3255:, and decades earlier had been instrumental in suppressing the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II. This was monumental as Pumacahua changed his beliefs for the national cause, something he was against when rebelling against TĂșpac Amaru II's similar stance in the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II earlier. The rebellion continued to move their efforts towards Lima and Upper Peru to inspire and spread attention to the public and officials opposed to their beliefs. This movement also made note of the uselessness of the position of viceroyalty as a whole, though specifically in Upper Peru where it was the center of Royalist reaction Pumacahua joined the Criollo leaders in forming a junta on 3 August in Cuzco, which demanded the complete implementation of the liberal reforms of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. After some victories in southern Peru and Upper Peru, the rebellion was squashed by mid-1815 when a combined strength of royal forces and loyal curacas, among which were the Catacora and Apo Cari took Cuzco and executed Pumacahua.
3160:
Southern Peru in 1804. This was evidently the start of unrest and uprising of the junta movements between the divided country which caused royalist officials to become more aware and cautious of Cuzco and the southern parts of PerĂș as a whole. Political unrest amped up after the crumbling of the
Peruvian government structure, and after being effected by the collapse of monarchy within Spain, the country that colonized Peru, in 1808. Between 1809 and 1814, arguably the timeframe of the major junta movements and protests, Cuzco and the southern provinces of Peru were administratively and politically unstable, as expected from a country whose government is going through a general crisis. This time frame has been characterized by uncertainty and overall confusing after the implementation of the
112:
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3195:. Though this rebellion was more personal, as it had to do with a direct issue Antonio de Zela faced, it demonstrated the desire in the southern region of Peru to reunite with Upper Peru. This movement also proved that those who rebelled in the provinces of southern Peru were much closer with one another, regardless of socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity than those in Upper Peru (specifically Lima). This was significant due to the divisions between citizens due to features such as race and background and that though there may have been tensions between the groups, their common belief that Peru should be independent from Spanish-ruling overpowered all other differences they may have had.
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their strategy under the leadership of José de San Martin. In 1814, he began organizing a new approach which consisted of an audacious attack on Chile from the west, crossing the formidable Andes. The assault commenced in
January 1817, and by April of the following year, Royalist forces had been so thoroughly defeated that Santiago was secure, with only sparse remnants of Royalist resistance remaining. This victory in Chile not only secured a vital territory for the Patriots but also drew the attention and resources of the Royalists away from other fronts, weakening their hold on the region.
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36:
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leadership and responsibility within their households as husbands fled or were absent. This period of turmoil and change not only reshaped the socio-political landscape of Peru but also underscored the resilience and adaptability of its people, particularly women, in navigating the tumultuous path towards independence. By examining the intersecting narratives of colonial resistance, indigenous uprisings, and the evolving roles of women, we gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic forces at play in Peru's quest for autonomy and self-determination.
933:
2585:
women found themselves navigating newfound autonomy and responsibilities, managing finances and familial affairs independently. Despite the unrest and discontent, exacerbated by
Bourbon Reforms and the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II, Peru remained strongly royalist during the Peninsular War, with the viceroy JosĂ© Fernando de Abascal y Sousa suppressing uprisings and annexing Upper Peru to the viceroyalty. Ultimately, Peru's journey towards independence was marked by the campaigns of JosĂ© de San MartĂn and SimĂłn BolĂvar.
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3214:. It was also begun as a protest against the corruption within local governments which illegally implemented a policy that disadvantaged indigenous merchants in the area. The rebellion lasted three months, ending in May 1812, was, like the Tacna movement, united more citizens in southern Peru of different backgrounds and proved the anti-peninsular beliefs of rebels a part of the junta movements. It involved various leaders, including
3235:
3016:
3144:
3505:, San MartĂn and BolĂvar attempted to decide the political fate of Peru. San MartĂn opted for a Constitutional Monarchy, whilst Simon Bolivar (Head of the Northern Expedition) opted for a Republican. Nonetheless, they both followed the notion that it was to be independent of Spain. Following the interview, General San Martin abandoned Peru for
3486:, in the Fortress of Real Felipe at Callao. After learning the Viceroy's new orders, he retreated to the highlands again on 16 September of the same year. The Republicans pursued the retreating Royalists until reaching Jauja on 1 October 1821. After a row with General San Martin, Admiral Cochrane left Peru on 10 May 1822, being replaced by
2554:, San MartĂn was forced to withdraw from Peru. The young republic was waging a war against the royalist strongholds in the interior of the country with an uncertain outcome. This situation led to the arrival of liberating forces from the north to Peru and of SimĂłn BolĂvar, who took over control of the United Liberation Army of Peru.
3444:
left Lima, and proceeded to the highlands on 25 June 1821. General
Arenales was sent by General San MartĂn to observe the Royalist retreat. Two days after, the Liberation Expedition entered Lima. Under fear of repression and pillaging, the inhabitants of Lima begged General San MartĂn to occupy Lima.
2576:
The results of
Independence were varied: politically, dependence on Spain was cut off; economically, dependence on Europe was maintained; and socially, the removal of indigenous lands was accentuated in the republican era. Indigenous domestic workers were treated inhumanely, even in the first decades
3265:
Reinforced with the royalist regiments of Lima and
Arequipa, and expeditionary elements from Europe, the Viceroy of Peru organised several expeditions against the Patriots in Chile, Bolivia and Argentina. Meanwhile, Patriot forces, overwhelmed in their attempts to advance through Upper Peru, shifted
3066:
increased the unease, and the dissent had its outbreak in the
Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II which was repressed, but the root cause of the discontent of the indigenous people remained dormant. It is debated whether these movements should be considered as precedents of the emancipation that was led by
3242:
The rebellion began in a confrontation between the
Constitutional Cabildo and the Audiencia of Cuzco, made up of officeholders and Europeans, over the administration of the city and spread much more rapidly than any prior movement. Cabildo officials and their allies were arrested by the Audiencia.
