506: 4148: 4122: 4045:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003. 3954:(in Polish). Gdańsk: AJ-Press, 1999. 3572: 3566: 1975:5612 – Il-2 on static display at the 1492: 1250: 965:service this is only to be expected. 527:Initial use and operational confusion 27:Soviet ground attack aircraft of WWII 3753:. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. 3666:Crellin, Evelyn (27 November 2016). 2984:"AIRCRAFTS [sic] COLLECTION" 2618: 2512:Евгений Кравченко, Борис Прибылов, " 2088:38.50 m (414.4 sq ft) 2076:14.60 m (47 ft 11 in) 910: 822:'machine' in turn is shortened from 4535:bomber/attack aircraft designations 3952:Ił-2 Ił-10. Monografie Lotnicze #22 3723:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. 2889: 2070:11.65 m (38 ft 3 in) 24: 3832:. Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2004. 3830:Ilyushin IL-2 and IL-10 Shturmovik 3768:Seattle: Teufelsberg Press, 2017. 3749:Donald, Donald and Jon Lake, eds. 3692:Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 72. 3334: 2917:Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 76. 2821:Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 10. 2018:. Formerly held in storage at the 984: 883:airfield occupied by Germans. The 637:Glantz and Orenstein 1999, p. 260. 613:Aircraft profile 88: Ilyushin Il-2 25: 5863: 4087: 3618:. 13 October 2011. Archived from 3573:Marsh, Elliott (23 August 2017). 3550:. 27 October 2011. Archived from 2556:, 2003. Retrieved: 27 March 2010. 2489:Istorya aviatsionnogo vooruzhenia 2474:Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 3. 2453:Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 2. 1870: 1529: 1060:two-seat design was revived. The 277:and the German then-contemporary 3965:Ovčáčík, Michal and Karel Susa. 2487:Харвест (Shirokorad A.B. (2001) 2318:List of aircraft of World War II 1916: 1581:S/N unknown - unrestored at the 1409: 1382: 1355: 1324: 1316:Mongolian People's Army Aviation 1302: 1279: 1257: 1193:Training version, also known as 870:difficult to handle because the 596:Effectiveness as attack aircraft 47: 5842:Single-engined tractor aircraft 3917:London: Greenhill Books, 1997. 3845:Soviet Airpower in World War II 3698: 3659: 3634: 3604: 3536: 3511: 3486: 3461: 3436: 3406: 3380: 3355: 3302: 3285:"Il-2 forward fuselage display" 3277: 3251: 3225: 3212: 3187: 3157: 3131: 3106: 3081: 3056: 3038:Vojenský Historický Ústav Praha 3026: 3001: 2976: 2834:2012 p.148 ISBN 9780753772767 2824: 2815: 2781: 2630: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2559: 2539: 2506: 2485:История авиационного вооружения 1876:Under restoration or in storage 1820:Under restoration or in storage 1777:S/N unknown - displayed at the 1478:111th Assault Aviation Regiment 1472:107th Assault Aviation Regiment 1448:423rd Assault Aviation Regiment 1442:422nd Assault Aviation Regiment 1436:554th Assault Aviation Regiment 1430:421st Assault Aviation Regiment 5411:bomber designations, 1945–1958 3999:Moscow: Машиностроение, 1994. 3444:"Ilyushin Il-2 United Kingdom" 2417: 2343: 2334: 2100:6,360 kg (14,021 lb) 1652:Ilyushin Il-2 S/N 21 in Warsaw 1466:96th Assault Aviation Regiment 1460:81st Assault Aviation Regiment 1454:3rd Training Aviation Regiment 858:Museum of Aviation in Belgrade 847: 539: 13: 1: 3672:National Air and Space Museum 3581:. The Vintage Aviation Echo. 2323: 2094:4,425 kg (9,755 lb) 2024:National Air and Space Museum 1910:Royal Air Force Museum London 1783:Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk 1587:Szolnok, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 1484:185th Mixed Aviation Regiment 1264:People's Republic of Bulgaria 745:20 mm anti-aircraft guns 451: 5852:Aircraft first flown in 1939 5832:1940s Soviet attack aircraft 3802:. London: Frank Cass, 1999. 