122:
25:
126:
125:
123:
127:
124:
996:
to cure, so the fraction of individuals that are affected remains high). In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence. When the incidence is approximately constant for the duration of the disease, prevalence is approximately the product of disease incidence and average disease duration, so
581:
965:
1026:
If you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases (25 + 20 + 30 = 75) and divide by your sample population (225). So prevalence would be 75/225 = 0.33 or 33% (by the end of the study). This tells you how widespread HIV is in your sample population, but little about the
995:
For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003. This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence (because it takes a long time
1030:
To measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed HIV because when a subject develops HIV he stops being at risk. When it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently
1046:
That is a total of (1500 + 275) = 1775 person-years of life. Now take the 50 new cases of HIV, and divide by 1775 to get 0.028, or 28 cases of HIV per 1000 population, per year. In other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of HIV. This is a much more
991:
of the total number of cases to the total population and is more a measure of the burden of the disease on society with no regard to time at risk or when subjects may have been exposed to a possible risk factor. Prevalence can also be measured with respect to a specific subgroup of a population.
1000:. The importance of this equation is in the relation between prevalence and incidence; for example, when the incidence increases, then the prevalence must also increase. Note that this relation does not hold for age-specific prevalence and incidence, where the relation becomes more complicated.
987:, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. Prevalence is the
1038:
At 10 years you found 30 new cases. These people did not have HIV at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7.5 years, thus contributing (30 * 7.5) = 225 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (225 + 50) = 275 person years so
128:
180:
603:
992:
Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence.
585:
For example, if a population contains 1,000 persons and 28 develop a condition from the time the disease first occurred until two years later, the cumulative incidence is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%.
969:
One of the important advantages of incidence rate is that it doesn't require all subjects to be present for the whole study because it's only interested in the time at risk.
1158:
576:{\displaystyle Incidence={\frac {number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ the\ disease\ over\ a\ certain\ period}{the\ total\ number\ of\ subjects\ followed\ over\ that\ period}}}
1195:
1042:
You also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed HIV over the 10-year period, (150 * 10) contributing 1500 person-years of disease-free life.
960:{\displaystyle Incidence\ rate={\frac {the\ number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ a\ disease}{the\ total\ time\ at\ risk\ for\ all\ people\ to\ get\ the\ disease}}}
2079:
2912:
1035:
At 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2.5 years, thus contributing (20 * 2.5) = 50 person-years of disease-free life.
1008:
Consider the following example. Say you are looking at a sample population of 225 people, and want to determine the incidence rate of developing
2517:
1016:
At the beginning of the study (t=0) you find 25 cases of existing HIV. These people are not counted as they cannot develop HIV a second time.
2071:
1188:
175:, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particular disease, has occurred in a specified period:
89:
42:
3204:
3200:
61:
1155:
3250:
3208:
3196:
1181:
2905:
2852:
2839:
1453:
1209:
1092:
68:
2124:
1135:
Brinks R (2011) "A new method for deriving incidence rates from prevalence data and its application to dementia in
Germany",
1466:
3371:
3287:
2641:
2099:
3152:
1778:
3122:
75:
2844:
598:
can be calculated by dividing the number of subjects developing a disease by the total time at risk from all patients:
1848:
2898:
2274:
2269:
108:
1879:
3409:
2813:
2353:
1760:
1376:
1031:
use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half-way point between follow-ups. In this calculation:
978:
57:
1947:
3216:
3254:
2976:
2688:
2286:
2005:
1983:
1414:
46:
3402:
3087:
2656:
1354:
988:
3381:
2683:
1836:
1599:
1314:
1508:
3436:
3345:
3317:
3246:
3000:
2725:
2596:
2532:
2500:
2448:
1745:
1727:
3395:
3071:
2281:
1694:
1434:
3190:
2785:
2775:
2470:
2406:
2129:
2094:
1897:
1874:
1660:
1473:
82:
3076:
2956:
2603:
2465:
2340:
1309:
1299:
1170:
Person-Years
Analysis and Computation Programme for calculating standardized incidence rates (SIRs)
3174:
3044:
3022:
2991:
2966:
2949:
2790:
2708:
2574:
2104:
1902:
1609:
1547:
1381:
1349:
35:
1461:
3325:
3162:
3083:
2377:
2162:
1912:
1785:
1391:
1248:
1238:
3431:
3166:
3053:
2961:
2925:
2698:
2330:
2199:
1707:
1614:
1533:
2890:
1478:
3132:
2780:
2673:
2619:
2547:
2537:
2229:
2084:
1957:
1564:
1173:
8:
3039:
2971:
2867:
2857:
2823:
2428:
1866:
1702:
1513:
3292:
3242:
3057:
2986:
2944:
2591:
2586:
2495:
2475:
2109:
1952:
1917:
1771:
1737:
1287:
1136:
1523:
1091:
Noordzij, Marlies; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine; Jager, Kitty J. (2010-02-19).
