In Praise of Blood

125: 1849:... it's worth asking why the fiction has persisted that Kagame's RPF rescued Rwanda from further genocide when much evidence suggests that it actually helped provoke it by needlessly invading the country in 1990, massacring Hutus, probably shooting down the plane of President Juvénal Habyarimana in 1994, and failing to move swiftly to stop the genocide of the Tutsis, as Roméo Dallaire—commander of the UN peacekeeping force in Rwanda at the time—suggested in his memoir 2984: 2164:

Pourquoi Judi Rever n'aurait-t-elle pas aujourd'hui ce même droit et ce même devoir ? (In 1994, both Claudine Vidal and myself, as well as many others, qualified as genocide the crimes of which the Tutsis had just been victims, and that before the first judicial investigation, and a fortiori of the prosecutions and the judicial sentences. It was our right and our duty. Why shouldn't Judi Rever have this same right and this same duty today?)

355:. According to ICTR, these intelligence groups were responsible for most of the massacres of Hutu civilians attributed to the RPF. They successfully infiltrated Hutu political parties and the extremist militia during the early 1990s. Citing ICTR testimony, the book says that before and during the genocide, RPF members who had infiltrated Hutu militia fueled the genocidal violence, including helping to kill Tutsi civilians at roadblocks. 374:, where the RPF allegedly massacred Hutus but then created a cover story about what happened. Rever also describes the participation of some non-RPF Tutsis in killing their Hutu neighbors, saying, "In 1994, Rwanda was awash in fear, mistrust, and paranoia." Chapter 10 describes alleged RPF killings of Hutus inside Rwanda in 1996–1997, justified as "counterinsurgency" against Hutu genocidaires. 539:"expertly crafted, riveting, though often gruesome," calling it "excellent" both as journalism and as creative writing. Similarly human rights scholar Jeff Bachman" called the book "investigative journalism at its finest," considering it "the most in-depth account yet of suspected crimes committed by Paul Kagame and the Rwandan Patriotic Front". 941:

Mais le problème, c'est que Judi Rever, qui se défend cependant d'être négationniste et se contente d'assurer, à la fin de son livre, qu'elle reconnaît sans ambiguïté la réalité du génocide des Tutsis, n'aborde l'histoire que par un seul côté et omet le début. (But the problem is that Judi Rever, who

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praised Rever for her on-the-ground investigation but criticized the book for examining only one side of the coin--saying that, for example, it fails to note that the women and children refugees Rever met in Zaire could have been "human shields" for armed génocidaires. Braeckman also faulted the book

495:, "The Insistence of Memory," where political scientist Kate Cronin-Furman described the Rwandan government's use of memorial events "to remind Rwandans and the world that the Tutsi are never safe and that whatever the Kagame regime does is necessary for their protection"; in this context, she called 1612:

It is enough to deem that the leaders of the FPR did indeed carry out a policy of terror by slaughtering Rwandan Hutus. In our view, there is no need for it to be genocide to justify investigation into these massacres. Furthermore, such investigations would in no way constitute a denial of the Tutsi

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Am I a revisionist? I guess I am because the official narrative of the genocide stipulates that there is basically one group of people who were targeted that's the Tutsis. And, in fact, that's not true. So there is a whole portion of history that's being concealed, that's been buried, and that needs

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found it concerning that the book's acknowledgments included alleged genocide-deniers. Nevertheless, Caplan concluded "...Rever has reinforced the case against the RPF that had already been made and that left little doubt that the RPF under President Kagame is indeed guilty of war crimes, though not

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wrote that "Rever's work blurs the line between investigation and indictment," pushing toward a declaration that there was a second "genocide," but with Hutu victims. According to Vidal, "Journalists and social scientists should be calling for investigations equivalent to those carried out into the

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The Huguenot Society of Canada Award honours the best book—or substantial article—published in Ontario within the last three years that has brought public awareness to the principles of freedom of conscience and freedom of thought. The 2018 recipient is Judi Rever, for her book In Praise of Blood:

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En 1994, tant Claudine Vidal que moi-même, ainsi que de nombreux autres, avons qualifié de génocide les crimes dont les Tutsis venaient d'être victimes, et cela avant la première enquête judiciaire, et a fortiori des poursuites et des condamnations judiciaires. C'était notre droit et notre devoir.