3519:"Ilyushin II-2M3 Shturmovik" 3418:Aeronautical Museum Belgrade 2906:Armenian Academy of Sciences 2901:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 2637:Ralph Wetterhan (May 2015). 2501:History of aircraft armament 1860:Aeronautical Museum Belgrade 1722:Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai 1370:Air Force of the Polish Army 1238:Il-2 with M-82/M-82IR engine 322:Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich 219:in large numbers during the 124:Air Force of the Polish Army 7: 3642:"ILYUSHIN IL-2M SHTURMOVIK" 3612:"Ilyushin Il-2 Flies Again" 3414:"Ilyshin IL-2m3 Shturmovik" 3171:(in Polish). Archived from 2257: 2191:cannons, 150 rounds per gun 2012:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 1977:Pima Air & Space Museum 1954:reversed Allison V-1710-113 1763:S/N unknown - displayed in 1760:. It was recovered locally. 1756:S/N unknown - displayed in 1497: 1309:Mongolian People's Republic 1050: 10: 5868: 4114:Pilot's Instruction Manual 3548:Flying Heritage Collection 2729:, Atglen, PA, 1996, p. 80. 2677:D. M. Glantz, J.M. House. 2462:Gunston 1995, pp. 105–106. 2425:"Ilyushin Il 2 Shturmovik" 1583:Airplane Museum of Szolnok 1561: 800:'ground attack aircraft' ( 656:1st Assault Aviation Corps 567:protivotankovaya aviabomba 304: 29: 5762: 5740: 5703: 5536: 5463: 5416: 5309: 5253: 5227: 5171: 5135: 5109: 5038: 4957: 4949:military aircraft during 4906: 4848: 4824:Short-range dive bomber ( 4823: 4803: 4783: 4753: 4728: 4703: 4653: 4589: 4542: 4484: 4448: 4402: 4346: 4285: 4229: 4178: 4157: 3674:. Smithsonian Institution 3646:Pima Air and Space Museum 3139:"Iljushin IL-2 Stormovik" 2764:Gordon 2008, pp. 295–296. 2712:Glantz and House, p. 353. 2645:. Smithsonian Institution 2349:Michulec 1999, pp. 27–28. 2194:2 × fixed forward-firing 2184:2 × fixed forward-firing 1838: 1669: 1659:Museum of the Polish Army 1629: 1593: 1347:Czechoslovakian Air Force 1093:was also used in the new 1000:Guards Junior Lieutenant 702:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 517:Museum of the Polish Army 466:State Aviation Factory 18 215:that was produced by the 191: 175: 167: 159: 151: 146: 138: 107: 102:State Aviation Factory 18 95: 85: 77: 67: 62: 46: 41: 4073:Il-2 Stormovik in Action 3872:. London: Osprey, 1995. 3314:Aviation of World War II 2908:, 1985. Vol. xi, p. 130. 2643:Air & Space Magazine 2545:Austerslått, Tor Willy. 2328: 1894:, Lincolnshire, England. 1890:1878576 - in storage at 1809:Central Air Force Museum 1519:National Aviation Museum 995:Hero of the Soviet Union 959:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor 776:). The Finnish nickname 559:high-explosive anti-tank 57:Ilyushin Il-2M in flight 4704:Heavy bomber seaplane ( 3937:Weapons of World War II 3579:vintageaviationecho.com 3169:Muzeum Wojska Polskiego 2852:Bergström 2008, p. 132. 2615:Shores 1977, pp. 72–82. 2552:9 June 2011 at Wikiwix 2519:19 October 2013 at the 2055:General characteristics 2035:Specifications (Il-2M3) 1144:Il-2 production of 1943 5529:Czechoslovak Air Force 5409:Czechoslovak Air Force 4895:High-speed dive bomber 2483:Широкорад А.Б. (2001) 2400:Hardesty 1982, p. 170. 2050:The Annals of Ilyusha… 2044: 2006: 1940: 1803: 1733: 1653: 1617: 1424:SFR Yugoslav Air Force 1342: 1170:Nudelman-Suranov NS-37 1161: 861: 824: 818: 811:ground combat aircraft 683: 671: 640: 608: 523: 500: 464:on 22 June 1941, only 386:Bronirovani Shturmovik 317: 300:Design and development 211:: Илью́шин Ил-2) is a 72:Ground-attack aircraft 4754:Heavy ground-attack ( 4071:Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. 4056:Shores, Christopher. 3779:Glantz, David M. and 3719:Bergström, Christer. 