First Congo War - Knowledge

2564: 625: 614: 349: 6633: 2276:, president of Rwanda from 1994 to 2000, presented the then-US ambassador to Rwanda, Robert Gribbin, with the idea of a "Greater Rwanda." This idea purports that the ancient state of Rwanda included parts of eastern Zaire that should actually belong to Rwanda. However, it appears that Rwanda never seriously attempted to annex these territories. The history of conflict in the Congo is often associated with illegal resource exploitation but, although Rwanda did benefit financially by plundering Zaire's wealth, this is not usually considered their initial motivation for Rwandan intervention in the First Congo War. 473: 305: 655: 644: 602: 591: 582: 222: 206: 362: 551: 534: 523: 156: 255: 293: 2194:(RPA). The initial goal of the Banyamulenge Rebellion was to seize power in Zaire's eastern Kivu provinces and combat the extremist Hutu forces attempting to continue the genocide in their new home. However, the rebellion did not remain Tutsi-dominated for long. Mobutu's harsh and selfish rule created enemies in virtually all sectors of Zairian society. As a result, the new rebellion benefited from massive public support and grew to be a general revolution rather than a mere Banyamulenge uprising. 2076: 497: 544: 410: 437: 233: 56: 6962: 2269:

regardless of whether they were Rwandan or Zairian. The intervention may also have been motivated by revenge; the Rwandan forces, as well as the AFDL, massacred retreating Hutu refugees in several known instances. A commonly cited factor for Rwandan actions is that the RPF, which had recently come to power in Kigali, had come to see itself as the protector of the Tutsi nation and was therefore partially acting in defense of its Zairian brethren.

677: 461: 485: 421: 386: 6643: 688: 666: 266: 329: 317: 560: 449: 398: 374: 281: 571: 244: 182: 194: 1845:, but the termination of the Mobutu regime brought little political change, and Kabila found himself uneasy in the position of a proxy of his former benefactors. To avert a coup, Kabila expelled all Rwandan, Ugandan and Burundian military units from the Congo, and moved to build a coalition including Namibian, Angolan, Zimbabwean and Zambian forces, soon encompassing a string of African nations from 2233: 1881: 2146:. These attacks caused about one hundred deaths a month during the first half of 1996. Furthermore, the newly arrived militants were intent on returning to power in Rwanda and began launching attacks against the new regime in Kigali, which represented a serious security threat to the infant state. Not only was the Mobutu government incapable of controlling the former 2205:, who had been a long-time opponent of the Mobutu government and was a leader of one of the three main rebel groups that founded the AFDL. While the AFDL was an ostensibly Zairian rebel movement, Rwanda had played a key role in its formation. Observers of the war, as well as the Rwandan Defense Minister and vice-president at the time, 2341:, proxy groups formed from the remnants of police units exiled from Congo in the 1960s, fighting to return to their homeland. Luanda did also deploy regular troops. Angola chose to participate in the First Congo War because members of Mobutu's government were directly involved in supplying the Angolan rebel group, 2765:

Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees. As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL. Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and

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Kabila also came to be seen as an instrument of the foreign regimes that put him in power. To counter this image and increase domestic support, he began to turn against his allies abroad. This culminated in the expulsion of all foreign forces from the DRC on 26 July 1998. The states with armed forces

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youth regularly attacked the Banyamulenge, leading to a total of 14,000 deaths. In 1995 the Zairian Parliament ordered all peoples of Rwandan or Burundian descent repatriated to their countries of origin, including the Banyamulenge. Due to political exclusion and ethnic violence, as early as 1991 the

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also participated in the First Congo War. The greatest impact that it had on the war was probably that it gave Angola reason to join the anti-Mobutu coalition. However, UNITA forces fought alongside FAZ forces in at least several instances. Among other examples, Kagame claimed that his forces fought

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In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their

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Despite a strong Rwandan presence in Mobutu's government, in 1981, Zaire adopted a restrictive citizenship law which denied the Banyamulenge and Banyarwanda citizenship and therewith all political rights. Though never enforced, the law greatly angered individuals of Rwandan descent and contributed

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This manifested itself in the form of a predominantly Hutu insurgency in Rwanda's western provinces that was supported by extremist elements in eastern DRC. Without troops in the DRC, Rwanda was unable to successfully combat the insurgents. In the first days of August 1998, two brigades of the new

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Several factors that led to the First Congo War remained in place after Kabila's accession to power. Prominent among these were ethnic tensions in eastern DRC, where the government still had little control. There the historical animosities remained and the opinion that Banyamulenge, as well as all

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on April 19 and moved on by air to Kinshasa. Mobutu fled Kinshasa on May 16, and the "libérateurs" entered the capital without serious resistance. The AFDL-allied Eritrean battalion had aided the rebels during the entire 1,500 km advance despite being not well equipped for the environment and

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at the time. The Mobutu-loyal forces were collapsing so quickly, however, that they could not prevent the AFDL, SPLA and Ugandan military from occupying northeastern Zaire. Sudan-allied Ugandan insurgent groups which had been based in the region were forced to retreat into southern Sudan alongside

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With active support from Rwanda, Uganda, and Eritrea, Kabila's AFDL was able to capture 800 x 100 km of territory along the border with Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi by 25 December 1996. This occupation temporarily satisfied the rebels, because it gave them power in the east and allowed them to

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It is unclear exactly how the government benefited from this relationship, other than personal enrichment for several officials, but it is certainly possible that Mobutu was unable to control the actions of some members of his government. Regardless of the reasoning in Kinshasa, Angola entered the

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However, the true intentions of Rwanda are not entirely clear. Some authors have proposed that dismantling refugee camps was a means of replenishing Rwanda's depleted population and workforce following the genocide; because the destruction of the camps was followed by forced repatriation of Tutsi

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A second goal cited by Kagame was the overthrow of Mobutu. While partially a means to minimize the threat in eastern Zaire, the new Rwandan state also sought to set up a puppet regime in Kinshasa. This goal was not particularly threatening to other states in the region because it was ostensibly a

1802:. In many areas state authority had in all but name collapsed, with infighting militias, warlords, and rebel groups (some sympathetic to the government, others openly hostile) wielding effective power. The population of Zaire had become restless and resentful of the inept and corrupt regime; the 2701:

The new Congolese state under Kabila's rule proved to be disappointingly similar to Zaire under Mobutu. The economy remained in a state of severe disrepair and deteriorated further under Kabila's corrupt rule. He failed to improve the government, which continued to be weak and corrupt. Instead,

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mines, which it later resisted relinquishing. Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred.

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According to expert observers, as well as Kagame himself, Rwanda played the largest role of a foreign actor, if not the largest role of all, in the First Congo War. Kigali was instrumental in the formation of the AFDL and sent its own troops to fight alongside the rebels. While its actions were

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Throughout the rebel advance, there were attempts by the international community to negotiate a settlement. However, the AFDL did not take these negotiations seriously but instead partook so as to avoid international criticism for being unwilling to attempt a diplomatic solution while actually

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There are two explanations for the restart of the rebel advance in 1997. The first, and most probable, is that Angola had joined the anti-Mobutu coalition, giving it numbers and strength far superior to the FAZ, and demanding that Mobutu be removed from power. Kagame presents another, possibly

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After coming to power in 1965, Mobutu gave the Banyamulenge political power in the east in hopes that they, as a minority, would keep a tight grip on power and prevent more populous ethnicities from forming an opposition. This move aggravated the existing ethnic tensions by strengthening the

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who had been launching attacks against the new Rwandan state from Zaire. Kagame claimed that Rwandan agents had discovered the plans to invade Rwanda with support from Mobutu; in response, Kigali began its intervention with the intention of dismantling the refugee camps in which the

2300:. Given their historical ties, the Rwandan and Ugandan governments were closely allied and Museveni worked closely with Kagame throughout the First Congo War. Ugandan soldiers were present in Zaire throughout the conflict and Museveni likely helped Kagame plan and direct the AFDL. 4403:

Angola came to his aid with 2,500 troops in August 1997. Sassou also received help from Chad, Gabon, France, and Elf-Congo ... as well as South African and Serbian mercenaries, the former Rwandan government forces, Rwandan Interahamwe militia and elements of Mobutu's Zairian

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In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by

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Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and

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reported that 15,000 Ugandan-trained Tutsi fought for the AFDL. However, Uganda did not support Rwanda in all aspects of the war. Museveni was reportedly much less inclined to overthrow Mobutu, preferring to keep the rebellion in the East where the former

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were in a catastrophic condition. Mobutu, who had become terminally ill, was no longer able to keep the different factions in the government under control, making their loyalty questionable. Furthermore, the end of the Cold War meant that Mobutu's strong

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lacking almost all logistical support. By the time the Eritreans arrived at Kinshasa along the AFDL, they were exhausted, starving and ill, having suffered heavy casualties as a result. They had to be evacuated from the country by the war's end.

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province who would eventually overthrow Mobutu, had fought Mobutu's régime since its inception. The inability of the Mobutuist régime to control rebel movements in its eastern provinces eventually allowed its internal and external foes to ally.

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proved that "Mobutu intended to wage real war against Rwanda." According to this logic, Rwanda's initial concerns had been to manage the security threat in eastern Zaire but it was now forced to dispose of the hostile government in Kinshasa.

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he had maintained since 1967, but ultimately proved unwilling to implement broad reform, alienating allies both at home and abroad. In fact, the Zairian state had all but ceased to exist. The majority of the Zairian population relied on an

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Tutsi, were foreigners was reinforced by the foreign occupation in their defence. Furthermore, Rwanda had not been able to satisfactorily address its security concerns. By forcibly repatriating refugees, Rwanda had imported the conflict.

