617:, as at the 1944 trial Koch had only been charged with receiving stolen goods, while in 1947 she had been accused of crimes against foreigners after 1 September 1939, and not with crimes against German nationals. She was ultimately convicted of seven misdemeanor counts of incitement to grievous bodily harm, one count of incitement to attempted murder, and one count of incitement to murder. On 15 January 1951, she was sentenced to life imprisonment and the permanent forfeiture of her civil rights. In its written judgment, the Augsburg court labeled Koch's crimes at Buchenwald particularly egregious because she "consciously suppressed any feeling of compassion and pity she had as a woman...," but instead gave "free rein to her pursuit of power and prestige, her arrogance and her selfishness." The court note in particular Koch's "stubborn and irresponsible denial" and incapacity for even the "slightest admission of guilt."
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against the accused... In regard to the widely publicized charges that she ordered inmates killed for their tattooed skin, the record is especially silent." They found key testimony given against Koch to be "based on presumption and of doubtful veracity." Though Koch was shown to have beaten a few inmates, "no deaths or serious injuries are shown to have resulted." The War Crimes Review Board, a separate advisory body made up of military and civilian lawyers, conducted its own review, and similarly concluded that there was no reliable evidence that she had prisoners killed, "nor is there any evidence in this record of any kind that she at any time ever ordered any article made of human skin."
449:. Morgen's indictment, issued 17 August 1944, formally charged Karl Koch with the "embezzlement and concealing of funds and goods in an amount of at least 200,000 RM," and the "premeditated murder" of three inmates - ostensibly to prevent them from giving evidence to the SS investigatory commission. Ilse was charged with the "habitual receiving of stolen goods, and taking for her benefit at least 25,000 RM..." While Ilse Koch was acquitted at the subsequent SS trial in December 1944, Karl was found guilty, sentenced to death, and ultimately executed at Buchenwald only days prior to its liberation. Following the trial, Ilse Koch was released after sixteen months in the
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murder. The hearing opened on 27 November 1950 before the
District Court at Augsburg and lasted seven weeks, during which 250 witnesses were heard, including 50 for the defense. Koch herself said during the trial that “I never saw anything at Buchenwald which might have been against humanity… I was too busy raising my two children.” Her mental health began to suffer considerably during the trial, leading to her collapse in court in late December 1950, and again in January 1951. At least four witnesses for the prosecution testified that they had seen Koch choose tattooed prisoners, who were then killed, or had seen or been involved in the process of making
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527:, and suffered both before and during her trial from her unique position as the only woman at the camp." Harbaugh labelled her sentence "excessive" and recommended that General Clay reduce her sentence to four years. Heeding the recommendations of the U.S. Army's judicial branch, Clay reduced the sentence on 8 June 1948, on the grounds that "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected inmates for extermination in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she possessed any articles made of human skin".
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newly independent West German judiciary. According to the committee's final report, in "being a woman," and in acting independently, Koch's perpetration of violence had been "more unnatural and more deliberate." It was, the report concluded, "highly important that Ilse Koch receive the just punishment she so justly deserves without further doing violence to long-established safe-guards of democratic justice..."
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1941) a lampshade being prepared from human skin to be presented to Ilse Koch. This crime, however, has been said to be apocryphal. While various objects fashioned from human skins were discovered in
Buchenwald's pathology department at liberation, their connection to Koch was tenuous, given that she had not been at the camp since the summer of 1943. The more likely culprit was
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U.S. Army lawyers tasked with conducting the official review of her conviction at Dachau, noted that "in spite of the extravagant statements made in the newspapers, the record contains little convincing evidence against the accused... In regard to the widely publicised charges that she ordered inmates killed for their tattooed skin, the record is especially silent".
