1062:
and gentry, and even those holy men, the dobots! not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded, nor thinking it enough that they, living at their ease, do no good to the public, resolve to do it hurt instead of good. They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them. As if forests and parks had swallowed up too little of the land, those worthy countrymen turn the best inhabited places into solitudes; for when an insatiable wretch, who is a plague to his country, resolves to enclose many thousand acres of ground, the owners, as well as tenants, are turned out of their possessions by trick or by main force, or, being wearied out by ill usage, they are forced to sell them; by which means those miserable people, both men and women, married and unmarried, old and young, with their poor but numerous families...
1189:, no longer posed a significant challenge to enclosures) the Civil War paved the way for the eventual rise to power in the 18th century of what has been called a "committee of Landlords", a prelude to the UK's parliamentary system. After 1650 with the increase in corn prices and the drop in wool prices the focus shifted to implementation of new agricultural techniques, including fertilizer, new crops, and crop rotation, all of which greatly increased the profitability of large-scale farms. The enclosure movement probably peaked from 1760 to 1832; by the latter date it had essentially completed the destruction of the medieval peasant community. Surplus peasant labour moved into the towns to become industrial workers. The enclosure movement is considered by some scholars to be the beginnings of the
977:. The problem was that country lanes were worn out and this had been compounded by the movement of cattle. Thus the commissioners were given powers to build wide straight roads that would allow for the passage of cattle. The completed new roads would be subject to inspection by the local justices, to make sure they were of a suitable standard. In the late eighteenth century the width of the enclosure roads was at least 60 feet (18 m), but from the 1790s this was decreased to 40 feet (12 m), and later 30 feet as the normal maximum width. Straight roads of early origin, if not Roman were probably enclosure roads. They were established in the period between 1750 and 1850. The building of the new roads, especially when linked up with new roads in neighbouring parishs and ultimately the
828:
1709:
990:
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236:", enclosing it, and by doing so depriving commoners of their rights of access and privilege. Agreements to enclose land could be either through a formal or informal process. The process could normally be accomplished in three ways. First there was the creation of "closes", taken out of larger common fields by their owners. Secondly, there was enclosure by proprietors, owners who acted together, usually small farmers or squires, leading to the enclosure of whole parishes. Finally there were
540:
576:
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56:
1717:
servants to suppress the rioters on 8 June 1607. The royal proclamation of King James was read twice. The rioters continued in their actions, although at the second reading some ran away. The gentry and their forces charged. A pitched battle ensued in which 40–50 people were killed; the ringleaders were hanged and quartered. A much-later memorial stone to those killed stands at the former church of St Faith,
1119:"This poem is one of the pithiest condemnations of the English enclosure movement—the process of fencing off common land and turning it into private property. In a few lines, the poem manages to criticize double standards, expose the artificial and controversial nature of property rights, and take a slap at the legitimacy of state power. And it does it all with humor, without jargon, and in rhyming couplets."
926:
the major part of the
Commission ... and this without any fetter or check upon them beside their own honour confidence (and late indeed) awed by the solemnity of an oath. This is perhaps one of the greatest trusts ever reposed in one set of men; and merits all the return of caution attention and integrity which can result from an honest impartial and ingenuous mind.
1640:, Northamptonshire. He told the protesters he had authority from the King and the Lord of Heaven to destroy enclosures and promised to protect protesters by the contents of his pouch, carried by his side, which he said would keep them from all harm (after he was captured, his pouch was opened; all that was in it was a piece of
757:' access. Although there was usually compensation, it was often in the form of a smaller and poorer quality plot of land. Between 1604 and 1914 there were more than 5,200 inclosure bills which amounted to 6,800,000 acres (2,800,000 ha) of land that equated to approximately one fifth of the total area of England.
661:. Enclosure was quite often undertaken unilaterally by the landowner, sometimes illegally. The widespread eviction of people from their lands resulted in the collapse of the open field system in those areas. The deprivations of the displaced workers has been seen by historians as a cause of subsequent social unrest.
643:
Planting crops such as turnips and clover was not realistic under the open field system because the unrestricted access to the field meant that other villagers' livestock would graze on the turnips. Another important feature of the
Norfolk system was that it used labour at times when demand was not at peak levels.
1204:, suggested that the Hammonds exaggerated the costs of change when in reality enclosure meant more food for the growing population, more land under cultivation and on balance, more employment in the countryside. The ability to enclose land and raise rents certainly made the enterprise more profitable.
286:
in the middle of the 14th century however, there was a major decline in population and crop yields. The decline in population left the surviving farm workers in great demand. Landowners faced the choice of raising wages to compete for workers or letting their lands go unused. Wages for labourers rose
243:
The primary reason for enclosure was to improve the efficiency of agriculture. However, there were other motives too, one example being that the value of the land enclosed would be substantially increased. There were social consequences to the policy, with many protests at the removal of rights from
1612:
The protests against enclosure were not just confined to the countryside. Enclosure riots also occurred in towns and cities across
England in the late 15th and early 16th century. The urban unrest was distributed across the whole of the country from York in the north, to Southampton in the south and
925:
A Commissioner is appointed by Act of
Parliament for dividing and allotting common fields and is directed to do it according to the respective interests of proprietors ... without undue preference to any, but paying regard to situation, quality and convenience. The method of ascertainment is left to
845:
An Act to facilitate the
Inclosure and Improvement of Commons and Lands held in common, the Exchange of Lands, and the Division of intermixed Lands; to provide Remedies for defective or incomplete Executions, and for the Non-execution of the Powers of general and local Inclosure Acts; and to provide
1716:
Edward
Montagu, one of the deputy lieutenants, had stood up against enclosure in Parliament some years earlier, but was now placed by the king in the position effectively of defending the Treshams. The local armed bands and militia refused the call-up, so the landowners were forced to use their own
1423:
Since the late 20th century, those contentions have been challenged by a new class of historians. The
Enclosure movement has been seen by some as causing the destruction of the traditional peasant way of life, however miserable. Landless peasants could no longer maintain an economic independence so
725:
Historically, the initiative to enclose land came either from a landowner hoping to maximise rental from their estate, or a tenant farmer wanting to improve their farm. Before the 17th century enclosures were generally by informal agreement. When they first introduced enclosure by act of
Parliament
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in the second field in the autumn. There was no such thing as artificial fertilizer in mediaeval
England, so the continual use of arable land for crops would exhaust the fertility of the soil. The open-field system solved that problem. It did this by allowing the third field, of the arable land, to
1061:
The increase of pasture,' said I, 'by which your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns; for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility
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on sheep that was coupled with a levy on home produced cloth. The result made sheep farming less profitable. However, in the end it was market forces that were responsible for stopping the conversion of arable into pasture. An increase in corn prices during the second half of the 16th century made
669:
In Tudor
England the ever increasing demand for wool had a dramatic effect on the landscape. The attraction of large profits to be made from wool encouraged manorial lords to enclose common land and convert it from arable to (mainly) sheep pasture. The consequent eviction of commoners or villagers
653:
Copyholders had a "customary tenancy" on their piece of land that was legally enforceable. The problem was that a "copyhold tenancy" was only valid for the holder's life. The heir would not have the right to inheritance although usually by custom, in exchange for a fee (known as a fine), the heir
642:
in the same area in sequential seasons helped to restore plant nutrients and reduce the build-up of pathogens and pests. The system also improves soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. For example, turnips can recover nutrients from deep under the soil.
454:
by all manorial tenants. "Waste" land was often very narrow areas, typically less than 1 yard (0.91 m) wide, in awkward locations (such as cliff edges, or inconveniently shaped manorial borders), but also could be bare rock, it was not officially used by anyone, and so was often "farmed" by
1920:
The words "enclosure" and "inclosure" are used in this article. Although the two words are used interchangeably there is a fundamental difference between them. An enclosure is a physical boundary around a piece of land. Inclosure is a legal term that refers to the conversion of common land into
1787:
were not technically commons, they were used as such from at least the 1500s onwards. By the 1600s, when Stuart kings examined their estates to find new revenues, it had become necessary to offer compensation to at least some of those using the lands as commons when the forests were divided and
1419:
He writes: "The result was a great increase in agricultural produce. The landowners having separated their plots from those of their neighbours and having consolidated them could pursue any method of tillage they preferred. Alternate and convertible husbandry … came in. The manure of the cattle
412:
With informal agreements there was either minimal or no written record other than occasionally a map of the agreement. The most straightforward informal enclosure was through 'unity of possession'. Under this, if an individual managed to acquire all the disparate strips of land in an area and
281:
Following the introduction of the feudal system, there was an increase in the economic growth and urban expansion of the country. In the 13th century, successful Lords did very well financially, while the peasants faced with ever increasing costs did not, and their landholding dwindled. After
628:
Seeking better financial returns, landowners looked for more efficient farming techniques. They saw enclosure as a way to improve efficiency, however it was not simply the fencing of existing holdings; there was also a fundamental change in agricultural practice. One of the most important
599:
The very nature of the three field rotation system imposed a discipline on lord and tenants in their management of the arable land. Every one had the freedom to do what they liked with their own land but had to follow the rhythms of the rotation system. The land-holding tenants had
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owner who had the right to appoint one inclosure commissioner for their parish. Tithe-owners (usually the Anglican clergy) could voluntarily commutate tithe payments to a rental charge, this would have the effect of reducing their income, so many refused to allow it. However the
1796:. Most of the beneficiaries were royal courtiers, who paid large sums to enclose and sublet the forests. Those dispossessed of the commons, especially recent cottagers and those who were outside of tenanted lands belonging to manors, were granted little or no compensation, and
1613:
Gloucester in the west, to Colchester in the east. The urban rioters were not necessarily agricultural workers but consisted of artisanal workers such as butchers, shoemakers, plumbers, clothmakers, millers, weavers, glovers, shearmen, barbers, cappers, tanners and glaziers.