2584:
In the 18th century, amidst early attempts for independence from
Spanish colonial rule in Peru, women faced the challenge of assuming leadership roles within their households due to the absence or flight of their husbands. As indigenous uprisings and rebellions against colonial authority erupted,
3512:
In the meantime, the
Peruvian state was bogged down by the Royalist resistance, and instability of the Republic itself. Hence, whilst the coast and Northern Peru was under the command of the Republic, the rest of the country was still under the control of the Royalists. In April 1822, a Royalist
2580:
The struggle for independence in 18th and 19th century Peru was a complex and multifaceted process, marked by indigenous uprisings, colonial resistance, and the emergence of strong regional identities. Against the backdrop of Spanish colonial rule, women found themselves thrust into positions of
3572:
Political dependence on Spain had been severed, but Peru was still economically dependent on Europe. Despite the separation from Spain, the plunder of lands from indigenous people was exacerbated in this new republican era. Indigenous domestic servants were treated inhumanely well into the 20th
3453:
Once inside Lima, General San MartĂn invited all of the populace of Lima to swear an oath of allegiance to the Independence cause. The signing ceremony of the Act of Independence of Peru was held on 15 July 1821. Manuel PĂ©rez de Tudela, later Minister of International Relations wrote the Act of
3159:
movements did emerge. Within this period, divisions between Upper Peru and Southern Peru were evident, especially through the mining industry within the country, with the South overall suffering economically due to discrimination which ultimately provoked bitter protest from mining deputies of
3122:
The independence of Peru was an important chapter in the Hispano-American wars of independence. The campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru concluded in April 1825, and in November of the same year Mexico obtained the surrender of the Spanish bastion of San Juan de UlĂșa in North America. The Spanish
3061:
who explored Peru made the first attempts for independence from the Spanish crown. They tried to liberate themselves from the Viceroyalty, who governed on behalf of the king of Castile. Throughout the eighteenth century, there were several indigenous uprisings against colonial rule and their
3094:
was instrumental in organizing armies to suppress uprisings in Upper Peru and defending the region from armies sent by the juntas of the RĂo de la Plata. After success of the royalist armies, Abascal annexed Upper Peru to the viceroyalty, which benefited the Lima merchants as trade from the
3243:
Seemingly a culmination of the prior rebellions, the motives of the 1814 movement declared by the main leaders included the struggle for power (specifically independent power from Spain), the disapproval of Fernando VII and the lack of application of promised reforms by the Audiencia.
3389:
set sail from the city of Valparaiso under the Chilean flag. The expedition was composed of 4,118 soldiers. On 7 September the Liberation expedition arrived on the bay of Pisco in today's Region of Ica and captured the province by the following day. In an attempt to negotiate, the
3373:
Two years after the Battle of MaipĂș, and the subsequent liberation of Chile, the patriots began the preparations for an amphibious assault force to liberate Peru. Originally the costs were to be assumed by both Chile and Argentina, however the Chilean government under
3431:
on 29 January 1821. In March 1821, incursions led by Miller and Cochrane attacked the royalist ports of Arica and Tacna. The new viceroy announced his departure from Lima on 5 June 1821, but ordered a garrison to resist the patriots in the
2511:. The Peruvian insurgency put the interior of the country in rebellion, although the multiple uprisings of the Tacna, HuĂĄnuco, Huamanga, Cuzco, Apurimac and others did not achieve freedom for the country. However, the
3414:) on 1 November 1820. This was followed by the Battle of Cerro de Pasco, where General Arenales defeated a royalist division sent by viceroy Pezuela. The rest of the liberation forces under Admiral Cochrane
3463:
DESDE ESTE MOMENTO EL PERĂ ES LIBRE E INDEPENDIENTE POR LA VOLUNTAD GENERAL DE LOS PUEBLOS Y POR LA JUSTICIA DE SU CAUSA QUE DIOS DEFIENDE. ÂĄVIVA LA PATRIA!, ÂĄVIVA LA LIBERTAD!, ÂĄVIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA!.
2569:. Consistent with the independence of Peru, in April 1825, the Sucre campaign in Upper Peru ended and, in November of that same year, the Spanish castle of San Juan de UlĂșa in Veracruz surrendered to
2618:
2518:
In 1820, the Great Overseas Expedition rebellion made the threat of invasion in the RĂo de la Plata and Venezuela disappear and made the arrival of the liberating forces in Peru possible. The
3378:
ended up assuming most of costs of the campaign. Nonetheless, it was determined that the land army was to be commanded by JosĂ© de San MartĂn, whilst the navy was to be commanded by admiral
1519:
3482:, moved his headquarters to Cuzco. He sent troops under the command of General Canterac which approached Lima on 10 September 1821. He failed to relief the besieged forces of General
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In 1824, an uprising in the royalist camp in Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), would pave the way for the battles of JunĂn and Ayacucho. The Peruvian Army triumphed in the
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silver-rich region was now directed to the Pacific. Because of this, Peru remained strongly royalist and participated in the political reforms implemented by the
3545:, the congress decided to send a plea in 1823 for the help of SimĂłn BolĂvar. Bolivar arrived in Lima on 10 December 1823 with the aim of liberating all of Peru.
1453:
4047:
1491:
2800:
1111:
1077:
1008:
1424:
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defected to the patriots' side. On 8 January 1821, the armed column of General Ălvarez de Arenales regrouped with the rest of the expedition on the coast.
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in South America fell in January 1826. Spain renounced all their continental American territories ten years later in 1836 leaving very little of its vast
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After the war of independence, conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of the Criollo society and the particular ambitions of individual
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1524:
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2573:. Finally, in January 1826, the Spanish strongholds of Callao and Chiloé fell. Spain renounced all its American continental domains in 1836.
4215:
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The second expedition against the Chilean Patriots in 1818 was a new attempt to restore the monarchy. Initially it was successful in the
3403:
2179:
2127:
3304:
346:
3044:
4022:
2507:. The first autonomous Peruvian rebellions arose in 1811 in the context of indigenous discontent and Creole collaboration with the
2184:
2075:
947:
3609:
2461:
1760:
664:
3327:
2159:
3420:
388:
3151:
Despite the royalist tendencies of Upper Peru and overall lack of political unrest from the general public between the end of
4686:
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2434:
2231:
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2070:
103:
2522:, under the command of Argentine General JosĂ© de San MartĂn, landed on the Peruvian coast from Chile. The royalty abandoned
4302:
2318:
2301:
2226:
1785:
1715:
17:
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beginning on 5 October 1820. During this campaign, General Arenales proclaimed the independence of the city of Huamanga (
2660:
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1770:
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1860:
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sent a letter to JosĂ© de San MartĂn 15 September. However, negotiations broke down on 14 October with no clear result.
3199:
2543:
2308:
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1660:
1446:
4731:
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3107:(representative bodies) became elected. Therefore, Peru became the second to last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in
2286:
2214:
2011:
1880:
79:
57:
3573:
century. During the birth of the republic, the indigenous people obtained open citizenship in Peru, 27 August 1861.
1665:
1643:
1166:
50:
4387:
3497:, in Guayaquil requested help from San MartĂn. He complied and sent an Auxiliary Expedition force under command of
3415:
2016:
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1725:
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1225:
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believed that the liberation of Argentina would not be secure until the Royalist stronghold in Peru was defeated.
1536:
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2720:
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1820:
1805:
1740:
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111:
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Independence. Admiral Cochrane was welcomed in Lima two days later; General JosĂ© de San MartĂn announced in the
3203:
1633:
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4651:
4133:
3693:
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was created but it was dissolved two years later due to a combined military intervention of Peruvian patriots.