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In the aftermath, an estimated one million Rwandan Hutus left their homes and set up in UN-run refugee camps inside the Congolese border. Some of the refugees were guilty of genocide and secured weapons and training in the camps, but most of the refugees there were simply Hutus who feared violence

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I decided on 10 or 15 chapters, and the chapters were created as scenes in the cinematic and visual sense. With each chapter, I wanted to not just explore a theme, but prove it as well. There was a cause-effect in each chapter, so I tried to find 10 to 15 ideas that would explore the human dilemma

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estimated that 100,000 Hutu were killed by the RPF in 1994–1995. Historian Roland Tissot argued that there were around 400,000 Hutus killed by the RPF between 1994 and 1998 (excluding disease and excess mortality), while Omar Shahabudin McDoom estimated several hundred thousand Hutu victims during

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Rever's account will prove difficult to challenge. She has been writing about Central Africa for more than twenty years, and her book draws on the reports of UN experts and human rights investigators, leaked documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and hundreds of interviews

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Rever has since received what she believes are credible reports that the RPF intends to silence its critics in North America by staging traffic accidents—a method successfully employed in Africa—with the help of a former official at the Rwandan embassy in Ottawa. She and four other Canadians have

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From 2012 onwards Rever devotes her career to a full-time investigation of RPF war crimes. Much of Chapter 4 recounts stories from Théogène Murwanashyaka (TM), a former RPF army officer who reached out to her in 2012 and became a major informant of her book. Unlike the RPF leadership, whose Tutsi

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In her book, Judy Revers has overlooked the institutional and cultural carnage left behind by the imperialists. Furthermore, by adopting an accusative approach .. Rever lost an opportunity of joining forces that are seeking to leave behind the Hutu-Tutsi genocidal recent history in order to move

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Dat geeft vlees aan wat in meer algemene termen al eerder bekend was. Rever beschrijft in bloedstollend detail hoe het RPF slachtingen heeft aangericht onder ongewapende Hutu's – vrouwen en mannen, kinderen en bejaarden. (It fleshes out in clearer terms what was already known. Rever describes in

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for eighteen charges that included rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. Rever criticizes many early reports from the 1990s as neglecting or even justifying deaths of Hutu civilians. Western nations, valuing Kagame's achievements as leader of Rwanda, remain

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criticized the book as suggesting that "there in fact were two genocides happening at the time: one against the Tutsi, and one committed by Tutsi fighters and civilians against the Hutu." Citing their own research into inter-ethnic trust in Rwanda, they asserted that "If there had been a double

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Judi Rever se défend évidemment de tout négationnisme. Elle consent à reconnaître que des Tutsis ont été massacrés en 1994 au Rwanda… mais par d'autres Tutsis. (Judi Rever says she is not a negationist. She consents to recognize that some Tutsis were massacred in 1994 in Rwanda – but by other

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and other serious violations of international law during 1994. In addition to its work identifying Hutu génocidaires who had committed war crimes against Tutsi, the ICTR gathered evidence of crimes by high-level RPF officers, but was then forbidden to indict RPF suspects. Instead, the ICTR was

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In a recent article, we studied the impact of the 1994 genocide on trust in Rwanda. We analysed more than 400 life history interviews, spanning from before the genocide up to 17 years after it. For each year, the participants, a mix of people that explicitly self-identified as Hutu or Tutsi,

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Her final message is that Rwanda cannot have true reconciliation as long as its government enforces secrecy about crimes committed by the RPF. While suspects of the genocide against the Tutsi were tried and convicted by the ICTR, the crimes committed by the RPF have been left unpunished.

344:, whom Rever interviewed, assert that the RPF could have done much to slow or stop the massacre of Tutsis by Hutus, but were more concerned with seizing power. According to Marchal, the goal was "to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify the military operations." 874:

In the mid-twentieth century, .. Hutu overthrew the Tutsi elite and established a Hutu-led republic...This event, known as the 1959 revolution, was remembered by Tutsi as a tragic and criminal event, while for Hutu it was seen as a heroic battle for liberation, to be celebrated with

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Tutsi genocide, rather than .. trying to apply a particular legal classification" Filip Reyntjens, responding to Vidal, gave his impression that the book's claim of "genocide" came from Rever's process of uncovering evidence, and was not the book's original or motivating argument.

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Indeed, apart from the outstanding documentation the book provides, its other great value is to provide insight into the process of researching it. Rever writes about the regime's threats against her and the toll her investigations over many years took on her family and personal

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families had fled Hutu rule to settle in Uganda, TM's family were what he called "interior Tutsis" – Tutsi families who had remained in Rwanda. TM came to believe that during the genocide "the RPF had sacrificed interior Tutsis" as a cost of gaining power. Both TM and Belgian

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named the book of its "Ten Best Human Rights Books of 2018," but said the book should be "in the running for bad cover of the year: not only does the cover have nothing to do with its subject, it is part of that old tradition of equating Africa with big wild animals."

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It seemed that the RPF could now commit crimes out in the open and still receive billions of dollars in aid. What were these Western allies supporting? From the point of view of the RPF’s victims, it all seemed to be in praise of blood, an endorsement of mass murder.