291:
across the economy. The ensuing difficulties in hiring labour has been seen as causing the abandonment of land and the demise of the feudal system, although some historians have suggested that the effects of the Black Death may have only sped up an already on-going process.
637:
periods. Wheat was grown in the first year, turnips in the second, followed by barley, with clover and ryegrass in the third. The clover and ryegrass were grazed or cut for feed in the fourth year. The turnips were used for feeding cattle and sheep in the winter. The
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from their homes and loss of their livelihoods became an important political issue for the Tudors. The resulting depopulation was financially disadvantageous to the Crown. The authorities were concerned that many of the people subsequently dispossessed would become
531:
be uncultivated each year and use that "fallow" field for grazing animals, on the stubble of the old crop. The manure the animals produced in the fallow field would help restore its fertility. The following year, the fields for planting and fallow would be rotated.
278:. Thus commoners were still able to exercise their ancient customary rights. The original contract bound the people who occupied the land to provide some form of service. This later evolved into a financial agreement that avoided or replaced the service.
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654:
could have the copyhold transferred. To remove their customary rights, the landlords converted the copyhold into a leasehold tenancy. Leasehold removed the customary rights but the advantage to the tenant was that the land could be inherited.
685:
The people who were responsible for the enforcement of the acts were the same people who were actually opposed to them. Consequently, the acts were not strictly enforced. Ultimately with rising popular opposition to sheep farming, the
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2090:
to all the land of the estate. A "customary tenancy" is parcel of land , from the estate, held at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. A "copyhold tenancy" was a "customary tenancy" held by the copyholder. The
437:
farm. The land the lord held was for his benefit and was farmed by his own direct employees or by hired labour. The tenant farmers had to pay rent. This could either be cash, labour or produce. Tenants had certain rights such as
727:
1635:
and drew considerable popular support from the local people. It was led by John Reynolds, otherwise known as 'Captain Pouch' who was thought to be an itinerant pedlar or tinker, by trade, and said to have originated from
952:
One of the objectives of enclosure was to improve local roads. Commissioners were given authorisation to replace old roads and country lanes with new roads that were wider and straighter than those they replaced.
1608:
writes that "many troubles arose over the loss of common rights" with resentment and hardship coming from various channels including the "loss of ancient rights in the woodlands to cut underwood, to run pigs".
681:
From the time of Henry VII, Parliament began passing acts either to stop enclosure, to limit its effects, or at least to fine those responsible. The so-called 'tillage acts', were passed between 1489 and 1597.
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The people involved in the protest were not just the dispossessed tenants of depopulated Midland villages but also included urban-dwellers struggling to make ends meet in the towns, especially Leicester and
1157:
said that "enclosure was fatal to three classes: the small farmer, the cottager and the squatter." "Before enclosure the cottager was a labourer with land; after enclosure was a labourer without land."
307:
system of farming in small enclosed fields. Similarly in much of west and north-west England, fields were either never open, or were enclosed early. The primary area of field management, known as the "
295:
From as early as the 12th century agricultural land had been enclosed. However, the history of enclosure in England is different from region to region. Parts of south-east England (notably sections of
2062:
M. E. Turner disagreed with this point of view. He posited that with a certain amount of organisation, turnips were grown in the open field system and were only grown marginally more under enclosure.
1674:
issued a proclamation and ordered his deputy lieutenants in Northamptonshire to put down the riots. It is recorded that women and children were part of the protest. Over a thousand had gathered at
2207:
616:, and after harvest, the fields became 'common' so they could graze animals on that land. There are still examples of villages that use the open-field system, one example being
510:, depending on the era) were allowed to live on the strips owned by the lord in return for cultivating his land. The open-field system was probably a development of the earlier
405:
There were essentially two broad categories of enclosure, these were 'formal' or 'informal' agreements. Formal enclosure was achieved either through act of Parliament, or, from
1402:
considered that the main feature distinguishing English agriculture was the massive reduction in common land between the middle of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century.
1149:
During the 19th and early 20th century historians generally had sympathy for the cottagers who rented their dwellings from the manorial lord and also the landless labourers.
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1185:
court, abolished in 1641, had provided the primary legal brake on the enclosure process. By dealing an ultimately crippling blow to the monarchy (which, even after the
1428:
have examined the available contemporary data and concluded that the difference in efficiency between the open field system and enclosure is not so plain and obvious.
1019:, Wasdale, Cumbria. In the valley are older enclosures and higher up on the fell-side are the parliamentary enclosures following straight lines regardless of terrain.
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in Cumbria. The roads were made as straight as possible, and the boundaries much wider than a cart width to reduce the ground damage of driving sheep and cattle.
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diagonally across England to the south, taking in parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, large areas of the Midlands, and most of south central England.
6266:
1193:; for many Marxists, the enclosures constituted "primitive accumulation," establishing the structural conditions necessary for a capitalist political economy.
4365:
McCloskey, D. (1972). "The Enclosure of Open Fields: Preface to a Study of Its Impact on the Efficiency of English Agriculture in the Eighteenth Century".
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The remaining land was organised into a large number of narrow strips, each tenant possessing several disparate strips throughout the manor, as would the
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1670:
was one of the last times that the non-mining commoners of England and the gentry were in open, armed conflict. Things had come to a head in early June.
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961:
The road system of England had been problematic for some time. An 1852 government report described the condition of a road between Surrey and Sussex as
431:" land was under the control of the manorial lord. The usual manor consisted of two elements, the peasant tenantry and the lord's holding, known as the
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Thompson, S. J. (2008). "Parliamentary Enclosure, Property, Population, and the Decline of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century Britain".
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mandated that a cottage had to be built with at least 4 acres (16,000 m) of land. Thus the cottager was someone who lived in a cottage with a
918:
c. 118). After the 1845 act permanent Inclosure Commissioners were appointed who could approve enclosures without having to submit to Parliament.
413:
consolidate them in one whole piece, for example a manor, then any communal rights would cease to exist, since there was no one to exercise them.
6650:
6057:
1681:
The Treshams were unpopular for their voracious enclosing of land – the family at Newton and their better-known Roman Catholic cousins at nearby
6214:
1574:
After the Black Death, during the 14th to 17th centuries, landowners started to convert arable land over to sheep, with legal support from the
1631:, Rushton and Pytchley (Northamptonshire) saw protests against enclosures and depopulation. The rioting that took place became known as the
5423:
1935:
Land of a poor quality that was only useful for grazing animals or collecting fuel. Holdings described "not in use" or "waste" paid no tax.
4177:(1990). "Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries".
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6439:
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Decaying hedges mark the lines of the straight field boundaries created by the 1768 act of Parliament for the enclosure of Boldron Moor,
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enriched the arable land and grass crops on the ploughed-up and manured land were much better than were those on the constant pasture."
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1797:
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The commissioners of inclosure had absolute authority to enclose and redistribute common and open fields from around 1745 until the
502:
What might now be termed a single field would have been divided under this system among the lord and his tenants; poorer peasants (
646:
From as early as the 12th century, some open fields in Britain were being enclosed into individually owned fields. After the
1705:, about territory. Now Tresham of Newton was enclosing common land – The Brand Common – that had been part of Rockingham Forest.
212:
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1701:. The old Roman Catholic gentry family of the Treshams had long argued with the emerging Puritan gentry family, the Montagus of
336:
It was the re-allocation of scattered strips of land into large new fields that were enclosed either by hedges, walls or fences.
6655:
2239:
The legal definition of a cottage, in England, is a small house for habitation without land. During the reign of Elizabeth I a
851:
244:
the common people. Enclosure riots are seen by historians as 'the pre-eminent form' of social protest from the 1530s to 1640s.
1644:). A curfew was imposed in the city of Leicester, as it was feared citizens would stream out of the city to join the riots. A
6688:
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4135:
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Common in gross refers to a legal right granted to a person for access to another’s land, for example to graze their animals.
1627:
In May and June 1607 the villages of Cotesbach (Leicestershire); Ladbroke, Hillmorton and Chilvers Coton (Warwickshire); and
1399:
253:
742:. This was followed by many more acts of Parliament and by the 1750s the parliamentary system became the more usual method.
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arable farming more attractive, so although enclosures continued the emphasis was more on efficient use of the arable land.
650:
in 1235 manorial lords were able to reorganize strips of land such that they were brought together in one contiguous block.
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3474:
Bauer, Alexander A.; Holtorf, Cornelius; Waterton, Emma; Garcia, Margarita Diaz-Andreu; Siberman, Neil Asher, eds. (1996).
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Although 'owned' by the manorial lord, commoners had legal rights over the land and the manorial lord could not enclose it.
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6728:
6416:
5614:
5257:
4697:
4449:
4145:
Hoyle, R. W. (1990). "Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate".
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The statutory process included the appointment of commissioners. The process of enclosure was weighted in favour of the
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6412:
4244:
Kanzaka, Junichi (2002). "Villein Rents in Thirteenth-Century England: An Analysis of the Hundred Rolls of 1279-1280".
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provided the basis for a major acceleration of enclosures. The parliamentary leaders supported the rights of landlords
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onwards, by a written agreement signed by all parties involved. The written record would probably also include a map.