3593:
3289:
2969:
2810:
2465:
2296:
2276:
1795:
1628:
3152:
2453:
2189:
1967:
1755:
1189:
4721:
3328:
JosĂ© de San MartĂn, the Liberating Expedition of Peru and the Foundation of the Peruvian Republic (1820-1822)
3037:
2519:
2241:
2204:
2199:
2050:
2040:
2026:
2021:
1982:
1835:
1735:
1680:
1344:
3111:, after Upper Peru. Peru eventually succumbed to patriot armies after the decisive continental campaigns of
3099:(1810â1814), despite Abascal's resistance. Peru was represented at the first session of the Cortes by seven
4716:
4418:
4413:
4150:
3614:
3532:
2992:
2820:
2271:
2236:
2031:
1765:
1745:
1503:
1972:
4272:
4231:
4205:
3597:
3542:
2974:
2959:
2840:
2469:
2281:
2256:
1940:
1730:
1685:
1429:
1383:
1070:
558:
3263:
After the squashing of the aforementioned rebellion, Peru remained firmly in the hands of the Royalists.
697:
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3386:
2780:
2266:
2209:
2174:
2107:
1987:
1316:
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426:
3418:
on 9 November 1820, dealing the royalist navy a heavy blow. On 2 December 1820 the royalist battalion
4423:
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4277:
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3379:
3211:
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2323:
2147:
1957:
1935:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1875:
1800:
1720:
1700:
1458:
1128:
463:
151:
2499:
made Peru a base for counterrevolution and won military victories in the south frontier in 1809, in
1496:
988:
About 20,000 dead people in total. 6,000 civilians (Spaniard population of Peru) killed or expelled.
640:
579:
4701:
4691:
4625:
4475:
4236:
3030:
2964:
2598:
2380:
2246:
2169:
2117:
2006:
1895:
1890:
1825:
1790:
1775:
1116:
226:
44:
3596:
would accede to the presidency in the first seventy-five years of independent life. In 1837, the
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604:
438:
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2348:
2164:
2090:
1830:
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1101:
616:
474:
278:
3834:
3509:
on 22 September 1822 and left the entire command of the Independence movement to Simon Bolivar.
3498:
2577:
of the 20th century. They received citizenship at the birth of the republic, on 27 August 1821.
2557:
The fighting continued with the definitive defeat of the Spanish Army in 1824 in the battles of
1140:
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4706:
4696:
4292:
4262:
3986:
3822:
3619:
3561:
3156:
3087:
2481:
2132:
2045:
1996:
1952:
1705:
1486:
1398:
1249:
1152:
815:
683:
325:
239:
61:
1371:
4377:
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3944:
3901:
Fisher, John (May 1979). "Royalism, Regionalism, and Rebellion in Colonial Peru, 1808â1815".
3858:
Fisher, John (May 1979). "Royalism, Regionalism, and Rebellion in Colonial Peru, 1808â1815".
3437:
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3187:
The first significant attempt of an armed rebellion was in June 1811 in the southern city of
2997:
2358:
2112:
1410:
1309:
1270:
1094:
832:
652:
3541:. Following the self exile of San Martin, and the constant military defeats under president
3207:
4570:
4527:
4497:
4353:
4333:
4158:
4106:
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3433:
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treatment by the colonial authorities. Some of these uprisings became true rebellions. The
2931:
2700:
2640:
2566:
2547:
2539:
2363:
2313:
1840:
1349:
1237:
1060:
292:
122:
8:
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4441:
4358:
4180:
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3100:
2760:
2670:
2477:
2438:
2328:
2102:
2065:
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2055:
1925:
1710:
1648:
1297:
414:
243:
218:
203:
147:
3533:
SimĂłn BolĂvar, the Northern Expedition and the consolidation of independence (1823-1825)
3479:
3441:
3428:
759:
739:
4605:
4512:
4343:
4328:
4282:
4195:
3926:
3883:
3827:
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3745:
3553:
3518:
3316:
3278:
3270:
3252:
3116:
2900:
2790:
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2730:
2630:
2562:
2551:
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2400:
2001:
1977:
1962:
1465:
1378:
1326:
901:
592:
117:
3549:
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The brothers José, Vicente and Mariano Angulo, leaders of the Cuzco Rebellion of 1814.
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1436:
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4338:
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3875:
3838:
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3765:
3724:
3689:
3682:
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3206:, began on 22 February 1812. This movement was partially initiated by the motives of
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2890:
2512:
2500:
2343:
2338:
2251:
1810:
937:
744:
320:
3483:
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of the country was formed. With the stalemate of the conflict and the disappointing
2515:
and montoneras movements were maintained upon the arrival of the liberating forces.
2457:
1855:
4615:
4585:
4537:
4487:
4446:
4316:
4297:
3982:
3950:
3910:
3867:
3796:
3757:
3522:
3308:
2504:
2485:
1850:
1638:
1388:
1321:
799:
783:
235:
193:
3526:
4644:
4562:
4456:
4401:
4267:
4141:
3391:
3332:
3248:
3063:
2607:
2449:
2368:
2154:
1930:
1419:
491:
468:
3175:
Juan José Crespo y Castillo, one of the leaders of the Huånuco rebellion of 1812
2472:. The immediate backdrop to the Peruvian War of Independence was French Emperor
4580:
4507:
4173:
3785:"Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru"
3746:"Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru"
3312:
3244:
3132:
3083:
3079:
2535:
2508:
2489:
2430:
2333:
1609:
993:
889:
771:
511:
401:
222:
175:
3954:
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4660:
4620:
4610:
4492:
3922:
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3808:
3769:
3538:
3514:
3487:
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3292:(19 March), the expedition was finally defeated by JosĂ© de San MartĂn in the
3161:
3108:
2385:
2137:
2085:
1900:
1577:
1287:
858:
846:
537:
517:
497:
376:
181:
3946:
Smoldering ashes : Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780-1840
3269:
The first expedition was successful in reconquering Chile after winning the
531:
4600:
4575:
4428:
3636:
3342:
3058:
973:
961:
925:
913:
4665:
4163:
3580:, made the organization of the country excessively difficult. Only three
3020:
2650:
2405:
2492:. In Spanish America, autonomous governments arose in the power vacuum.
3930:
3887:
3521:
experienced another costly defeat at the hands of the Royalists at the
3506:
3361:
signed a treaty on 5 February 1819 to prepare for an invasion. General
3300:
3138:
2429:
from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the
1815:
1780:
870:
3684:
Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780â1840
2460:. During the first decade of the 1800s Peru had been a stronghold for
4190:
3537:
The end of the war would only come with the military intervention of
3354:
3914:
3871:
3642:
Fisher, John R.; Kuethe, Allan J.; McFarlane, Anthony, eds. (1990).