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When Yoweri Museveni, a rebel leader of Tutsi descent, seized power in Uganda in 1986, it was largely through the assistance of Rwandan Tutsis. With a power base in Uganda, the Rwandan Tutsis formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front and began attacks against the Hutu-led

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criticized the book for "...too many unnamed informants; too many confidential, unavailable leaked documents; too much unexamined credulity about some of the accusations; too little corroboration from foreigners who were eyewitnesses to history." Both Caplan and

303:, Rever wonders why western countries did not step in to stop the violence. Based on her research, Rever concludes that western countries were less interested in helping refugees than in keeping the good will of Rwanda's new RPF government—first to get rid of 578:

called the book a "path-breaking inquest", "destined to become required reading for any one claiming competence on the Rwanda genocide". He praised Rever for thorough investigation and taking risks in order to gather as much information as possible. Scholar

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Any mention of RPF atrocities meets with fury from the Kagame regime and determined disbelief from its admirers abroad. Yet incontrovertible evidence exists of massacres committed against Hutu populations in Rwanda and in refugee camps across the border in

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In Chapter 14 "Becoming a target", Rever describes threats against her safety and her family as she continues to publish articles criticizing the RPF. In 2015, she determines to fight back, by going to the press about the threats and by finishing the book.

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published an open letter to complain that Belgian universities invited Rever to give talks about her book without providing any rebuttal viewpoints, giving the impression that they supported her theories. In August, 2020, several organizations including

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Versions of Rever’s story have been told by others. While all contain convincing evidence against the RPF, some are marred by a tendency to understate the crimes of the Hutu génocidaires or overstate the RPF’s crimes. But some, including the work of

553:, saying that the book "propagates inaccuracies about the catalysing event of the 100 days of genocide against the Tutsis, blames the victims, and does not accurately discuss the rebuilding and reconciliation that has since occurred in Rwanda." 1217:

was toppled by a coalition of Rwandan, Ugandan, and Congolese forces...The rest of the book is the story of how she researched and wrote it, and of her marriage, including the birth of her two daughters upon her return to Canada with her

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may have helped popularize the book, wrote that Rever's "sources are too numerous and their observations too consistent for her findings to be a fabrication." Epstein predicted, however, that the book would provoke significant pushback:

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Rever's book, In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, is expertly crafted, riveting, though often gruesome, names names, and provides 33 pages of references and interview notes. As journalism and creative writing

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542,000 deaths of Rwandan Hutus (about 7.5 percent of the population), with "a very large uncertainty interval", from war-related causes in the 1990s, including battle deaths and excess mortality from poor conditions in refugee camps.

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pressured by the US and the UN to hand over to Rwanda its evidence concerning RPF crimes. As a result, Rwanda prosecuted only two low-level soldiers for the killing on June 5, 1994 of several Hutu Catholic priests and a small child.

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with eyewitnesses, including victims, RPF defectors, priests, aid workers, and officials from the UN and Western governments. Her sources are too numerous and their observations too consistent for her findings to be a fabrication.

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Although many of the events described in Rever's book were already known to historians, the book is controversial. Praised for thorough investigation at considerable personal risk to the author, the book was also criticized for

607:. Longman contends that "No academic has yet written a well-researched and detailed account of RPF violence, most likely because doing the necessary research would be both prohibitively difficult and extremely dangerous". 521:, a Belgian professor of law and politics, have been both measured and soundly researched. Kagame’s regime and its defenders have dismissed them all as propaganda spouted by defeated Hutu génocidaires and genocide deniers. 310:

In Chapters 3 and 4, Rever decides to spend time away from Rwanda with her husband and starts raising a family. In 2010, after she has the opportunity to interview war-crimes prosecutor Luc Côté about the recently-leaked

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There is no part of this book that denies the genocide...There is no question that after Habyarimana's death, the hardliners chose genocide...But this book is not an examination of the dynamics of that 1994 genocide of

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denies being a negationist and is content to assure, at the end of her book, that she unambiguously recognizes the reality of the genocide of the Tutsis, approaches the story from one side only and omits the beginning.)

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there, and tracing her later research parallel to events in her life, including her marriage and raising two daughters. Each chapter centers around one event, presented (according to Rever) as a cinematic scene.

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Estimates of Hutu deaths from mass violence in the 1990s are much less precise than Tutsi death figures from the Rwandan genocide due to the greater timescale and geographic spread of the killings. Researcher

263:) that according to Rever's sources were crimes committed by the RPF during the rise to power of Kagame, now Rwanda's president. The book discusses several periods during which these events took place: the 1063:

Four other Canadians have said they are being targeted by Rwandan officials. Like Toronto-area lawyer Christopher Black, they are all vociferous critics of the Rwandan government and President Paul Kagame.

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A dogged reporter and skillful writer, Rever eschews what she calls the 'Hollywood version of good guys and bad guys' to meticulously document a chapter in recent history that is as complicated as it is

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Canada has given roughly $ 550 million to Rwanda since 1994 including $ 30 million in 2016. Why does it keep sending money to a government that is strongly suspected of murdering two Canadian citizens?

