2045:(SDKs), typically a version of the console with added debugging features that would cost several thousands of dollars and come with numerous restrictions on its use to prevent trade secrets related to the console from being leaked. Console manufacturers may have also restricted sales of SDKs to only certain developers that met specific criteria, leaving potential indie developers unable to acquire them. When indie games became more popular by 2010, the console manufacturers as well as mobile device operating system providers released special software-based SDKs to build and test games first on personal computers and then on these consoles or mobile devices. These SDKs were still offered at commercial rates to larger developers, but reduced pricing was provided to those who would generally self-publish via digital distribution on the console or mobile device's storefront, such as with the
2397:
1865:
1288:
140:
13547:
85:
36:
65:
1376:
1514:. Sony and Nintendo followed suit, encouraging indie developers to bring games onto their platforms. By 2013, all three console manufacturers had established programs that allowed indie developers to apply for low-cost development toolkits and licenses to publish directly onto the console's respective storefronts following approval processes. A number of "boutique" indie game publishers were founded in this period to support funding, technical support, and publishing of indie games across various digital and retail platforms. In 2012,
974:
1971:
developers are usually self-taught and thus may not have certain disciplines of typical programmers, thereby allowing for more creative freedom and new ideas. However, some may see amateur work less favorably than those that have had experience, whether from school or from the industry, relying on game development toolkits rather than programming languages, and they may associate such titles as amateur or hobbyist. Some such amateur-developed games have found great success. Examples of these include
45:
1436:, and since then, several other similar crowdfunding options for game developers have become available. Crowdfunding eliminated some of the cost risk associated with indie game development, and created more opportunities for indie developers to take chances on new titles. With more indie titles emerging during this period, larger publishers and the industry as a whole started taking notice of indie games as a significant movement within the field. One of the first examples of this was
56:
2467:, are typically annual competitions in which game developers are given a theme, concept and/or specific requirements and given a limited amount of time, on the order of a few days, to come up with a game prototype to submit for review and voting by judges, with the potential to win small cash prizes. Companies can also have internal game jams as a means to relieve stress which may generate ideas for future games, as has notably been the case for developer
1616:
76:
1836:, identified three primary distinctions between the established doujin culture and the Western idea of indie games. From a conceptual view, indie games generally promote independence and novelty in thought, while doujin games tend to be ideas shared by a common group of people and tend to not veer from established concepts (such as strong favoritism towards the well-established RPG genre). From a genealogical standpoint, the nature of
2090:. These boutique publishers, having experience in making indie games themselves, typically will provide necessary financial support and marketing but have little to no creative control on developers' product as to maintain the "indie" nature of the game. In some cases, the publisher may be more selective of the type of games it supports; Annapurna Interactive sought games that were "personal, emotional and original".
4577:
1148:
1907:, were developed by a single person, though often with support of artists and musicians for those assets. More common are small teams of developers, from two to a few dozen, with additional support from external artists. While it is possible for development teams to be larger, with this comes a higher cost overhead of running the studio, which may be risky if the game does not perform well.
1267:
magazines at that time, providing an easy means for amateur and hobbyist developers to be recognized. The ability to produce numerous copies of games, even if just shareware/demo versions, at a low cost helped to propel the idea as the PC as a gaming platform. At the time, shareware was generally associated with hobbyist programmers, but the releases of
2026:, but there are numerous others as well. Small studios that do not anticipate large sales are generally afforded reduced prices for mainstream game engines and middleware. These products may be offered free, or be offered at a substantial royalty discount that only increases if their sales exceed certain numbers. Indie developers may also use
735:
current mainstream games. A number of indie games at that time became success stories that drove more interest in the area. New industry opportunities have arisen since then, including new digital storefronts, crowdfunding, and other indie funding mechanisms to help new teams get their games off the ground. There are also low-cost and
2252:, established in 2013, has been more focused on serving indie games over mainstream ones, providing the developers with store pages and other tools to help with marketing. Other services act more as digital retailers, giving tools to the indie developer to be able to accept and redeem online purchases and distribute the game, such as
2236:. A new issue had arisen for larger mainstream games that featured multiplayer elements, in that updates and patches could easily be distributed through these sites but making sure all users were equally informed of the updates was difficult, and without the updates, some players would be unable to participate in multiplayer modes.
2216:), respectively. Game magazines started to include shareware games on pack-in demo discs with each issue, and as with mail-order, companies arose that provided shareware sampler discs and served to help with shareware payment and redemption processing. Shareware remained a popular form of distribution even with availability of
1003:, with simpler graphics atop the more complex mechanics. Indie games may fall into classic game genres, but new gameplay innovations have been seen. However, being "indie" does not imply that the game focuses on innovation. In fact, many games with the "indie" label can be of poor quality and may not be made for profit.
883:. Being independent, developers do not have controlling interests or creative limitations, and do not require the approval of a publisher, as mainstream game developers usually do. Design decisions are thus also not limited by an allocated budget. Furthermore, smaller team sizes increase individual involvement.
6243:
The jump in development and marketing costs has made the videogame industry "enormously risk averse,Publishers have largely focused on making sequels to successful titles or games based on movie or comic book characters, which are seen as less risky. "We don't green light any more things that will be
5007:
The jump in development and marketing costs has made the videogame industry "enormously risk averse,Publishers have largely focused on making sequels to successful titles or games based on movie or comic book characters, which are seen as less risky. "We don't green light any more things that will be
2471:
and its
Amnesia Fortnight game jams. The structure of such jams can influence whether the end games are more experimental or serious, and whether they are to be more playful or more expressive. While many game jam prototypes go no further, some developers have subsequently expanded the prototype into
2305:
The industry perception towards indie games have also shifted, making the tactics of how to develop and market indie games difficult in contrast to AAA games. In 2008, a developer could earn around 17% of a game's retail price, and around 85% if sold digitally. This can lead to the appearance of more
2122:
of the game to provide software testing and gameplay feedback. Those consumers become entitled to the full game for free on release, while others may have to pay a higher price for the final game. This can provide funding midway though development, but like with crowd-funding, consumers expect a game
1399:
that offered indie games alongside traditional AAA titles, as well as specialized storefronts for indie games. While direct online distribution helped indie games to reach players, these storefronts allowed developers to publish, update, and advertise their games directly, and players to download the
1266:
games became a popular means to distribute demos or partially complete games in the 1980s and into the 1990s, where players could purchase the full game from the vendor after trying it. As such demos were generally free to distribute, shareware demo compilations would frequently be included in gaming
1018:
mainstream art and visual styles used in AAA games, and those that present cultural ideas that are independent from mainstream games. Juul however wrote that ultimately the labeling of a game as "indie" still can be highly subjective and no single rule helps delineate indie games from non-indie ones.