3179:
3171:
3168:, efforts made by the then newly monarch-less and overruling Spain.
3128:
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3581:
3577:
3411:
2395:
189:
3234:
2390:
230:
197:
185:
4098:
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3517:. Afterwards, in January 1823 a Republican army under General
3258:
2464:, who fought those in favor of independence in Peru, Bolivia,
4590:
4048:"Aniversario de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del PerĂș"
3833:(2nd ed.). London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
3358:
3188:
2527:
433:
421:
409:
396:
361:
3646:. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press.
3277:
embarked on a campaign of fierce political persecution. The
3143:
4129:
3350:
2523:
2445:
2426:
171:
3323:
Liberation campaigns of San MartĂn and BolĂvar (1820-1825)
3273:. The capital Santiago was reoccupied in October 1814 and
3560:. The war would not end until the last royalist holdouts
3644:
Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru
3552:
under the personal orders of Simon Bolivar, and in the
4040:
3977:
Schreffler, Michael J. (2018), "Viceroyalty of Peru",
3448:
3641:
3633:
The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts
3783:
Boutron, Camille; Constant, Chloé (September 2013).
3744:
Boutron, Camille; Constant, Chloé (September 2013).
3665:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
3139:
Junta movements and autonomous uprisings (1809-1814)
3427:Viceroy Pezuela was ousted and replaced by General
3826:
3681:
3075:), and other countries in the American continent.
3720:Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808â1826
3529:reoccupied Lima on 18 June 1823 without a fight.
3440:. The royalist army under the command of General
3086:was lost and many regions established autonomous
4678:
1023:
3949:, Duke University Press, 1999, pp. 55â83,
3782:
3743:
3299:The Viceroy of Peru also successfully defended
367:
4094:Ayacucho RepĂșblica AristocrĂĄtica photo gallery
3789:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
3750:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
3469:JosĂ© de San MartĂn. Lima, 28th of July of 1821
2148:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762â63)
1607:
4114:
3338:San MartĂn proclaims the independence of Peru
3038:
2138:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762â63)
1593:
1009:
242:preserved the 856,212 km2 of the disappeared
3688:. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
3513:incursion defeated a Republican Army in the
3474:
3397:
3259:Consolidation of Royalist power (1815-1820)
2476:'s 1807 invasion of Spain that forced King
2437:, it led to the dissolution of the Spanish
4121:
4107:
3976:
3829:The Spanish American Revolutions 1808â1826
3224:), but was suppressed within a few weeks.
3045:
3031:
2565:and culminating in 1826 with the Siege of
1600:
1586:
1016:
1002:
871:Montoneros and Quechuans Peruvian patriots
745:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3987:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.2000000036
3663:The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru
3637:https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
3458:the famous declaration of independence:
3331:
3233:
3178:
3170:
3142:
2425:) was a series of military conflicts in
43:This article includes a list of general
3903:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3860:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3610:Royalist (Hispanic American Revolution)
3416:captured the royalist frigate Esmeralda
3305:United Provinces of the RĂo de la Plata
469:
352:
14:
4679:
3900:
3857:
3679:
3247:leaders appealed to retired brigadier
180:Beginning of the border problems with
4712:Spanish American wars of independence
4102:
3821:
3251:, then in his 70s, who was curaca of
3198:Another significant movement, led by
3082:(1807â1814) central authority in the
2435:Spanish American wars of independence
2133:Caribbean and North America (1739â48)
1581:
997:
104:Spanish American wars of independence
3716:
3660:
3562:surrendered the Real Felipe Fortress
3368:
29:
3717:Cruz, Juan Luis Ossa Santa (2015).
3449:Declaration of Independence of Peru
2534:proclaimed the independence of the
1634:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
24:
3402:Actual hostilities began with the
2937:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
2448:increased during the 18th century
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:1809â1826 war against Spanish rule
25:
4743:
4128:
4076:
3501:to Quito. Afterwards, during the
2881:Return to democracy and terrorism
3408:Juan Antonio Ălvarez de Arenales
3281:ended after their defeat in the
3155:(which ended in 1783) and 1808,
3092:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
3014:
2617:
2497:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
2423:Guerra de Independencia del PerĂș
967:
955:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
864:
852:
840:
809:
789:
777:
765:
753:
732:
718:
704:
690:
676:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
572:
565:
551:
544:
536:
524:
516:
504:
496:
484:
456:
432:
420:
408:
395:
369:
354:
339:
314:
307:
300:
286:
272:
110:
34:
4015:
3625:
3153:the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
2942:History of the Republic of Peru
1856:Argentine Northwest (1560â1667)
4023:"Spanish American Revolutions"
4002:
3970:
3937:
3894:
3851:
3815:
3776:
3737:
3710:
3523:Battles of Torata and Moquegua
3387:Peruvian Liberation Expedition
3290:Second Battle of Cancha Rayada
13:
1:
3703:
3349:To achieve the liberation of
2520:Liberating Expedition of Peru
4687:Peruvian War of Independence
4086:Peruvian Act of Independence
4053:(in Spanish). Archived from
4010:Spanish American Revolutions
3615:Bolivian War of Independence
3567:
2895:1980–2000, 2002–
2681:Peruvian War of Independence
2419:Peruvian War of Independence
2324:Dominican Republic (1863â65)
1337:Northern liberation campaign
1177:Southern liberation campaign
1027:Peruvian War of Independence
97:Peruvian War of Independence
7:
4553:Water supply and sanitation
3981:, Oxford University Press,
3723:. Oxford University Press.
3680:Walker, Charles F. (1999).
3603:
3598:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
3279:Spanish reconquest of Chile
2721:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2538:on 28 July 1821. Under his
174:becomes independent of the
10:
4748:
4548:Water resources management
3220:and township magistrates (
3057:Some of the early Spanish
2932:History of the Inca Empire
2588:
2526:, fortified themselves in
2180:Banda Oriental (1776â1777)
1611:Spanish colonial campaigns
1345:Maynas War of Independence
427:Captaincy-General of Chile
4638:
4561:
4483:
4474:
4409:
4400:
4324:
4315:
4258:
4249:
4224:
4149:
4140:
3955:10.1215/9780822382164-003
3661:Anna, Timothy E. (1979).
3631:Higgins, James (editor).