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Montreal-based journalist Judi Rever offers an authoritative account in her new book, sourced from 200-plus interviews and detailed documents leaked from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

665:, concluded that the methods described by Rever "would certainly have left significant traces of mass murder," while two foreign observers saw no signs of "death camps" near the Gabiro army barracks. 640:, like Vidal, criticized the book for accusing the RPF of "genocide," while (also like Vidal) recognizing "the mass violence committed against Hutu populations in the 1990–1999 period." Straus called 849:

Tutsi communities make up 14 percent of Rwanda's population, while Hutu communities make up 85 percent of the country's 12.6 million inhabitants. The Twa people make up the remaining one percent.

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for overlooking the historical roots of the genocide against Tutsis. He questioned the book's "accusative approach" toward the RPF as a useful way forward in Hutu-Tutsi reconciliation efforts.

685:

published an open letter to reproach Max Milo for publishing a French translation of the book, saying that it negated the Rwandan genocide by blaming Tutsis for the deaths of other Tutsis.

224:. In the book, Rever describes threats against herself and her family, some of which were reported in 2015 news stories documenting threats against Rever and four other Canadian critics of 358:

Chapters 6 through 10 describe alleged massacres of Hutus committed inside Rwanda by the RPF. Chapter 6, based largely on ICTR information, describes a 1994 massacre of Hutu peasants in

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The book's fifteen chapters follow the sequence of Rever's research, beginning when Rever was a young reporter traveling with humanitarian workers into the Congolese jungle to cover the

2277: 370:, where, according to Rever's informants, dead Hutus were concealed from satellite photography by being first burned and then buried. In Chapters 8 and 9, the book describes events at 315:" (a report on war crimes in the DRC), she resumes writing about Africa. The book then briefly catalogs some other RPF-related events that took place between 1998 and 2010, including 2621: 657:

Researchers Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen contested the likelihood that the RPF had concealed their killings of Hutus by cremating tens or hundreds of thousands of victims in

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said that Rever's book was "sensationalistic" and "provides only limited new information about RPF abuses within Rwanda", although elaborating on some cases described earlier by

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In Rever's native Canada, the book's launch got attention, and Rever became a frequent interview subject, both on the book's contents and on her methods for writing it. Both

390: 2219:"A pan-African perspective on Rwanda through a critical review of Judy Rever, In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, Canada, Random House, 2018" 2822: 2303: 2304:"Génocide contre les Tutsis : Max Milo ne doit pas publier un ouvrage négationniste (Genocide against Tutsis: Max Milo should not publish a negationist book" 924: 2218: 2566: 2537: 803: 255:

follows the timeline of a Canadian reporter who in 1997 stumbled on a big "story" about the RPF and later pursued it. The book describes events in Rwanda and

362:'s football stadium. Chapter 7, based largely on interviews, describes massacres of Hutus by RPF that allegedly occurred in Byumba's Karambi Trading Center, 279:); and more recently, deaths of Rwanda dissidents. RPF massacres of Hutu civilians described in the book include Byumba, Kibeho, Karambi, Gabiro, Gikongoro. 1731: 743: 413:

The book's conclusion stresses that bad actions by the RPF do not in any way justify or diminish the horror of the Rwanda genocide against Tutsis, saying:

626:, particularly what she called "the noxious claim" that RPF commandos "infiltrated Hutu militia and 'assisted directly in killing Tutsi at roadblocks.'" 1909: 742:

Award. This award is given for bringing "public awareness to the principles of freedom of conscience and freedom of thought." It was a finalist for the

2791: 1745: 316: 116:, the war crimes against Hutus by the Tutsi-led RPF should also be labeled "genocide", an opinion that differed from existing historical narratives. 820:

to be revised. And I actually think that revising historical narratives is necessary because revisionism is the lifeblood of historical scholarship.

2786: 2134:... made the noxious claim that during the genocide rpf commandos infiltrated Hutu militia and "'assisted directly in killing Tutsi at roadblocks"' 1234: 1047: 1670: 2815: 833: 1017: 300: 104:, the book "had an immediate, destabilizing influence on the world of orthodox Rwandan scholarship". Rever argues that, in addition to the 2583:

The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, published by Random House Canada...The book is investigative journalism of the highest order.

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genocide, one would expect to see Hutu levels of trust towards Tutsis to reach the same depths as those of Tutsi towards Hutu."

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on 6 April 1994, using the ensuing chaos and mass killings to generate sympathy for its military campaign to seize power.