734:
The modern take on the indie game scene resulted from a combination of numerous factors in the early 2000s, including technical, economic, and social concepts that made indie games less expensive to make and distribute but more visible to larger audiences and offered non-traditional gameplay from the
2444:
was established in 2012 as a large showcase at various trade shows to allow indie developers to show off their titles. These events act as intermediaries between indie developers and the larger industry, as they allow for indie developers to connect with larger developers and publishers for business
2259:
On consoles, the distribution of an indie game is handled by the console's game store, once the developer has been approved by the console manufacturer. Similarly, for mobile games, the distribution of the game is handled by the app store provider once the developer has been approved to release apps
2244:
software client originally to serve these updates automatically for their games, but over time, it became a digital storefront that users could also purchase games through. For indie games, Steam started curating third-party titles (including some indies) onto the service by 2005, later adding Steam
1654:
said that by the end of 2016, while there had not be any type of catastrophic collapse of the indie game market, there were signs that the growth of the market had significantly slowed and that it has entered a "post-indiepocalypse" phase as business models related to indie games adjust to these new
743:
Around 2015, the increasing number of indie games being published led to fears of an "indiepocalypse", referring to an oversupply of games that would make the entire market unprofitable. Although the market did not collapse, discoverability remains an issue for most indie developers, with many games
2412:
Indie developers are generally considered a highly collaborative community with development teams sharing knowledge between each other, providing testing, technical support, and feedback, as generally indie developers are not in any direct competition with each other once they have achieved funding
1942:
Another route for indie development teams comes from experienced developers in the industry who either voluntarily leave to pursue indie projects, typically due to creative burnout from the corporate process, or resulting from termination from the company. Examples of games from such groups include
1801:
who had been a promoter of
Western indie games in prior years, and has expanded that since. The distinction between Japanese-developed doujin games and indie games is ambiguous - the use of the term usually refers to if their popularity formed in Western or Eastern markets before the mid-2010s, and
1021:
Games that are not as large as most triple-A games, but are developed by larger independent studios with or without publisher backing and that can apply triple-A design principles and polish due to the experience of the team, have sometimes been called "triple-I" games, reflecting the middle ground
2191:
model of distribution emerged in the 1980s accepting that users would likely make copies freely and share these around. The shareware version of the software would be limited, and require payment to the developer to unlock the remaining features. This approach became popular with hobbyist games in
1840:
dates back as far as the 19th century, while the indie phenomena is relatively new. Finally, only until recently, doujin games tended to only be talked about in the same circles as other doujin culture (fan artwork and writing) and rarely mixed with commercial productions, whereas indie games have
1792:
Like other
Japanese fan-created works in other media, doujin games were often built from existing assets and did not receive much respect or interest from consumers, and instead were generally made to be played and shared with other interested players and at conventions. Around 2013, market forces
1658:
While there has not been any type of collapse of the indie game field since 2015, there are concerns that the market is far too large for many developers to get noticed. Very few selected indie titles get wide coverage in the media, and are typically referred to as "indie darlings". In some cases,
1411:
from their smaller, one-off titles to focus on their larger, more successful properties, leaving the indie game space to provide shorter and more experimental titles as alternatives. Costs of developing AAA games had risen greatly, to an average cost of tens of millions of dollars in 2007–2008 per
1249:
created many commercial opportunities for video games. During the last part of the 1990s, visibility of games from these single or small team studios scene waned, since a small team could not readily compete in costs, speed and distribution as a commercial entity could. The industry had started to
986:
Yet another angle to evaluate a game as indie is from its innovation, creativity, and artistic experimentation, factors enabled by small teams free of financial and creative oversight. This definition is reflective of an "indie spirit" that is diametrically opposite of the corporate culture of AAA
2301:
has been shown to apply to indie games: some people with little experience have been able to develop successful games from the start, but for most, it takes upwards of ten years of experience within the industry before one regularly starts making games with financial success. Most in the industry
2168:
and, once payment was received, fulfill orders by hand, making copies of their game to cassette tape, floppy disc, or CD-ROM along with documentation. Others would provide copies to their local computer store to sell. In the United
Kingdom, where personal computer game development took off in the
2110:
took off in 2012, its practice has significantly waned as consumers became wary of campaigns that failed to deliver on promised goods. A successful crowd-funded campaign now typically requires significant development work and costs associated with this before the campaign is launched, in order to
1970:
Yet another route is simply those with little to no experience in the games industry, although they may have computer-programming skills and experience, and they may come in with ideas and fresh perspectives for games, with ideas that are generally more personable and close to their hearts. These
1767:
In Japan, the doujin soft community has generally been treated as a hobbyist activity up through the 2010s. Computers and bedroom coding had taken off similarly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but the computer market was quickly overwhelmed by consoles. Still, hobbyist programmers continued to
1354:
There were other shifts in the commercial environment that were seen as drivers for the rise of indie games in the 2000s. Many of the games to be indie games of this period were considered to be the antithesis of mainstream games and which highlighted the independence of how these games were made
1072:
The onset of indie game development is difficult to track due to the broadness of what defines an indie game, and the term was not really in use until the early 2000s. Until the 2000s, other terms like amateur, enthusiast, and hobbyist software or games were used to describe such software. Today,
1017:
that the definition of an indie game is vague, and depends on different subjective considerations. Juul classified three ways games can be considered indie: those that are financially independent of large publishers, those that are aesthetically independent of and significantly different from the
1690:
distribution service allowing any developer to offer their game with minimal cost to them, there are thousands of games being added each year, and developers have come to rely heavily on Steam's discovery tools – methods to tailor catalog pages to customers based on past purchases – to help sell
1254:
that could pay larger developers to make games and handle all the marketing and publication costs as well as opportunities to franchise game series. Publishers tended to be risk averse due to high costs of production, and they would reject all small-size and too innovative concepts of small game
1048:. While many of the same principles used to develop open source games are the same as for indie games, open source games are not developed for commercial gain and instead as a hobbyist pursuit. However, commercial sales are not a requirement for an indie game and such games can be offered as
1032:
is considered a prime example of a triple-I game. A further distinction from indie games are those considered double-A ("AA"), tending to be from mid to large-size studios ranging from 50 to 100 team members and larger than typically associated with indie games, that often work under similar
2098:
The lack of a publisher requires an indie developer to find means to fund the game themselves. Existing studios may be able to rely on past funds and incoming revenue, but new studios may need to use their own personal funds ("bootstrapping"), personal or bank loans, or investments to cover
1400:
games anywhere, with the storefront otherwise handling the distribution and sales factors. While Steam itself initially began heavy curation, it eventually allowed for indie publishing with its Steam
Greenlight and Steam Direct programs, vastly increasing the number of games available.