3594:Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn
3556:under command of General
3406:, led by patriot General
3380:Thomas Alexander Cochrane
3212:First Upper Peru Campaign
3193:Francisco Antonio de Zela
3183:Francisco Antonio de Zela
2911:Peruvian political crisis
2484:to abdicate in favour of
2232:Spanish America (1808â33)
2227:RĂo de la Plata (1806â07)
1619:
1035:
987:
982:
824:
464:Francisco Antonio de Zela
446:
254:
152:Real Audiencia of Charcas
128:
109:
101:
96:
3475:San MartĂn Abandons Peru
3421:VoltĂgeros de la Guardia
3398:Beginning of hostilities
3307:, with victories in the
2871:Revolutionary Government
2401:Western Sahara (1973â76)
2329:Peru and Chile (1864â66)
2128:Banda Oriental (1735â37)
1629:Canary Islands (1402â96)
1556:Naval Blockade of Callao
221:is dismembered from the
4206:EcuadorianâPeruvian War
3525:. The Royalist general
3385:On 21 August 1820, the
3090:. The viceroy of Peru,
2841:EcuadorianâPeruvian War
2811:National Reconstruction
2711:Supreme Governing Junta
2185:North America (1779â83)
2103:North America (1702â13)
1941:Philippines (1599-1600)
1876:Philippines (1565â1898)
64:more precise citations.
3620:Campaigns of the South
3543:JosĂ© de la Riva AgĂŒero
3472:
3346:
3239:
3227:More enduring was the
3184:
3176:
3148:
2970:Constitutional history
2433:. Part of the broader
2422:
1367:Colombian intervention
877:Co-belligerent armies:
816:Antonio de Quintanilla
580:José Bernardo de Tagle
559:JosĂ© de la Riva AgĂŒero
447:Commanders and leaders
4388:Regions and provinces
3558:Antonio José de Sucre
3495:Antonio José de Sucre
3490:as head of the navy.
3460:
3438:First siege of Callao
3335:
3237:
3182:
3174:
3146:
2861:Moderate civil reform
2821:Aristocratic Republic
2641:Ancient civilizations
2456:by indigenous leader
2406:Western Sahara (1975)
2359:Philippines (1896â98)
2314:Cochinchina (1858â62)
2215:Caribbean (1796â1802)
2076:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
2012:Philippines (1638-46)
1886:Philippines (1567â72)
1741:El Salvador (1524â39)
1736:Guatemala (1524â1697)
1696:Puerto Rico (1511â29)
983:Casualties and losses
974:Spanish Imperial Navy
962:Spanish Imperial Army
726:JoaquĂn de la Pezuela
439:Governorate of Chiloé
293:Peruvian Protectorate
4732:PeruâSpain relations
4722:Wars involving Spain
4303:World Heritage Sites
3503:Guayaquil Conference
3499:Andrés de Santa Cruz
3434:Real Felipe Fortress
2701:Protectorate of Peru
2655:1438–1533/1572
2635:12000 BCE–1532
2548:Guayaquil Conference
2544:Constituent Congress
2086:New Mexico (1680â92)
1041:Autonomous uprisings
225:after defeating the
168:Independence of Peru
123:Antonio Herrera Toro
18:Independence of Peru
4717:Wars involving Peru
4186:War of Independence
4060:on 13 December 2011
3456:Plaza Mayor of Lima
3283:Battle of Chacabuco
3231:from 1814 to 1815.
3071:), Peruvian towns (
2960:Demographic history
2926:By political entity
2801:Peruvian Resistance
2761:Chincha Islands War
2691:Foundational Period
2645:3500 BCE–1470
2550:with the Liberator
2452:, which led to the
2439:Viceroyalty of Peru
2319:Morocco (1859â1860)
2309:Balanguingui (1848)
2277:Venezuela (1811â23)
2242:Argentina (1810â18)
1756:YucatĂĄn (1527â1697)
1731:Chiapas (1523â1695)
890:Gran Colombian Army
641:Carlos M. de Alvear
415:Viceroyalty of Peru
244:Viceroyalty of Peru
227:royalist resistance
219:Viceroyalty of Peru
204:Viceroyalty of Peru
148:Viceroyalty of Peru
4452:Telecommunications
4196:War of the Pacific
3635:, 2014. Online at
3590:Nicolås de Piérola
3554:Battle of Ayacucho
3519:Rudecindo Alvarado
3376:Bernardo O'Higgins
3363:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
3347:
3341:. Oil painting by
3271:Battle of Rancagua
3240:
3229:Rebellion of Cuzco
3208:Juan Jose Castelli
3185:
3177:
3166:Council of Regency
3149:
3113:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
2851:OdrĂa Dictatorship
2791:Occupation of Lima
2781:Occupation of Peru
2771:War of the Pacific
2631:Pre-Columbian Peru
2474:Napoleon Bonaparte
2454:1780â1781 uprising
2364:Puerto Rico (1898)
2334:Puerto Rico (1868)
2292:Colombia (1819â20)
2287:Colombia (1815â16)
2267:El Salvador (1811)
2252:Paraguay (1810â11)
2195:New Granada (1781)
2165:Philippines (1762)
2071:Porto Bello (1668)
2041:Philippines (1646)
1997:Philippines (1630)
1953:Philippines (1602)
1936:Puerto Rico (1598)
1926:Philippines (1596)
1921:Puerto Rico (1595)
1916:Cambodia (1593â97)
1796:Colombia (1537â40)
1746:Honduras (1524â39)
1711:Mexico (1519â1821)
1520:Brown's Expedition
1492:Conquest of Chiloé
1379:Balconcillo mutiny
1049:Goyeneche campaign
902:Gran Colombia Navy
653:Bernardo O'Higgins
617:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
118:Battle of Ayacucho
4674:
4673:
4634:
4633:
4523:List of Peruvians
4470:
4469:
4396:
4395:
4383:Political parties
4349:Foreign relations
4311:
4310:
4245:
4244:
4211:Internal conflict
4201:ColombiaâPeru War
3996:978-1-884446-05-4
3979:Oxford Art Online
3964:978-0-8223-2261-0
3436:, leading to the
3369:Peruvian campaign
3285:(February 1817).