2560:—a longtime rival of Mobutu—was installed. Kabila, by this point in control of roughly one-quarter of the country, dismissed this as irrelevant and warned Tshisekedi that he would have no part in a new government if he accepted the post. 1838:, Mobutu's regime collapsed in a matter of months. Despite the war's short duration, it was marked by widespread destruction and extensive ethnic violence, with hundreds of thousands killed in the fighting and accompanying pogroms. 2551:

on 27 March. The government denied the rebels' success, starting a long pattern of false statements from the Defense Minister on the progress and conduct of the war. Negotiations were proposed in late March, and on 2 April a new

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means to securing Rwandan stability and because many of them also opposed Mobutu. Kigali was further aided by the tacit support of the United States, which supported Kagame as a member of the new generation of African leaders.

5941: 4749: 237: 3647: 2589:. In some areas, no real roads existed; the only means of transport were infrequently used dirt paths. The AFDL committed grave human rights violations, such as the carnage at a refugee camp of Hutus at Tingi-Tingi near 2779:

80,000 soldiers by the war's start, though the actual number was closer to about 50,000. Of these, just 25,000 were in a condition to fight, whereas the rest was likely to flee or desert upon the first signs of combat.

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Kennes, Erik (2005). "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Structures of Greed, Networks of Need". In Arnson, Cynthia; Zartman, I. William; Arnson, Cynthia J.; Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (eds.).

6938: 5268: 1340: 1986:. When colonial boundaries were drawn in the late nineteenth century many Banyarwanda found themselves on the Congolese side of the Rwandan border, in Kivu province. The earliest of these migrants arrived before 1834:) joined the invasion, while a Congolese alliance of anti-Mobutu rebels was assembled. Though the Zairean government attempted to put up an effective resistance, and was supported by allied militias as well as 6621: 2584:

Whatever the case, once the advance resumed in 1997, there was virtually no meaningful resistance from what was left of Mobutu's army. Kabila's forces were only held back by the dilapitated state of Zaire's

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Angola remained on the sidelines until 1997, but its entrance into the fray greatly increased the already superior strength of anti-Mobutu forces. The Angolan government chose to act primarily through the

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This number was self-declared and was not independently verified. Johnson, Dominic: Kongo — Kriege, Korruption und die Kunst des Überlebens, Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt am Main, 2. Auflage 2009

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As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.

2677:, where he died on 7 September 1997. Kabila proclaimed himself president on 17 May, and immediately ordered a violent crackdown to restore order. He then attempted to reorganise the nation as the 8184: 6835: 5575: 2414:, whom Mobutu had long supported against the SPLA, though the exact amount of aid is unclear and ultimately was unable to hinder the advance of opposing forces. Zaire also employed foreign 6185: 6075: 4325: 6614: 2505:

to use Zaire as a base for attacks. There was a pause in the rebel advance following the acquisition of this buffer territory that lasted until Angola entered the war in February 1997.

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Longman, Timothy. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." Ed. John F. Clark. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 129-44. pp. 131–32

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Afoaku, Osita. "Congo's Rebels: Their Origins, Motivations, and Strategies." Ed. John F. Clark. The Africa Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 109-28. p. 121

6329: 6039: 1853:, although their support varied. The tripartite coalition responded with a second invasion of the east, largely through proxy groups. These actions constituted the catalyst for the 5826: 3874:

Longman, Timothy. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." Ed. John F. Clark. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 129-44. p. 131

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still in the DRC begrudgingly complied although some of them saw this as undermining their interests, particularly Rwanda, which had hoped to install a proxy-regime in Kinshasa.

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war on the side of the rebels and was determined to overthrow the Mobutu government, which it saw as the only way to address the threat posed by the Zairian-UNITA relationship.

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Mobutu's rule encountered considerable internal resistance, and given the weak central state, rebel groups could find refuge in Zaire's eastern provinces, far from the capital,

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Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.

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for operations in Zaire probably as early as 1995 and chose to act following an exchange of fire between Rwandan Tutsi and Zairian Green Berets that marked the outbreak of the

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swept across Africa during the 1990s. Under substantial internal and external pressure for a democratic transition in Zaire, Mobutu promised reform. He officially ended the

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and sympathizers were massacred at the hands of predominantly Hutu aggressors. The genocide ended when the Hutu government in Kigali was overthrown by the Tutsi-dominated

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provided the Mobutu regime with technical assistance, while Kuwait also reportedly provided $ 64 million to Zaire for the purchase of weapons, but later denied doing so.

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Following years of internal strife, dictatorship and economic decline, Zaire was a dying state by 1996. The eastern parts of the country had been destabilized due to the

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from the country. SETAF prepared Joint Task Force Guardian Retrieval to carry out the non-combatant evacuation (NEO). The Marine Corps supported the evacuation with the

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forcibly relocated to Congo to perform manual labour (after 1908), and by another significant wave of emigrants fleeing the social revolution of 1959 that brought the

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Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

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In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa

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invaded Zaire in 1996 to defeat a number of rebel groups which had found refuge in the country. This invasion quickly escalated, as more states (including Uganda,

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Samset, Ingrid. 'Conflict of Interests or Interests in Conflict? Diamonds & War in the DRC.' Review of African Political Economy. 2002. 463–480. pp. 470–471

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continuing its steady advance. The FAZ, which had been weak all along, was unable to mount any serious resistance to the strong AFDL and its foreign sponsors.

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stance while in office. However, Mobutu's totalitarian rule and corrupt policies allowed the Zairian state to decay, evidenced by a 65% decrease in Zairian

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Congolese army rebelled against the government and formed rebel groups that worked closely with Kigali and Kampala. This marked the beginning of the

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Samset, Ingrid. 'Conflict of Interests or Interests in Conflict? Diamonds & War in the DRC.' Review of African Political Economy. 2002. 463–480

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Pomfret, John. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo; Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive." Washington Post. 9 July 1997: A1.

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Pomfret, John. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo; Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive." Washington Post. 9 July 1997: A1

2641:, not knowing that it had already been overrun by the SPLA. The column of about 4,000 fighters and their families was ambushed by the SPLA during 7521: 7516: 6687: 6567: 6510: 6414: 6367: 6057: 4317: 2726: 2696: 1437: 6010:

Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.

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militias, who granted them access to mines and weapons. Though these were initially self-defense organizations, they quickly became aggressors.

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in 1992, the United States stopped supporting Mobutu in favor of what it called a "new generation of African leaders", including Rwanda's

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for previously mentioned reasons but actually supported them in training and supplying for an invasion of Rwanda, forcing Kigali to act.

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Of those who fled Rwanda during the crisis, about 1.5 million settled in eastern Zaire. These refugees included Tutsi who fled the Hutu

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the following year, although some experts prefer to view the two conflicts as one continuous war whose aftereffects continue today.

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Kabila began a vigorous centralisation campaign, bringing renewed conflict with minority groups in the east who demanded autonomy.

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Jackson, Stephen. 'Making a Killing: Criminality & Coping in the Kivu War Economy.' Review of African Political Economy. 2002.

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Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 and the Future Years Defense Program: Military posture

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In addition, elements of Mobutu's army and loyalists as well as other groups involved in the First Congo War retreated into the

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Kabila's forces launched an offensive in March 1997, and demanded that the Kinshasa government surrender. The rebels took

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that brought him to power, and Museveni allowed the RPF to use Uganda as a base during the 1990 offensive into Rwanda and

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as well as one million Hutus that fled the Tutsi RPF's subsequent retaliation. Prominent among the latter group were the

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While there was general unrest in eastern Zaire, the rebellion was probably not a grassroots movement; Uganda president

2016:", and had the right to citizenship under Zairian law. Tutsi who emigrated to Zaire following independence are known as 7559: 7218: 6085: 4905: 4860: 1798:

which had perforated its borders, as well as long-lasting regional conflicts and resentments left unresolved since the

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had been using as safe-bases, and forcibly repatriated Tutsi to Rwanda. It also captured many lucrative diamond and

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The Hutu set up camps in eastern Zaire from which they attacked both the newly arrived Rwandan Tutsi as well as the

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and aligned forces. The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the

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that were retreating northward to escape the AFDL. This was to prevent Zaire from becoming a safe haven for the

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and international military conflict which lasted from 24 October 1996 to 16 May 1997 and took place mostly in

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troops. France also provided Mobutu's government with financial support and military aid, facilitated by the

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for their subsistence, since the official economy was not reliable. Furthermore, the Zairian national army,

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Vlassenroot, Koen (2006). "Conflict & Militia Formation in Eastern Congo". In Kaarsholm, Preben (ed.).

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Tensions had existed between various ethnic groups in eastern Zaire for centuries, especially between the

1787:. Kabila's unstable government subsequently came into conflict with his allies, setting the stage for the 1080: 7793: 7587: 7205: 7010: 5820: 5303: 4545:

Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)".

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provided support to the anti-Mobutu coalition. Other than from UNITA, Mobutu also received some aid from

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and the lack of government control in the past, Rwanda took action against the security threat posed by

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stance was no longer sufficient to justify the political and financial support he had received from the

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on 12 March, and mostly destroyed; 2,000 were killed, and over 1,000 captured. The survivors fled to

2629: 2446: 1953:(1925–1961), as well as ethnic and regional minorities opposed to the nominal dominance of Kinshasa. 1612: 1530: 1418: 1167: 1096: 47: 4852: 4799:"The Privatisation and Criminalisation of Public Space in the Geopolitics of the Great Lakes Region" 4505:. National and ethnic conflict in the 21st century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press. 8119: 7963: 7838: 7327: 7296: 7039: 5912: 5491: 3274:

CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".