1788:
software. While the software cost money to obtain, users could release completed games with it as freeware or commercial products, which established the potential for a commercial independent games market by the early 2000s, aligning with the popularity of indie games in the West.
1361:
in 2004, which proved popular with players. Social and political changes also led to the use of indie games not only for entertainment purposes but to also tell a message related to these factors, something that could not be done in mainstream titles. In comparing indie games to
832:, where the concept is often related to self-publishing and independence from major studios or distributors. However, as with both indie films and music, there is no exact, widely accepted definition of what constitutes an "indie game" besides falling well outside the bounds of
8396:
1910:
Indie teams can arise from many different directions. One common path recently includes student projects, developed as prototypes as part of their coursework, which the students then take into a commercial opportunity after graduating from school. Examples of such games are
1855:
Many of the same basic concepts behind video game development for mainstream titles also apply to indie game development, particularly around the software development aspects. Key differences lie in how the development of the game ties in with the publisher or lack thereof.
940:
and his studio Thekla, Inc. Though self-funded and published, the game's development cost around $ 6 million and was priced at $ 40, in contrast to most indie games typically priced up to $ 20. Blow believed this type of game represented something between indie and AAA
870:
Another means to evaluate a game as indie is to examine its development team, with indie games being developed by individuals, small teams, or small independent companies that are often specifically formed for the development of one specific game. Typically, indie games are
953:, though with publishing but non-financial support from Sony; the game on release had a price equal to a typical AAA title. Sean Murray of Hello Games believes that because they are still a small team and the game is highly experimental that they consider themselves indie.
965:. Despite this corporate ownership, and the studio itself stating they do not consider themselves as an indie studio, the game's approach was considered less traditional as to be considered an indie game by the industry, including being nominated for Best Indie Game at
1699:
Several games during this time have still seen success, including games that were referred to as "indie darlings." Some of the most popular indie games from this time were primarily popularized over social media and spawned cultural phenomena, such as
2245:
Greenlight in 2012 that allowed any developer to propose their game for addition onto the service to the userbase, and ultimately replacing
Greenlight with Steam Direct in 2017 where any developer can add their game to the service for a small fee.
1627:
Leading into 2015, there was concern that the rise of easy-to-use tools to create and distribute video games could lead to an oversupply of video games, which was termed the "indiepocalypse". This perception of an indiepocalypse is not unanimous;
2220:
and the
Internet. By the 2000s, indie developers relied on the Internet as their primary distribution means as without a publisher, it was nearly impossible to stock an indie game at retail, the mail order concept having long since died out.
1427:
as a means for indie developers to raise funds to produce a game and to determine the desire for a game, rather than risk time and investment into a game that does not sell well. While video games had used crowdfunding prior to 2012, several
2186:
As the media shifted to higher-capacity formats and with the ability for users to make their own copies of programs, the simple mail order method was threatened since one person could buy the game and then make copies for their friends. The
1671:. However, there are also times where the video game media may see a future title as a success and position it as an indie darling before its release, only to have the game fail to make a strong impression on players, such as in the case of
8537:
1748:
Indie games are generally associated with
Western regions, specifically with North American, European, and Oceanic areas. However, other countries have had similar expansions of indie games that have intersected with the global industry.
11002:
8400:
2413:
for their project. Indie developers also tend to be open with their target player community, using beta testing and early access to get feedback, and engaging users regularly through storefront pages and communication channels such as
739:
tools available for smaller teams across all gaming platforms, boutique indie game publishers that leave creative freedom to the developers, and industry recognition of indie games alongside mainstream ones at major game award events.
1366:
and the state of their respective industries, the indie game's rise was occurring approximately at the same relative time as its market was starting to grow exponentially and be seen as a supporting offshoot of the mainstream works.
10174:
11562:
2287:
In nearly all cases with digital distribution, the distribution platform takes a revenue cut of each sale with the rest of the sale going to the developer, as a means to pay for the costs of maintaining the digital storefront.
1350:
removed much of the programming barriers needed for a prospective indie developer to create these games. The commercial possibilities for indie games at this point helped to distinguish these games from any prior amateur game.
1129:
computer language along with example programs, including games, to show what users could do with these systems. The availability of BASIC led to people trying to make their own programs. Sales of the 1978 rerelease of the book
1495:
received critical acclaim and drew mainstream media recognition for being a game developed by two people. Microsoft continued to follow up on this promotion in the following years, bringing in more games onto XBLA such as
1695:
campaign across social media and to interact with the press to make sure a game is noticed early on in its development cycle to get interest and maintain that interest through release, which adds to costs of development.