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in
Germany, for final approval. First to review Koch's case were two lawyers in the office of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes, Harold Kuhn and Richard Schneider. They concluded that "in spite of the extravagant statements made in the newspapers, the record contains little convincing evidence
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However, Clay also suggested that Koch could be tried under West German law: "I hold no sympathy for Ilse Koch. She was a woman of depraved character and ill repute. She had done many things reprehensible and punishable, undoubtedly, under German law. We were not trying her for those things. We were
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for the single charge of "participating in a common design to commit war crimes." According to this expansive charge, the prosecution was not required to show that Koch or any of her codefendants had committed any specific act of violence or atrocity, but only that they had in some fashion aided and
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Following the war, she was accused of having selected tattooed prisoners to be killed, in order to have decorative objects such as lampshades and book bindings made from their skins. For example, two inmates, Josef
Ackermann and Gustav Wegerer, testified in 1950 that they had witnessed (circa August
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There was absolutely no evidence in the trial transcript, other than she was a rather loathsome creature, that would support the death sentence. I suppose I received more abuse for that than for anything else I did in
Germany. Some reporter had called her the "Bitch of Buchenwald", had written that
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near Berlin, where he had been posted as
Commandant. They requested permission to marry from the SS Office of Racial and Settlement Affairs, which investigated their "fitness for marriage". This was determined according to racial criteria and Isle provided evidence of her Aryan ancestry. The couple
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was particularly insistent that Koch's sentence reduction was unjust and that the witness testimony he drew upon was sufficient to secure her conviction and life sentence. Ultimately, the Senate investigation resulted in a recommendation that Koch be tried again – not by the U.S. Army, but by the
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However, the most serious of these allegations were found to be without proof in two different legal processes, one conducted by an
American military commission court at Dachau in 1947, and another by the West German Judiciary at Augsburg in 1950–1951. Harold Kuhn and Richard Schneider, two
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at four months of age in
February 1941; Artwin committed suicide in 1964; Gisela died in 2021. In addition, Ilse Koch conceived another child with a fellow German war crimes internee under murky circumstances while awaiting her trial at Dachau. Koch gave birth to a son she named Uwe Köhler while
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in 1949. Bavarian chief prosecutor Johann Ilkow indicted Koch for twenty-five misdemeanor counts of grievous bodily harm, incitement to grievous bodily harm in a number of cases "no longer determinable," sixty-five counts of incitement to attempted murder, and twenty-five counts of incitement to
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In July 1937, Karl gave up his post at
Sachsenhausen in order to establish and take command of Buchenwald. Karl and Ilse had two daughters and one son, who were all born on the Buchenwald concentration camp grounds from October 1937. The family lived in the camp commandant's three-story villa at
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News of Koch's sentence reduction created major controversy in the United States. Editorial pages in major newspapers asked whether the US Army had lost its capacity for sound judgment, while continuing to assert that Koch was a sexual deviant who had killed prisoners for their skins. The
543:. In addition to that, her crimes were primarily against the German people; they were not war crimes against American or Allied prisoners Later she was tried by a German court for her crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment. But they had clear jurisdiction. We did not.
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Upon receiving the reports of the War Crimes Review Board and his legal staff, and after reviewing the trial record himself, Judge
Advocate Col. J.L. Harbaugh noted, "I can't see anything on which we honestly can hold the accused. There is no question but that she was
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Like each of her codefendants at the Buchenwald trial, Ilse Koch was ultimately found guilty by the court on 14 August 1947; she was sentenced to life imprisonment. She was seven months pregnant with her fourth child at the time of her sentence, by an unknown father.
276:, her 1947 U.S. military commission court trial at Dachau received worldwide media attention, as did the testimony of survivors who ascribed sadistic and perverse acts of violence to Koch – giving rise to the image of her as "the concentration camp murderess".
425:, began an internal investigation into Karl-Otto Koch's governance of Buchenwald, as rumors of corruption and embezzlement reached his office. After discovering significant evidence of graft, Waldeck had Karl arrested on 18 December 1941. When Karl's friend,
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women's prison on 1 September 1967 at age 60. She experienced delusions and had become convinced that concentration camp survivors would abuse her in her cell. Her suicide note was written to her son Uwe: "There is no other way. Death for me is a release."
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In 1971, Uwe sought posthumous rehabilitation for his mother. Via the press, he used clemency documents from her former lawyer in 1957 and his impression of her based on their relationship in an attempt to change people's attitude towards Koch.
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However, authoritative testimony from numerous witnesses at Koch's postwar trials firmly established that she had made extensive use of slave labor at the camp, had assaulted inmates on several occasions, and had reported inmates to the camp
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On 15 January 1951, the court pronounced its verdict, in a 111-page-long decision, for which Koch was not present in court. It was concluded that the previous trials in 1944 and 1947 were not a bar to proceedings under the principle of
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in October 1947. The child was immediately handed over to Bavarian child welfare authorities. Uwe only discovered the identity of his mother as a teenager, and began to correspond with, and visit, his mother in 1966.