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also played a major role in the First Congo War. Prominent members of the RPF had fought alongside

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Coming from the east, the AFDL advanced westward in two pincer movements. The northern one took

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between independence in 1960 and the end of Mobutu's reign in 1997. Following the end of the

1602: 1582: 1246: 1236: 1041: 6017: 4960: 4622:"Citizenship, Identity Formation & Conflict in South Kivu: The Case of the Banyamulenge" 4101: 2557: 872: 8012: 7952: 7664: 6943: 5977: 5710: 5665: 5476: 5385: 5348: 5309: 4953: 2621: 1803: 1535: 1423: 211: 173: 168: 4179: 3284: 8: 8199: 7976: 7351: 7151: 7073: 5716: 5486: 5068: 5049: 5032: 4270: 2334: 1293: 1182: 993: 974: 957: 43: 3499:

Ex-president Mobutu once asked his soldiers why they needed salaries when they had guns

2461:(MEU), special operations capable, which had initially been sent to Albania, to support 7357: 7140: 7117: 6903: 6898: 6667: 5808: 5511: 5353: 5262: 5256: 5246: 5186: 4933: 4785: 4750:

Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa

4659: 4562: 4075: 1962: 1686: 1654: 1540: 1319: 1313: 1303: 1298: 865: 1815:

powers – his regime, therefore, was essentially politically and financially bankrupt.

8098: 7942: 7611: 7470: 7405: 6804: 6784: 6764: 6714: 6523: 5419: 5296: 5149: 5142: 4789: 4753: 4731: 4716: 4701: 4676: 4651: 4646: 4606: 4581: 4531: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4450: 4426: 4284: 4245: 4109: 4082: 3602: 3482: 3215: 2297: 2273: 2075: 2066: 1875: 1607: 1505: 1393: 1187: 1177: 1119: 606: 108: 7787: 6975: 4825: 8046: 7946: 7738: 7440: 7044: 6913: 6871: 6741: 6129: 6114: 6080: 5942:

National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy

5671: 5659: 5634: 5587: 5405: 5226: 5215: 5054: 5044: 4988: 4900: 4820: 4810: 4777: 4641: 4633: 4554: 2715: 2690: 2638: 2293: 2070: 1975: 1930: 1884: 1854: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1696: 1649: 1644: 1629: 1510: 1282: 1267: 1199: 979: 969: 928: 843: 633: 527: 133: 39: 6939:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2501:. Likewise, the external actors had successfully crippled the ability of the same 2083:

The most deciding event in precipitating the war was the genocide in neighbouring

7997: 7805: 7272: 6948: 6908: 6866: 6729: 6709: 6662: 6399: 5360: 5239: 5097: 5092: 5087: 4938: 4840: 4596: 4575: 4521: 4481: 4420: 4239: 4186: 4103: 4013: 3580: 2789: 2289: 2187: 2049: 2041: 1950: 1935: 1926: 1919: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1500: 1495: 1408: 1388: 1330: 1325: 1162: 1055: 1022: 1017: 1012: 670: 3440:

Gondola, Ch. Didier. The History of Congo. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. p. 6

2008:

Tutsi who emigrated to Zaire before Congolese independence in 1960 are known as

1779:. The conflict culminated in a foreign invasion that replaced Zairean president 8144: 7925: 7657: 7652: 7464: 7458: 7446: 7390: 6861: 6746: 5991: 5456: 5233: 5075: 4928: 4102:

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1 January 1998).

2586: 2304: 2261:

often took refuge and destroying the structure of these anti-Rwandan elements.

2033: 1903: 1895: 1808: 1703: 1624: 1403: 1377: 1000: 659: 564: 4815: 4798: 4781: 4766:"Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention" 4637: 3578:(2008), "The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict.", 2521:

said as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the

2311:, the military wing of the rebel movement that brought Museveni to power, and 2164: 8113: 8083: 7884: 7866: 7822: 7714: 7476: 7452: 6794: 6756: 6151: 6146: 6092: 5427: 5380: 5323: 5039: 4912: 4655: 4280: 2395: 2159: 1991: 1592: 1525: 1482: 964: 855: 681: 575: 543: 502: 4180:

Democratic Republic of Congo. A long-standing crisis spinning out of control

2272:

Rwanda possibly also harbored ambitions to annex portions of eastern Zaire.

7018: 6856: 6109: 5775: 4970: 4558: 4483:

Rethinking the economics of war: the intersection of need, creed, and greed

2403: 2370:

Numerous other external actors played lesser roles in the First Congo War.

2180: 2139: 2104: 2009: 1987: 1850: 1799: 909: 442: 4385:

Lissouba's own fighters also were reported to include former Mobutu forces

2628:(SPLA) and its allies, which were fighting the Sudanese government in the 8093: 8088: 7637: 7411: 7166: 5883: 5874: 4993: 2383: 2362:

a pitched battle against UNITA near Kinshasa towards the end of the war.

2206: 2143: 2127: 2017: 1979: 1958: 1915: 933: 648: 409: 226: 55: 2390:, also gave measured amounts of military support to the rebel movement. 2048:

to a rising sense of ethnic hatred. From 1993 to 1996 Hunde, Nande, and

786: 7709: 4663: 4621: 4566: 4189:. Amnesty International, 3 September 1998. p. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98 2037: 2025: 1812: 4728:

The Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace

4882: 4446: 2666: 2597: 2590: 2415: 2245:

originally sparked by the security threat posed by the Zairian-based

1760: 4318:"Mobutu Sese Seko, Zairian Ruler, Is Dead in Exile in Morocco at 66" 2572:

secondary, reason for the march on Kinshasa: that the employment of

7534: 7255: 7007: 5628: 5137: 4836:"The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict" 2650: 2609: 2605: 2577: 2407: 2399: 2379: 2028:

that indigenous people claimed as their own. From 1963 to 1966 the

1946: 1911: 1114: 490: 478: 466: 3149: 3147: 6933: 5999: 5966: 5582: 5132: 2674: 2548: 2391: 2371: 2249:

Kigali was pursuing multiple goals during its invasion of Zaire.

2176: 2132: 2013: 1831: 1823: 1335: 1109: 676: 508: 426: 391: 340: 4598:

The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006

4077:

Beyond the Wild Blue: A History of the U.S. Air Force, 1947-2007

2979: 2633:

FAZ troops that had not yet surrendered and a smaller number of

2197:

Banyamulenge elements and non-Tutsi militias coalesced into the

2040:

fought against Rwandan emigrants — both Tutsi and Hutu – in the

6836:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)

6642: 5857: 5779: 3906: 3904: 3144: 2613: 2601: 2573: 2513: 2431: 2375: 2285: 2169: 2084: 2002: 1827: 1819: 1776: 687: 665: 654: 643: 601: 581: 454: 403: 379: 367: 334: 322: 286: 205: 87: 5829:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001) 3348: 2905: 2903: 2394:, an ally of Rwanda under Kagame, sent an entire battalion of 2232: 2087:

in 1994, which sparked a mass exodus of refugees known as the

6119: 6047: 5971: 5851: 3858: 3856: 3285:"Democratic Republic of Congo: War against unarmed civilians" 3101: 3099: 2670: 2617: 2427: 2411: 2358: 2342: 2173: 2092: 2029: 1888: 1871: 1846: 1835: 1772: 1764: 559: 550: 533: 522: 310: 248: 187: 161: 113: 91: 83: 4726:

Michael Nest with François Grignon and Emizet F. Kisangani:

4523:

Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State

3901: 3889: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 2890: 2888: 2815: 2813: 2811: 1898:, Mobutu came to power in 1965 and enjoyed support from the 6724: 5758: 5169: 3982: 3913: 3841: 3674: 3662: 3533: 3531: 3336: 2900: 2646: 2419: 2198: 1998: 1983: 1219: 354: 199: 8185:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations

4361: 4149: 4139: 4137: 3877: 3853: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3698: 3372: 3314: 3312: 3096: 3015: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2307:

of the AFDL, for example, was a former member of Uganda's

1841:

A new government was installed, and Zaire was renamed the

3615:

from the original on 7 May 2018 – via Google Books.

3555: 3516: 3324: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3064: 3062: 3060: 2885: 2847: 2808: 2199:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

2168:

who had found refuge in eastern Zaire. The government in

2112:

themselves, such as elements of the former Rwandan Army,

1907: 1880: 5369: 5284: 4297: 4161: 3686: 3620: 3528: 3465: 3463: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3396: 3032: 3030: 2637:(SAF) soldiers. They attempted to reach the SAF base at 2131:. Often, these Hutu forces allied themselves with local 2091:. During the 100-day genocide, hundreds of thousands of 2024:

Banyamulenge's hold over important stretches of land in

1949:. Opposition groups included leftists who had supported 19:

For the 1993–1994 war in the Republic of the Congo, see

6889:

Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4673:

Violence, political culture & development in Africa

4201:"Study on the First And Second Congo War History Essay" 4134: 3994: 3961: 3949: 3925: 3808: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3710: 3543: 3384: 3360: 3309: 3243: 3241: 3239: 2960: 2418:

from several African and European countries, including

2252:

The first and foremost of these was the suppression of

4219: 3937: 3755: 3598:

Struggles for Citizenship in Africa: African Arguments

3504: 3258: 3256: 3224: 3159: 3057: 3003: 2991: 2593:, where tens of thousands of refugees were massacred. 2125:(FAR), and independent Hutu extremist groups known as 7005: 4443:

In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda

4340: 3460: 3443: 3297: 3027: 2620:

attempted to coordinate with remnants of the FAZ and

2508:

During this time, Rwanda destroyed refugee camps the

2492:

Massacres of Hutu refugees during the First Congo War

6894:

Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4713:

The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo

3236: 4445:. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 4269: 4014:"26th Marine Expeditionary Unit deployment history" 3253: 2465:. The 26th MEU was relieved two weeks early by the 8190:Burundi–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations 8150:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4074: 2739:Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo 6638:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 5571:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 3122:. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36. 2228:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 8111: 4315: 3416:"DISARMAMENT: SADC Moves into Unknown Territory" 8140:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 6783: 6688:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 5972:National Union for Total Independence of Angola 5852:National Union for Total Independence of Angola 4244:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications. 4072: 3089:. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. 5896:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda 3087:"Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda 2725:(Congo-Brazzaville), where they fought in the 6991: 6615: 6033: 5614: 4868: 3834: 3832: 3594: 1990:in the 1880s, followed by emigrants whom the 1466: 1361: 893: 802: 6755: 5882:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the 4425:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. 4422:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 4095: 3039:"Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold" 2950:Making Sense of the Central African Republic 2398:to support the invasion of Zaire. Likewise, 1771:in the process), with major spillovers into 74:(6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 5418: 4670: 4619: 4401:. University of Georgia Press. p. 61. 4367: 4173: 3704: 3549: 3522: 3183: 3181: 3179: 2868:"Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation" 2697:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) 6998: 6984: 6622: 6608: 6040: 6026: 5621: 5607: 4875: 4861: 4833: 4763: 4503:The dynamics of violence in Central Africa 4500: 4044:"III. Operational Primacy: 1997 in Review" 3829: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3626: 3574: 3537: 3135: 3131: 3129: 2947: 2761: 2759: 2357:Due to its ties to the Mobutu government, 1473: 1459: 1368: 1354: 900: 886: 809: 795: 54: 5880:Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda 4824: 4814: 4796: 4645: 4594: 4303: 4237: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4066: 4000: 3988: 3967: 3955: 3931: 3919: 3895: 3814: 3802: 3785: 3773: 3716: 3402: 3105: 2973: 2909: 2653:by the middle of May. Another AFDL group 2153: 816: 7147:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 3176: 2925:"Strategic Review for Southern Africa". 2920: 2918: 2562: 2231: 2074: 1879: 7690:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 7364:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 5846:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement 5811:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999) 4573: 4544: 4440: 4225: 3943: 3883: 3862: 3847: 3761: 3728: 3510: 3378: 3330: 3303: 3230: 3170: 3153: 3126: 3049:from the original on 24 February 2011. 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2894: 2878:from the original on 24 February 2011. 2853: 2834: 2819: 2756: 8112: 4478: 4418: 4346: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4198: 4192: 3469: 3454: 3390: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3318: 3247: 3209: 3207: 3117: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2830: 2828: 2216: 1309:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila 7879:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 7800:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 6979: 6603: 6021: 5809:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération 5788:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002) 5602: 5449: 5013:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 4856: 4675:. Oxford: J. Currey. pp. 49–65. 4519: 4328:from the original on 31 December 2016 4316:Howard W. French (8 September 1997). 3262: 3068: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2915: 2497:defend themselves against the former 2079:A Rwandan refugee camp in Zaire, 1994 1818:The situation finally escalated when 1668: 1454: 1349: 1264: 1138: 1093: 1071:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 881: 790: 21:First Republic of the Congo Civil War 5925:Nationalist and Integrationist Front 5803:Movement for the Liberation of Congo 4396: 4024:from the original on 26 October 2020 3743:from the original on 14 October 2022 3650:from the original on 29 January 2018 3293:. AFR 62/036/1998. 23 November 1998. 3187: 3036: 2865: 2480: 2044:, which involved several massacres. 1265: 7969:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 7920:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7435:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 6831:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash 6705:East African campaign (World War I) 4944:East African campaign (World War I) 4698:The African Stakes in the Congo War 4626:Review of African Political Economy 4580:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4475:. Covers events up to January 2002. 4276:Congo: The Epic History of a People 4258: 4241:The World Today Series: Africa 2012 4108:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 4081:. St. Martin's Press. p. 512. 3489:from the original on 27 August 2010 3204: 3074: 2837:Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict 2825: 2665:Mobutu fled first to his palace at 2060: 2053:Banyamulenge developed ties to the 1865: 1692:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1139: 1094: 13: 7677:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 7219:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 4690: 4054:from the original on 22 March 2018 3729:Mugnier, David (3 December 2007). 2936: 1982:in the Eastern region of Congo of 1969: 1375: 14: 8211: 7914:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7617:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6140:Transitional Government (2003–06) 5890:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 5518:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4803:Journal of Modern African Studies 4207:from the original on 10 June 2020 4122:from the original on 1 March 2023 3422:from the original on 18 June 2020 1682:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1480: 7744:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 6961: 6960: 6641: 6631: 6049:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5892:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997) 4885:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4700:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4203:. Nottingham, UK: UKEssays.com. 4073:Walter J. Boyne (26 June 2007). 3140:. New Africa Press. p. 173. 2679:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2453:, to evacuate approximately 550 1843:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1769:Democratic Republic of the Congo 907: 686: 675: 664: 653: 642: 623: 612: 600: 589: 580: 569: 558: 549: 542: 532: 521: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 419: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 347: 327: 315: 303: 291: 279: 264: 253: 242: 231: 220: 204: 192: 180: 154: 118:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7761:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 5761:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance) 4486:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press 4412: 4390: 4383:. CQ Press. 2006. p. 259. 4373: 4352: 4309: 4231: 4036: 4006: 3973: 3868: 3820: 3722: 3632: 3588: 3475: 3434: 3408: 3277: 3268: 3111: 2783: 2769: 2201:(AFDL) under the leadership of 16:1996–1997 war in central Africa 8130:Civil wars of the 20th century 6076:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 5978:White Legion (First Congo War) 5018:Torture and killing of Lumumba 3731:"North Kivu: How to End a War" 2859: 2649:. Meanwhile, the AFDL reached 2626:Sudan People's Liberation Army 2608:, while the southern one took 2576:mercenaries in the battle for 2475:22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit 2459:26th Marine Expeditionary Unit 2439:United States European Command 1076:Torture and killing of Lumumba 60:Map showing the AFDL offensive 1: 8062:2014 Lesotho political crisis 8019:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 7182:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 5765:Rally for Congolese Democracy 4949:Belgian Congo in World War II 4834:Autesserre, Séverine (2008). 4764:Auterresse, Séverine (2009). 3037:Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). 2802: 2776: 2237: 2183:Rebellion on 31 August 1996. 1860: 720: 707: 539:Donatien Mahele Lieko Bokungu 72:24 October 1996 – 16 May 1997 38:Part of the aftermath of the 8056:SADC intervention in Lesotho 7658:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 7612:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 7369:ECOWAS military intervention 7089:2011–2014 factional violence 6775:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 6157:M23 offensive (2022–present) 6130:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 6105:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 6081:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 5827:Front de Libération du Congo 5817:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML) 5339:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 4463:Gondola, Ch. Didier. (2002) 4381:Political Handbook of Africa 4238:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). 4199:Essays, UK (November 2018). 3136:Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). 2948:Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). 