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Rever says she is not a genocide denier because she accepts that the killing of Tutsi was indeed a genocide, but she is a "

3020: 351:. Chapter 5 describes the RPF's use of military intelligence to destabilize the Habyarimana government and undermine the 1994:

blood-curdling detail how the RPF how the RPF wreaked havoc on unarmed Hutus – women and men, children and the elderly.)

1315: 644:"irresponsible" and stated that Rever's "title is unnecessarily provocative, her tone breathless and conspiratorial." 381:(ICTR), an international court established by the United Nations Security Council to judge people responsible for the 2864: 2749: 1803: 3030: 2235:

forward. Indeed, the genocides should be a kind of a lighthouse – warning people against moving in that direction.

1197: 3010: 2597:"Terese Marie Mailhot, Elizabeth Hay among finalists for $ 60K Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction" 2060:"Twenty Years after Leave None to Tell the Story, What Do We Now Know about the Genocide of the Tutsi In Rwanda?" 405:

Chapter 15 surveys a range of charges against the RPF beginning in 1991 and continuing to the 2019 conviction of

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said that the book fleshes out in "blood curdling detail" RPF violence that was already known in a general way.

152:

the higher status of cattle-raising Tutsis over farming Hutus. European policies, including their support for a

2764: 2092: 662: 1597:"Debate: Judi Rever will not let anything stand in the way of her quest to document a second Rwandan genocide" 981:

Hintjens, Helen M.; van Oijen, Jos (2020). "Elementary Forms of Collective Denial: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide".

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is excellent. But there is limited appetite for books about genocide, and this one will make nobody wealthy

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Cable Public Affairs Channel "Rwanda’s Hidden History: Investigation of a Second Genocide" (April 15, 2018)

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Chapters 1 and 2 cover 1997, beginning when Rever accompanied humanitarian aid workers into the jungles of

1735:"Excerpt: In Praise of Blood and new revelations from the depths of the Rwandan genocide" (March 22, 2018) 3025: 3015: 2959: 312: 187: 422:

But she says that RPF "policy of ethnic murder" against Hutus should be considered a genocide as well.

887: 739: 735: 439: 283: 1118: 271:(1990–1994); the counterinsurgency period in Rwanda (1994–1997); RPF participation in two Congo wars ( 217: 182:

Judi Rever is a Canadian journalist who has covered African affairs since the refugee crisis of the

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Rever, Judy. "The Legacy of RPF Violence and Why Rwandan Refugees Refuse to Return" (chapter in

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for ignoring decades of anti-Tutsi racism when explaining the genocide and the RPF's actions.

160:, a Hutu-led movement killed many Rwandan Tutsis and drove hundreds of thousands into exile. 658: 367: 206: 925:""L' Eloge du sang", une enquête fouillée mais controversée sur les crimes commis au Rwanda" 2951: 2903: 1629:"Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : le livre controversé de Judi Rever paraîtra en France" 762: 682: 8: 191: 2967: 2935: 2927: 2467: 2433: 2415: 2370: 2196: 2114: 1882: 998: 752: 711: 669: 596:

of genocide....I believe we all have an obligation to make this record better-known...

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estimated that the RPF killed 60,000 people in war crimes in 1994 and 1995. Historian

575: 2745: 2718: 2471: 2462: 2437: 2419: 2374: 2353:(2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". 2350: 2200: 2118: 2023: 1957: 1701: 1166: 1002: 920: 702: 622:

as "a sensationalist book," singling out for criticism material related to the 1994

604: 562: 348: 264: 176: 157: 153: 62: 2398:(2020). "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections". 1886: 1749:"Did Rwanda's Paul Kagame trigger the genocide of his own people?" (April 18, 2018) 706: 2832: 2800: 2797:"Did Rwanda's Paul Kagame trigger the genocide of his own people?" (April 18, 2018) 2699: 2457: 2449: 2407: 2362: 2188: 2104: 2071: 1947: 1874: 1214: 990: 804:"Canadian journalist challenges Rwandan genocide narrative in new book | CBC Radio" 623: 382: 320: 276: 268: 105: 2453: 2411: 2366: 2192: 2179:(2019). "The Limits of a Genocide Lens: Violence Against Rwandans in the 1990s". 2055: 600: 580: 542: 518: 502: 347:

Each of chapters 5 through 9 covers a different aspect of RPF actions during the

272: 183: 168: 92:(RPF), Rwanda's ruling political party, during its ascent to power in the 1990s. 2109: 84:; it has also been translated into Dutch and French. The book describes alleged 1592: 1235:"Judi Rever uncovers truths about the Rwandan genocide with In Praise of Blood" 834:"Rwanda: Political opposition persists amid death, disappearance and detention" 677: 629: 526: 406: 324: 97: 80:

is a 2018 non-fiction book by Canadian journalist Judi Rever and published by

3004: 2919: 2683: 2512: 1910:"Judi Rever, "In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front"" 1633: 1170: 1034:

gone to the press in an attempt to generate public awareness of their plight.