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abetted the functioning of the murderous criminal enterprise that was Buchenwald. Denson described her during the trial as “no woman in the usual sense but a creature from some other tortured world.”
571:, while General Clay, who visited the United States in the midst of the controversy, was picketed by protesters, some of whom carried lampshades and demanded his removal from European command.
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With pressure mounting from both the public and the press, a group of U.S. Senators resolved to investigate the circumstances of Koch's sentence reduction. The Senate investigation, led by
269:. Though Ilse Koch had no official position in the Nazi state, she became one of the most infamous Nazi figures at war's end and was referred to as the "Kommandeuse of Buchenwald".
534:
The reduction of Koch's sentence to four years resulted in an uproar, when it was made public on 16 September 1948, but Clay stood firm by his decision. Years later, Clay stated:
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toward prisoners. She has been nicknamed "The Beast of Buchenwald", the "Queen of Buchenwald", the "Red Witch of Buchenwald", "Butcher Widow", and "The Bitch of Buchenwald".
312:, Germany, in 1906. She was the daughter of a former military commander. She was known as a polite and happy child in her elementary school. At the age of 15, she entered an
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for beatings — beatings that resulted in death on at least one occasion. In 1940, Koch also commissioned the construction of an indoor riding arena, which cost over 250,000
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624:. She later made several petitions for a pardon, all of which were rejected by the Bavarian Ministry of Justice. Koch protested her life sentence, to no avail, to the
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from tattooed skin. However, this charge was dropped by the prosecution when they could not prove lampshades or any other items were actually made from human skin.
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Ryan M Niemiec, Danny Wedding: Positive Psychology at the Movies: Using Films to Build Virtues and Character Strengths, Publisher Hogrefe Publishing, 2013
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she had lamp shades made of human skin in her house. And that was introduced in court, where it was absolutely proven that the lampshades were made out of
393:, who wrote a dissertation while serving at Buchenwald on the purported link he saw between habitual criminality and the practice of tattooing one's skin.
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Nikolas Wachsmann, 'KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps' (New York: F, S & G, 2015), p. 618, citing a Feb. 1967 note in her prison file.
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Buchenwald 16 April 1945. Collection of prisoners' internal organs and two human heads (upper left) and also examples of tattooed skins (foreground).
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demanded to know "in the name of basic human justice and decency, what 'further' does the army need to slap Ilse into jail and keep her there?" The
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settlement at Buchenwald in Karl's absence. However, on 24 August 1943, both Karl and Ilse were arrested following a renewed investigation led by
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heard of Karl's arrest, however, he ordered him released. Karl was nonetheless relieved of his duties at Buchenwald, and sent instead to command
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At the urging of the U.S. government, the West German judiciary put Koch on trial for crimes against German nationals, something over which the
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Such protests in the press found their parallel on the streets of American cities. Rallies were organized by both veterans associations and the
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labeled the reduction of Koch's sentence "Clay's counter-atrocity," and described it as "almost beyond credence." Ed Sullivan, writing for the
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Following Koch's conviction at Dachau, her sentence was subjected to various levels of mandatory judicial review, before going to Gen.
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That the wild claims were dismissed as lacking evidence did little to sway public opinion. She was known as "The Witch of Buchenwald" (
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848:"'No woman in the usual sense': Ilse Koch, the 'Bitch of Buchenwald', was a Holocaust war criminal – but was she also an easy target?"
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school. Later, she entered employment as a bookkeeping clerk. At the time the economy of Germany had not yet recovered from defeat in
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had not had jurisdiction. The U.S. government further instructed the military to give full assistance to West German investigators.
578:, culminated in hearings at which major participants at Koch's Dachau trial were called to testify. Dachau trial chief prosecutor
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Ilse and Karl Koch had a son named Artwin (b. 1938), and two daughters, Gisela (b. 1939) and Gudrun (b. 1940). Gudrun died of
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Because of the egregiousness of her alleged actions, including that she had selected tattooed prisoners for death in order to
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alongside 30 other defendants accused of having committed war crimes at Buchenwald. The defendants would be tried by an
405:($ 100,000 US as per 1940 exchange rates). Prisoners were reported to have died laboring to complete its construction.