9057:
2061:
While most indie games lack a publisher with the developer serving in that role, a number of publishers geared towards indie games have been established since 2010, also known as boutique game publishers; these include
12496:
12589:
1394:
Indie games saw a large boost in visibility within the video game industry and the rest of the world starting around 2005. A key driver was the transition into new digital distribution methods with storefronts like
10156:
1473:(XBLA), a service that included some indie games, though these drew little attention in the first few years. In 2008, Microsoft ran its "XBLA Summer of Arcade" promotion, which included the releases of indie games
2633:
The following table lists indie games that have reported total sales over one million copies, based on the last reported sales figures. These results exclude downloaded copies for games that had transitioned to a
1691:
their titles. Mobile app stores have had similar problems with large volumes of offers but poor means for discovery by consumers in the late 2010s. Several indie developers have found it critical to have a good
11212:
1208:
were popular, launching a range of "bedroom coders" which initiated the UK's video game industry. During this period, the idea that indie games could provide experimental gameplay concepts or demonstrate niche
1559:, was released that same year and has become the eighth best selling video game of all time, as well the highest rated game on Steam as of 2022. Other successful indie games released during this time include
886:
However, this view is not all-encompassing, as there are numerous cases of games where development is not independent of a major publisher but still considered indie. Some notable instances of games include:
1782:, a hobbyist programming magazine that users could share their programs with. Over time, ASCII saw the opportunity to publish game development kits, and by 1992, released the first commercial version of the
11276:
2296:
Most indie games do not make a significant profit, and only a handful have made large profits. Instead, indie games are generally seen as a career stepping stone rather than a commercial opportunity. The
12241:
5311:
2267:
was formed to produce limited runs of games, most commonly successful indie titles that have a proven following that would have a market for a physical edition. These versions are typically produced as
10713:
5440:
10304:
6361:
11899:
8527:
9230:
7489:
6113:
Izushi, Hiro; Aoyama, Yuko (2006). "Industry evolution and cross-sectoral skill transfers: a comparative analysis of the video game industry in Japan, the United States, and the United
Kingdom".
11587:
10998:
10684:
2904:
As of
December 2020. Includes only sales on personal computers and not consoles, and prior to its acquisition by Epic Games and the conversion of the game to a free to play title in June 2022.
12344:
11373:
10934:
9548:
8918:
5779:
11086:
10745:
9945:
9518:
10170:
10070:
8887:
7222:
8821:
5377:
2528:, tile-based hack-and-slash games to a wide variety of so-called "rogue-lites" that maintain the roguelike procedural generation and permadeath features bore out directly from indie games
1318:, allowing game developers to sell directly to players and bypassing limitations of retail distribution and the need for a publisher. Software technologies used to drive the growth of the
8181:
7286:
987:
development, and makes a game "indie", where the factors of financial and creative independence make a game "independent". Developers with limited ability to create graphics can rely on
11769:
731:
distribution methods. However, by this time, interest in hobbyist programming had waned due to rising costs of development and competition from video game publishers and home consoles.
9846:
6659:
11476:
9197:
5546:
1998:
Typically, a starting indie-game studio will be primarily programmers and developers. Art assets including artwork and music may be outsourced to work-for-hire artists and composers.
6692:
1823:
genre. Doujin games also got a strong interest in Western markets after some English-speaking groups translated various titles with permission for English release, most notably with
9912:
2173:, the largest fan convention in the world, have allowed independent developers to sell and promote their physical products since its inauguration in 1975, allowing game series like
8683:
8081:
1819:
is primarily referred to as an "indie game" because of its success in the Western market. It is one of the most influential indie games, also contributing to the resurgence of the
11541:
11047:
9577:
11119:
10337:
7380:
5878:
9034:
1659:
indie darlings are identified through consumer reactions that praise the game rather than direct industry influence, leading to further coverage; examples of such games include
1465:–which included digital game distribution. Following the increased popularity of indie games on computers, these services started publishing them alongside larger releases. The
10374:
9065:
5998:
5095:
2352:
among AAA titles. Since then, indie games have frequently been included in award nominations alongside AAA games in the major awards events like the GDCA, the D.I.C.E. Awards,
1722:, which released in 2023 and was popularized through internet culture, becoming one of the most played games of 2023. More commercially successful games from this time include
7352:
7127:
6751:
1442:(2008), whose developers 2D Boy had tried but failed to gain any publisher support prior to release. On release, the game was recognized at various award events including the
1103:
was not commercially financed and was made by a small team, but there was no commercial sector of the video game industry at that time to distinguish from independent works.
8854:
7160:
2169:
early 1980s, a market developed for game distributors that handled the copying and distribution of games for these hobbyist programmers. In Japan, doujinshi conventions like
10976:
9131:
5746:
4795:
12307:
11931:
11834:
10879:
10592:
10103:
8719:
8397:""A Higher Standard" — Game Designer Jonathan Blow Challenges Super Mario's Gold Coins, "Unethical" MMO Design And Everything Else You May Hold Dear About Video Games"
8270:
8212:
6391:
10134:
9098:
7456:
7255:
5647:
11677:
11437:
11245:
10654:
10407:
7990:
7854:
7319:
5344:
5246:
859:
Financial independence: In such situations, the developers have paid for the development and/or publication of the game themselves or from other funding sources such as
11395:
9263:
8582:
Lanza, Dario; de Iracheta, María; Pérez, Carmen; Jaume, Borja; Sánchez, Lara; Casero, Marcos (2021), Martins, Nuno; Brandão, Daniel; Moreira da Silva, Fernando (eds.),
11866:
11198:
9978:
8951:
6921:
6488:
9296:
8023:
6295:
8473:
8148:
5801:
Styhre, Alexander; Remneland-Wikhamn, Björn (2021). "The video game as agencement and the image of new gaming experiences: the work of indie video game developers".
842:, says "independent video game development is the business of making games without the support of publishers", but this does not cover all situations. Dan Pearce of
9398:
8373:
5967:
2281:
12121:
10533:
7821:
1144:
for over one hundred games, eventually surpassed over one million copies. The availability of BASIC inspired a number of people to start writing their own games.
11268:
10566:
8785:
8303:
6873:
1420:
postulated in open debates that video games could not be art in 2005 and 2006, leading to developers creating indie games to specifically challenge that notion.
12377:
12237:
11647:
11563:"Team behind Steam's latest mega-hit was just joking when it said it would "double our sales," but then its horror gambling game actually sold 1 million copies"
8752:
7754:
7662:
7553:
7191:
6203:
719:
computer language in the 1970s and 1980s. So-called bedroom coders, particularly in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, made their own games and used
11961:
11341:
9774:
9488:
9329:
7877:
6526:
5301:
12215:
12185:
10911:
8440:
5279:
879:, who are risk-averse and prefer "big-budget games". Instead, indie game developers usually have smaller budgets, usually sourcing from personal funds or via
5143:
3332:
As of December 2020, only includes sales for Nintendo Switch version. Game is sold on other platforms but also available as a free app for mobile platforms.
866:
Independence of thought: In this case, the developers crafted their game without any oversight or directional influence by a third party such as a publisher.