3704:Bergström, Christer. 2973:Michulec 1999, p. 28. 2961:Michulec 1999, p. 29. 2933:25 March 2012 at the 2514:К гранатомёту Таубина 2429:century-of-flight.net 2414:Gunston 1995, p. 104. 2379:Gunston 1995, p. 106. 2340:Michulec 1999, p. 27. 2042: 2004: 1938: 1801: 1731: 1651: 1615: 1551:Kbely Aviation Museum 1517:S/N unknown - at the 1402:Soviet Naval Aviation 1340: 1155: 1015:German Bf 109 fighter 855: 756:pilots called it the 681: 669: 621: 603: 514: 485: 443:Technical description 437:Volkov-Yartsev VYa-23 338:Central Design Bureau 312: 32:IL-2 (disambiguation) 4908:Unknown/not assigned 4864:Light armored-attack 4835:BPB-1 through BPB-21 4543:Short-range bomber ( 3785:The Battle of Kursk. 2886:Empric, pp. 107-108. 2864:Sakaida 2003, p. 20. 2843:Gordon 2008, p. 297. 2812:Gordon 2008, p. 294. 2803:Gordon 2008, p. 293. 2787:Michulec 1999, p. 3. 2679:The Battle of Kursk. 2668:Gordon 2008, p. 296. 2388:Jane's 1989, p. 529. 2201:, 750 rounds per gun 1765:Lebyazhye, Leningrad 1720:2440 – displayed in 917:Messerschmitt Bf 109 791:agricultural machine 429:Messerschmitt Bf 110 336:and his team at the 279:Messerschmitt Bf 109 5708:Cvičný Bombardovací 4628:DB-5 through DB-239 4590:Long-range bomber ( 3935:Ludeke, Alexander. 3222:vol.23 no.1, pg.12. 3165:"Wystawa plenerowa" 2926:Morisov, Miroslav. 2727:Schiffer Publishing 2606:Shores 1977, p. 73. 2576:26 May 2006 at the 2263:Related development 2204:1 × manually aimed 2098:Max takeoff weight: 2016:Chantilly, Virginia 1950:Everett, Washington 1779:UMMC Museum Complex 1294:Hungarian Air Force 1271:Bulgarian Air Force 1021:Lieutenant Colonel 617:9th Panzer Division 507:Operational history 296:as air and bread." 256:NATO reporting name 213:ground-attack plane 181:Bulgarian Air Force 119:Hungarian Air Force 63:General information 5822:Anti-tank aircraft 5468:Lehký Bombardovací 5158:UTI-2/3/4/(I-16UTI 4569:BB-4 through BB-21 4347:Passenger aircraft 3980:Povinsky, Viktor. 3950:Michulec, Robert. 3622:on 16 October 2011 3554:on 29 October 2011 3424:on 2 February 2017 3394:. 21 November 2018 3265:. 14 December 2017 3237:Aviation of Russia 2570:www.vectorsite.net 2199:ShKAS machine guns 2045: 2028:Suitland, Maryland 2007: 1941: 1804: 1734: 1654: 1623:Kirkenes, Finnmark 1618: 1493:Surviving aircraft 1343: 1251:Military operators 1162: 1083:aerodynamic center 989:Senior Lieutenant 898:aerodynamic center 862: 684: 672: 609: 524: 318: 185:Yugoslav Air Force 129:Yugoslav Air Force 5847:Low-wing aircraft 5827:Ilyushin aircraft 5809: 5808: 5495: 5494: 5375: 5374: 4913: 4912: 4500: 4499: 4051:978-1-84176-598-3 4036:978-1-84603-296-7 4026:Rastrenin, Oleg. 4007:. (Shavrov, V.B. 3990:978-83-63678-37-1 3945:978-1-4075-0195-6 3923:978-1-85367-280-4 3913:Krivosheev, G.F. 3908:978-0-88740-915-8 3853:978-1-85780-304-4 3793:978-0-70060-978-9 3781:Jonathan M. House 3764:Empric, Bruce E. 3744:978-1-42239-156-3 3734:Crosby, Francis. 3729:978-1-85780-270-2 3714:978-1-903223-91-8 3218:"Russian Relics" 3175:on 5 October 2023 2873:Bruce E. Empric. 2753:978-951-0-26704-2 2163:Time to altitude: 1988:Under restoration 1160:beneath the wings 921:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 911:Air-to-air combat 872:center of gravity 735:The "flying tank" 723:PTAB-2.5-1.5 SCAP 372:and received the 201: 200: 160:Introduction date 16:(Redirected from 5859: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5379: 5378: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4896: 4888: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4836: 4827: 4807: 4804:Torpedo bomber ( 4787: 4784:Torpedo bomber ( 4757: 4732: 4729:Armored bomber ( 4707: 4657: 4629: 4593: 4570: 4546: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4041:Sakaida, Henry. 