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wrote "Ilsa Koch", a song about her abuses in Buchenwald, her imprisonment and release; it was recorded by
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811:"Transfixed by an Image: Ilse Koch, the 'Kommandeuse of Buchenwald'. | German History | EBSCOhost"
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Koch appealed to have the judgment quashed, but the appeal was dismissed on 22 April 1952 by the
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Buchenwald 16 April 1945. Collection of prisoners' internal organs. Photo taken by Jules Rouard,
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1883:"Ilse Koch Clings To Mother Role In Murder Trial: 'Too Busy With Children' To See Camp Horrors"
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Some scholars have contended that Koch was the inspiration for the character portrayed by
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on 30 June 1945, after being recognized on the street by a former inmate of Buchenwald.
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Massimiliano, Livi (2008). "Ilse Koch". In Pugliese, Elizabeth; Hufford, Larry (eds.).
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1621:"The Concentration Camp Guard Who Made Lampshades From The Skin Of Her Prisoners"
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Following her arrest by American occupation authorities, Koch was chosen to
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detachment in Dresden, she met her future husband, Karl-Otto Koch, in 1934.
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War Crimes and Trials: A Historical Encyclopedia, from 1850 to the Present
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2028:"Ilse Koch on trial at Dachau for making human lamp shades at Buchenwald"
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The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans
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Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States military
2090:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 149–150, 277–279.
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2063:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 29–33, 274.
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married the following year at Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
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1726:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 164–166.
1458:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 100–101.
598:
Koch was immediately re-arrested following her release from
32:
1911:"Woman decides against suicide Life demanded for Ilse Koch"
1404:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 64–65.
1177:
Bericht ĂĽber das Konzentrationslager Buchenwald bei Weimar
324:. Through her social engagement with members of the local
461:. She was arrested by American occupation authorities in
2006:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 258.
1861:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 225.
1807:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 185.
1780:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 184.
1753:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 173.
1699:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 158.
1672:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 157.
1566:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 153.
1539:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 152.
1512:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 144.
1485:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 138.
915:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 150.
885:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 253.
1431:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 93.
1377:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 54.
1350:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 38.
1237:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 18.
1210:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 13.
966:"Cruel 'Queen of Buchenwald' given a permanent address"
469:
Trial before the US Military Commission Court at Dachau
457:, and moved with her two children into a small flat in
2126:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1.
779:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1.
289:) by the inmates because of her suspected cruelty and
2297:
Lacqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor, eds. (2001).
2148:"Ilse Koch's Posthumous Rehabilitation Sought by Son"
505:
364:
Buchenwald and were regularly visited by SS officers
2242:
Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
2123:
Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
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Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
994:"Buchenwald Queen must face German court on release"
912:
Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
882:
Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
776:
Ilse Koch on Trial: Making the 'Bitch of Buchenwald'
253:(22 September 1906 – 1 September 1967) was a German
2801:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Germany
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Contents of album of Woody Guthrie songs at discogs
531:trying her as a war criminal on specific charges."
274:
fashion lampshades and other items from their skins
2375:"Did the Nazis make lampshades out of human skin?"
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2671:Bund: Gemeinschaft fĂĽr ein sozialistisches Leben
212:Incitement to infliction of grievous bodily harm
2781:German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
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754:List of people who committed suicide by hanging
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1085:"Army seeks new charges against butcher widow"
1022:"Ilse Koch, Red Witch of Buchenwald, on Trial"
300:women's prison on 1 September 1967 at age 60.
2439:
1057:"Life sentence for 'Red Witch' of Buchenwald"
1030:. 28 November 1950. p. 5. Archived from
435:Majdanek concentration and extermination camp
408:
2453:
2258:
2208:Syal, Rajeev; Luck, Adam (17 January 2009).
1164:
1162:
938:"Books Bound in Human Skin; Lampshade Myth?"
284:
2786:Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
2244:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2210:"Nazi behind Winslet film role is revealed"
1972:Die Hexe von Buchenwald: der Fall Ilse Koch
1323:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
477:Ilse Koch at the U.S. Military Tribunal in
257:who committed atrocities while her husband
2826:Sachsenhausen concentration camp personnel
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1936:
1934:
808:
31:
2836:People convicted in the Buchenwald trials
2816:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
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728:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
715:the novel from which the film was adapted
686:Koch was the inspiration for a series of
234:; commuted to 4 years imprisonment (1947)
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2766:Buchenwald concentration camp personnel
2751:Human trophy collecting in World War II
1931:
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514:, the interim military governor of the
372:, and on one occasion by the SS leader
308:Koch was born Margarete Ilse Köhler in
217:Incitement to infliction of bodily harm
163: 1937; died 1945)
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717:, declined to confirm this suggestion.