3366:
3330:
3297:
3222:
3144:
2921:
2877:
2818:
2678:
2631:
2433:
1935:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1569:
1386:
1369:
1233:
1112:
1061:
153:
3441:
3140:
3061:
3015:
3010:
2872:
2808:
2795:
2624:
2613:
2505:
2485:
2320:
2234:
2209:
1940:
1887:
1826:
1717:
1364:
1292:
1104:
3335:
3158:
3113:
2740:
2735:
2579:
2527:
2335:
2312:
2157:
2134:
1518:
1483:
1359:
1304:
1162:
1488:
3361:
3282:
3234:
3027:
2939:
2770:
2703:
2646:
2418:
2307:
2299:
2224:
2177:
2172:
2119:
1843:
1624:
1619:
1579:
1528:
1493:
1331:
1267:
3425:
3340:
3307:
3302:
2651:
2608:
2567:
2460:
2443:
2401:
2114:
1665:
1634:
1255:
1501:
3182:
3066:
2862:
2800:
2562:
2542:
2490:
2438:
2389:
2189:
2139:
1750:
1321:
1116:
1022:
A second follow-up at the end of the study (t=10 years) finds 30 new cases.
145:
133:
3376:
3230:
3103:
3093:
2755:
2557:
2480:
2455:
2204:
2184:
2089:
2049:
1973:
1344:
1339:
1260:
1243:
1056:
3178:
3170:
3136:
3098:
3005:
2693:
2668:
2636:
2413:
2394:
2384:
2372:
2219:
1831:
1803:
1629:
1589:
1066:
984:
1108:
3238:
3226:
2765:
2244:
1277:
1272:
1205:
24:
3272:
2748:
2663:
2239:
2214:
2167:
1712:
1282:
1225:
137:
1140:
3277:
2552:
2423:
1676:
1027:
actual risk of developing HIV for any person over a coming year.
2760:
2325:
1978:
1574:
2920:
1989:
1019:
A follow-up at 5 years (t=5 years) finds 20 new cases of HIV.
979:
Prevalence § Difference between prevalence and incidence
1203:
1442:
1090:
1167:
1093:"Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence"
1009:
606:
183:
156:in a population within a specified period of time.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
959:
575:
3423:
2906:
1555:
1189:
152:reflects the number of new cases of a given
972:
2913:
2899:
1196:
1182:
1156:Calculation of standardized incidence rate
1047:accurate measure of risk than prevalence.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3205:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
3201:Attributable fraction for the population
120:
3209:Preventable fraction for the population
3197:Attributable fraction among the exposed
2270:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1443:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
159:
132:Evolution of weekly incidence rates of
16:Chance over time of a medical condition
3424:
2853:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2745:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
983:Incidence should not be confused with
2894:
1177:
3372:Correlation does not imply causation
3288:Animal testing on non-human primates
2100:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1086:
1084:
1082:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
140:from January 2002 to December 2008
14:
3453:
1149:
1079:
998:prevalence = incidence Ă— duration
589:
2849:Economics of Infectious Diseases
23:
34:needs additional citations for
3255:Pre- and post-test probability
2977:Patient and public involvement
2858:Infectious disease informatics
2689:Transmission-based precautions
1129:
1:
2275:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
2050:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
1411:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1072:
58:"Incidence" epidemiology
3382:Sex as a biological variable
1837:Aerosol-generating procedure
1615:Silent/Subclinical infection
1315:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
7:
3346:Intention-to-treat analysis
3318:Analysis of clinical trials
3247:Specificity and sensitivity
3001:Randomized controlled trial
2501:Vaccine-preventable disease
2449:Monoclonal antibody therapy
1050:
10:
3458:
2642:Respiratory source control
1003:
976:
3390:
3355:Interpretation of results
3354:
3316:
3265:
3215:
3189:
3151:
3121:
3112:
3088:Nested case–control study
3038:
2985:
2932:
2832:
2786:Global Health Initiatives
2776:Evolutionary epidemiology
2724:
2516:
2471:Post-exposure prophylaxis
2407:Antimicrobial stewardship
2365:
2352:
2257:
2148:
2130:Multiplicity of infection
2095:Basic reproduction number
2070:
2042:
2028:
2014:
1998:
1966:
1928:
1871:Percutaneous inoculation
1857:
1819:
1812:
1794:
1726:
1693:
1686:
1650:
1643:
1546:
1433:
1355:Host–pathogen interaction
1330:
1224:
1217:
1097:Nephron Clinical Practice
2957:Academic clinical trials
2604:Protective sequestration
2466:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1757:Generational difference
1310:Horizontal gene transfer
1300:Antimicrobial resistance
973:Incidence vs. prevalence
3175:Relative risk reduction
3023:Adaptive clinical trial
2967:Evidence-based medicine