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Although one virgate is shown to be 30 acres, as it was not standardised one virgate could range from 15 to 40 acres.
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The social and economic consequences of enclosure has been much discussed by historians. In the Tudor period Sir
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1678:, near Kettering, pulling down hedges and filling ditches, to protest against the enclosures of Thomas Tresham.
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Feudalism to Capitalism: Peasant and Landlord in English Agrarian Development (Studies in Historical Sociology)
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4406:. The openfields of England: rent, risk and the rate of interest, 1300-1815. Cambridge University Press.
4311:
Liddy, Christian D. (2015). "Urban Enclosure Riots: Risings of the Commons in English Towns, 1480–1525".
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205:
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Turner, Michael (1986). "English Open Fields and Enclosures: Retardation or Productivity Improvements".
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The Tresham family declined soon after 1607. The Montagu family went on through marriage to become the
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339:
The newly created enclosed fields were reserved for the sole use of individual owners or their tenants.
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38:
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4040:"Imagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England: Representations of the Midland Rising of 1607"
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17:
4550:"Agriculture, Transportation and the Timing of Urbanization: Global Analysis at the Grid Cell Level"
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Parliamentary inclosure was also used for the division and privatisation of common "wastes" such as
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6562:
5294:
5019:
1718:
1712:
Memorial stone commemorating those killed in the Newton Rebellion at the former church of St Faith.
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is a measurement of volume = 8 imperial gallons (36 L; 9.6 US gal); 1 acre = 0.4 ha
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4227:
The Enclosure Maps of England and Wales 1595–1918 A Cartographic Analysis and Electronic Catalogue
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of 1235. Villages were depopulated. The peasantry responded with a series of revolts. In the 1381
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The ending of constant quarrels over boundaries and rights of pasture in the meadows and stubbles.
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6518:
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617:
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Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
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Boyle, James (2003). "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain".
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753:. c. 81) created a law that enabled "enclosure" of land, at the same time removing the right of
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of villages would produce a weakened workforce and enfeeble the military strength of the state.
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1871:
1544:
M.E.Turners paper "English Open Field and Enclosures:Retardation or Productivity Improvements".
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2009:
There was no standard size for a strip of land and most holdings had between forty and eighty.
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989:
930:(From William Homer, An Essay on the Nature and Method the Inclosure of Common Fields. 1766)
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the informal method continued too. The first enclosure by act of Parliament was in 1604 (the
633:, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing
259:
4946:
Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (Social History in Perspective)
1708:
349:
Inclosure is the statutory and legal form of the word "enclosure". Enclosure is the process.
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By 1750 this had led to the loss of up to half the common fields of many English villages.
1959:
Small fields or paddocks usually created by the partitioning of larger ancient open field.
549:. The part allocated to 'common pasture' is shown in the north-east section, shaded green.
514:
system, which it replaced. The open-field system used a three-field crop rotation system.
232:
is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of "waste" or "
8:
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1602:" appeared, referring to those who levelled the ditches and fences erected by enclosers.
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1579:
1391:
D. McCloskey. "The openfields of England: rent, risk and the rate of interest, 1300-1815"
1186:
4927:
Transforming Fell and Valley Landscape and Parliamentary Enclosure in North West England
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Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation of the agrarian economy 1500–1850
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On Architectural Jurisprudence; in which the Constitutions, Canons, Laws and Customs etc
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enclosed. The majority of the disafforestation took place between 1629 and 1640, during
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1841:
1823:
1671:
1053:
897:
746:
385:
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Clark, Gregory; Clark, Anthony (2001). "Common Rights to Land in England, 1475-1839".
1084:" has come to represent the opposition to the enclosure movement in the 18th century:
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1877:
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1143:
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The Rev. William Homer was a commissioner and he provided a job description in 1766:
802:
671:
647:
463:
459:
422:
359:
333:
Was the removal of common rights that people held over farm lands and parish commons.
308:
88:
6042:
4734:. Accounts and Papers: Turnpike Roads. Vol. XLIV. London: HM Stationery Office.
3927:
Grant, Annie (1992). "Animal Resources". In Astill, Grenville; Grant, Annie (eds.).
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6590:
6542:
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5912:
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4154:
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4051:
3992:
3833:
3613:
3539:
3502:
3435:
3424:
Amt, Emilie M. (1991). "The Meaning of Waste in the Early Pipe Rolls of Henry II".
2194:
2177:
1698:
1142:, in it condemns rural depopulation, the enclosure of common land, the creation of
1133:
798:
562:
122:
67:
6488:
6483:
6276:
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5963:
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5688:
5554:
5510:
5411:
5111:
5096:
5006:
4754:
4665:
3969:
3493:
Bell, Howard J. (1944). "The Deserted Village and Goldsmith's Social Doctrines".
2149:
2053:
Efficiency meant improvements in per unit acre yields and in total parish output.
1686:
1154:
978:
699:
471:
267:
181:
155:
74:
47:
2072:
694:. c. 13) restricted the size of flocks of sheep to no more than 2,400. Then the
6848:
6406:
6219:
6150:
6120:
6105:
5868:
5639:
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2092:
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1702:
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1324:
1197:
1166:
966:
915:
856:
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716:
406:
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364:
237:
63:
4995:
Enclosure as it affected an English Midlands village in the nineteenth century
4884:
4838:
4565:
4378:
4217:
4192:
3837:
2222:. The District was abolished and became, for administrative purposes, part of
1169:
that eventually eliminated the English peasantry and saw the emergence of the
6894:
6855:
6585:
6181:
6110:
5958:
5925:
5723:
5703:
5654:
5331:
5311:
5252:
5169:
5066:
3514:
2223:
1989:
1793:
1784:
1641:
1605:
1232:
896:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
639:
271:
115:
4994:
4257:
1375:
1005:
6800:
6326:
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5304:
5289:
5132:
4758:
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4512:
4484:
4320:
4012:
3996:
3780:
3587:
Britain since the seventies : politics and society in the consumer age
2244:
1280:
1248:
1201:
1182:
996:
869:
675:
658:
511:
316:
304:
262:
invaded and conquered England in 1066, he distributed its land amongst 180
4639:
Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700–1820
1424:
had to become labourers. Historians and economists such as M.E.Turner and
1025:
6836:
6822:
6401:
6331:
6089:
5898:
5698:
5583:
5472:
5447:
5435:
5416:
5299:
5279:
5189:
5086:
4799:
4097:
Hooke, Della (1988). "Early Forms of Open-Field Agriculture in England".
4055:
3788:
1981:
1853:
1697:. Sir Thomas Tresham of Rushton was vilified as 'the most odious man' in
1370:
1170:
1048:
754:
546:
467:
428:
283:
233:
148:
6595:
4846:
4583:
4548:
Motamed, Mesbah J.; Florax, Raymond J.G.M.; Masters, William A. (2014).
4348:
European Peasants and their Markets: essays in Agrarian Economic History
4328:
4292:
Lefebvre, Georges (1984). "Some Observations". In Sweezy, Paul M (ed.).
4063:
4039:
3673:
1826: – English religious reformer, philosopher and activist (1609–1676)
274:. However he promised the English people that he would keep the laws of
6346:
6145:
5991:
5878:
5495:
5076:
4892:
4540:
4386:
4265:
4166:
3845:
3816:
3625:
3551:
3447:
2781:
2181:
2173:
1820: – Group of Protestant agrarian socialists in 17th-century England
1637:
575:
539:
141:
100:
81:
4118:
4004:
3522:
1813: – Mid-17th to 19th century revolution centred around agriculture
6336:
6155:
6135:
5892:
5693:
5627:
5565:
5547:
5321:
5235:
4532:
3987:
Hatcher, John (1994). "England in the Aftermath of the Black Death".
3686:
2165:
2141:
2133:
1921:
private land. When land is inclosed the rights of the commoner cease.
1900:
1829:
1649:
1628:
1595:
1354:
1196:
In contrast to the Hammonds' 1911 analysis of the events, critically
1016:
769:
750:
691:
601:
555:
391:
312:
288:
111:
96:
31:
4599:
Mulholland, Maureen (2015). Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.).
4158:
3543:
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6793:
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6125:
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5713:
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5042:
4110:
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2323:
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2117:
2109:
777:
773:
735:
731:
703:
507:
447:
374:
162:
134:
92:
3880:
Fairlie, Simon (2009). "A Short History of Enclosure in Britain".
2631:
2629:
2456:
2454:
981:, was a permanent improvement to the road system of the country.
55:
6386:
6341:
5733:
5527:
5520:
5385:
5181:
3979:
2956:
2071:
Land owned by an individual, rather than in common, was known as
1817:
1599:
1264:
1032:
1012:
765:
613:
582:
566:
503:
450:
that could be held by neighbouring properties, or (occasionally)
443:
439:
433:
173:
169:
130:
107:
4539:. Translated by Gilbert Burnet. Cassell and Company – via
3092:
3090:
2316:
5708:
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5429:
3807:
2983:
2626:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2451:
2112:. c. 19); this was followed by four acts under Henry VIII, the
1988:
received by the tenant was a copy of the relevant entry in the
1984:. The mode of landholding took its name from the fact that the
1894:
1645:
1586:
of 1450 land rights were a prominent demand and by the time of
1554:
1430:
739:
634:
605:
523:
515:
368:
177:
126:
4210:
The development of transportation in modern England (Volume 1)
4128:
Regions, Institutions, and Agrarian Change in European History
2851:
2759:
2757:
2614:
1772:
1432:
Differences in crop yields open versus enclosed parishes 1801
5797:
5393:
4768:"Enclosure (Inclosure). Practical Law UK Glossary w-022-3305"
3249:
3087:
2365:
2363:
1874: – Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource
1206:
945:
After 1899, the Board of Agriculture, which later became the
789:
296:
263:
4864:
The Industrial Revolution: A Translation into Modern English
3162:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2670:
2560:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2466:
1903: – Conflict over control of range land used for grazing
969:
wrote to a friend complaining that if he desired good roads
311:", was in the lowland areas of England in a broad band from
6842:
5011:
4017:
The Divide: Global Inequality from Conquest to Free Markets
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3225:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2754:
2718:
2602:
2478:
1985:
1980:
Copyholders held their land according to the custom of the
1769:, enlarging the wealth of the senior branch substantially.