493:in 1947 and be prosecuted by Lt. Col.
320:. In 1932, she became a member of the
2831:People convicted in the Dachau trials
2796:People convicted of murder by Germany
2427:
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2020:
1968:
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1265:. Holocaustchronicle.org. p. 117
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626:International Human Rights Commission
437:. Ilse Koch continued to live in the
2791:Nazis who died by suicide in Germany
2332:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1975:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p.
1828:Jacobson, Mark (14 September 2010).
1118:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
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2411:Newspaper clippings about Ilse Koch
2395:). The Most Evil Women in History.
1169:Hackett, David A (22 August 1997).
846:Simic, Olivera (5 September 2023).
13:
2771:German people convicted of torture
1601:. 25 December 1950. Archived from
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506:Sentence reduction and controversy
14:
2852:
2776:German people convicted of murder
2761:People from the Kingdom of Saxony
2523:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
2354:
1652:Lucius D. Clay: An American Life.
1285:"Lampenschirme aus Menschenhaut?"
899:
865:
828:
809:Przyrembel, A. (1 October 2001).
793:
593:American military court at Dachau
491:American military court at Dachau
2360:
357:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2335:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
2282:. Macmillan. pp. 809–810.
2201:
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2104:
2077:
2050:
1993:
1962:
1903:
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1612:
1593:"GERMANY: Very Special Present"
1553:
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1337:
1277:
1251:
1224:
1197:
1121:(3rd ed.). New York City:
1105:
1077:
1049:
936:Alban, Dan (10 November 2005).
351:, 16ème Bataillon de Fusiliers.
160:
16:German war criminal (1906–1967)
2821:Suicides by hanging in Germany
2710:History of the Jews in Germany
1942:"Ilse Koch is given life term"
1891:. 28 November 1950. p. 15
1619:Norman, Abby (12 April 2016).
1093:. 29 September 1948. p. 3
1014:
986:
957:
929:
766:
355:In 1936, she followed Koch to
208:Incitement to attempted murder
1:
2280:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1179:]. Basic Books. pp.
964:Boyle, Hal (14 August 1947).
759:
379:
303:
38:
2373:Adams, Cecil (4 June 2004).
2278:Gutman, Israel, ed. (1995).
1950:. 15 January 1951. p. 2
1919:. 12 January 1951. p. 2
1263:1937: Quiet Before the Storm
1065:. 15 January 1951. p. 6
658:herself with a bed sheet at
7:
2415:20th Century Press Archives
2263:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
1899:– via Newspapers.com.
1291:(in German). Archived from
721:
10:
2857:
2300:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
2233:
1969:Smith, Arthur Lee (1994).
649:
415:Josias von Waldeck-Pyrmont
409:SS investigation and trial
2702:
2693:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2679:
2648:
2590:
2572:
2515:
2479:
2461:
1259:"The Holocaust Chronicle"
1002:. 4 July 1949. p. 15
703:in the 2008 feature film
631:
244:
223:
182:
178:
170:
142:
134:
118:
101:
91:
72:
46:
30:
23:
2841:Suicides in West Germany
2666:Jews in hiding in Berlin
2455:The Holocaust in Germany
1062:Lewiston Evening Journal
693:Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS
622:Federal Court of Justice
569:American Jewish Congress
240:Life imprisonment (1951)
127:Wife of camp commandant
122:Atrocities committed at
2687:German collective guilt
2528:Anti-Jewish legislation
1608:(subscription required)
1090:The Evening Independent
1045:(subscription required)
999:The Evening Independent
688:Nazi exploitation films
525:tried in the newspapers
296:She died by suicide at
286:Die Hexe von Buchenwald
111:The Witch of Buchenwald
108:The Bitch of Buchenwald
2240:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
2120:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
2084:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
2057:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
2032:www.scrapbookpages.com
2000:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1855:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1834:. Simon and Schuster.
1801:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1774:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1747:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1720:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1693:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1666:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1625:All That's Interesting
1560:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1533:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1506:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1479:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1452:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1425:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1398:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1371:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1344:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1317:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1231:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
1204:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
909:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
879:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
773:Jardim, Tomaz (2023).