2684: 2543:Operation Thunderbolt (1997) 2451:Operation Guardian Retrieval 2445:(SETAF) and elements of two 2284:As a close ally of the RPF, 1598:M23 offensive (2022–present) 1521:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 1193:Assassination of Habyarimana 7: 8125:Revolution-based civil wars 7733:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 7588:Insurgency in Northern Chad 6272:Foreign policy under Mobutu 5821:Union of Congolese Patriots 5304:Operation North Night Final 5206:Ascension of Laurent Kabila 4752:. New York: PublicAffairs. 4711:Edgerton, Robert G. (2002) 4441:Gribbin, Robert E. (2005). 3194:Journal of Conflict Studies 2866:Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). 2744:Battle of Kinsangani (1997) 2732: 2531:DRC Mapping Exercise Report 2441:supervised the U.S. Army's 1734:Child soldiers in the Congo 1252:Ascension of Laurent Kabila 1127:Non-aggression pact of 1979 10: 8216: 8195:Ethnicity-based civil wars 8024:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 7845:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 7700:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 7565:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 7376:Western Togoland Rebellion 6919:Great Lakes refugee crisis 6658:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 6115:State of Katanga (1960–63) 4770:International Organization 4620:Vlassenroot, Koen (2002). 4603:Cambridge University Press 4018:United States Marine Corps 3736:International Crisis Group 3584:, vol. 87, no. 3 3120:Coltan, Congo and Conflict 2694: 2688: 2540: 2489: 2447:Marine Expeditionary Units 2443:Southern Europe Task Force 2225: 2089:Great Lakes refugee crisis 2064: 1869: 1205:Great Lakes refugee crisis 18: 8076: 8033: 8005: 7996: 7935: 7906: 7861:Second Sudanese Civil War 7853: 7815: 7769: 7725: 7645: 7636: 7604: 7575: 7544: 7504: 7421: 7398: 7389: 7338: 7312: 7286: 7265: 7228: 7174: 7165: 7133: 7104: 7066: 7026: 7017: 6957: 6844: 6823: 6697: 6651: 6561: 6509: 6441: 6432: 6375: 6366: 6242: 6233: 6176: 6167: 6125:First Congo War (1996–98) 6056: 6008: 5990: 5957: 5948:National Liberation Front 5934: 5905: 5867: 5836: 5795: 5751: 5742: 5703: 5648: 5641: 5527: 5504: 5344:2014 North Kivu offensive 5322: 5277: 5214: 5158: 5115: 5023:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 4969: 4921: 4891: 4816:10.1017/S0022278X05001230 4797:Reyntjens, Filip (2005). 4782:10.1017/S0020818309090080 4647:10.1080/03056240208704635 4638:10.1080/03056240208704635 4595:Reyntjens, Filip (2009). 4501:Lemarchand, René (2009). 3188:Thom, William G. (1999). 2988:, pp. 117, 130, 143. 2630:Second Sudanese Civil War 2365: 2327: 2279: 2221: 1677: 1669: 1531:2014 North Kivu offensive 1490: 1385: 1277: 1173:War in Uganda (1986–1994) 1168:Second Sudanese Civil War 1151: 1106: 1081:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 917: 827: 775: 758: 698: 514: 145: 64: 53: 48:Second Sudanese Civil War 37: 32: 7964:2008 invasion of Anjouan 7560:Civil War (2012–present) 7529:Pool Department conflict 6247:Administrative divisions 5913:Allied Democratic Forces 5492:Western DR Congo clashes 5181:AFD insurgency (1996–99) 4826:10067/549370151162165141 4574:Prunier, Gérard (2009). 4185:22 November 2018 at the 3485:. IRIN. 5 October 2010. 3357:, pp. 23–24, 33–35. 3156:, pp. 118, 126–127. 2794:Première guerre du Congo 2775:Officially, the FAZ had 2749: 2424:Central African Republic 2352: 2309:National Resistance Army 2115:Forces armées rwandaises 1978:tribes of Congo and the 1900:United States government 1887:, long-time dictator of 1757:Africa's First World War 1729:Western DR Congo clashes 1709:2011 coup d'etat attempt 776:222,000 refugees missing 299:Central African Republic 7959:Hanish Islands conflict 7495:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 7346:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 7188:Herder–farmer conflicts 7112:Western Sahara conflict 6877:Belgian colonial empire 6770:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 6152:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 6093:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 5898:(FDLR, created in 2000) 5482:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 5433:M23 offensive (2022–24) 5334:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 5252:Assassination of Kabila 4981:Force Publique mutinies 4748:Stearns, Jason (2011). 4528:Oxford University Press 4283:, 2012. p. 423ff. 2835:Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). 2554:Prime Minister of Zaire 2536: 2485: 2097:Rwandan Patriotic Front 2055:Rwandan Patriotic Front 1940:Forces Armées Zaïroises 1767:(which was renamed the 1724:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 1526:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 1516:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 921:Force Publique mutinies 693:José Eduardo dos Santos 86:, with spillovers into 8180:Wars involving Eritrea 8160:Wars involving Burundi 7782:Somali–Kenyan conflict 7671:Second Afar insurgency 7278:Sierra Leone Civil War 6882:Kivu frontier incident 6683:East African Community 6110:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 6071:Colonization (1867–85) 5919:Lord's Resistance Army 5854:(UNITA, in Second War) 5805:(MLC, created in 1998) 5662:/ FARDC, after Mobutu) 5081:Port Francqui incident 4730:, Lynne Rienner, 2006 4696:Clark, John F. (2002) 4520:Plaut, Martin (2016). 4419:Abbott, Peter (2014). 4397:Cook, Alethia (2017). 3595:Bronwen Manby (2013). 3118:Usanov, Artur (2013). 2927:University of Pretoria 2793: 2568: 2523:Rwandan Defence Forces 2241: 2192:Rwandan Patriotic Army 2158:Given the exacerbated 2154:Banyamulenge rebellion 2080: 1891: 1783:with the rebel leader 1640:Kasindi church bombing 1414:October 2020 offensive 1006:Port Francqui incident 515:Commanders and leaders 103:Decisive AFDL victory 8170:Wars involving Uganda 8165:Wars involving Rwanda 8155:Wars involving Angola 8135:Coup-based civil wars 8041:Bophuthatswana crisis 7705:Oromia–Somali clashes 7623:Boko Haram insurgency 7583:Civil War (2005–2010) 7200:Boko Haram insurgency 7123:Clashes, 2020–present 5974:(UNITA, in First War) 5559:during the Congo Wars 5472:2013 Kinshasa attacks 5195:Operation Thunderbolt 5170:Formation of the AFDL 5123:Stanleyville mutinies 4715:St. Martin's Press. 3345:, pp. 23–24, 33. 3290:Amnesty International 2723:Republic of the Congo 2643:Operation Thunderbolt 2635:Sudanese Armed Forces 2567:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2566: 2541:Further information: 2519:Amnesty International 2463:Operation Silver Wake 2235: 2203:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2078: 1955:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1883: 1870:Further information: 1785:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1719:2013 Kinshasa attacks 1603:Anti-MONUSCO protests 1220:Formation of the AFDL 759:Casualties and losses 619:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 124:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 8175:Wars involving Sudan 8013:Mozambican Civil War 7973:Burundian conflicts 7953:Djiboutian Civil War 7665:Insurgency in Ogaden 7293:Liberian Civil Wars 7206:Niger Delta conflict 6944:2014 Mutarule attack 5668:(FAA, in Second War) 5629:Armed groups in the 5477:2014 Mutarule attack 5386:2017 Semuliki attack 5349:2017 CNPSC offensive 5310:Plaine Savo massacre 4954:Masisi-Lubutu revolt 4559:10.1093/afraf/adh050 4467:, Greenwood Press, 4465:The History of Congo 3850:, pp. 107, 201. 3576:Autesserre, Séverine 2616:. Around this time, 2335:Katanga Gendarmeries 2317:Belgian intelligence 2298:subsequent civil war 1804:Zairean Armed Forces 1536:2017 CNPSC offensive 1050:Violettes Imperiales 764:10,000–15,000 killed 715:40,000–100,000 total 116:renamed back to the 8052:Lesothan conflicts 7977:1993–2005 Civil War 7695:Afar–Somali clashes 7482:2022–2024 offensive 7477:2012–2013 rebellion 7319:Ivorian Civil Wars 7152:Tunisian revolution 7094:2014–2020 civil war 7074:2008 Kufra conflict 7011:conflicts in Africa 5958:Government-aligned, 5713:(FAA, in First War) 5576:tensions since 2022 5566:Belgian colonialism 5505:Perennial conflicts 5487:2018 Yumbi massacre 5390:Nationwide attacks 5278:Post-2003 conflicts 5201:Overthrow of Mobutu 4271:David van Reybrouck 3898:, pp. 147–148. 3886:, pp. 175–176. 3865:, pp. 213–214. 3381:, pp. 143–148. 3043:The Washington Post 3024:, pp. 375–376. 2912:, pp. 112–113. 2897:, pp. 375–377. 2872:The Washington Post 2856:, pp. 116–118. 2822:, pp. 376–377. 2727:1997–1999 civil war 2655:captured Lubumbashi 2217:Foreign involvement 1635:August 2022 attacks 1294:Gbadolite Agreement 1247:Overthrow of Mobutu 1183:Burundian Civil War 768:thousands surrender 630:André Kisase Ngandu 555:Christian Tavernier 44:Burundian Civil War 42:, spillover of the 8099:Colour revolutions 7897:Sudanese civil war 7749:2009–present phase 7489:Batwa–Luba clashes 7358:Casamance conflict 7235:Tuareg rebellions 7195:Religious violence 7141:Algerian Civil War 7057:Terrorism in Egypt 6904:Katanga insurgency 6899:Rwandan Revolution 6735:Massacres of Hutus 6698:Military relations 6668:Sun City Agreement 6410:Telecommunications 6257:Court of Cassation 6221:Former place names 5547:Conflict resources 5512:Katanga insurgency 5467:Batwa–Luba clashes 5263:Effacer le tableau 5257:Kisangani massacre 5187:Kichwamba massacre 5175:Massacres of Hutus 5006:Congo-Stanleyville 4961:Léopoldville riots 4934:Batetela rebellion 4632:(93/94): 499–515. 4322:The New York Times 4048:United States Navy 3991:, pp. 42, 61. 3922:, pp. 54, 58. 3418:. 19 August 1998. 3333:, pp. 77, 83. 3138:Nyerere and Africa 2569: 2558:Étienne Tshisekedi 2242: 2081: 1892: 1714:Batwa–Luba clashes 1687:Katanga insurgency 1655:Kirindera massacre 1429:Nyamamba and Mbogi 1320:Effacer le tableau 1314:Kisangani massacre 1299:Sun City Agreement 1225:Massacres of Hutus 1065:Other major events 946:Congo-Stanleyville 873:Léopoldville riots 866:1944 Kivu uprising 771:3,000–5,000 killed 8107: 8106: 8072: 8071: 7992: 7991: 7943:Rwandan Civil War 7891:Blue Nile clashes 7873:Nomadic conflicts 7829:Nomadic conflicts 7632: 7631: 7471:March 23 Movement 7406:Angolan Civil War 7385: 7384: 7161: 7160: 6973: 6972: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6805:Kishishe massacre 6765:Makobola massacre 6715:Rwandan Civil War 6678:Gorilla Agreement 6597: 6596: 6557: 6556: 6476:Human trafficking 6428: 6427: 6362: 6361: 6330:Political parties 6323:National Assembly 6267:Foreign relations 6229: 6228: 6015: 6014: 5986: 5985: 5738: 5737: 5635:Second Congo Wars 5596: 5595: 5500: 5499: 5462:2011 coup attempt 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5414: 5413: 5318: 5317: 5297:Operation Artemis 5269:ICC investigation 5150:1991 Zaire unrest 5143:Battle of Kolwezi 4985:Secession crisis 4883:Conflicts in the 4758:978-1-58648-929-8 4682:978-0-85255-894-2 4612:978-0-521-11128-7 4587:978-0-19-970583-2 4537:978-0-19-066959-1 4512:978-0-8122-4120-4 4493:978-0-8018-8297-5 4456:978-0-595-34411-6 4432:978-1-78200-076-1 4399:Conflict Dynamics 4290:978-0-06-220011-2 4273:(25 March 2014). 