3275:Vicente San Bruno
3222:alcaldes pedĂĄneos
3055:
3054:
2919:
2918:
2891:Internal conflict
2501:La Paz revolution
2414:
2413:
2396:Morocco (1957â58)
2391:Morocco (1920â26)
2386:Morocco (1911â12)
2349:Morocco (1893â94)
2297:Ecuador (1820â22)
2237:Bolivia (1809â25)
2170:Chile (1766â1767)
2118:Chile (1723â1726)
2051:Hispaniola (1655)
1958:Insulindia (1603)
1911:Insulindia (1585)
1906:Insulindia (1582)
1816:Chile (1546â1662)
1706:Algeria (1517â18)
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1544:Guruceta campaign
1532:Cochrane campaign
1425:Olañeta rebellion
992:
991:
938:Army of the Andes
712:José de Goyeneche
629:Juan de las Heras
321:Peruvian Republic
250:
249:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4739:
4654:
4647:
4481:
4480:
4432:
4407:
4406:
4322:
4321:
4256:
4255:
4216:Political crisis
4169:Spanish conquest
4159:Ancient cultures
4147:
4146:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3832:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3714:
3699:
3687:
3676:
3657:
3480:José de la Serna
3470:
3442:José de Canterac
3429:José de la Serna
3309:Battle of Viluma
3115:(1820â1823) and
3047:
3040:
3033:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2965:Economic history
2741:Military Anarchy
2661:Spanish conquest
2627:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2593:
2592:
2505:Battle of Guaqui
2503:and 1811 in the
2486:Joseph Bonaparte
2302:Mexico (1821â29)
2257:Mexico (1810â21)
2160:Nicaragua (1762)
1811:Halmahera (1545)
1781:Brazil (1534-36)
1716:Mexico (1519â21)
1614:
1612:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1500:
1462:
1450:
1433:
1414:
1402:
1375:
1313:
1301:
1284:
1267:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1170:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1057:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1011:
1004:
995:
994:
972:
971:
970:
960:
959:
958:
936:
935:
934:
924:
923:
922:
912:
911:
910:
900:
899:
898:
888:
887:
886:
869:
868:
867:
857:
856:
855:
845:
844:
843:
814:
813:
812:
804:
794:
793:
792:
784:Melchor Aymerich
782:
781:
780:
770:
769:
768:
760:José de Canterac
758:
757:
756:
747:
740:José de la Serna
737:
736:
735:
723:
722:
721:
709:
708:
707:
695:
694:
693:
681:
680:
679:
663:
662:
661:
651:
650:
649:
639:
638:
637:
627:
626:
625:
615:
614:
613:
605:Antonio de Sucre
603:
602:
601:
591:
590:
589:
577:
576:
575:
570:
569:
568:
556:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:
540:
529:
528:
527:
520:
509:
508:
507:
500:
489:
488:
487:
479:
471:
461:
460:
459:
437:
436:
425:
424:
413:
412:
400:
399:
379:
375:
373:
372:
364:
360:
358:
357:
347:United Provinces
345:
343:
342:
319:
318:
317:
312:
311:
310:
305:
304:
303:
291:
290:
289:
279:Rebels or Juntas
277:
276:
275:
236:Republic of Peru
176:Spanish monarchy
130:
129:
114:
94:
93:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4702:1820s conflicts
4692:1810s conflicts
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4630:
4557:
4533:Public holidays
4466:
4430:
4392:
4307:
4288:Protected areas
4283:Natural regions
4241:
4220:
4136:
4127:
4090:
4082:
4079:
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4063:
4061:
4057:
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4021:
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4016:
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3997:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3915:10.2307/2514413
3899:
3895:
3872:10.2307/2514413
3856:
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3820:
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3781:
3777:
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3738:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3673:
3654:
3628:
3606:
3570:
3550:Battle of JunĂn
3535:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3451:
3404:Sierra Campaign
3400:
3392:viceroy of Peru
3371:
3330:
3325:
3294:Battle of MaipĂș
3264:
3261:
3249:Mateo Pumacahua
3147:Mateo Pumacahua
3141:
3123:strongholds in
3097:Cortes of CĂĄdiz
3064:Bourbon Reforms
3051:
3021:Peru portal
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2927:
2901:Economic crisis
2885:1980–2000
2875:1968–1980
2865:1956–1968
2855:1948–1956
2835:1919–1930
2825:1895–1919
2815:1884–1895
2805:1881–1883
2795:1881–1883
2785:1879–1883
2775:1879–1883
2765:1865–1879
2755:1845–1866
2745:1841–1845
2735:1839–1841
2725:1836–1839
2715:1822–1823
2705:1821–1822
2695:1821–1842
2685:1809–1826
2675:1542–1824
2665:1532–1572
2609:
2602:
2591:
2488:, starting the
2450:Bourbon Reforms
2415:
2410:
2282:Chile (1812â27)
2143:Portugal (1762)
2036:Valdivia (1643)
1973:PetĂ©n (1618â97)
1615:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1576:
1571:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1512:Naval campaigns
1494:
1456:
1444:
1427:
1408:
1396:
1384:2nd Intermedios
1369:
1317:1st Intermedios
1307:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1259:Miller campaign
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1164:
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1080:
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839:
820:
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790:
788:
778:
776:
766:
764:
754:
752:
733:
731:
719:
717:
705:
703:
698:José de Abascal
691:
689:
677:
675:
669:
665:Thomas Cochrane
659:
657:
647:
645:
635:
633:
623:
621:
611:
609:
599:
597:
587:
585:
573:
571:
566:
564:
552:
550:
545:
543:
525:
523:
505:
503:
492:Mateo Pumacahua
485:
483:
475:
457:
455:
431:
419:
407:
394:
393:
383:
370:
368:
355:
353:
340:
338:
333:Co-belligerents
323:
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
287:
285:
281:
273:
271:
240:Siege of Callao
233:
213:
202:Dissolution of
164:
163:Patriot victory
154:
138:(17 years)
137:
120:
115:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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4442:Stock Exchange
4439:
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4410:
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4398:
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4208:
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4176:
4174:Neo-Inca State
4171:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4078:
4077:External links
4075:
4072:
4071:
4039:
4014:
4001:
3995:
3969:
3963:
3936:
3909:(2): 232â257.
3893:
3866:(2): 232â257.
3850:
3843:
3814:
3801:10.1086/670827
3795:(1): 177â195.
3775:
3762:10.1086/670827
3756:(1): 177â195.