10705:
9741:
5436:
5414:
4831:
9879:
6559:
2340:(GDCA). However, it was not until 2010 when indie games were seen as similar competition to major gaming awards, with the 2010 GDCA recognizing games like
2224:
Continued Internet growth led to dedicated video game sites that served as repositories for shareware and other games, indie and mainstream alike, such as
10294:
9365:
6351:
5713:
11889:
10195:
7610:
4902:
2078:. There also have been a number of indie developers that have grown large enough on their own to also support publishing for smaller developers, such as
1355:
compared to the collective of mainstream titles. Many of them took a retro-style approach to their design, art, or other factors in development, such as
9220:
7479:
2106:
campaigns, both reward-based and equity-based, have been used to obtain the funds from interested consumers before development begins in earnest. While
11801:
11577:
10801:
5059:
2317:
There is contention as to how prominent indie video game development is in the video game industry. Most games are not widely known or successful, and
10676:
4717:
2260:
on that type of device. In either case, all aspects of payment, redemption and distribution are handled at the manufacturer/app store provider level.
1939:'s founders, for example, had started to develop a commercial game while still in school and dropped out when the school demanded rights to the game.
1310:
The current, common understanding of indie games on personal computer took shape in the early 2000s from several factors. Key was the availability of
723:
to distribute their products, although they later shifted to other software distribution methods with the onset of the Internet in the 1990s, such as
12330:
8811:
5605:
5176:
2248:
While Steam remains the largest digital storefront for personal computer distribution, a number of other storefronts have since opened. For example,
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was considered an indie game during its original development, and was one of the first titles to successfully demonstrate this approach to funding.
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10735:
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Indie games generally share certain common characteristics. One method to define an indie game is the nature of independence, which can either be:
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10440:
10220:
8877:
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8111:
7522:
6985:
6088:
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414:
6328:
1648:, stated in April 2016 that the market in indie games is more competitive than ever but continues to appear healthy with no signs of faltering.
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for existing games, or work with specific technologies or game parts rather than the development of full games. Such hobbyists usually produce
12154:
8235:
5209:
1640:. The size of the indie game market was estimated in March 2016 to be at least $ 1 billion per year for just those games offered through
1237:
games by emphasizing their lack of graphics in lieu of the players' imagination, at a time that graphics-heavy action games were commonplace.
11761:
6786:
6649:
6455:
4866:
659:
11459:
10253:
10157:"Survival juggernaut Terraria has officially outsold Super Mario Bros - and its devs waited 2 years just to flex its latest sales milestone"
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6623:
5536:
2321:
attention remains with mainstream titles. This can be attributed to a lack of marketing for indie games, but indie games can be targeted at
1255:
developers. The market also became fractured due to the prevalence of video game consoles, which required expensive or difficult-to-acquire
908:
of thatgamecompany believes that they are an independent studio because they were able to innovate on their game without Sony's involvement.
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1793:
began to shift with the popularity of indie games in the Western regions, bringing more interest to doujin games as legitimate titles. The
10778:
9902:
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10622:
10472:
9606:
8673:
8496:
5508:
3842:
11527:
11141:
9569:
6840:
4628:
13332:
11109:
11055:
10327:
7787:
7390:
7089:
1326:, were available at low cost to developers, and provided another means for indie games to grow. The new interest in indie games led to
12088:
9026:
6896:
6319:"PC Gaming: Doomed? or zDoomed? - Some of the most rewarding PC games out there were built by indie developers using open source code"
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2332:
was established in 1998 to recognize the best of indie games, and since its first event in 1999 has been held in conjunction with the
2272:
with additional physical products like art books, stickers, and other small items in the game's case. Other such distributors include
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A recent trend for some of the more popular indies is a limited physical release, typical for console-based versions. The distributor
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There is no definitive size for how big an independent game development studio might be. Several successful indie games, such as the
1450:
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7342:
7245:
7117:
7065:
6743:
4958:
4747:
11171:"Manor Lords has over 2 million people playing the historical city-builder less than three weeks after launching into Early Access"
8844:
7150:
1000:
11308:
10966:
9121:
5736:
4785:
711:
Indie game development bore out from the same concepts of amateur and hobbyist programming that grew with the introduction of the
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11921:
11824:
10865:
10588:
10093:
10005:
8975:"Even a monkey can understand fan activism: Political speech, artistic expression, and a public for the Japanese dōjin community"
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8204:
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6383:
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title, and there was little room for risks in gameplay experimentation. Another driver came from discussions related to whether
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10397:
9164:
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Garda, Maria B.; Grabarczyk, Paweł (October 2016). "Is Every Indie Game Independent? Towards the Concept of Independent Game".
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libraries, which are freely available but may lack technically-advanced features compared to equivalent commercial engines.
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By the mid-1990s, the recognition of the personal computer as a viable gaming option, and advances in technology that led to
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9253:
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8584:"Real Possibility of an Entirely Open-Source Pipeline for Indie Games Design and Production. Altamira Game as a Case Study"
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inspired many to begin developing games and contributed to the rise in indie game released during this time period, while
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Many personal computer games written by individuals or two person teams were self-distributed in stores or sold through
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7023:
5914:
621:
11499:
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8775:
8561:"Examining Indie's Independence: The Meaning of "Indie" Games, the Politics of Production, and Mainstream Co-optation"
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9319:
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2314:. Recent years have brought the importance of drawing social media influencers to help promote indie games as well.
2136:. Indie developers can submit applications requesting grants from these funds. The money is typically provided as a
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12177:
10901:
9764:
8430:
8325:
Martin, Chase Bowen; Deuze, Mark (July 2009). "The Independent Production of Culture: A Digital Games Case Study".
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also became popular with indie developers, with inexpensive development tools and low-barrier storefronts with the
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364:
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696:, experimental gameplay, and taking risks not usually afforded in AAA games. Indie games tend to be sold through
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9355:
7917:
5703:
2642:, or copies sold after acquisition by a larger publisher and no longer being considered an indie game, such as
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1487:
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There were still significant developments from smaller teams that laid the basis of indie games going forward.
7600:
2520:, either bringing new ideas to stagnant gameplay concepts or creating whole new experiences. The expansion of
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that is near completion, so significant development and costs will likely need to have been invested already.