519:
488:
300:
3388:
3321:
3179:
3177:
3114:
3065:
3063:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2769:
2730:
2360:
2294:
2292:
1880: – model between surveillance and interactive economy
1412:
Saving of time in travelling between dispersed fields; and
6699:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences
5770:
4732:
Turnpike Trusts: County Reports of the Secretary of State
3213:
2899:
2793:
2706:
2502:
2394:
2392:
2390:
761:
640:
practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops
527:
470:, which exercised some collective control. The land in a
6252:
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
5847:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4605:. The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.).
3683:
Barbed Wire: Capitalism and the Enclosure of the Commons
3604:
Blum, Jerome (1981). "English Parliamentary Enclosure".
3376:
3357:
3333:
3285:
3189:
3102:
2932:
2812:
2694:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2531:
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3174:
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3060:
3007:
2887:
2742:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2490:
2350:
2348:
2289:
949:, inherited the powers of the Inclosure Commissioners.
609:
3345:
3150:
3138:
2995:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2387:
1856: – 1830 uprisings by English agricultural workers
6072:
4782:
3309:
3297:
3237:
3201:
2965:
2585:
2439:
2304:
1590:
of 1549 enclosure was a main issue, as it was in the
1546:
Based on figures extracted from Home Office returns.
1208:
Rises in rents immediately after enclosure 1765-1805
728:
Melcombe Regis and Radipole, Dorset (Church) Act 1603
657:
There was a significant rise in enclosure during the
4547:
4442:
Capital : a critique of political economy(1867)
3530:
Beresford, M. (1946). "Commissioners of Enclosure".
3457:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225
3400:
3261:
3048:
3024:
2971:
2944:
2863:
2839:
2787:
2682:
2653:
2641:
2375:
2345:
1882:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1844: – Displacement of farmers in Scottish Lowlands
1582:, enclosure was one of the side issues. However, in
6739:
Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland
3126:
3036:
2875:
2543:
2519:
2404:
2279:
2277:
1652:as a warning, and was pulled down by the citizens.
623:
6257:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
4725:
4664:
4504:
3742:"J. L. Carr and St Faith's, Newton in the Willows"
3703:
2989:
2620:
2333:
2160:c. 2); and three under Elizabeth I, including the
1838: – Evictions in Scottish Highlands, 1750–1860
526:would be planted in one field in spring, wheat or
4531:
4224:
2327:
2095:was responsible for dealing with these tenancies.
1741:whilst protesting against the enclosure of common
1689:, who had been involved two years earlier in the
6892:
4619:
4404:Markets in History: Economic studies of the past
4350:. Princeton University Press. pp. 123–160.
2926:
2274:
1655:
846:for the Revival of such Powers in certain cases.
803:tithe payments to be commutated to a rent charge
4275:Rural Society and the Anglican Clergy 1815–1914
1868: – Policies to centralize wealth and power
710:
6215:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
4225:Kain, J.P.; Chapman, John; Oliver, R. (2004).
3964:
3775:
3255:
3096:
2579:
2018:Large area of arable land divided into strips.
1850: – Appropriation as the origin of capital
1042:
396:Farm servants living in their employers' house
6058:
5027:
4907:
4402:McCloskey, D (1989). David W Galenson (ed.).
3455:Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M. Roberts (ed.).
2513:
1976:
1974:
1897: – Terrain of mixed woodland and pasture
1751:Inscription on memorial stone at St Faiths'.)
1405:The major advantages of the enclosures were:
783:
206:
6651:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales
4743:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
4077:
3473:
3327:
2460:
4575:1871.1/e88da506-8a2e-4d79-94a3-8436e35a3783
4341:"Economics of enclosure: a market analysis"
4294:The transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
4130:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3680:
3168:
1773:Western Rising 1630–32 and forest enclosure
975:"Sussex road is an almost insuperable evil"
371:. Proprietors of large and small properties
6065:
6051:
5034:
5020:
4598:
4530:More, Thomas (1901). Morley, Henry (ed.).
3823:
3756:
2635:
2484:
2433:
1971:
213:
199:
6292:Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates
4706:
4573:
4401:
4364:
4335:
4229:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4212:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4173:
3558:
3529:
3315:
3279:
2938:
2893:
2472:
2369:
1779:Western Rising and disafforestation riots
1693:and had by announcement died in London's
1091:Who steals the goose from off the common,
937:
581:Division of farm land. 1 acre= 0.4 Ha. 1
4824:
4346:. In Parker, W. N.; Jones, E.L. (eds.).
4291:
4125:
3945:
3454:
3231:
3219:
2763:
2748:
2724:
2712:
2608:
2255:
2253:
2247:of land, the statute was later repealed.
1955:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1832: – 1640s English political movement
1707:
1442:
1439:
1165:, focused on enclosure as a part of the
702:. c. 23) was introduced that imposed a
27:In England, appropriation of common land
4861:
4685:
4659:
4477:
4243:
4207:
3986:
3879:
3865:. Oxford University Press. p. 40.
3860:
3805:
3351:
3339:
3291:
3207:
3001:
2881:
2857:
2845:
2736:
2496:
2421:
1931:
1929:
1927:
629:innovations was the development of the
545:Conjectural map of a mediaeval English
400:
14:
6893:
6464:
4870:
4798:
4636:
4458:
4420:
4037:
4011:
3739:
3720:
3706:"Practice guide 16: profits a prendre"
3643:Wool Trade in Tudor and Stuart England
3640:
3394:
3370:
3303:
3267:
3183:
3018:
2977:
2914:
2806:
2554:
2525:
2445:
2381:
2354:
2082:
2080:
1862: – Village that has been deserted
1758:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1095:Who steals the common from the goose."
6689:Country Land and Business Association
6638:
6046:
5015:
4924:
4765:
4738:
4499:
4310:
4144:
4096:
4078:Hobsbawm, Eric; Rudé, George (1973).
3926:
3910:The Sutton Companion to Local History
3907:
3888:
3785:The Agricultural Revolution 1750–1850
3659:
3584:
3406:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3054:
3042:
3030:
2869:
2833:
2775:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2647:
2596:
2537:
2398:
2339:
2298:
2283:
2250:
2206:Bowes (Yorkshire) Inclosure Act 1766
1950:
1938:
1888:
1594:revolts of 1604-1607 when the terms "
1146:and the pursuit of excessive wealth.
1124:
1107:
963:"very ruinous and almost impassable."
947:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
887:Text of statute as originally enacted
481:Several very large common hay meadows
478:Two or three very large common fields
254:Economy of England in the Middle Ages
4962:
4948:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave.
4943:
4529:
4478:Monbiot, George (22 February 1995).
4439:
4425:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave.
3603:
3492:
3382:
3243:
3195:
3081:
3069:
2193:The government also appointed eight
1924:
1099:(Part of 18th century poem by Anon.)
1073:
1031:A parliamentary enclosure road near
474:under this system would consist of:
416:
6729:Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre
6656:National Farmers' Union of Scotland
5000:Newton Rebels 1607 re-enactors site
4272:
3929:The Countryside of Medieval England
3476:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
3423:
2950:
2310:
2144:. c. 22); one under Edward VI, the
2077:
427:Before the enclosures in England, "
24:
4461:Parliamentary Enclosure in England
2788:Motamed, Florax & Masters 2014
1737:over 40 Northamptonshire villagers
1656:Newton Rebellion: 8 June 1607
1569:
1493:Mean produce per parish (bushels)
1089:"The law locks up the man or woman
956:
25:
6927:
6074:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
4983:
3863:The Economy of England, 1450–1750
3757:Cartwright, Frederick F. (1994).
1848:Primitive accumulation of capital
1733:Newton Rebellion of 8th June 1607
1616:
973:and another writer said that the
6875:
6874:
6397:Scottish Agricultural Revolution
6392:Rural Reconstruction Association
6210:Agricultural Land Classification
6014:
6013:
4444:. Vol. 1. London: Penguin.
3761:. Dorset Press. pp. 32–46.
1564:
1093:But lets the greater felon loose
1066:(From Thomas Mores Utopia. 1518)
1024:
1004:
988:
833:Parliament of the United Kingdom
826:
801:. c. 71) made it compulsory for
624:The end of the open-field system
574:
554:
538:
238:enclosures by acts of Parliament
54:
6237:British Cattle Movement Service
4873:The Journal of Economic History
4770:. Thomson Reuters Practical Law
4367:The Journal of Economic History
4180:The Journal of Economic History
3826:The Journal of Economic History
2328:Kain, Chapman & Oliver 2004
2233:
2212:
2200:
2187:
2098:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1962:
1811:British Agricultural Revolution
1739:are recorded to have been slain
721:British Agricultural Revolution
6724:National Non-Food Crops Centre
6666:Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster
6232:Animal and Plant Health Agency
5579:Right of way (property access)
4783:The National Archives (2021).