3736:
3730:978-1781387443
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3569:
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3534:
3531:
3493:In the north,
3484:José de La Mar
3476:
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3399:
3396:
3370:
3367:
3329:
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3324:
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3260:
3257:
3140:
3137:
3084:Spanish Empire
3080:Peninsular War
3053:
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3027:
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2831:New Motherland
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2614:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2536:Peruvian State
2530:, and General
2509:May Revolution
2490:Peninsular War
2458:TĂșpac Amaru II
2444:Discontent in
2431:Spanish Empire
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Morocco (1909)
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Cuba (1895â98)
2351:
2346:
2344:Cuba (1879â80)
2341:
2339:Cuba (1868â78)
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Uruguay (1811)
2269:
2264:
2262:Peru (1811â24)
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Florida (1810)
2244:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Algiers (1784)
2202:
2200:Algiers (1783)
2197:
2192:
2190:Peru (1780â82)
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Algiers (1775)
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Bahamas (1720)
2110:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:Morocco (1689)
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Jamaica (1658)
2063:
2061:Jamaica (1657)
2058:
2056:Jamaica (1655)
2053:
2048:
2046:Tortuga (1654)
2043:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Morocco (1614)
1965:
1963:Tunisia (1605)
1960:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Tunisia (1574)
1893:
1891:Tunisia (1573)
1888:
1883:
1881:Florida (1565)
1878:
1873:
1871:Morocco (1564)
1868:
1866:Morocco (1563)
1863:
1861:Algeria (1563)
1858:
1853:
1851:Tunisia (1560)
1848:
1846:Algeria (1558)
1843:
1841:Algeria (1556)
1838:
1836:Algeria (1555)
1833:
1828:
1826:Tunisia (1550)
1823:
1821:Algeria (1547)
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Algeria (1543)
1803:
1801:Algeria (1541)
1798:
1793:
1791:Tunisia (1535)
1788:
1786:Algeria (1535)
1783:
1778:
1776:Tunisia (1534)
1773:
1771:Peru (1532â72)
1768:
1766:Algeria (1531)
1763:
1761:Algeria (1529)
1758:
1753:
1751:Morocco (1525)
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Tunisia (1520)
1723:
1721:Algeria (1519)
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Algeria (1516)
1698:
1693:
1691:Tunisia (1510)
1688:
1686:Tripoli (1510)
1683:
1681:Algeria (1510)
1678:
1676:Algeria (1509)
1673:
1671:Morocco (1508)
1668:
1666:Algeria (1507)
1663:
1661:Algeria (1505)
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:Melilla (1497)
1646:
1644:Algeria (1497)
1641:
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1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1489:
1484:
1482:Sucre campaign
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1434:
1422:
1417:
1416:
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1391:
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1355:2nd Higos Urco
1352:
1350:1st Higos Urco
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1302:
1290:
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1276:Quito campaign
1273:
1268:
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874:
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861:
849:
830:
827:
826:
825:Units involved
822:
821:
819:
818:
806:
786:
774:
772:Mariano Osorio
762:
750:
729:
715:
701:
687:
672:
670:
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655:
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631:
619:
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512:Mariano Melgar
501:
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442:
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429:
417:
402:Spanish Empire
384:
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365:
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223:Spanish Empire
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26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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4730:
4728:
4727:Colonial Peru
4725:
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4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:1820s in Peru
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:1810s in Peru
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4089:
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4028:
4027:www.brown.edu
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3897:
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3844:0-393-95537-0
3840:
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3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:Gran Colombia
3530:
3528:
3527:José Canterac
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:Battle of Ica
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3488:Martin Guisse
3485:
3481:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:, leaders of
3352:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3295:
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3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
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3246:
3236:
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3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:Junta Central
3158:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3119:(1823â1825).
3118:
3117:SimĂłn BolĂvar
3114:
3110:
3109:South America
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:conquistadors
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Years in Peru
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2975:Peruvian wars
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2938:
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2902:
2899:
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2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2799:
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2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
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2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
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2689:
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2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2552:SimĂłn BolĂvar
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:Ferdinand VII
2479:
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2471:
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2463:
2459:
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2310:
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2270:
2268:
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2240:
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2161:
2158:
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2153:
2149:
2146:
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2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Chiloé (1712)
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Panama (1671)
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
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2054:
2052:
2049:
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2042:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:Taiwan (1642)
2025:
2023:
2022:Taiwan (1641)
2020:
2018:
2017:Brazil (1640)
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Brazil (1638)
2005:
2003:
2002:Brazil (1631)
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:Taiwan (1626)
1981:
1979:
1978:Brazil (1625)
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Brunei (1578)
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
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1654:
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1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Guinea (1478)
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1598:
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1562:
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1545:
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1526:
1521:
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1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:Last bastions
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Callao mutiny
1418:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
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1340:
1336:
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1328:
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1303:
1299:
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1289:
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1260:
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1234:
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1100:
1096:
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1079:
1076:
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1059:
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1047:
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1045:
1044:
1040:
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1029:
1019:
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1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
986:
981:
975:
965:
963:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:Royalist Army
944:
939:
929:
927:
917:
915:
905:
903:
893:
891:
881:
880:
879:
878:
872:
862:
860:
859:Peruvian Navy
850:
848:
847:Peruvian Army
838:
837:
836:
834:
829:
828:
823:
817:
807:
805:
803:
797:
796:Pedro Olañeta
787:
785:
775:
773:
763:
761:
751:
748:
742:
741:
730:
728:
727:
716:
714:
713:
702:
700:
699:
688:
686:
685:
684:Ferdinand VII
674:
673:
671:
666:
656:
654:
644:
642:
632:
630:
620:
618:
608:
606:
596:
594:
593:SimĂłn BolĂvar
584:
582:
581:
563:
561:
560:
542:
539:
534:
533:
522:
519:
514:
513:
502:
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494:
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482:
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428:
423:
418:
416:
411:
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:
392:
390:
385:
378:
377:Gran Colombia
366:
363:
351:
348:
337:
336:
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327:
322:
298:
294:
284:
280:
270:
268:
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261:
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245:
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237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
210:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Gran Colombia
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
141:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
119:
113:
108:
105:
100:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2019
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4601:Machu Picchu
4571:Architecture
4528:Prostitution
4498:Demographics
4419:Central Bank
4354:Human rights
4334:Constitution
4185:
4091:(in Spanish)
4083:(in Spanish)
4062:. Retrieved
4055:the original
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3978:
3972:
3945:
3939:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3828:
3817:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3719:
3712:
3683:
3662:
3643:
3632:
3626:Bibliography
3586:Manuel Pardo
3575:
3571:
3547:
3536:
3511:
3492:
3478:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3384:
3372:
3348:
3343:Juan Lepiani
3336:
3303:against the
3298:
3287:
3268:
3262:
3241:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3197:
3186:
3150:
3121:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3056:
3003:Coups d'Ă©tat
2680:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2556:
2542:, the first
2540:Protectorate
2517:
2494:
2480:and his son
2443:
2418:
2416:
2375:20th century
2261:
2221:19th century
2210:Chile (1792)
2097:18th century
2033:
1992:Nevis (1629)
1989:
1947:17th century
1831:Libya (1551)
1655:16th century
1623:15th century
1209:2nd Arenales
1197:1st Arenales
1025:
946:
926:Chilean Navy
914:Chilean Army
876:
875:
833:Patriot Army
831:
801:
738:
724:
710:
696:
682:
578:
557:
530:
510:
490:
476:
462:
387:
386:
380:(since 1823)
349:(until 1822)
332:
331:
263:
255:Belligerents
162:
121:Painting by
102:Part of the
91:
76:
67:
48:
4437:Electricity
4414:Agriculture
4371:enforcement
4273:Earthquakes
4232:Demographic
4181:Viceroyalty
4164:Inca Empire
3823:Lynch, John
3315:(1816) and
3296:(5 April).