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Between 4 Walls of the 1930 Prison: Memoirs of Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience

149: 101: 750:"an undeniably important story told by a remarkably brave writer." Canada's 734:, calling it "heartbreaking, chilling and necessary." The book also won the 442:

in 2018. A French translation of the book was originally to be published by

2911: 2740: 2176: 1961: 637: 482: 2214: 1162: 714: 647: 452: 341: 225: 195: 2704: 2687: 1671:"Judi Rever's disputed book on Tutsi genocide to be published in France" 994: 2857:

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families

531: 124: 85: 2486:"The Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction – Quebec Writers' Federation" 2278:"Rwanda: pétition contre des conférences révisionnistes sur le Rwanda" 2148:"Un " second génocide " au Rwanda : retour sur un débat complexe" 2757:

Repatriation, Insecurity, and Peace: A Case Study of Rwandan Refugees

175:(RPF), challenged the Hutu-led government of Rwanda, setting off the 26: 2076: 1213:

Her story begins in 1997, one week after Zaire's long-time dictator

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in 2019, but this company withdrew after controversy. Subsequently

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In 2019, a group of sixty researchers and eye-witnesses including

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Chapter 13 presents the theory that the RPF, not Hutu extremists,

2567:"OHS Huguenot Award Recognizes Judi Rever for In Praise of Blood" 557: 363: 410:

donors and supporters despite the RPF's record on human rights.

1048:"Four other Canadians believe they're being targeted by Rwanda" 545:

and two other Rwanda-based academics criticized both Garrett's

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Garrett, Laurie (2018). "Rwanda: not the official narrative".

171:. Then in 1990, their Tutsi-led political and military force, 20:

In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front

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In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front

1018:"Terror as Method: A Journalist's Search for Truth in Rwanda" 296: 256: 145: 113: 77:

In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front

1421: 2688:"Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary" 2513:"Winner of The Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction in 2018" 2093:"Moral Equivalence: The Story of Genocide Denial in Rwanda" 1198:"In Praise of Blood: Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front" 371: 141: 109: 100:

and relying on unreliable sources. According to historian

1316:"UN lawyer says Congo butchery resembled Rwandan genocide" 1095: 1045: 260: 163:

Descendants of Rwandan Tutsis whose families had fled to

2530: 2249:"How trust returned to Rwanda, for most but not for all" 1541: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1445: 1433: 1385: 692:" because she questions existing historical narratives. 535:

article sharply critical of Rwanda's leadership, called

156:, increased tension between the two groups. In the 1959 2765:"Cows for peace: The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide" 2265:

indicated their level of inter- and intra-ethnic trust.

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Binagwaho, Agnes; Hinda, Ruton; Mills, Edward (2019).

1397: 1361: 1283: 1273: 1271: 299:. After meeting women and children who said they were 2326: 2036: 1999: 1783: 1256: 1159:

Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche

1085: 1083: 330: 323:(which Rever describes as a "looter's war"), and the 2830: 2020:

Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi

1553: 1457: 1068: 862:"The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared: Context" 777: 301:

Hutu refugees being hunted by RPF troops from Rwanda

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This book is heartbreaking, chilling and necessary.