4671:. Cambridge University Press.
4126:Hopcroft, Rosemary L. (1999).
3975:The Village Labourer 1760–1832
3950:. New York City: Autonomedia.
2086:The lord of the manor has the
1914:
1746:May their souls rest in peace.
1516:Mean yield per acre (bushels)
894:Text of the Inclosure Act 1845
664:
322:
13:
1:
6762:Royal Agricultural University
6717:National Museum of Rural Life
6225:Meat and Livestock Commission
6141:Müller Milk & Ingredients
6085:Economy of the United Kingdom
4963:Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1999).
4709:Plantagenet England 1225-1360
4296:(4 ed.). London: Verso.
4101:. Series B. Human Geography.
3681:Brantlinger, Patrick (2018).
3662:Law and Contemporary Problems
3606:The Journal of Modern History
3416:
2152:. c. 5); one under Mary, the
2104:The first being in 1489, the
1866:Accumulation by dispossession
1080:An anonymous poem, known as "
6712:Museum of English Rural Life
6679:British Egg Industry Council
6536:Scottish Crofting Foundation
5041:
4741:In contempt of all authority
4624:. London: legislation.gov.uk
4208:Jackman, William T. (1916).
3564:The Lost Villages of England
2267:
1161:Marxist historians, such as
711:Parliamentary inclosure acts
7:
6262:Institute for Animal Health
5885:Two Treatises of Government
4990:Laxton (open field village)
4929:. University of Lancaster.
4785:"Enclosure Awards and Maps"
4726:Secretary of State (1852).
4711:. Oxford University Press.
4707:Prestwich, Michael (2007).
4246:The Economic History Review
4147:The Economic History Review
3806:Chisolm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
3725:. London: Canongate Books.
3704:British Government (2019).
3532:The Economic History Review
3478:. Oxford University Press.
3427:The Economic History Review
1803:
1731:This stone commemorates the
1173:. From this viewpoint, the
1115:According to one academic:
1043:Social and economic factors
10:
6932:
6753:Universities and colleges
6749:Tenant Farmers Association
6192:Rare Breeds Survival Trust
4808:The Historical Association
4643:Cambridge University Press
4554:Journal of Economic Growth
4082:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
4021:W. W. Norton & Company
3589:. London: Reaktion Books.
3256:Chambers & Mingay 1982
3097:Hammond & Hammond 1912
2966:The National Archives 2021
2580:Hammond & Hammond 1912
1776:
1659:
1620:
808:United Kingdom legislation
784:Commissioners of inclosure
714:
631:Norfolk four-course system
420:
251:
247:
39:Enclosure (disambiguation)
36:
29:
6870:
6814:
6781:
6674:
6629:
6609:
6571:
6563:Scotland Food & Drink
6509:
6457:
6425:
6312:
6305:
6282:Rights of way in Scotland
6200:
6174:
6098:
6080:
6009:
5806:
5608:
5488:
5381:
5374:
5223:
5180:
5125:
5049:
4885:10.1017/S0022050700046829
4839:10.1017/S0018246X08006948
4620:National Archive (2021).
4566:10.1007/s10887-014-9104-x
4511:. Boston, Massachusetts:
4480:"A Land Reform Manifesto"
4379:10.1017/S0022050700075379
4193:10.1017/S0022050700035701
3946:Federici, Silvia (2004).
3838:10.1017/S0022050701042061
3740:Calder, Jonathan (2009).
3641:Bowden, Peter J. (2015).
2228:Local Government Act 1972
2220:Startforth Rural District
1538:
1436:
1385:
971:"never to go into Sussex"
892:
885:
878:
868:
863:
850:
839:
825:
820:
813:
604:, including sheep, pigs,
303:) retained the pre-Roman
6767:Scotland's Rural College
5937:The Great Transformation
5295:Labor theory of property
4967:. Monthly Review Press.
4965:The Origin of Capitalism
4862:Toynbee, Arnold (2020),
4739:Sharp, Buchanan (1980),
4692:. Boston: Beacon Press.
4689:The Great Transformation
4044:History Workshop Journal
3328:Hobsbawm & Rudé 1973
1907:
1743:land by local landowners
1719:Newton, Northamptonshire
1409:Effective crop rotation;
1082:The Goose and the Common
561:Three-field system with
48:Feudal titles and status
30:Not to be confused with
6684:British Poultry Council
6646:Farmers' Union of Wales
6474:Agriculture in Cheshire
6317:Agricultural Revolution
5506:Forest-dwelling (India)
5468:restraint on alienation
5248:Common good (economics)
5005:28 January 2023 at the
4912:. London: UK Parliament
4421:Martin, John E (1986).
4277:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
4258:10.1111/1468-0289.00233
3908:Friar, Stephen (2004).
2990:Secretary of State 1852
2860:, pp. 117 and 167.
2679:, pp. 120 and 272.
2621:British Government 2019
1191:emergence of capitalism
618:Laxton, Nottinghamshire
6916:History of agriculture
6704:James Hutton Institute
6694:Fresh Start Initiative
6367:Highland Potato Famine
5945:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
5719:Primitive accumulation
5574:Right of way (transit)
5359:Tragedy of the commons
5241:fictitious commodities
4908:UK Parliament (2021).
4827:The Historical Journal
4686:Polyani, Karl (2001).
4637:Neeson, J. M. (1993).
4038:Hindle, Steve (2008).
3861:Coleman, D.C. (1977).
3787:(Reprinted ed.).
3721:Cahill, Kevin (2002).
3585:Black, Jeremy (2004).
2636:Clark & Clark 2001
2197:between 1517 and 1636.
2158:2 & 3 Ph. & M.
1872:Tragedy of the commons
1763:
1713:
1470:Mean acres per parish
1130:
1113:
1078:
943:
734:. c. 30)) and was for
674:and thieves. Also the
6661:Ulster Farmers' Union
6479:Agriculture in London
6297:Single Payment Scheme
6287:Rural Payments Agency
6272:Quality Meat Scotland
5998:The Wealth of Nations
5978:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5970:The Ethics of Liberty
4463:. London: Routledge.
4459:Mingay, G.E. (2014).
3948:Caliban and the Witch
3912:. Sutton Publishing.
3889:Elmes, James (1827).
3123:, pp. 17, 19–29.
2927:National Archive 2021
2638:, pp. 1009–1036.
1723:
1711:
1621:Further information:
1584:Jack Cade's rebellion
1117:
1086:
1059:
923:
715:Further information:
592:The open-field system
266:, who held it as his
6911:English property law
6411:Women's Land Army -
6322:British timber trade
6131:Frontier Agriculture
5861:Progress and Poverty
5195:Common-pool resource
4910:"Enclosing the Land"
4622:"Inclosure Act 1773"
4321:10.1093/pastj/gtu038
4273:Lee, Robert (2006).
3997:10.1093/past/144.1.3
3884:(7 ed.): 16–31.
3566:(Revised ed.).
1790:Charles I of England
1735:During this uprising
1163:Barrington Moore Jr.
1139:The Deserted Village
466:was administered by
401:Methods of enclosure
287:and translated into
276:Edward the Confessor
37:For other uses, see
6734:Rothamsted Research
6558:Royal Highland Show
6458:Nations and regions
6362:Highland Clearances
6357:Haughley Experiment
5984:The Social Contract
5672:population transfer
5589:prior-appropriation
5268:homestead principle
4944:Wood, Andy (2001).
4925:Whyte, Ian (2003).
4602:law, development of
4440:Marx, Karl (1990).
4099:Geografiska Annaler
3931:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3895:. London: W.Benning
3759:Disease and History
3397:, pp. 166–167.
3385:, pp. 118–119.
3234:, pp. 122–127.
3111:, pp. 178–179.
3084:, pp. 747–772.
3072:, pp. 477–504.
2917:, pp. 110–111.
2836:, pp. 144–146.
2809:, pp. 669–692.
2790:, pp. 339–368.
2766:, pp. 621–642.
2739:, pp. 593–618.
2727:, pp. 308–309.
2611:, pp. 312–313.
2540:, pp. 121–131.
2475:, pp. 454–457.
2463:, pp. 106–107.
2313:, pp. 240–248.
2301:, pp. 144–145.
1990:manorial court roll
1836:Highland Clearances
1433:
1209:
455:landless peasants.
50:
6372:Lowland Clearances
5964:Murray N. Rothbard
5275:Free-rider problem
4313:Past & Present
4056:10.1093/hwj/dbn029
3989:Past & Present
3708:. HM Land Registry
3560:Beresford, Maurice
2703:, p. 299–300.
2514:UK Parliament 2021
1889:In other countries
1842:Lowland Clearances
1824:Gerrard Winstanley
1798:rioted in response
1767:Dukes of Buccleuch
1714:
1431:
1207:
940:, pp. 130–140
910:Inclosure Act 1845
898:legislation.gov.uk
815:Inclosure Act 1845
747:Inclosure Act 1773
46:
6888:
6887:
6777:
6776:
6625:
6624:
6453:
6452:
6377:Napier Commission
6040:
6039:
5951:What Is Property?