4251:978-1-61048-881-5 4158:, pp. 61–63. 4115:978-0-16-054389-0 4088:978-1-4299-0180-2 3683:, pp. 13–14. 3671:, pp. 15–16. 3617:(no page numbers) 3608:978-1-84813-786-8 3601:. Zed Books Ltd. 3393:, pp. 36–39. 3369:, pp. 34–35. 3321:, pp. 33–35. 3220:978-3-86099-743-7 3108:, pp. 65–66. 3071:, pp. 54–55. 2481:Course of the war 2337:later called the 2274:Pasteur Bizimungu 2067:Rwandan Civil War 2036:ethnic groups of 1876:1991 Zaire unrest 1755:, also nicknamed 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1664: 1663: 1608:Kishishe massacre 1506:Makobola massacre 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1399:North Night Final 1341:ICC investigation 1260: 1259: 1188:Rwandan Civil War 1178:1991 Zaire unrest 1134: 1133: 1120:Battle of Kolwezi 1089: 1088: 925:Secession crisis 785: 784: 607:Tharcisse Renzaho 141: 140: 107:Overthrow of the 8207: 8047:Caprivi conflict 8003: 8002: 7982:2015–2018 unrest 7788:Likoni massacres 7777:Ethnic conflicts 7739:Somali Civil War 7643: 7642: 7441:Second Congo War 7396: 7395: 7172: 7171: 7051:Post-coup unrest 7045:Sinai insurgency 7024: 7023: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6963: 6914:Rwandan genocide 6872:Ngweshe Chiefdom 6781: 6780: 6753: 6752: 6742:Second Congo War 6646: 6645: 6636: 6635: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6577: 6570: 6439: 6438: 6400:Franc (currency) 6373: 6372: 6240: 6239: 6174: 6173: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6018: 5837:Anti-government, 5749: 5748: 5660:Mobuto Sese Seko 5646: 5645: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5588:Rwandan genocide 5447: 5446: 5416: 5415: 5406:Operation Shujaa 5367: 5366: 5320: 5319: 5282: 5281: 5227:Operation Kitona 5216:Second Congo War 5045:Battle of Kabalo 4901:Congo Free State 4877: 4870: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4830: 4828: 4818: 4793: 4686: 4667: 4649: 4616: 4591: 4570: 4553:(412): 359–383. 4541: 4516: 4497: 4460: 4436: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4371: 4368:Vlassenroot 2002 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4196: 4190: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3705:Vlassenroot 2002 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3572: 3553: 3550:Vlassenroot 2002 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3523:Vlassenroot 2006 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3055: 3054: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2716:Second Congo War 2691:Second Congo War 2529:soldiers in the 2386:rebel army, the 2324:were operating. 2294:Ugandan Bush War 2239: 2236:Map of Zaire in 2123: 2071:Rwandan genocide 2061:Rwandan genocide 2012:, meaning "from 1936:informal economy 1931:one-party system 1885:Mobutu Sese Seko 1866:Decline of Zaire 1855:Second Congo War 1796:Rwandan genocide 1789:Second Congo War 1781:Mobutu Sese Seko 1697:Operation Shujaa 1672: 1666: 1665: 1650:Mukondi massacre 1645:Makugwe massacre 1630:Otomabere attack 1511:Makombo massacre 1485: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1380: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1289:Lusaka Ceasefire 1283:Operation Kitona 1272: 1270: 1269:Second Congo War 1262: 1261: 1200:Rwandan genocide 1146: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1101: 1099: 1091: 1090: 970:Battle of Kabalo 912: 902: 895: 888: 879: 878: 844:Congo Free State 822: 811: 804: 797: 788: 787: 738:): 10,000–15,000 722: 709: 691: 690: 680: 679: 669: 668: 658: 657: 647: 646: 638: 628: 627: 617: 616: 605: 604: 594: 593: 592: 586:Paul Rwarakabije 585: 584: 574: 573: 572: 563: 562: 554: 553: 546: 537: 536: 528:Mobutu Sese Seko 526: 525: 501: 499: 498: 489: 487: 486: 477: 475: 474: 465: 463: 462: 453: 451: 450: 441: 439: 438: 425: 423: 422: 413: 412: 402: 400: 399: 390: 388: 387: 378: 376: 375: 366: 364: 363: 352: 351: 333: 331: 330: 321: 319: 318: 309: 307: 306: 297: 295: 294: 285: 283: 282: 269: 268: 267: 258: 257: 256: 247: 246: 245: 236: 235: 234: 225: 224: 223: 209: 208: 198: 196: 195: 186: 184: 183: 160: 158: 157: 134:Second Congo War 122:Installation of 66: 65: 58: 40:Rwandan genocide 30: 29: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8120:First Congo War 8110: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8068: 8029: 7998:Southern Africa 7988: 7931: 7902: 7849: 7834:Ethnic violence 7811: 7806:Baragoi clashes 7765: 7721: 7628: 7600: 7590:(2016–present) 7571: 7546: 7545:Central African 7540: 7506: 7500: 7429:First Congo War 7417: 7381: 7334: 7308: 7282: 7273:Ndogboyosoi War 7261: 7224: 7208:(2003–present) 7184:(1998–present) 7157: 7129: 7114:(1970–present) 7100: 7062: 7040:2011 revolution 7034:Egyptian Crisis 7013: 7004: 6974: 6969: 6953: 6949:Kipupu massacre 6909:Kanyarwanda War 6867:Kaziba Chiefdom 6840: 6811: 6786: 6779: 6751: 6730:Lemera massacre 6720:First Congo War 6710:Simba rebellion 6693: 6663:Pretoria Accord 6647: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6598: 6593: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6553: 6549:Public holidays 6505: 6424: 6358: 6296:Law enforcement 6225: 6163: 6120:Zaire (1965–97) 6052: 6046: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5982: 5959: 5953: 5930: 5901: 5863: 5838: 5832: 5791: 5744: 5734: 5704:Anti-government 5699: 5642:National armies 5637: 5627: 5597: 5592: 5554:Sexual violence 5542:Mining industry 5529: 5523: 5496: 5437: 5410: 5373: 5365: 5361:Kipupu massacre 5326: 5314: 5288: 5273: 5240:Bogoro massacre 5218: 5210: 5162: 5160:First Congo War 5154: 5128:Shaba invasions 5111: 5098:Simba rebellion 5093:Kwilu rebellion 5088:Kanyarwanda War 5028:UN intervention 4973: 4965: 4939:Battle of Rejaf 4917: 4887: 4881: 4841:Foreign Affairs 4693: 4691:Further reading 4683: 4613: 4588: 4547:African Affairs 4538: 4513: 4494: 4457: 4433: 4415: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4193: 4187:Wayback Machine 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3693:Lemarchand 2009 3691: 3687: 3681:Lemarchand 2009 3679: 3675: 3669:Lemarchand 2009 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3627:Lemarchand 2009 3625: 3621: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3581:Foreign Affairs 3573: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538:Lemarchand 2009 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3492: 3490: 3483:"Congo's Curse" 3481: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3212: 3205: 3186: 3177: 3169: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3134: 3127: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3067: 3058: 3045:. p. A14. 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2976:, pp. 112. 2972: 2961: 2946: 2937: 2929:. 20–21. 1998. 2924: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2874:. p. A10. 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2839:. p. 119. 2833: 2826: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2735: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2545: 2539: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2368: 2355: 2330: 2290:Yoweri Museveni 2282: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2188:Yoweri Museveni 2160:ethnic tensions 2156: 2117: 2073: 2065:Main articles: 2063: 2042:Kanyarwanda War 1972: 1970:Ethnic tensions 1951:Patrice Lumumba 1927:democratization 1920:Yoweri Museveni 1902:because of his 1878: 1868: 1863: 1753:First Congo War 1749: 1748: 1747: 1738: 1673: 1670: 1660: 1659: 1558:Kipupu massacre 1501:Kasika massacre 1496:Lemera massacre 1486: 1481: 1479: 1442: 1419:Boga and Tchabi 1381: 1376: 1374: 1345: 1331:Pretoria Accord 1326:Bogoro massacre 1273: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1209: 1163:Shaba Invasions 1147: 1143:First Congo War 1142: 1140: 1130: 1102: 1098:Shaba Invasions 1097: 1095: 1085: 1023:Simba rebellion 1018:Kwilu rebellion 1013:Kanyarwanda War 953:UN intervention 913: 908: 906: 877: 823: 817: 815: 777: 767: 766:10,000 defected 765: 750: 745: 716: 711: 685: 684: 674: 673: 671:Yoweri Museveni 663: 662: 652: 651: 641: 640: 634: 622: 621: 611: 599: 598: 590: 588: 587: 579: 578: 570: 568: 567: 557: 556: 548: 547: 531: 530: 520: 507: 496: 494: 493: 484: 482: 481: 472: 470: 469: 460: 458: 457: 448: 446: 445: 436: 434: 433: 429: 420: 418: 417: 407: 406: 397: 395: 394: 385: 383: 382: 373: 371: 370: 361: 359: 358: 346: 339: 328: 326: 325: 316: 314: 313: 304: 302: 301: 292: 290: 289: 280: 278: 277: 273: 265: 263: 262: 254: 252: 251: 243: 241: 240: 232: 230: 229: 221: 219: 218: 203: 202: 193: 191: 190: 181: 179: 155: 153: 94: 73: 59: 33:First Congo War 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8077:Related topics 8074: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8050: 8044: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8026:(2017–present) 8021: 8016: 8009: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7926:Kasese clashes 7923: 7922:(1996–present) 7917: 7916:(1987–present) 7910: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7899:(2023–present) 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7875:(2009–present) 7870: 7864: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7784:(1963–present) 7779: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7736: 7735:(1998–present) 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7683:War, 1998–2000 7674: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7653:Oromo conflict 7649: 7647: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7625:(2009–present) 7620: 7619:(1987–present) 7614: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7594:2021 offensive 