2950:Adaptive clinical trial
2791:Microbial phylogenetics
2709:Wastewater surveillance
2230:Geographic distribution
2105:Critical community size
1903:Surgical site infection
1751:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1670:Microbial translocation
1666:Endogenous reactivation
1661:Normal flora overgrowth
1610:Opportunistic infection
1382:Opportunistic infection
1012:over a 10-year period:
3163:Number needed to treat
2863:Microbial bioterrorism
2486:efficacy/effectiveness
1894:Surgical intervention
1786:Breakthrough infection
1408:Genetic predisposition
1392:Susceptible individual
1239:Germ theory of disease
961:
577:
141:
3167:Number needed to harm
3054:Cross-sectional study
3006:Scientific experiment
2962:Clinical study design
2699:Universal precautions
1657:Endogenous overgrowth
1509:Poultry and livestock
962:
578:
131:
3133:Cumulative incidence
2801:Genomic reassortment
2781:Genetic epidemiology
2620:Health communication
2548:Flattening the curve
2538:Disease surveillance
2321:Systemic/Generalized
2085:Animal disease model
1565:Asymptomatic carrier
604:
181:
173:cumulative incidence
165:Incidence proportion
160:Incidence proportion
43:improve this article
3040:Observational study
2972:Real world evidence
2926:experimental design
2868:Pandemic prevention
2824:Viral phylodynamics
2805:Re-emerging disease
2694:Travel restrictions
1898:Postoperative wound
1867:Blood-borne disease
1849:Respiratory droplet
1761:Vertical/Congenital
1746:Nosocomial/Hospital
1703:Spillover infection
3437:Medical statistics
3326:Risk–benefit ratio
3293:First-in-man study
3243:Case fatality rate
3084:Case–control study
3058:Longitudinal study
2814:Selection pressure
2110:Force of infection
1738:Contagious disease
1673:Endogenous seeding
1570:Chain of infection
1494:Injection drug use
1405:Vaccination status
1288:Case fatality rate
1206:infectious disease
1161:2015-01-09 at the
957:
573:
142:
3419:
3418:
3367:Survivorship bias
3331:Systematic review
3298:Multicenter trial
3261:
3260:
3251:Likelihood-ratios
3223:Clinical endpoint
3191:Population impact
3145:Period prevalence
2922:Clinical research
2888:
2887:
2878:Tropical medicine
2819:Synthetic biology
2720:
2719:
2679:Social distancing
2632:Outbreak response
2253:
2252:
2080:Agent-based model
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
1605:Natural reservoir
1595:Infectious period
1585:Incubation period
1542:
1541:
1498:Natural disaster
1467:Tropical diseases
1450:Biodiversity loss
1387:Risk of infection
1377:Microbiome health
1370:Immunosuppression
1109:10.1159/000286345
1062:Attributable risk
955:
932:
920:
908:
899:
878:
866:
854:
839:
830:
815:
797:
762:
756:
723:
696:
687:
666:
636:
571:
551:
536:
521:
494:
467:
458:
437:
419:
387:
363:
357:
342:
318:
306:
273:
246:
237:
171:), also known as
154:medical condition
129:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3449:
3266:Trial/test types
3141:Point prevalence
3119:
3118:
3062:Ecological study
3045:EBM II-2 to II-3
3016:Open-label trial
3011:Blind experiment
2987:Controlled study
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2873:Tropical disease
2809:Reverse zoonosis
2796:One Health Model
2625:Health education
2614:Community health
2533:Cordon sanitaire
2506:Ring vaccination
2476:Repurposed drugs
2363:
2362:
2282:Gastrointestinal
2125:Machine learning
1929:Gastrointestinal
1880:Intravenous line
1817:
1816:
1731:/Cross-infection
1718:Reverse zoonosis
1691:
1690:
1648:
1647:
1553:
1552:
1534:War and conflict
1402:Nutrition status
1365:Immunodeficiency
1222:
1221:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1088:
966:
964:
963:
958:
956:
954:
930:
918:
906:
897:
876:
864:
852:
837:
828:
813:
795:
784:
760:
754:
721:
694:
685:
664:
653:
634:
582:
580:
579:
574:
572:
570:
549:
534:
519:
492:
465:
456:
435:
417:
406:
385:
361:
355:
340:
316:
304:
271:
244:
235:
215:
130:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3386:
3350:
3312:
3257:
3211:
3185:
3159:Risk difference
3147:
3108:
3042:
3034:
2989:
2981:
2945:Trial protocols
2928:
2919:
2889:
2884:
2828:
2741:Antigenic shift
2736:Antigenic drift
2727:
2716:
2580:Barrier nursing
2528:Contact tracing
2519:
2512:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2259:
2249:
2150:
2144:
2135:Serial interval
2054:
2038:
2029:Cervico-vaginal
2024:
2015:Trans-placental
2010:
1994:
1962:
1924:
1860:Vascular system
1859:
1853:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1730:
1722:
1682:
1639:
1557:
1538:
1429:
1360:Immune response
1326:
1305:Drug resistance