1772:, specialized software that would allow users to create their own games. A key line of these were produced by
1623:
in January 2020. The years 2004 and 2005—with seven and six games, respectively—are not visible on this chart.
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13869:
13644:
13299:
13106:
4892:
4590:
3102:
2337:
2158:
1538:
1006:
932:
616:
609:
604:
270:
11791:
6922:"Terraria might be the best-reviewed Steam game ever, with over a million reviews and a 97% positive rating"
5049:
4994:
1935:. In some cases, students may drop out of school to pursue the commercial opportunity or for other reasons;
13879:
13864:
13729:
13637:
12982:
5166:
4707:
3999:
3062:
2571:
2209:
1125:
When the first personal computers were released in 1977, they each included a pre-installed version of the
684:
created by individuals or smaller development teams without the financial and technical support of a large
645:
631:
10999:"Hopoo Games' Risk of Rain 2 Welcomes an Estimated 650,000 Players In Just Its First Week of Early Access"
6030:
5595:
11984:
11269:"Battlebit, the overnight success six years in the making, has sold just shy of two million in two weeks"
10038:
9644:
8974:
8560:
2358:
2156:
to distribute their product. They would place ads in local papers or hobbyist computer magazines such as
2107:
1873:
is an example of a student-developed game expanded to a commercial title following the team's graduation.
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626:
478:
10828:
6582:
14171:
13971:
13811:
13736:
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10210:
2429:
2425:
2405:
2401:
2333:
2329:
2132:
More recently, a number of dedicated investor-based indie game funds have been established such as the
1812:
1633:
1443:
1413:
921:
794:
550:
374:
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12021:
9058:"With Slight Movement, "KanColle," "Touhou" And "Touken Ranbu" Continue To Dominate Comiket Doujinshi"
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204:
14341:
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14186:
13352:
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12575:
Game Design: Principles, Practice, and Techniques - The Ultimate Guide for the Aspiring Game Designer
11432:
10171:"Human: Fall Flat celebrates 30 million copies on 5th anniversary and announces new laboratory level"
6318:
5302:"Dave the Diver, a chill RPG about fishing and sushi, is one of 2023's biggest Steam success stories"
3749:
2298:
2041:
Prior to 2010, development of indie games on consoles was highly restrictive due to costly access to
1802:
if they are made with the aim of selling large copies or just as a passion project; the long-running
1515:
1462:
892:
689:
535:
456:
419:
12515:
End-to-End Game Development: Creating Independent Serious Games and Simulations from Start to Finish
8528:"Tips for working with a game art outsourcing studio and avoiding the typical roadblocks on the way"
7685:
5818:
End-to-End Game Development: Creating Independent Serious Games and Simulations from Start to Finish
1864:
928:. Greg Kasavin of Supergiant notes they consider their studio indie as they lack any parent company.
14422:
14231:
13801:
13692:
13674:
13527:
12987:
12780:
12770:
12238:"Hit beaver city builder celebrates 1 million copies sold by finally investing in a decent trailer"
12144:
11926:
11829:
11705:
11609:
10939:
8245:
5368:"The Game Awards 2023 Nominations: Alan Wake 2, Baldur's Gate 3 Lead the Pack With Eight Noms Each"
5199:
4239:
2042:
1815:
since 1995, has been called both indie and doujinshi. Meanwhile, despite being Japanese-developed,
1064:, with the exception of its enhanced visual front-end version while its base version remains free.
982:
is an example of an indie game that relies on a retro pixel-based 1980s style for its presentation.
852:"-type assessment, since no single definition can capture what games are broadly considered indie.
184:
179:
6776:
6445:
4856:
4755:
2018:
to build their titles, lacking the resources to build custom engines. Common game engines include
1531:
Several other indie games were released during this period to critical and/or commercial success.
1279:
in 1993 showed the shareware route to be a viable platform for titles from mainstream developers.
1033:
practices as triple-A studios but still retain creative control of their titles from a publisher.
836:
by large publishers and development studios. One simple definition, described by Laura Parker for
14166:
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13684:
13228:
12925:
11114:
10243:
7882:
6615:
6230:
4462:
2963:
1919:
849:
444:
384:
24:
10196:"Stardew Valley has sold 30 million copies, and its creator says it's "thriving more than ever""
9630:
Cultures of independent game production: Examining the relationship between community and labour
7634:
Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan
1287:
139:
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14209:
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14003:
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13589:
13563:
13546:
13517:
13201:
13170:
13136:
13113:
13101:
10768:
4514:
3787:
2871:
2554:
2307:
2035:
1945:
1850:
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1213:
appeal had been established. Many games from the bedroom coders of the United Kingdom, such as
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1037:
300:
211:
161:
10614:
10462:
9598:
8504:
6830:
5670:
5498:
14161:
14130:
14120:
13896:
13746:
13624:
13555:
13221:
12977:
12920:
12685:
12615:
11504:
10295:"Fall Guys has sold over 11 million copies on PC and is now the most downloaded PS Plus game"
8588:
Perspectives on Design and Digital Communication II: Research, Innovations and Best Practices
8072:"Coding and coexisting in the corral: How Octodad's team manages living and working together"
7015:
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4618:
4388:
4115:
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Console manufacturers also helped increase recognition of indie games in this period. By the
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1074:
586:
389:
347:
285:
189:
95:
20:
9541:"BAFTA Games Awards: Supergiant Games' 'Hades' Takes Home Top Prize – Complete Winners List"
7718:"『UNDERTALE』トビー・フォックス×『東方』ZUN×Onion Games木村祥朗鼎談──自分が幸せでいられる道を進んだらこうなった──同人の魂、インディーの自由を大いに語る"
2302:
caution that indie games should not be seen a financially-rewarding career for this reason.
1246:
700:
channels rather than at retail due to a lack of publisher support. The term is analogous to
84:
14412:
14224:
14115:
13959:
13755:
13449:
13407:
13063:
12962:
12716:
12078:
6226:
6122:
5410:
4989:
4087:
3945:
As of April 2024, does not include 6.6 million units claimed during the game's free launch
3901:
3827:
3669:
3645:
3533:
3382:
3338:
3036:
2611:
2083:
2027:
2015:
1769:
1661:
1335:
1334:
developers to offer their products at low or no cost for indie development, in addition to
1256:
1251:
1132:
1045:
978:
966:
912:
876:
697:
685:
483:
369:
359:
332:
173:
107:
11170:
10094:"Minecraft still incredibly popular as sales top 200 million and 126 million play monthly"
7413:
6384:"The Independent Game Development Boom: Interview with Stephanie Barish, CEO of IndieCade"
5837:
Indie Game: The Movie: The Paper – Documentary Films and the Subfield of Independent Games
2408:
in San Francisco, California, where indie developers can showcase their games to attendees
2328:
Industry recognition of indie games through awards has grown significantly over time. The
1446:, leading to publishers that had previously rejected World of Goo to offer to publish it.