7585: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7468: 7467:(2009–present) 7465:Ituri conflict 7462: 7459:Dongo conflict 7456: 7455:(2004–present) 7450: 7447:Ituri conflict 7444: 7438: 7437:(1996–present) 7432: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7414:(1975–present) 7409: 7402: 7400: 7393: 7391:Central Africa 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7378:(2020–present) 7373: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7360:(1982–present) 7355: 7352:Guinea clashes 7349: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7258:(2012–present) 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7221:(2021–present) 7216: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7202:(2009–present) 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7178: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7118:War, 1975–1991 7108: 7106: 7105:Western Sahara 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7084:2011 civil war 7076: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059:(2013–present) 7054: 7048: 7047:(2011–present) 7042: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6862:Bwito Chiefdom 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6750: 6749: 6747:Dongo conflict 6744: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6446:Child marriage 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6347:Prime Minister 6344: 6343: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6306:Chief of Staff 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: articles 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5992:United Nations 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5796:Uganda-aligned 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5782:in South Kivu) 5773: 5768: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5752:Rwanda-aligned 5746: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5652: 5650: 5649:Pro-government 5643: 5639: 5638: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5537:Child soldiers 5533: 5531: 5530:related topics 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5520:(1987–present) 5515: 5514:(1963–present) 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:Dongo conflict 5453: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5371:AFD insurgency 5364: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5327:(2004–present) 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5290: 5286:Ituri conflict 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5234:Ituri conflict 5230: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5076:Kindu atrocity 5073: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Congo Arab war 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4831: 4809:(4): 587–607. 4794: 4776:(2): 249–280. 4761: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4724: 4709: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4617: 4611: 4592: 4586: 4571: 4542: 4536: 4517: 4511: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4461: 4455: 4438: 4431: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4389: 4372: 4370:, p. 173. 4360: 4351: 4349:, p. 154. 4339: 4308: 4306:, p. 130. 4304:Reyntjens 2009 4296: 4289: 4257: 4250: 4230: 4228:, p. 213. 4218: 4191: 4172: 4170:, p. 100. 4168:Reyntjens 2009 4160: 4156:Reyntjens 2009 4148: 4144:Reyntjens 2009 4133: 4114: 4094: 4087: 4065: 4035: 4005: 4001:Reyntjens 2009 3993: 3989:Reyntjens 2009 3981: 3972: 3968:Reyntjens 2009 3960: 3956:Reyntjens 2009 3948: 3946:, p. 218. 3936: 3932:Reyntjens 2009 3924: 3920:Reyntjens 2009 3912: 3900: 3896:Reyntjens 2009 3888: 3876: 3867: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3819: 3815:Reyntjens 2009 3807: 3803:Reyntjens 2009 3790: 3786:Reyntjens 2009 3778: 3774:Reyntjens 2009 3766: 3764:, p. 143. 3754: 3721: 3717:Reyntjens 2009 3709: 3707:, p. 508. 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3587: 3554: 3542: 3527: 3515: 3513:, p. 190. 3503: 3474: 3472:, p. 157. 3459: 3457:, p. 147. 3442: 3433: 3407: 3405:, p. 194. 3403:Reyntjens 2009 3395: 3383: 3379:Prunier (2009) 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3331:Prunier (2009) 3323: 3308: 3304:Prunier (2009) 3296: 3276: 3267: 3252: 3235: 3233:, p. 251. 3231:Prunier (2004) 3223: 3203: 3175: 3173:, p. 128. 3171:Prunier (2009) 3158: 3154:Prunier (2009) 3143: 3125: 3110: 3106:Reyntjens 2009 3095: 3073: 3056: 3026: 3022:Prunier (2004) 3014: 3012:, p. 143. 3010:Prunier (2009) 3002: 3000:, p. 130. 2998:Prunier (2009) 2990: 2986:Prunier (2009) 2978: 2974:Reyntjens 2009 2959: 2935: 2914: 2910:Reyntjens 2009 2899: 2895:Prunier (2004) 2884: 2858: 2854:Prunier (2009) 2846: 2824: 2820:Prunier (2004) 2806: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2782: 2768: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2689:Main article: 2686: 2683: 2587:infrastructure 2538: 2535: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2384:South Sudanese 2367: 2364: 2354: 2351: 2329: 2326: 2305:James Kabarebe 2281: 2278: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2172:began forming 2155: 2152: 2062: 2059: 1971: 1968: 1904:anti-communist 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1809:anti-communist 1791:in 1998–2003. 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704:Dongo conflict 1701: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625:Masambo attack 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378:Ituri conflict 1373: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1001:Kindu atrocity 998: 991: 990: 989: 977: 972: 967: 962: 950: 949: 948: 943: 942: 941: 931: 923: 918: 915: 914: 905: 904: 897: 890: 882: 876: 875: 870: 869: 868: 863: 853: 852: 851: 841: 835: 834: 828: 825: 824: 814: 813: 806: 799: 791: 783: 782: 773: 772: 769: 761: 760: 756: 755: 740: 739: 736:child soldiers 724: 701: 700: 696: 695: 660:James Kabarebe 609: 565:Omar al-Bashir 517: 516: 512: 511: 343: 177: 176: 171: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 130: 120: 111: 100: 96: 95: 82: 80: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 51: 50: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8212: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:War on terror 8082: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7885:Heglig Crisis 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7867:War in Darfur 7865: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7823:Heglig Crisis 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7794:Kenyan crisis 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7715:War in Amhara 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453:Kivu conflict 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313:Côte d'Ivoire 7311: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7212:2016 conflict 7210: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7079:Libyan crisis 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6968: 6967: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800:M23 offensive 6798: 6796: 6795:M23 rebellion 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6757:Kivu conflict 6754: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496:Social issues 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:Deforestation 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6147:Kivu conflict 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Early history 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5950:(FLN/FROLINA) 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5835: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:M23 rebellion 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Beni massacre 5379: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354:Uvira clashes 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324:Kivu conflict 5321: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Niemba ambush 5038: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4913:Belgian Congo 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4736:1-58826-233-2 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4721:0-312-30486-2 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706:1-4039-6723-7 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4473:0-313-31696-1 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4281:HarperCollins 4278: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4146:, p. 55. 4145: 4140: 4138: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4003:, p. 44. 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3976: 3970:, p. 63. 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 62. 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3934:, p. 59. 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3823: 3817:, p. 49. 3816: 3811: 3805:, p. 48. 3804: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3788:, p. 18. 3787: 3782: 3776:, p. 30. 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3719:, p. 45. 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3695:, p. 16. 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3644:accord.org.za 3641: 3635: 3629:, p. 13. 3628: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3540:, p. 32. 3539: 3534: 3532: 3525:, p. 53. 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3391:Abbott (2014) 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3367:Abbott (2014) 3363: 3356: 3355:Abbott (2014) 3351: 3344: 3343:Abbott (2014) 3339: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3319:Abbott (2014) 3315: 3313: 3306:, p. 72. 3305: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3265:, p. 55. 3264: 3259: 3257: 3250:, p. 35. 3249: 3248:Abbott (2014) 3244: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2952:. Zed Books. 