5744:human trafficking
5729:Regulatory taking
5604:
5603:
5349:Right to property
4817:9-780-852-78154-8
4718:978-0-19-922687-0
4678:978-0-521-56859-3
4501:Moore, Barrington
4470:978-0-582-25725-2
4137:978-0-472-11023-0
3882:The Land Magazine
3744:. Liberal England
3485:978-0-19-507618-9
3466:978-0-19-925101-8
3373:, pp. 21–61.
3342:, pp. 16–31.
3294:, pp. 13–15.
3246:, pp. 83–84.
3222:, pp. 69–73.
3186:, pp. 76–82.
3171:, pp. ix–xi.
3159:, pp. 29–30.
3147:, pp. 25–29.
3021:, pp. 48–49.
2953:, pp. 75–78.
2715:, pp. 17–20.
2487:, pp. 32–46.
2461:Bauer et al. 1996
2401:, pp. 41–77.
2372:, pp. 15–35.
2208:(6 Geo. 3. c. 70)
2195:royal commissions
2176:. c. 13) and the
2136:. c. 13) and the
1878:Digital enclosure
1860:Abandoned village
1753:
1576:Statute of Merton
1562:
1561:
1397:
1396:
1175:English Civil War
1144:landscape gardens
1101:
1068:
932:
904:
903:
821:Act of Parliament
799:6 & 7 Will. 4
696:Taxation Act 1549
648:Statute of Merton
487:In some cases, a
464:open-field system
423:Open-field system
417:Open-field system
360:Lord of the manor
309:open field system
282:outbreaks of the
270:, establishing a
223:
222:
89:Lord of the manor
16:(Redirected from
6923:
6878:
6877:
6744:Soil Association
6636:
6635:
6630:Non-governmental
6610:Northern Ireland
6591:Royal Welsh Show
6462:
6461:
6310:
6309:
6242:The Country Code
6187:Hedgerow removal
6116:Bernard Matthews
6067:
6060:
6053:
6044:
6043:
6017:
6016:
5921:John Stuart Mill
5841:Friedrich Engels
5822:Frédéric Bastiat
5815:
5667:Forced migration
5635:Collectivization
5379:
5378:
5258:First possession
5231:Bundle of rights
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5012:
4978:
4959:
4955:978-033-363762-3
4940:
4936:978-18622-0132-3
4921:
4919:
4917:
4904:
4867:
4866:, Kindle edition
4858:
4821:
4804:Tudor Enclosures
4795:
4793:
4791:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4762:
4735:
4722:
4703:
4682:
4670:
4656:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4616:
4612:978-01917-5715-0
4595:
4577:
4544:
4538:
4526:
4510:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4474:
4455:
4436:
4432:978-033-340476-8
4417:
4398:
4361:
4357:978-06916-1746-6
4345:
4332:
4307:
4303:978-08609-1701-4
4288:
4269:
4240:
4221:
4204:
4170:
4141:
4122:
4093:
4089:978-0140-60013-1
4074:
4072:
4070:
4034:
4008:
3983:
3970:Hammond, Barbara
3961:
3942:
3938:978-06311-8442-3
3923:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3876:
3857:
3832:(4): 1009–1036.
3820:
3814:
3802:
3798:978-07134-1358-8
3772:
3768:978-0880-29690-8
3753:
3751:
3749:
3736:
3723:Who Owns Britain
3717:
3715:
3713:
3700:
3677:
3656:
3652:978-0415-75927-4
3637:
3600:
3581:
3577:978-07509-1848-0
3555:
3526:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3169:Brantlinger 2018
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:, pp. 1–20.
2594:
2583:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2499:, pp. 3–35.
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:, pp. 9–10.
2325:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2178:Tillage Act 1597
2170:Tillage Act 1571
2162:Tillage Act 1562
2154:Tillage Act 1555
2150:5 & 6 Edw. 6
2146:Tillage Act 1551
2138:Tillage Act 1535
2130:Tillage Act 1533
2122:Tillage Act 1515
2114:Tillage Act 1514
2106:Tillage Act 1488
2102:
2096:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1883:
1761:
1748:
1725:NEWTON REBELLION
1699:Northamptonshire
1685:, the family of
1668:Newton Rebellion
1588:Kett's Rebellion
1580:Peasants' Revolt
1434:
1210:
1181:the King, whose
1134:Oliver Goldsmith
1128:
1127:, pp. 33–74
1111:
1110:, pp. 33–74
1097:
1076:
1064:
1028:
1008:
992:
941:
928:
912:
911:
830:
829:
816:
811:
810:
700:3 & 4 Edw. 6
688:Tillage Act 1533
578:
563:ridge and furrow
558:
542:
268:tenants in chief
215:
208:
201:
156:Domestic servant
68:Territorial lord
58:
51:
45:
21:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6866:
6830:Clarkson's Farm
6810:
6773:
6670:
6631:
6621:
6605:
6567:
6505:
6449:
6421:
6301:
6277:Natural England
6202:
6196:
6170:
6166:Vestey Holdings
6161:Saputo Dairy UK
6094:
6076:
6071:
6041:
6036:
6005:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5752:husband-selling
5689:Illegal logging
5684:Illegal fishing
5613:
5600:
5511:Freedom to roam
5484:
5397:(agrarian land)
5370:
5327:Property rights
5219:
5176:
5138:Estate (landed)
5121:
5045:
5040:
5007:Wayback Machine
4986:
4981:
4975:
4956:
4937:
4915:
4913:
4818:
4789:
4787:
4773:
4771:
4751:
4719:
4700:
4699:978-080705643-1
4679:
4653:
4627:
4625:
4613:
4523:
4490:
4488:
4471:
4452:
4451:978-014044568-8
4433:
4414:
4358:
4343:
4304:
4285:
4237:
4175:Humphries, Jane
4159:10.2307/2596510
4138:
4090:
4068:
4066:
4031:
3958:
3939:
3920:
3898:
3896:
3873:
3799:
3777:Chambers, J. D.
3769:
3747:
3745:
3733:
3711:
3709:
3697:
3653:
3597:
3578:
3544:10.2307/2590476
3486:
3467:
3459:. London: OUP.
3440:10.2307/2598295
3419:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2813:
2805:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2578:
2561:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2485:Cartwright 1994
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2434:Mulholland 2015
2432:
2428:
2420:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2218:Boldron was in
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1806:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1687:Francis Tresham
1664:
1658:
1648:was erected in
1625:
1619:
1572:
1570:Enclosure riots
1567:
1552:
1545:
1392:
1220:
1155:Barbara Hammond
1136:wrote the poem
1129:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1001:
1000:
993:
959:
957:Enclosure roads
942:
936:
927:
916:8 & 9 Vict.
909:
908:
881:
880:Status: Amended
857:8 & 9 Vict.
835:
827:
814:
809:
786:
723:
713:
667:
626:
597:
596:
595:
594:
588:
587:
586:
579:
571:
570:
559:
551:
550:
543:
468:manorial courts
425:
419:
403:
325:
256:
250:
219:
75:Tenant-in-chief
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6929:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6906:Public commons
6903:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6852:
6849:Farmers Weekly
6845:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6427:Foot-and-mouth
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6409:
6407:Victory garden
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6220:Potato Council
6212:
6206:
6204:
6203:and regulation
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6151:Norbrook Group
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Faccenda Foods
6118:
6113:
6108:
6106:ADAS (company)
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5876:
5871:
5869:Garrett Hardin
5866:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5818:
5816:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5664:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Eminent domain
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5623:Bioprospecting
5619:
5617:
5615:redistribution
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5391:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5324:
5319:
5317:Natural rights
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4984:External links
4982:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4960:
4954:
4941:
4935:
4922:
4905:
4879:(3): 669–692.
4868:
4859:
4833:(3): 621–642.
4822:
4816:
4796:
4780:
4766:Staff (2024).
4763:
4749:
4736:
4723:
4717:
4704:
4698:
4683:
4677:
4657:
4651:
4634:
4617:
4611:
4596:
4560:(3): 339–368.
4545:
4527:
4521:
4497:
4475:
4469:
4456:
4450:
4437:
4431:
4418:
4412:
4399:
4362:
4356:
4333:
4315:(226): 41–77.
4308:
4302:
4289:
4283:
4270:
4252:(4): 593–618.
4241:
4235:
4222:
4205:
4171:
4142:
4136:
4123:
4111:10.2307/490748
4105:(1): 121–131.
4094:
4088:
4075:
4035:
4030:978-0393651362
4029:
4009:
3984:
3966:Hammond, J. L.
3962:
3956:
3943:
3937:
3924:
3918:
3905:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3821:
3803:
3797:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3701:
3695:
3678:
3668:(1/2): 33–74.
3657:
3651:
3638:
3618:10.1086/242327
3612:(3): 477–504.
3601:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3556:
3538:(2): 130–140.
3527:
3507:10.2307/459383
3501:(3): 747–772.
3490:
3484:
3471:
3465:
3452:
3434:(2): 240–248.
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3316:Humphries 1990
3308:
3306:, p. 223.
3296:
3284:
3280:McCloskey 1989
3272:
3260:
3258:, p. 104.
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3099:, p. 100.
3086:
3074:
3059:
3057:, p. 198.
3047:
3035:
3033:, p. 146.
3023:
3006:
3004:, p. 295.
2994:
2982:
2970:
2955:
2943:
2941:, p. 146.
2939:McCloskey 1975
2931:
2919:
2898:
2894:Beresford 1998
2886:
2874:
2872:, p. 390.
2862:
2850:
2838:
2811:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2753:
2751:, p. 310.
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2691:, p. 145.
2681:
2669:
2667:, p. 300.
2652:
2650:, p. 430.