3693: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420:. Archived from 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2962: 2959: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2741: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2567:"Ilyushin Il-2." 2563: 2557: 2547:"Ilyushin Il-2." 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2510: 2504: 2503:), pages 110–112 2481: 2475: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2431:. Archived from 2421: 2415: 2412: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2306:Mitsubishi Ki-51 2173: 2157:Service ceiling: 2134: 2116:F liquid-cooled 2057: 1944:305401 – at the 1864:Surčin, Belgrade 1858:308831 – at the 1523:Krumovo, Plovdiv 1415: 1413: 1412: 1397:Soviet Air Force 1388: 1386: 1385: 1374:Polish Air Force 1361: 1359: 1358: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1307: 1306: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1262: 1261: 1044:Georgy Beregovoy 1023:Nelson Stepanyan 1006:Order of Glory's 951:Junkers Ju 52/3m 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 821: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 693:Karelian Isthmus 652:defensive circle 638: 498: 221:Second World War 112:Soviet Air Force 55:Soviet Air Force 51: 39: 38: 21: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5764: 5763:Fighter Trainer 5758: 5742: 5741:Liaison Trainer 5736: 5705: 5699: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5496: 5491: 5465: 5459: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5376: 5371: 5305: 5249: 5223: 5167: 5131: 5105: 5034: 4953: 4944: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4856:Tactical bomber 4844: 4834: 4819: 4799: 4779: 4749: 4724: 4699: 4649: 4627: 4585: 4568: 4538: 4531: 4501: 4496: 4480: 4444: 4398: 4342: 4281: 4225: 4179:Attack aircraft 4174: 4153: 4147: 4090: 4011:. translation: 3982:Il-2 Shturmovik 3883:Hardesty, Von. 3843:Gordon, Yefim. 3701: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3310:"Monument Il-2" 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3044:on 19 July 2012 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2988:Aviation Museum 2982: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2938:История Авиации 2935:Wayback Machine 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2742: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703:Crosby, p. 350. 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578:Wayback Machine 2564: 2560: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2521:Wayback Machine 2511: 2507: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2435:on 13 June 2010 2423: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2367:Rastrenin, 2008 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2296:Henschel Hs 129 2260: 2242: 2219: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2130: 2053: 2043:Ilyushin Il-2M3 2037: 1981:Tucson, Arizona 1919: 1873: 1841: 1672: 1663:Warsaw, Mazovia 1632: 1596: 1564: 1549:12438 – at the 1532: 1500: 1495: 1410: 1408: 1383: 1381: 1356: 1354: 1325: 1323: 1301: 1280: 1278: 1256: 1253: 1243:Shvetsov ASh-82 1233:counter-attacks 1209:Black Sea Fleet 1174:Battle of Kursk 1165:Il-2 with NS-37 1123:Il-2 (TsKB-57P) 1091:Shvetsov ASh-82 1087:Shvetsov ASh-82 1053: 987: 985:Notable aircrew 931:Henschel Hs 126 913: 856:Il-2M cockpit. 