2951: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2471: (LHD-3) 2470: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449:to carry out 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2360: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2247:génocidaires, 2234: 2229: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1918:and Uganda's 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1667: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618:2nd Kitshanga 1616: 1614: 1613:1st Kitshanga 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1593:Kagogo ambush 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541:Uvira clashes 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1483:Kivu conflict 1476: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 996: 992: 988: 985: 984: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:Niemba ambush 963: 961: 960: 956: 955: 954: 951: 947: 944: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 924: 922: 919: 916: 911: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 883: 880: 874: 871: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 857: 856:Belgian Congo 854: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 829: 826: 821: 818:Conflicts in 812: 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 792: 789: 780: 774: 770: 763: 762: 757: 753: 748: 743: 737: 733: 732: 731: 729: 725: 719: 714: 706: 703: 702: 697: 694: 689: 683: 682:Pierre Buyoya 678: 672: 667: 661: 656: 650: 645: 639: 637: 631: 626: 620: 615: 610: 608: 603: 597: 596:Robert Kajuga 583: 577: 576:Jonas Savimbi 566: 561: 552: 545: 540: 535: 529: 524: 519: 518: 513: 510: 506: 504: 503:United States 492: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 431:Supported by: 428: 416: 411: 405: 393: 381: 369: 357: 356: 350: 344: 342: 338: 336: 324: 312: 300: 288: 276: 275:Supported by: 272: 261: 250: 239: 228: 217: 213: 207: 201: 189: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 150: 149: 144: 135: 132:Beginning of 131: 129: 125: 121: 119: 115: 112: 110: 109:Mobutu regime 106: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 7945: / 7679:(2000–2018) 7507:of the Congo 7428: 7266:Sierra Leone 7019:North Africa 6959: 6857:Banyamulenge 6719: 6486:Prostitution 6461:Demographics 6385:Central Bank 6284:Human rights 6252:Constitution 6186:Conservation 6124: 6098:World War II 5935:Anti-Burundi 5815:RCD-National 5776:Banyamulenge 5745:rebel groups 5743:Militias and 5658:(FAZ, under 5630: 5420:M23 conflict 5302: 5295: 5261: 5232: 5225: 5194: 5179: 5159: 5104:Dragon Rouge 5103: 5069: 5062:Camp Massart 5055: 5033: 4971:Congo Crisis 4896:Colonization 4848:(3): 94–110. 4845: 4839: 4806: 4802: 4773: 4769: 4727: 4712: 4697: 4672: 4629: 4625: 4597: 4576: 4550: 4546: 4522: 4502: 4482: 4464: 4442: 4421: 4413:Bibliography 4402: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4363: 4354: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4321: 4311: 4299: 4275: 4240: 4233: 4226:Gribbin 2005 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4194: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4124:. Retrieved 4104: 4097: 4076: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4047: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4017: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3944:Gribbin 2005 3939: 3927: 3915: 3891: 3884:Gribbin 2005 3879: 3870: 3863:Gribbin 2005 3848:Gribbin 2005 3843: 3822: 3810: 3781: 3769: 3762:Gribbin 2005 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3734: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3643: 3634: 3622: 3597: 3590: 3579: 3545: 3518: 3511:Gribbin 2005 3506: 3498: 3491:. Retrieved 3477: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3299: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3263:Plaut (2016) 3226: 3197: 3193: 3137: 3119: 3113: 3090: 3086: 3069:Plaut (2016) 3050: 3042: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2953: 2949: 2930: 2926: 2879: 2871: 2861: 2849: 2840: 2836: 2785: 2771: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2669:and then to 2664: 2660: 2622:White Legion 2595: 2583: 2570: 2546: 2510:génocidaires 2509: 2507: 2503:génocidaires 2502: 2499:génocidaires 2498: 2495: 2468: 2450: 2436: 2404:South Africa 2369: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2331: 2322:génocidaires 2321: 2302: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259:génocidaires 2258: 2254:génocidaires 2253: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2196: 2185: 2181:Banyamulenge 2165:génocidaires 2163: 2157: 2148:génocidaires 2147: 2140:Banyamulenge 2137: 2126: 2113: 2110:génocidaires 2109: 2105:génocidaires 2103: 2101: 2082: 2046: 2022: 2010:Banyamulenge 2007: 2001:to power in 1988:colonisation 1973: 1957:, an ethnic 1944: 1939: 1924: 1893: 1851:South Africa 1840: 1817: 1800:Congo Crisis 1793: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1318: 1281: 1230: 1212: 1155: 1141: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1029:Dragon Rouge 1028: 994: 987:Camp Massart 980: 958: 910:Congo Crisis 839:Colonization 831: 781:250,000 dead 778: 751: 746: 741: 727: 726: 717: 713:Interahamwe: 712: 704: 635: 443:South Africa 430: 353: 345: 274: 178: 174:White Legion 152: 151: 146:Belligerents 102: 25: 8094:Arab Winter 8089:Arab Spring 8058:(1998–1999) 8049:(1994–1999) 8015:(1977–1992) 7955:(1991–1994) 7949:(1990–1994) 7893:(2022–2023) 7881:(2011–2020) 7869:(2003–2020) 7863:(1983–2005) 7841:(2013–2020) 7816:South Sudan 7802:(2012–2013) 7796:(2007–2008) 7673:(1995–2018) 7667:(1994–2018) 7638:East Africa 7556:(2004–2007) 7537:(2016–2017) 7531:(2002–2003) 7513:Civil wars 7497:(2016–2019) 7491:(2013–2018) 7449:(1999–2007) 7443:(1998–2003) 7431:(1996–1997) 7412:Cabinda War 7408:(1975–2002) 7348:(1998–1999) 7167:West Africa 7154:(2010–2011) 7143:(1991–2002) 7053:(2013–2014) 7036:(2011–2014) 6380:Agriculture 5906:Anti-Uganda 5884:Interahamwe 5875:Interahamwe 5868:Anti-Rwanda 5374:(Post-2007) 5289:(Post-2003) 5247:Six-Day War 5219:(1998–2003) 5163:(1996–1997) 4994:South Kasai 4974:(1960–1965) 4347:Kennes 2005 4332:30 December 4126:25 November 3470:Kennes 2005 3455:Kennes 2005 3426:23 November 2455:US citizens 2416:mercenaries 2207:Paul Kagame 2144:Banyarwanda 2128:Interahamwe 2118: [ 2018:Banyarwanda 1980:Banyarwanda 1916:Paul Kagame 1424:Plaine Savo 1304:Six-Day War 1231:Thunderbolt 1043:White Giant 1036:Dragon Noir 934:South Kasai 861:during WWII 754:1 battalion 744:3,500–4,000 723:1,000–2,000 649:Paul Kagame 505:(covertly) 227:Interahamwe 8200:Proxy wars 8114:Categories 8006:Mozambique 7710:Tigray war 6451:Corruption 6313:Parliament 6279:Government 6196:Ecoregions 6086:Atrocities 5944:(CNDD-FDD) 5860:(in Ituri) 5528:Overview / 5050:Jadotville 4906:Atrocities 4526:. Oxford: 4211:29 October 4028:7 November 3747:14 October 3493:15 October 2803:References 2766:the AFDL. 2695:See also: 2490:See also: 2382:, and the 2226:See also: 2038:North Kivu 2026:North Kivu 1995:colonizers 1925:A wave of 1894:As ethnic 1861:Background 1813:capitalist 1242:Kinsangani 1237:Lubumbashi 1156:Background 975:Jadotville 849:Atrocities 832:Background 46:, and the 7839:Civil War 7522:1997–1999 7517:1993–1994 7473:conflict 7328:2010–2011 7323:2002–2007 7302:1999–2003 7297:1989–1996 7244:2007–2009 7239:1990–1995 6824:Incidents 6652:Diplomacy 6481:Languages 6466:Education 6420:Transport 6390:Companies 6335:President 6262:Elections 6211:Volcanoes 6201:Mountains 6169:Geography 5786:RCD-Congo 5725:(RPF/RDF) 5116:1966–1995 5070:Grandslam 5034:Rum Punch 4790:143365639 4656:0305-6244 4447:iUniverse 2685:Aftermath 2667:Gbadolite 2598:Kisangani 2591:Kisangani 2469:Kearsarge 2467:USS 2333:original- 2303:Lt. Col. 1761:civil war 995:Grandslam 959:Rum Punch 337:(denied) 128:president 7947:genocide 7646:Ethiopia 7554:Bush War 7547:Republic 7535:Pool War 7505:Republic 7422:DR Congo 7256:Mali War 7008:Cold War 6966:Category 6787:Movement 6785:March 23 6584:Category 6534:Football 6491:Religion 6301:Military 6235:Politics 6216:Wildlife 5848:(SPLA/M) 5778:(ethnic 5771:RCD–Goma 5694:Zimbabwe 5138:Shaba II 4999:Invasion 4922:Pre-1960 4326:Archived 4205:Archived 4183:Archived 4120:Archived 4058:22 March 4052:Archived 4022:Archived 3741:Archived 3648:Archived 3613:Archived 3487:Archived 3420:Archived 3047:Archived 2876:Archived 2842:service. 2733:See also 2651:Kinshasa 2610:Bakwanga 2606:Mbandaka 2578:Walikale 2517:However 2473:and the 2437:In 1997 2408:Ethiopia 2400:Tanzania 2396:its army 2380:Zimbabwe 2177:militias 1976:agrarian 1947:Kinshasa 1912:Cold War 1759:, was a 1563:Kangbayi 1434:Response 1115:Shaba II 939:Invasion 820:DR Congo 752:Eritrea: 734:Kadogo ( 699:Strength 491:Tanzania 479:Ethiopia 467:Zimbabwe 238:CNDD-FDD 79:Location 7726:Somalia 7287:Liberia 7175:Nigeria 6934:MONUSCO 6845:Related 6568:Outline 6524:Cuisine 6511:Culture 6434:Society 6415:Tourism 6368:Economy 6058:History 6000:MONUSCO 5967:Mai-Mai 5717:Burundi 5683:Namibia 5583:MONUSCO 5399:2021–24 5133:Shaba I 4989:Katanga 4664:4006793 4567:3518562 3052:cobalt. 2955:Patassé 2681:(DRC). 2675:Morocco 2574:Serbian 2549:Kasenga 2420:Chadian 2392:Eritrea 2372:Burundi 2292:in the 2133:Mai Mai 2099:(RPF). 2014:Mulenge 1992:Belgian 1963:Katanga 1896:Ngbandi 1832:Eritrea 1824:Burundi 1588:Maimoya 1583:Bulongo 1553:Virunga 1438:UN 1484 1404:Marabho 1394:Artemis 1336:MONUSCO 1110:Shaba I 929:Katanga 747:Angola: 742:Rwanda: 730:57,000 636:† 509:Mai-Mai 427:Eritrea 392:Burundi 341:Mai-Mai 8043:(1994) 8034:Others 7936:Others 7928:(2016) 7907:Uganda 7887:(2012) 7825:(2012) 7808:(2012) 7790:(1997) 7754:AMISOM 7605:Others 7461:(2009) 7399:Angola 7354:(2013) 7339:Others 7134:Others 6852:Border 6673:COMESA 6589:Portal 6519:Cinema 6471:Health 6405:Mining 6395:Energy 6318:Senate 6206:Rivers 6181:Cities 5858:CODECO 5780:Tutsis 5731:(UPDF) 5729:Uganda 5723:Rwanda 5711:Angola 5674:(FANT) 5666:Angola 5450:Others 5056:UNOKAT 4788: 4756: 4734: 4719: 4704: 4679: 4662: 4654: 4609: 4584: 4565: 4534: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4453: 4429: 4287: 4248: 4112: 4085: 3605: 3218: 2790:French 2614:Kikwit 2612:, and 2604:, and 2602:Boende 2514:coltan 2432:Israel 2376:Zambia 2366:Others 2339:Tigres 2328:Angola 2313:French 2286:Uganda 2280:Uganda 2222:Rwanda 2170:Kigali 2093:Tutsis 2085:Rwanda 2050:Nyanga 2003:Kigali 1830:, and 1828:Angola 1820:Rwanda 1777:Uganda 1578:Mwenda 1573:Tingwe 1568:Lisasa 1409:Ndjala 1389:Bogoro 981:UNOKAT 779:Total: 749:3,000+ 718:UNITA: 710:50,000 705:Zaire: 632: 541: 500: 488: 476: 464: 455:Zambia 452: 440: 424: 404:Angola 401: 389: 380:Uganda 377: 368:Rwanda 365: 335:Kuwait 332: 323:Israel 320: 308: 296: 287:France 284: 197: 185: 159: 99:Result 88:Uganda 8145:Zaire 7854:Sudan 7770:Kenya 7067:Libya 7027:Egypt 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