2640:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2584:
2559:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2473:Prestwich 2007
2465:
2450:
2448:, p. 397.
2438:
2426:
2403:
2386:
2374:
2370:McCloskey 1972
2359:
2344:
2332:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2232:
2211:
2199:
2186:
2097:
2093:manorial court
2076:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1970:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1755:
1691:Gunpowder Plot
1662:Midland Revolt
1657:
1654:
1633:Midland Revolt
1623:Midland Revolt
1618:
1617:Midland Revolt
1615:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
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1513:
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1509:
1506:
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1500:
1497:
1494:
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1489:
1486:
1483:
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1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1400:Arnold Toynbee
1395:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:Leicestershire
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1198:J. D. Chambers
1167:class conflict
1121:
1104:
1087:
1070:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1003:
1002:
994:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
967:Horace Walpole
958:
955:
938:Beresford 1946
934:
902:
901:
890:
889:
883:
882:
879:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
861:
860:
854:
848:
847:
843:
837:
836:
831:
823:
822:
818:
817:
807:
795:Tithe Act 1836
785:
782:
717:Inclosure acts
712:
709:
666:
663:
625:
622:
590:
589:
580:
573:
572:
560:
553:
552:
544:
537:
536:
535:
534:
533:
500:
499:
492:
485:
482:
479:
421:Main article:
418:
415:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
389:
383:
381:Tenant farmers
378:
372:
362:
351:
350:
341:
340:
337:
334:
324:
321:
249:
246:
221:
220:
218:
217:
210:
203:
195:
192:
191:
185:
184:
166:
165:
159:
158:
152:
151:
145:
144:
138:
137:
119:
118:
104:
103:
85:
84:
78:
77:
71:
70:
64:Lord paramount
60:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6928:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6881:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6856:Farming Today
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6632:organisations
6628:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:Animal breeds
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:Animal breeds
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Grazing marsh
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Arla Foods UK
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:Categories:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:David Ricardo
5957:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Elinor Ostrom
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Privatization
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Legal plunder
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:Expropriation
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:(watercourse)
5388:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:primogeniture
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Legal plunder
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:appropriation
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Excludability
5251:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4974:1-58367-000-9
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4786:
4781:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4750:0-520-03681-6
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4661:Overton, Mark
4658:
4654:
4652:0-521-56774-2
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4524:
4522:9780807050750
4518:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4413:0-521-35200-2
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4337:McCloskey, D.
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4284:1-84383-202-X
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4236:0-521-82771-X
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4080:Captain Swing
4076:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4050:(66): 21–61.
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:Hickel, Jason
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:(144): 3–35.
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3957:1-57027-059-7
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3919:0-7509-2723-2
3915:
3911:
3906:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3872:0-19-215355-2
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:Mingay, G. E.
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3732:1-84195-310-5
3728:
3724:
3719:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3696:9781138564398
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:. Routledge.
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3596:1-86189-201-2
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3409:, p. 57.
3408:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3354:, p. 40.
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3330:, p. 16.
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3282:, p. 17.
3281:
3276:
3270:, p. 87.
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3232:Lefebvre 1984
3228:
3221:
3220:Federici 2004
3216:
3210:, p. 35.
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3135:, p. 23.
3134:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3045:, p. 63.
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 48.
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2896:, p. 28.
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2764:Thompson 2008
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:Bartlett 2000
2745:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2725:Bartlett 2000
2721:
2714:
2713:Hopcroft 1999
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2609:Bartlett 2000
2605:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2582:, p. 28.
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2384:, p. 33.
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2357:, p. 37.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2342:, p. 90.
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2224:County Durham
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:. c. 2), the
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:. c. 1), the
2127:
2123:
2120:. c. 5), the
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:Personal Rule
1791:
1786:
1785:royal forests
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1729:8th June 1607
1727:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:mouldy cheese
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:D. C. Coleman
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Captain Pouch
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1565:Social unrest
1558:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:Queensborough
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:Milton Bryant
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Staffordshire
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:Rise in rent
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1007:
998:
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
954:
950:
948:
939:
933:
931:
922:
919:
917:
913:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
877:
874:8 August 1845
873:
871:
867:
862:
858:
855:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
824:
819:
812:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
683:
679:
677:
673:
662:
660:
655:
651:
649:
644:
641:
636:
632:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
584:
577:
568:
564:
557:
548:
541:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:manorial lord
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
435:
430:
424:
414:
410:
408:
395:
393:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
348:
347:
346:
345:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
285:
279:
277:
273:
272:feudal system
269:
265:
261:
255:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
216:
211:
209:
204:
202:
197:
196:
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:Landed gentry
113:
109:
106:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6854:
6847:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6801:Fell farming
6351:
6327:Celtic field
6247:Crown Estate
6175:Conservation
6025:Property law
5996:
5982:
5968:
5949:
5935:
5931:Karl Polanyi
5911:
5907:Marcel Mauss
5897:
5883:
5874:David Harvey
5859:
5855:Henry George
5845:
5836:Ronald Coase
5826:
5811:
5757:wife selling
5739:bride buying
5677:repatriation
5659:
5644:
5610:Disposession
5564:
5453:Property law
5428:
5424:Forest types
5394:
5386:
5375:Applications
5305:rent-seeking
5290:Gift economy
5148:Intellectual
4964:
4945:
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4876:
4872:
4863:
4830:
4826:
4803:
4800:Thirsk, Joan
4788:. Retrieved
4772:. Retrieved
4761:, 0520036816
4740:
4731:
4708:
4687:
4666:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4601:
4557:
4553:
4533:
4513:Beacon Press
4506:
4489:. Retrieved
4485:The Guardian
4483:
4460:
4441:
4422:
4403:
4373:(1): 15–35.
4370:
4366:
4347:
4312:
4293:
4274:
4249:
4245:
4226:
4209:
4187:(1): 17–42.
4184:
4178:
4150:
4146:
4127:
4102:
4098:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4047:
4043:
4016:
3988:
3974:
3947:
3928:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3891:
3881:
3862:
3829:
3825:
3815:– via
3809:
3784:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3682:
3665:
3661:
3642:
3609:
3605:
3586:
3563:
3535:
3531:
3498:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3431:
3425:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3352:Coleman 1977
3347:
3340:Fairlie 2009
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3292:Toynbee 2020
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3208:Polyani 2001
3203:
3191:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3077:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3002:Jackman 1916
2997:
2992:, p. 4.
2985:
2973:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2889:
2882:Chisolm 1911
2877:
2865:
2858:Overton 1996
2853:
2848:, p. 1.
2846:Overton 1996
2841:
2783:
2778:, Chapter 8.
2771:
2744:
2737:Kanzaka 2002
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2643:
2616:
2604:
2557:, p. 7.
2533:
2528:, p. 4.
2521:
2497:Hatcher 1994
2492:
2480:
2468:
2441:
2429:
2422:Monbiot 1995
2377:
2335:
2306:
2245:smallholding
2235:
2214:
2202:
2189:
2100:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1964:
1916:
1782:
1764:
1750:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1680:
1672:James I
1665:
1626:
1611:
1604:
1573:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1426:D. McCloskey
1422:
1418:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1340:Bedfordshire
1310:Bedfordshire
1296:Bedfordshire
1281:Lincolnshire
1261:Coney Weston
1249:Bedfordshire
1202:G. E. Mingay
1195:
1183:Star Chamber
1178:
1160:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1098:
1088:
1079:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1015:massif from
1011:View of the
999:, Yorkshire.
997:North Riding
974:
970:
962:
960:
951:
944:
929:
924:
920:
907:
905:
870:Royal assent
787:
759:
744:
724:
684:
680:
676:depopulation
668:
659:Tudor period
656:
652:
645:
627:
598:
591:
512:Celtic field
501:
495:
457:
451:
432:
426:
411:
404:
353:
352:
343:
342:
327:
326:
317:Lincolnshire
305:Celtic field
294:
280:
257:
242:
229:
225:
224:
43:
6837:Countryfile
6823:The Archers
6402:Swing Riots
6332:Common land
6267:Legislation
6090:Agriculture
5899:Das Kapital
5786:progressive
5776:inheritance
5699:Land reform
5473:real estate
5448:Land tenure
5436:Inheritance
5364:anticommons
5300:Law of rent
5280:Game theory
5210:Information
5190:Common land
5087:Cooperative
4153:(1): 1–20.
3899:19 February
3748:1 September
3395:Martin 1986
3371:Hindle 2008
3304:Neeson 1993
3268:Mingay 2014
3198:, Part III.
3184:Hickel 2018
3019:Mingay 2014
2978:Mingay 2014
2915:Bowden 2015
2807:Turner 1986
2555:Mingay 2014
2526:Thirsk 1958
2446:Cahill 2002
2382:Mingay 2014
2355:Cahill 2002
1854:Swing Riots
1759:Calder 2009
1440:Open Field
1371:Oxfordshire
1285:before 1799
1277:23 villages
1187:Restoration
1171:bourgeoisie
1049:Thomas More
665:Legislation
508:copyholders
375:Copyholders
365:Freeholders
323:Definitions
284:Black Death
234:common land
149:Free tenant
6901:Enclosures
6895:Categories
6789:Beekeeping
6347:Dutch barn
6201:Government
6146:NFU Mutual
6030:by country
5992:Adam Smith
5879:John Locke
5543:indigenous
5538:aboriginal
5458:alienation
5153:indigenous
5143:Intangible
5057:Collective
4806:. London:
4541:Wikisource
4218:1110784622
3978:. London:
3817:Wikisource
3417:References
3407:Sharp 1980
3157:Moore 1966
3145:Moore 1966
3133:Moore 1966
3121:Moore 1966
3109:Elmes 1827
3055:Black 2004
3043:Whyte 2003
3031:Friar 2004
2870:Friar 2004
2834:Friar 2004
2776:Grant 1992
2701:Friar 2004
2689:Friar 2004
2677:Friar 2004
2665:Friar 2004
2648:Friar 2004
2597:Hoyle 1990
2538:Hooke 1988
2399:Liddy 2015
2340:Friar 2004
2299:Friar 2004
2284:Staff 2024
2260:Kettering.