1249:Infectious dose
1213:
1202:
1163:Wayback Machine
1152:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1053:
1006:
981:
975:
785:
654:
652:
605:
602:
601:
592:
407:
216:
214:
182:
179:
178:
162:
121:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3410:List of topics
3406:
3399:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Selection bias
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Animal testing
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3235:Mortality rate
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3050:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:Platform trial
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2940:Clinical trial
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Emergent virus
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2704:Vector control
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:N95 respirator
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2520:pharmaceutical
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2367:
2366:Pharmaceutical
2360:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:Cardiovascular
2315:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2296:Nervous system
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Infection rate
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1875:Injection site
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1844:Dental aerosol
1841:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:Human-to-human
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Super-spreader
1622:
1620:Superinfection
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:Vector control
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:Climate zones
1456:
1454:Climate change
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1268:Quorum sensing
1265:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1151:
1150:External links
1148:
1145:
1144:
1128:
1103:(1): c17–c20.
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1005:
1002:
974:
971:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
929:
926:
923:
917:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
875:
872:
869:
863:
860:
857:
851:
848:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
821:
818:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
794:
791:
788:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
759:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
663:
660:
657:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
596:incidence rate
591:
590:Incidence rate
588:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
548:
545:
542:
539:
533:
530:
527:
524:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
464:
461:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
416:
413:
410:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
360:
354:
351:
348:
345:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
315:
312:
309:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
243:
240:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
161:
158:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3454:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Meta-analysis
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3308:Vaccine trial
3306:
3304:
3303:Seeding trial
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Retrospective
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:EBM I to II-1
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Sterilization
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Surgical mask
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:Public health
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Phage therapy
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:Immunotherapy
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:Antimicrobial
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:Genitourinary
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:in population
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Herd immunity
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:Genitourinary
1997:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:Contamination
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:Vector-borne
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1695:Cross-species
1692:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1635:Window period
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Latent period
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Deforestation