3210:within the
3078:During the
2915:2016–
2731:Restoration
2671:Viceroyalty
2651:Inca Empire
2608:History of
2369:Guam (1898)
2155:Cuba (1762)
2123:Oran (1732)
1931:Cuba (1596)
1559: [
1547: [
1535: [
1523: [
1504:Iquicha War
1495: [
1457: [
1454:Corpahuaico
1445: [
1428: [
1409: [
1397: [
1370: [
1308: [
1296: [
1279: [
1262: [
1248: [
1236: [
1224: [
1212: [
1200: [
1188: [
1165: [
1151: [
1139: [
1127: [
1115: [
1093: [
1081: [
1069: [
1052: [
296:(1821-1822)
282:(1809-1821)
212:Territorial
62:introducing
4681:Categories
4596:Literature
4513:Irrigation
4431:(currency)
4344:Government
4329:Censorship
4012:, 165â170.
3704:References
3695:0822322935
3672:0803210043
3653:080711569X
3507:Valparaiso
3301:Upper Peru
3103:and local
2532:San MartĂn
2478:Charles IV
2421:(Spanish:
1988:St. Kitts
1487:2nd Callao
1442:Bellavista
1271:1st Callao
1221:Aznapuquio
1112:Chacaltaya
532:José Olaya
238:after the
45:references
4543:Squatting
4518:Languages
4503:Education
4462:Transport
4424:Companies
4339:Elections
4278:Mountains
4251:Geography
4191:Guano Era
3923:0018-2168
3880:0018-2168
3809:0097-9740
3770:0097-9740
3582:civilians
3578:caudillos
3568:Aftermath
3564:in 1826.
3355:Argentina
3253:Chinchero
3069:caudillos
2751:Guano Era
2513:guerrilla
2462:royalists
1078:2nd Tacna
1061:1st Tacna
389:Royalists
136:1809â1826
4661:Category
4616:Religion
4538:Religion
4488:Abortion
4447:Taxation
4378:Military
4317:Politics
4298:Wildlife
4237:Economic
4225:By topic
4151:Timeline
4134:articles
4064:21 March
4032:22 April
3825:(1986).
3604:See also
3467:â
3412:Ayacucho
3319:(1817).
3317:Sopachuy
3311:(1815),
3164:and the
3135:intact.
3105:cabildos
3101:deputies
3067:chiefs (
2993:Timeline
2987:See also
2954:By topic
2599:a series
2597:Part of
2563:Ayacucho
2495:Viceroy
1466:Ayacucho
1394:Arequipa
1327:Moquegua
1245:Quiapata
1162:Aymaraes
1148:Umachiri
1124:Apacheta
265:Patriots
190:Colombia
143:Location
4645:Outline
4626:Symbols
4586:Cuisine
4563:Culture
4476:Society
4457:Tourism
4402:Economy
4268:Climate
4142:History
4008:Lynch,
3931:2514413
3888:2514413
3835:164â165
3245:Criollo
3217:curacas
3204:HuĂĄnuco
3200:natives
3191:led by
3073:pueblos
2589:History
2032:Chiloé
1406:Falsuri
1305:Caucato
1185:Paracas
1090:Camiara
1066:HuĂĄnuco
802:†
743: (
477:†
473:)
467: (
231:Iquicha
214:changes
198:Bolivia
186:Ecuador
58:improve
4666:Portal
4581:Cinema
4508:Health
4293:Rivers
4263:Cities
4132:
3993:
3961:
3929:
3921:
3886:
3878:
3841:
3807:
3768:
3727:
3692:
3669:
3650:
3133:empire
3129:Chiloé
3125:Callao
3088:juntas
2601:on the
2571:Mexico
2567:Callao
1389:Zepita
1360:Habana
1322:Torata
1233:Ataura
1136:MatarĂĄ
1107:Huanta
798:
535:
515:
495:
374:
359:
344:
324:(1822-
194:Brazil
159:Result
47:, but
4652:Index
4621:Sport
4611:Music
4606:Media
4591:Llama
4493:Crime
4058:(PDF)
4051:(PDF)
3927:JSTOR
3884:JSTOR
3359:Chile
3189:Tacna
3157:junta
2905:1980s
2559:JunĂn
2528:Cusco
2470:Chile
2466:Quito
1563:]
1551:]
1539:]
1527:]
1499:]
1461:]
1449:]
1437:JunĂn
1432:]
1413:]
1401:]
1374:]
1312:]
1300:]
1293:Paras
1283:]
1266:]
1252:]
1240:]
1228:]
1216:]
1204:]
1192:]
1169:]
1155:]
1143:]
1131:]
1119:]
1102:Cuzco
1097:]
1085:]
1073:]
1056:]
362:Chile
4429:Sol
4359:LGBT
4130:Peru
4066:2013
4034:2024
3991:ISBN
3959:ISBN
3919:ISSN
3876:ISSN
3839:ISBN
3805:ISSN
3766:ISSN
3725:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3592:and
3357:and
3351:Peru
3313:Yavi
3127:and
2845:1941
2610:Peru
2561:and
2524:Lima
2468:and
2446:Peru
2427:Peru
2417:The
234:The
217:The
196:and
188:and
172:Peru
150:and
133:Date
116:The
4576:Art
4366:Law
3983:doi
3951:doi
3911:doi
3868:doi
3797:doi
3758:doi
3202:in
1288:Ica
746:WIA
470:POW
326:end
229:in
192:),
4683::
4025:.
3989:,
3957:,
3925:.
3917:.
3907:59
3905:.
3882:.
3874:.
3864:59
3862:.
3837:.
3803:.
3793:39
3791:.
3787:.
3764:.
3754:39
3752:.
3748:.
3588:,
3584::
3382:.
2441:.
1561:es
1549:es
1537:es
1525:es
1497:es
1459:es
1447:es
1430:es
1411:es
1399:es
1372:es
1310:es
1298:es
1281:es
1264:es
1250:es
1238:es
1226:es
1214:es
1202:es
1190:es
1167:es
1153:es
1141:es
1129:es
1117:es
1095:es
1083:es
1071:es
1054:es
4122:e
4115:t
4108:v
4068:.
4036:.
3985::
3953::
3933:.
3913::
3890:.
3870::
3847:.
3811:.
3799::
3772:.
3760::
3733:.
3698:.
3675:.
3656:.
3345:.
3046:e
3039:t
3032:v
2034:·
1990:·
1601:e
1594:t
1587:v
1017:e
1010:t
1003:v
950::
835::
749:)
391::
328:)
267::
246:.
184:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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