1933: 1570: 1373: 1349: 1337: 1295: 1268: 2130:In a sensationalist book published in 2018 called 1080: 959: 980: 947: 760:in its 2018 top-100 list of favourite books. The 744:Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction 3002: 2741:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda 2296: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2246: 489:One of the book's earliest reviews came in the 216:and elsewhere. She contributed the foreword to 148:(14%). European colonial policies promoted and 2538:"OHS Huguenot Award Recognizes Judi Rever for 2139: 1251:and then build a cinematic scene to depict it. 1046:Cribb, Robert; Black, Debra (April 11, 2015). 2816: 2084: 1759: 1145: 1143: 307:and later to exploit the Congo's resources. 2651:"The Globe 100: Our favourite books of 2018" 2505: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2349: 2338: 1228: 1226: 1112: 1110: 661:. Specialists they consulted, including the 2572:. Ontario Historical Society. June 15, 2019 1009: 915: 913: 825: 2823: 2809: 2547:. Ontario Historical Society. 19 June 2019 2432: 2207: 1149: 1140: 976: 974: 854: 379:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 190:. A three year stint as correspondent for 25: 2881:Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace 2762: 2703: 2461: 2394: 2381: 2108: 2075: 1974: 1951: 1223: 1119:"The ten best human rights books of 2018" 1107: 1039: 919: 290: 2759:(Springer, 2020, ISBN 978-981-15-2850-7) 2643: 2559: 1825: 1795: 1698:Rwanda : L'éloge du sang: L'inconnu 1587: 1585: 1195: 910: 198:followed. Her work has also appeared in 123: 2622:"Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada" 2594: 2090: 2054: 2017: 1907: 1864: 1858: 1831: 1801: 1232: 1015: 971: 831: 469: 391:shot down President Habyarimana's plane 3003: 2744:– Human Rights Watch et FIDH – 1999 – 2682: 2595:Patrick, Ryan B (September 20, 2017). 2332: 2247:Ingelaere, Bert; Verpoorten, Marijke. 2213: 2175: 2042: 2005: 1789: 888:"The Heart of the Hutu-Tutsi Conflict" 880: 783: 505:, whose favorable two-part review for 2804: 2712: 2626:Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada 2145: 2097:Journal of International Peacekeeping 1975:Reyntjens, Filip (January 11, 2019). 1804:"The Mass Murder We Don't Talk About" 1695: 1623: 1621: 1591: 1582: 1576: 1564: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1313: 1301: 1289: 1277: 1262: 1189: 1177:from the original on 19 November 2018 1101: 1089: 1074: 965: 953: 798: 796: 794: 792: 429: 167:gave armed support to a rebellion by 2588: 1760:Cronin-Furman, Kate (May 16, 2018). 1753: 1116: 1016:Santoro, Lara (September 25, 2015). 2614: 1233:Patrick, Ryan B (October 9, 2018). 1117:Kong, Tsung-Gan (January 1, 2019). 732:Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction 13: 2732: 1618: 832:Wachira, Charles (April 7, 2020). 789: 331:Full-time investigation after 2012 14: 3042: 2865:Shake Hands with the Devil (book) 2780: 2515:. Quebec Writers Federation. 2018 1908:Bachman, Jeff (14 January 2020). 377:Chapters 11 and 12 deal with the 2983: 2982: 2787:Interview about writing the book 2091:Melvern, Linda (April 8, 2020). 1936:"Rwanda and revisionist history" 1832:Epstein, Helen (June 28, 2018). 1332:and retribution in the homeland. 2478: 2426: 2270: 2240: 2169: 2064:Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 2048: 2011: 1968: 1927: 1901: 1802:Epstein, Helen (June 7, 2018). 1739: 1725: 1714: 1689: 1663: 1649: 1307: 1196:Garrison, Ann (June 20, 2019). 1155:"Rwanda: the state of Research" 668:Researchers Bert Ingelaere and 438:in March 2018. and in Dutch by 2692:Genocide Studies International 1977:"De dubbele genocide van 1994" 1314:Rever, Judi (28 August 2010). 983:Genocide Studies International 663:Netherlands Forensic Institute 461:(Rwanda: In Praise of Blood). 400: 16:Non-fiction book by Judi Rever 1: 2454:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703253 2412:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 2367:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611 2193:10.1080/14623528.2019.1623527 1953:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30121-7 1879:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32124-X 770: 746:. The jury's citation called 695: 119: 2442:Journal of Genocide Research 2400:Journal of Genocide Research 2355:Journal of Genocide Research 2310:(in French). August 15, 2020 2181:Journal of Genocide Research 569: 508:The New York Review of Books 464: 7: 2960:Birds Are Singing in Kigali 2284:(in French). 9 October 2019 2110:10.1163/18754112-0220104012 610: 188:Radio France Internationale 10: 3047: 3021:Canadian non-fiction books 2944:Shake Hands with the Devil 2792:Book excerpt published by 2717:. Random House of Canada. 2676: 2491:Quebec Writers' Federation 2438:"How Many Died in Rwanda?" 1851:Shake Hands with the Devil 1762:"The Insistence of Memory" 864:. Human Rights Watch. 2006 740:Huguenot Society of Canada 736:Ontario Historical Society 728:Quebec Writers' Federation 440:Amsterdam University Press 434:The book was published by 231: 2978: 2895: 2848: 2839: 2463:10067/1652630151162165141 721: 486:published book excerpts. 218:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza 61: 51: 41: 33: 24: 1838:New York Review of Books 1808:New York Review of Books 1637:(in French). 9 July 2020 457:published it in 2020 as 186:, which she covered for 3031:Rwandan Patriotic Front 2763:Robertson, Tim (2018). 2018:Melvern, Linda (2020). 