850: 841: 838: 835: 832: 813: 810: 807: 804: 798:maataistelukone 793: 790: 787: 784: 773: 771:concrete bomber 770: 767: 764: 737: 644:Battle of Kursk 639: 636: 606:Battle of Kursk 598: 579:Battle of Kursk 565:bomblets named 542: 529: 509: 499: 496: 454: 445: 334:Sergey Ilyushin 307: 302: 134: 133: 100: 78:National origin 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5767:Cvičný Stíhací 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5704:Bomber Trainer 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5254:Reconnaissance 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4869: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4654:Heavy bomber ( 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4403:Reconnaissance 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4088:External links 4086: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4054: 4039: 4024: 3993: 3978: 3963: 3948: 3933: 3928:Liss, Witold. 3926: 3911: 3896: 3881: 3863: 3860:Air Enthusiast 3856: 3841: 3826: 3811: 3796: 3777: 3774:978-1973498605 3762: 3747: 3732: 3717: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3685: 3658: 3633: 3603: 3597:Allison V-1710 3565: 3535: 3510: 3485: 3460: 3435: 3405: 3379: 3367:Aerial Visuals 3354: 3341:АВИАБИБЛИОТЕКА 3337:""ШТУРМОВИКИ"" 3335:КОЗЛОВ, П. Я. 3327: 3301: 3289:Aerial Visuals 3276: 3250: 3239:. 16 June 2017 3224: 3220:Classic Wings, 3211: 3199:Aerial Visuals 3186: 3156: 3145:(in Norwegian) 3143:DigitaltMuseum 3130: 3118:Aerial Visuals 3105: 3080: 3068:Aerial Visuals 3055: 3025: 3013:Aerial Visuals 3000: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2942: 2928:"Топи их всех" 2919: 2910: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2789: 2780: 2778:Rastrenin 2008 2766: 2757: 2743:Biaudet, Bob. 2731: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2683: 2670: 2656: 2629: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2565:Goebel, Greg. 2558: 2554:break-left.org 2538: 2529: 2527:12/2011, p. 90 2505: 2476: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2416: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2279:Ilyushin Il-10 2276: 2271: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2233:RS-132 rockets 2229: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2192: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2139:Maximum speed: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2107: 2104:Fuel capacity: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871:United Kingdom 1869: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813:Monino, Moscow 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530:Czech Republic 1528: 1527: 1526: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1378: 1377: 1372:– (after 1947 1366: 1365: 1351: 1350: 1335: 1334: 1332:Czechoslovakia 1320: 1319: 1312: 1311: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1215: 1212: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1180: 1177: 1166: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1130:or 23 mm 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1095:Lavochkin La-5 1052: 1049: 1002:Ivan Drachenko 986: 983: 935:Junkers Ju 87s 912: 909: 890:Forseerovannyy 849: 846: 839:flying machine 736: 733: 706:Hawker Typhoon 634: 597: 594: 541: 538: 533:Berezina River 528: 525: 508: 505: 494: 481:Premier Stalin 477:Ural Mountains 453: 450: 444: 441: 306: 303: 301: 298: 267:Ilyushin Il-10 199: 198: 196:Ilyushin Il-10 193: 192:Developed into 189: 188: 177: 173: 172: 171:2 October 1939 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 121: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5864: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745:Cvičný Kurýři 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110:Ground attack 5108: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887:Attack bomber 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 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3960:83-86208-33-3 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3898:Jentz, T. 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