1403:
Further indie game growth in this period came from the departure of large publishers like
1089:
There is some debate as to whether independent game development started prior to the 1977
8:
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13931:
13886:
13719:
13599:
13241:
13233:
12894:
12792:
9420:
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2111:
demonstrate that the game will likely be completed in a timely manner and draw in funds.
2031:
2023:
1667:
1458:
1343:
1311:
1234:
556:
466:
228:
168:
152:
125:
119:
113:
6126:
2445:
opportunities, as well as to get word of their games out to the press prior to release.
93:
Screenshots from several indie games. In reading order (in mobile view, top to bottom):
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13986:
13954:
13829:
13806:
13662:
13632:
13467:
13437:
13131:
12842:
12665:
12513:
12302:
11298:
10833:
9907:
9704:
9677:
8849:
8344:
8327:
7777:
6554:
6450:
6138:
5372:
4582:
4265:
4157:
4092:
3913:
3419:
3367:
3227:
3100:
Includes both the Flash-based version (which sold 3 million alone as of July 2014) and
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2414:
2372:
1973:
1833:
1504:
1475:
1094:
833:
752:
491:
327:
64:
10001:
7954:
875:
than mainstream titles. Indie game developers are generally not financially backed by
14387:
14300:
14295:
13966:
13912:
13821:
13654:
13614:
13417:
13257:
13068:
12957:
12832:
12787:
12765:
12721:
12670:
12579:
12558:
12539:
12520:
12486:
12452:
12433:
12411:
12211:
11146:
10971:
10528:
10328:"Fall Guys is going free-to-play and coming to Nintendo Switch and Xbox on June 21st"
9709:
9324:
9291:
9154:
8996:
8599:
8298:
8176:
8107:
7517:
7451:
7314:
7122:
7019:
6654:
6142:
5962:
5476:
5405:
4667:
4340:
4064:
3877:
3393:
2986:
2974:
2845:
2840:
2576:
2498:
2384:
2264:
2237:
1773:
1713:
1644:. Mike Wilson, Graeme Struthers and Harry Miller, the co-founders of indie publisher
1589:
spawned successful media franchises, with the latter becoming a cultural phenomenon.
1550:
1491:
alongside two AAA games. While all three indie games had a high number of downloads,
1194:
1073:
terms like amateur and hobbyist development are more reflective of those that create
829:
712:
701:
511:
404:
322:
280:
199:
35:
11032:
10496:"Satisfactory hits 5.5m sales after five years of early access, 1.0 due "this year""
7717:
14377:
14288:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14048:
14043:
13998:
13839:
13604:
13505:
13444:
13384:
13341:
13073:
12930:
12804:
12702:
11642:
11207:
10906:
9699:
9689:
9188:"PC game storefronts compared: what you need to know about retailers and resellers"
8986:
8591:
8348:
8336:
7418:
6165:
6130:
4474:
4412:
4228:
4202:
4169:
4146:
4075:
3761:
3507:
3408:
3350:
3303:
3288:
3201:
2931:
2899:
2744:
2517:
2480:
2318:
2273:
2075:
2067:
2006:
For development of personal computer games, indie games typically rely on existing
1913:
1869:
1778:
1692:
1645:
1510:
1470:
1380:
1363:
1339:
1189:
1106:
917:
825:
776:
705:
692:. Because of their independence and freedom to develop, indie games often focus on
516:
409:
233:
6414:
973:
14346:
14036:
13891:
13512:
13472:
13422:
13284:
13007:
12850:
12733:
12482:
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11993:
11728:
10875:
10838:
10065:
9824:. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Interactive Entertainment. pp. 1–10.
9727:
9649:
9093:
8422:
8240:
8056:
6781:
6714:
6290:
6025:
5708:
5437:"Keighley weighs in on debate over Dave the Diver qualifying for Best Indie Game"
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3088:
2802:
2464:
2460:
2441:
2353:
2269:
2241:
2179:
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2140:
to be repaid through game royalties. Several national governments, through their
2137:
1957:
1794:
1687:
1673:
1641:
1594:
1481:
1404:
1396:
1375:
1198:
945:
905:
897:
424:
14108:
11079:"More premium mobile success: Goat Simulator sells 2.5M copies on all platforms"
8648:
8595:
7914:
Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association 2017 Conference (DiGRA'17)
1610:
1109:, who considers herself the first indie designer, created several games for the
13991:
13697:
13581:
13493:
13488:
13379:
13267:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13002:
11299:"Dyson Sphere Program reaches 1.7 million units sold as the devs detail combat"
11240:
9450:
6808:
6160:
5138:
4326:
4254:
3975:
3735:
3693:
3619:
3521:
3212:
3196:
3112:
2828:
2770:
2618:
have gained attention through indie developers with early indie titles such as
2606:
2600:
2566:
2504:
2456:
2194:
1985:
1979:
1951:
1897:
1879:
1807:
1724:
1718:
1637:
1542:
1498:
1453:
of consoles in 2005, each platform provided online services for players–namely
1319:
1292:
1269:
1220:
1078:
1060:
957:
758:
461:
19:
This article is about a type of video game. For the 2012 documentary film, see
11578:"Inside EXOK Games: The Brand New Studio That's Already Sold a Million Copies"
8583:
7310:"Every year has been better than the last. Thriving is the best way to put it"
5869:"From shareware superstars to the Steam gold rush: How indie conquered the PC"
14406:
14135:
13976:
13917:
13768:
13709:
13500:
13459:
13402:
13058:
13048:
12339:
11400:
10806:
10026:
9694:
9000:
8625:"On the relevance of the Godot Engine in the indie game development industry"
8426:
8340:
6021:"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal"
5480:
5167:"Why Supergiant ditched publishers for the release of Transistor – interview"
3731:
3708:
3495:
3471:
3282:
As of December 2022, includes sales during early access since February 2016.