1700:(in French). Max Milo. 1658:The Truth about Rwanda" 730:awarded IPOB its 2018 710:the 1990s. Demographer 624:genocide against Tutsis 459:Rwanda: L’éloge du sang 173:Rwandan Patriotic Front 90:Rwandan Patriotic Front 3011:2018 non-fiction books 2217:(September 26, 2019). 1430:, p. 76, 87, 229. 1022:Foreign Policy Journal 523: 436:Random House of Canada 420: 353:Arusha Peace Agreement 317:French arrest warrants 291:Origins of the project 244: 129: 82:Random House of Canada 46:Random House of Canada 1675:The Africa Report.com 1320:Sydney Morning Herald 923:(30 September 2020). 659:Akagera National Park 514: 415: 368:Akagera National Park 236: 207:Le Monde Diplomatique 127: 2952:Imbabazi: The Pardon 2738:Des Forges, Alison. 2713:Rever, Judi (2018). 1696:Rever, Judi (2020). 1123:Hong Kong Free Press 763:Hong Kong Free Press 636:Political scientist 599:Political scientist 574:Political scientist 470:Mainstream reviewers 2705:10.3138/gsi.12.2.03 2657:. November 30, 2018 2434:Verpoorten, Marijke 1550:, pp. 227–228. 1538:, pp. 217–228. 1526:, pp. 199–216. 1502:, pp. 177–198. 1490:, pp. 153–176. 1478:, pp. 131–152. 1454:, pp. 123–130. 1442:, pp. 106–122. 1104:, p. 1–6, 220. 995:10.3138/gsi.13.2.02 642:In Praise for Blood 525:Science journalist 267:including the 1994 192:Agence France Press 21: 3026:Random House books 3016:Books about Rwanda 2968:Beautifully Broken 2936:A Sunday in Kigali 2928:Sometimes in April 2873:In Praise of Blood 2540:In Praise of Blood 2351:Meierhenrich, Jens 2146:Reyntjens, Filip. 2132:In Praise of Blood 1946:(10169): 319–320. 1894:In Praise of Blood 1873:(10151): 909–912. 1766:LA Review of Books 1733:The Globe and Mail 1514:, p. 61, 231. 1418:, pp. 81–105. 1394:, p. 69, 142. 921:Braeckman, Colette 758:In Praise of Blood 753:The Globe and Mail 748:In Praise of Blood 712:Marijke Verpoorten 670:Marijke Verpoorten 652:In Praise of Blood 620:In Praise of Blood 551:In Praise of Blood 537:In Praise of Blood 497:In Praise of Blood 492:LA Review of Books 477:The Globe and Mail 430:Publishing history 327:(leaked in 2010). 253:In Praise of Blood 213:The Globe and Mail 130: 19: 2998: 2997: 2891: 2890: 2724:978-0-345-81210-0 2253:African Arguments 2029:978-1-78873-328-1 1914:New Books Network 1707:978-2-315-00987-9 1406:, pp. 72–80. 1370:, pp. 64–71. 1292:, pp. 44–63. 894:. October 8, 1999 838:TowardFreedom.org 703:Alison Des Forges 605:Alison Des Forges 563:Colette Braeckman 349:Rwandan Civil War 313:UN mapping report 265:Rwandan civil war 177:Rwandan Civil War 158:Rwanda Revolution 73: 72: 68:978-0-345-81210-0 3038: 2986: 2985: 2846: 2845: 2833:Rwandan genocide 2831:Works about the 2825: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2776: 2728: 2709: 2707: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2546: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2465: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2396:Guichaoua, André 2392: 2379: 2378: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2152:The Conversation 2143: 2137: 2136: 2127: 2125: 2112: 2103:(1–4): 190–198. 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2056:Longman, Timothy 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1955: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1834:"A Deathly Hush" 1829: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1743: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1601:The Conversation 1595:(10 July 2018). 1589: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1266: 1265:, pp. 7–44. 1260: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1230: 1221: 1220: 1215:Mobutu Sese Seko 1210: 1208: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1153:(25 June 2018). 1151:Lemarchand, René 1147: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1114: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1013: 1007: 1006: 978: 969: 963: 957: 951: 945: 944: 938: 936: 917: 908: 907: 901: 899: 884: 878: 877: 871: 869: 858: 852: 851: 846: 844: 829: 823: 822: 816: 814: 800: 787: 781: 456: 383:Rwandan genocide 321:Second Congo War 269:Rwandan genocide 248: 136:, the two major 106:Rwandan genocide 53:Publication date 29: 22: 18: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2974: 2887: 2835: 2829: 2783: 2735: 2733:Further reading 2725: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2660: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2593: 2589: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2431: 2427: 2393: 2382: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2241: 2227: 2225: 2212: 2208: 2174: 2170: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2140: 2123: 2121: 2089: 2085: 2077:10.7227/JHA.042 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2022:. Verso Books. 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1986: 1984: 1973: 1969: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1902: 1863: 1859: 1842: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1770: 1768: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1605: 1603: 1593:Vidal, Claudine 1590: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567:, pp. 230. 1563: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1324: 1322: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1243: 1241: 1231: 1224: 1206: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1148: 1141: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1056: 1054: 1044: 1040: 1026: 1024: 1014: 1010: 979: 972: 964: 960: 952: 948: 934: 932: 918: 911: 897: 895: 886: 885: 881: 867: 865: 860: 859: 855: 842: 840: 830: 826: 812: 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