545:
482:
352:
336:
285:
2388:Ilse Koch (1906–1967)
2305:Yale University Press
1888:Chicago Daily Tribune
1172:The Buchenwald Report
971:The Milwaukee Journal
605:human-skin lampshades
536:
476:
342:
334:
51:Margarete Ilse Köhler
2656:Rosenstrasse protest
2539:Judenvermögensabgabe
2369:at Wikimedia Commons
2038:on 11 September 2020
1916:The Spokesman-Review
1123:Simon & Schuster
419:SS and Police Leader
347:incorporated to the
204:Incitement to murder
2756:People from Dresden
2492:Bohemia and Moravia
1605:on 31 January 2011.
1295:on 29 November 2014
1289:Buchenwald Memorial
92:Cause of death
2497:East Upper Silesia
2327:Shirer, William L.
2152:The New York Times
1125:. pp. 983–4.
1113:Shirer, William L.
1034:on 6 November 2012
943:Harvard Law Record
671:In popular culture
483:
353:
345:military volunteer
337:
96:Suicide by hanging
2723:
2722:
2397:Discovery Channel
2379:The Straight Dope
2365:Media related to
1986:978-3-412-10693-5
1841:978-1-4165-6630-4
1648:Jean Edward Smith
1027:Los Angeles Times
815:openurl.ebsco.com
587:Trial at Augsburg
576:Homer S. Ferguson
349:1st American Army
248:
247:
232:Life imprisonment
61:22 September 1906
2848:
2703:Related articles
2516:Preceding events
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713:, the author of
711:Bernhard Schlink
643:Landsberg prison
641:incarcerated at
600:Landsberg prison
431:Heinrich Himmler
374:Heinrich Himmler
318:World War I
288:
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2533:Aryanization
2400:. Retrieved
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255:war criminal
250:
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237:West Germany
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200:West Germany
199:
190:
78:(1967-09-01)
18:
2746:1967 deaths
2736:1906 births
2661:Operation 7
2635:RavensbrĂĽck
2615:FlossenbĂĽrg
2573:Deportation
2507:Sudetenland
2393:dailymotion
1954:16 December
1923:16 December
1097:16 December
1069:16 December
1038:16 December
1006:16 December
978:16 December
974:. p. 2
749:Maria Mandl
709:, although
487:stand trial
463:Ludwigsburg
459:Ludwigsburg
403:reichsmarks
314:accountancy
2730:Categories
2630:Neuengamme
2605:Buchenwald
2564:Emigration
2552:in Leipzig
2502:Luxembourg
2307:. p.
2042:31 October
760:References
733:Irma Grese
706:The Reader
690:, such as
453:prison in
380:War crimes
322:Nazi Party
304:Early life
267:Buchenwald
263:commandant
219:(2 counts)
214:(5 counts)
195:War crimes
124:Buchenwald
57:1906-09-22
2680:Aftermath
2480:By region
2367:Ilse Koch
2329:(1990) .
2221:1 January
2165:16 August
2160:0362-4331
1630:30 August
1299:5 October
1181:43, n. 19
1115:(1990) .
638:pneumonia
541:goat skin
413:In 1941,
251:Ilse Koch
25:Ilse Koch
2402:17 March
2198:, p. 209
722:See also
171:Children
138:Deceased
2620:Hinzert
2487:Austria
2466:Part of
2417:of the
2413:in the
2337:983–984
2234:Sources
696:(1975).
660:Aichach
650:Suicide
481:, 1947.
451:Gestapo
389:doctor
310:Dresden
298:Aichach
165:
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84:Aichach
65:Dresden
2649:Rescue
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1156:p. 476
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783:
656:hanged
632:Family
479:Dachau
455:Weimar
445:judge
429:chief
423:Weimar
197:(1947)
143:Spouse
37:Koch,
2592:Camps
1183:, 3.
1175:[
654:Koch
159:(
155:
2404:2017
2341:ISBN
2313:ISBN
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2246:ISBN
2223:2022
2192:ISBN
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2156:ISSN
2128:ISBN
2092:ISBN
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2044:2017
2008:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1956:2012
1925:2012
1897:2024
1863:ISBN
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1301:2020
1271:2011
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1040:2012
1008:2012
980:2012
951:2008
917:ISBN
887:ISBN
859:2024
822:2024
781:ISBN
421:for
368:and
261:was
73:Died
47:Born
41:1945
2419:ZBW
1977:146
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