2226:after the
2182:39 Eliz. 1
2174:13 Eliz. 1
1986:title deed
1660:See also:
1638:Desborough
1381:140%-167%
1367:Wendelbury
1245:Lidlington
1240:"trebled"
1221:enclosure
1125:Boyle 2003
1108:Boyle 2003
841:Long title
608:, horses,
252:See also:
142:Husbandman
101:Liege lord
82:Mesne lord
6382:Rationing
6352:Enclosure
6337:Corn Laws
6156:Openfield
6099:Companies
5893:Karl Marx
5694:Land Back
5645:Enclosure
5628:biopiracy
5566:Bergregal
5548:squatting
5322:Ownership
5236:Commodity
5215:Knowledge
5126:By nature
5082:Customary
5072:Community
4901:153930819
4855:159999424
4395:155003917
4201:155042395
3854:154462400
3687:Routledge
3634:144167728
3515:0030-8129
3383:Wood 2001
3244:Wood 1999
3196:Marx 1990
3082:Bell 1944
3070:Blum 1981
2268:Citations
2166:5 Eliz. 1
2142:27 Hen. 8
2134:25 Hen. 8
2027:Known as
1901:Range war
1830:Levellers
1783:Although
1650:Leicester
1629:Haselbech
1443:Enclosed
1355:Middlesex
1332:92%-130%
1302:90%-157%
1179:vis-a-vis
1074:More 1901
1017:Yewbarrow
979:turnpikes
805:instead.
770:heathland
755:commoners
751:13 Geo. 3
692:25 Hen. 8
672:vagabonds
602:livestock
585:=30 acres
392:Squatters
386:Cottagers
354:Villagers
344:Inclosure
328:Enclosure
313:Yorkshire
289:inflation
260:William I
230:inclosure
226:Enclosure
112:Gentleman
32:Exclosure
18:Inclosure
6880:Category
6806:Forestry
6794:June Gap
6708:Museums
6596:Tŷ unnos
6531:Crofting
6524:Shetland
6511:Scotland
6489:Cornwall
6126:Farmcare
6020:Property
5913:The Gift
5812:key work
5807:Scholars
5791:property
5748:spousal
5714:Poaching
5650:Eviction
5594:riparian
5555:Littoral
5463:easement
5441:executor
5412:literary
5337:usufruct
5285:Georgism
5165:Tangible
5160:Personal
5067:Communal
5050:By owner
5043:Property
5003:Archived
4847:20175187
4802:(1958).
4774:20 March
4759:4742314M
4728:"Surrey"
4663:(1996).
4584:44113430
4503:(1966).
4339:(1975).
4329:24545185
4069:27 April
4064:25473007
4015:(2018).
3972:(1912).
3810:Copyhold
3789:Batsford
3783:(1982).
3674:20059171
3562:(1998).
2951:Lee 2006
2311:Amt 1991
2184:. c. 2).
2126:7 Hen. 8
2118:6 Hen. 8
2110:4 Hen. 7
2088:freehold
2073:Severals
1804:See also
1756:—
1703:Boughton
1596:leveller
1511:5,058.2
1272:Doubled
1213:Village
1132:In 1770
1122:—
1105:—
1071:—
965:In 1749
935:—
852:Citation
774:downland
736:Radipole
732:1 Jas. 1
704:poll tax
567:furlongs
565:fields (
452:in gross
448:estovers
369:yeomanry
163:Vagabond
135:Vavasour
123:Franklin
93:Overlord
6862:Hurdles
6782:Sectors
6617:Cuisine
6601:Fishing
6586:Cuisine
6553:Fishing
6543:Cuisine
6501:Fishing
6484:Cuisine
6466:England
6387:Run rig
6342:Diggers
6306:History
5828:The Law
5734:Slavery
5560:Mineral
5528:Hunting
5521:pannage
5516:Grazing
5501:Fishing
5387:Acequia
5354:Rivalry
5342:women's
5200:Digital
5182:Commons
5117:Unowned
5092:Private
4893:2121479
4592:1143513
4491:4 March
4387:2117175
4266:3091958
4167:2596510
3980:Longman
3846:2697915
3626:1880278
3552:2590476
3448:2598295
2241:statute
2035:meadow.
1818:Diggers
1683:Rushton
1598:" and "
1508:5,032.2
1505:4,987.1
1502:6,033.1
1499:5,587.0
1496:5,711.5
1437:
1351:Enfield
1293:Riseley
1265:Suffolk
1219:Date of
1216:County
1051:in his
1033:Lazonby
1013:Scafell
766:marshes
614:poultry
583:virgate
524:legumes
494:Common
484:Closes.
444:pannage
440:pasture
434:demesne
388:/cottar
248:History
174:Villein
131:Retinue
108:Esquire
6639:Unions
6548:Factor
5709:Piracy
5661:Farhud
5489:Rights
5430:Huerta
5402:Estate
5224:Theory
5205:Global
5107:Social
5097:Public
5062:Common
4971:
4952:
4933:
4916:14 May
4899:
4891:
4853:
4845:
4814:
4790:14 May
4757:
4747:
4715:
4696:
4675:
4649:
4628:14 May
4609:
4590:
4582:
4536:
4534:Utopia
4519:
4467:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4393:
4385:
4354:
4327:
4300:
4281:
4264:
4233:
4216:
4199:
4165:
4134:
4119:490748
4117:
4086:
4062:
4027:
4005:651142
4003:
3954:
3935:
3916:
3869:
3852:
3844:
3812:
3795:
3765:
3729:
3712:13 May
3693:
3672:
3649:
3632:
3624:
3593:
3574:
3568:Sutton
3550:
3523:459383
3521:
3513:
3482:
3463:
3446:
1895:Bocage
1676:Newton
1646:gibbet
1600:digger
1555:bushel
1550:Notes:
1540:Source
1488:137.3
1462:Barley
1453:Barley
1387:Source
1337:Dunton
1229:Elford
1057:said:
1054:Utopia
859:c. 118
740:Dorset
635:fallow
612:, and
606:cattle
516:Barley
462:. The
429:common
264:barons
258:After
182:Cottar
178:Bordar
127:Yeoman
6815:Other
6757:CAFRE
6573:Wales
6494:Devon
6136:Genus
5798:Theft
5584:Water
5478:title
5407:legal
5395:Ejido
5133:Croft
5112:State
5077:Crown
4897:S2CID
4889:JSTOR
4851:S2CID
4843:JSTOR
4588:S2CID
4580:JSTOR
4391:S2CID
4383:JSTOR
4344:(PDF)
4325:JSTOR
4262:JSTOR
4197:S2CID
4163:JSTOR
4115:JSTOR
4060:JSTOR
4001:JSTOR
3850:S2CID
3842:JSTOR
3670:JSTOR
3630:S2CID
3622:JSTOR
3548:JSTOR
3519:JSTOR
3444:JSTOR
1982:manor
1908:Notes
1695:Tower
1534:36.8
1485:158.2
1482:218.9
1479:181.3
1476:216.0
1473:309.4
1465:Oats
1459:Wheat
1450:Wheat
1346:113%
864:Dates
790:tithe
778:moors
547:manor
522:, or
504:serfs
496:waste
472:manor
446:, or
297:Essex
189:Slave
6843:Eglu
6445:2007
6440:2001
6435:1967
6417:WWII
5781:poll
5764:wage
5533:Land
5417:real
5170:real
5102:Self
4969:ISBN
4950:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4918:2021
4812:ISBN
4792:2021
4776:2024
4745:ISBN
4713:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4647:ISBN
4630:2021
4607:ISBN
4517:ISBN
4493:2012
4465:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4427:ISBN
4408:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4279:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4214:OCLC
4132:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4071:2021
4025:ISBN
3952:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3901:2022
3867:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3750:2021
3727:ISBN
3714:2021
3691:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3511:ISSN
3495:PMLA
3480:ISBN
3461:ISBN
2033:dale
2029:dole
1816:the
1666:The
1531:31.8
1528:22.8
1525:33.3
1522:25.9
1519:18.5
1456:Oats
1378:1805
1362:33%
1359:1803
1343:1797
1329:1793
1316:88%
1313:1793
1299:1793
1288:92%
1269:1777
1256:83%
1253:1775
1237:1765
1200:and
1153:and
1151:John
776:and
762:fens
745:The
719:and
610:oxen
520:oats
489:park
407:1836
315:and
301:Kent
299:and
170:Serf
97:Vogt
6413:WWI
5771:Tax
5496:Air
4881:doi
4835:doi
4570:hdl
4562:doi
4375:doi
4317:doi
4254:doi
4189:doi
4155:doi
4107:doi
4052:doi
3993:doi
3834:doi
3830:v61
3614:doi
3540:doi
3503:doi
3436:doi
2031:or
1792:'s
528:rye
506:or
367:or
228:or
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6415:/
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4887:.
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