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1424:Stress levels
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:Pathogenicity
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1001:
999:
993:
990:
986:
980:
970:
967:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
927:
924:
921:
915:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
873:
870:
867:
861:
858:
855:
849:
846:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
819:
816:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
757:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
661:
658:
655:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
599:
597:
587:
583:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
546:
543:
540:
537:
531:
528:
525:
522:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
414:
411:
408:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
358:
352:
349:
346:
343:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
313:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
176:
174:
170:
166:
157:
155:
151:
147:
139:
135:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2007
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3432:Epidemiology
3408:
3401:
3394:
3183:Hazard ratio
3128:
3067:Cohort study
2592:Notification
2563:Hand washing
2558:Food hygiene
2543:Disinfection
2439:Immunization
2390:Anthelmintic
2378:prophylactic
2266:Respiratory
2194:
2190:Hyperendemic
2140:WAIFW matrix
1795:Environment-
1548:Transmission
1524:Urbanization
1322:Host tropism
1218:Determinants
1204:Concepts in
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1100:
1096:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1007:
997:
994:
982:
968:
600:
595:
593:
584:
177:
172:
168:
164:
163:
149:
146:epidemiology
143:
134:Dengue fever
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3377:Null result
3336:Replication
3231:Infectivity
3153:Association
3104:Case report
3094:Case series
3077:Prospective
2845:Eradication
2756:Biosecurity
2481:Vaccination
2456:Inoculation
2434:Drug safety
2429:Combination
2356:and Control
2304:Soft tissue
2258:Anatomical
2225:Seasonality
2205:Mesoendemic
2185:Holoendemic
2178:Farr's laws
2090:Attack rate
1888:Animal bite
1884:Insect bite
1820:Respiratory
1447:Air quality
1435:Environment
1345:Comorbidity
1261:Attack rate
1244:Infectivity
1057:Attack rate
3426:Categories
3179:Odds ratio
3171:Risk ratio
3137:Prevalence
3123:Occurrence
3099:Case study
2728:infections
2669:Sanitation
2637:Quarantine
2496:resistance
2414:Antiseptic
2395:Ascaricide
2385:Antifungal
2373:Antibiotic
2354:Prevention
2287:Intestinal
2220:Prevalence
2200:Inequality
2149:Occurrence
1948:Breastmilk
1832:Bioaerosol
1804:Sapronosis
1779:Horizontal
1651:Endogenous
1630:Viral load
1590:Index case
1122:2024-05-29
1073:References
1067:Rate ratio
989:proportion
985:prevalence
977:See also:
69:newspapers
3239:Morbidity
3227:Virulence
3129:Incidence
2840:Discovery
2766:Disease X
2726:Emerging
2674:Screening
2575:Isolation
2419:Antiviral
2245:Twindemic
2195:Incidence
2072:Modelling
2035:Perinatal
1967:Cutaneous
1858:Linked to
1768:Perinatal
1687:Exogenous
1679:formation
1421:Pregnancy
1278:Endotoxin
1273:Virulence
1141:1112.2720
150:incidence
3403:Glossary
3396:Category
3273:In vitro
3114:Measures
2933:Overview
2749:EARS-Net
2664:Safe sex
2616:services
2587:Lockdown
2358:measures
2260:location
2240:Syndemic
2235:Sporadic
2215:Pandemic
2210:Outbreak
2168:Epidemic
2021:Prenatal
1913:Mosquito
1797:to-human
1772:Neonatal
1765:Prenatal
1713:Zoonosis
1558:concepts
1489:Humidity
1474:Commerce
1350:Diabetes
1283:Exotoxin
1159:Archived
1117:20173345
1051:See also
138:Cambodia
3442:Hygiene
3278:In vivo
2553:Hygiene
2491:booster
2424:Asepsis
2163:Endemic
2158:Cluster
1742:Source
1677:Biofilm
1514:Poverty
1484:Ecology
1462:El Niño
1415:Smoking
1293:factors
1234:Biofilm
1210:Outline
1168:PAMCOMP
1004:Example
83:scholar
2761:CRISPR
2713:Zoning
2568:Gloves
1979:Fomite
1813:Routes
1708:Vector
1575:Fomite
1556:Basic
1519:Travel
1399:Gender
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3217:Other
2833:Other
2341:Fetus
2336:Mouth
2331:Tooth
2326:Blood
2313:Joint
2173:Curve
2043:Other
1990:wound
1988:Open
1958:Feces
1953:Water
1644:Modes
1502:Flood
1226:Agent
1137:arXiv
90:JSTOR
76:books
3056:vs.
2924:and
2597:list
2518:Non-
2308:Bone
2300:Skin
1984:Soil
1974:Burn
1936:Food
1918:Tick
1580:Host
1340:Burn
1332:Host
1113:PMID
1039:far.
594:The
62:news
2657:PPE
2345:Eye
2006:Sex
1827:Air
1396:Age
1105:doi
1101:115
1010:HIV
144:In
136:in
45:by
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