3184:
3136:
2930:
As of April 2017, and does not include free copies given as part of an early
2910:
2759:
2581:
2492:
2253:
2103:
2019:
1730:
1567:
1561:
1347:
1110:
1090:
937:
860:
788:
782:
744:
not being financially profitable. Examples of successful indie games include
10706:"Risk Of Rain 2 Sells 4 Million On Steam Alone, Big Update Coming This Year"
9801:
1282:
44:
14372:
14334:
14176:
14026:
13944:
13609:
13571:
13532:
13432:
13412:
13394:
13262:
13216:
13180:
12889:
12809:
12797:
11536:
11082:
10802:"Cult Of The Lamb Reveals New Update As Game Sells Over 3.5 Million Copies"
10467:
9940:
9936:"Vampire Survivors—a cheap, minimalistic indie game—is my game of the year"
9713:
8714:
8678:
7749:
7657:
7605:
6587:
6483:
6083:
4529:
4424:
4178:
3445:
3024:
2939:
2814:
2635:
2589:
2560:
2322:
2311:
2119:
2115:
1925:
1820:
1686:
Discoverability has become an issue for indie developers as well. With the
1590:
1438:
1424:
1297:
1225:
1137:
1023:
880:
728:
581:
506:
496:
473:
290:
238:
13211:
11729:"Are you one of the million people who have played this spooky indie hit?"
11701:"Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor grows to sell 1 million Early Access copies"
10677:"Over 10 years later, Hotline Miami remains the indie games gold standard"
9122:"End of days: GameSpy's forgotten games and the gamers keeping them alive"
8991:
8942:"How Public Arts Funding Helps Developers Make Unique, More Diverse Games"
1541:
as of 2024, was originally released as an indie game before its developer
1040:. The latter are games which are developed with the intent to release the
14283:
14257:
14080:
14053:
14031:
13834:
13783:
13427:
13362:
13294:
13175:
13141:
13123:
13088:
13078:
12884:
12822:
12817:
12738:
12726:
12620:
12478:
12475:
Game design workshop: a playcentric approach to creating innovative games
12425:
12269:
11890:"Hades Has Sold 1 Million Copies, Nearly One-Third Sold In Last Few Days"
9973:
9221:"Examining the indie ins and outs of today's game distribution platforms"
9159:
8911:"Minecraft Draws Over $ 33 Million In Revenue From 1.8M Paying Customers"
8208:
7782:
7636:. Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views – Worlds in Play.
6980:
4552:
4364:
4291:
4187:
3951:
3571:
3460:
3250:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2585:
2468:
2421:
2378:
2205:
2079:
2007:
1931:
1885:
1803:
1762:
1615:
1598:
1433:
1417:
1370:
1331:
1323:
1215:
1205:
1164:
1152:
1141:
1041:
992:
950:
540:
451:
265:
216:
12611:
11364:"Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP has sold over 1.5 million units"
11048:"Shovel Knight Developers Say King of Cards and Showdown Mark "The End""
10365:
Passes 10.5 Million Sales, As Dev Explains Why No Sequel Is Coming Soon"
7215:"Over 8,000 games were released on Steam in 2019, according to SteamSpy"
6583:"How Fez's first-day sales compare to Braid, Limbo, and other XBLA hits"
2152:
Prior to digital distribution, hobbyist programmers typically relied on
1797:
first offered a special area for doujin games in 2013 with support from
848:
stated that the only consensus for what constitutes an indie game is a "
55:
14329:
14305:
14140:
13844:
13763:
13371:
12950:
12471:"Indie Game Jam: An outlet for Innovation and Experimental Game Design"
10935:"Enter the Gungeon has topped 3 million sales in just under four years"
10299:
8461:
6777:"Cats, cancer and mental breakdown: the unexpected joys of indie games"
5306:
5270:"No Man's Sky director: 'everything is to the wire, we work all night'"
4557:
4438:
4120:
3238:
3160:
3050:
2935:
2894:
2594:
2472:
a full release after the game jam into successful indie games, such as
2452:
2213:
2153:
2144:
agencies, also have made similar grants available to indie developers.
2141:
2133:
2099:
development costs, or building community support while in development.
2011:
1891:
1629:
1408:
1357:
1327:
1160:
746:
720:
693:
681:
528:
305:
256:
12051:
8624:
6479:"How the World of Goo became one of the indie video game hits of 2008"
5958:"The indie explosion that's been going on for 30 years (give or take)"
1712:(2018), with the later being one of the most popular games during the
23:. For non-electronic indie games specifically about role-playing, see
14103:
14021:
13724:
13702:
13271:
13196:
13053:
12940:
12904:
12710:
12697:
12403:
11765:
11614:
11582:
11368:
11336:
10740:
10645:"Beat Saber slashes VR sales records after shipping 4 million copies"
10500:
10402:
10398:"Valheim passes 10m sales, as development on the Mistlands continues"
10332:
10211:"Castle Crashers Remastered will be released September 17 for Switch"
10098:
9874:
9841:
9769:
9736:
9393:
9360:
9258:
9225:
8946:
8914:
8882:
8816:
8780:
8747:
8532:
8435:
8368:
8265:
8139:
8018:
7849:
7817:
7484:
7385:
7347:
7282:
7250:
7155:
6868:
6687:
6521:
6198:
5821:
5741:
5675:
5600:
5541:
5503:
5339:
4897:
4712:
4623:
4488:
4213:
4103:
3631:
2882:
2733:
2685:
2521:
2433:
2188:
2125:
1991:
1963:
1784:
1702:
1650:
1620:
1607:, was created that covers several successful games from this period.
1546:
1533:
1454:
1263:
1099:
925:
800:
770:
724:
561:
75:
13310:
11670:"Indie RPG and sushi restaurant sim Dave the Diver reaches 1m sales"
11203:
sold over two million copies and where its developer goes from here"
10736:"Dead Cells surpasses 3.5 million sold ahead of second DLC announce"
9732:"Technology Inspires Creativity: Indie Game Jam Inverts Dogma 2001!"
7909:
5537:"Q&A: Independent Game Creators On Importance Of Indie Movement"
5335:"Indie RPG and sushi restaurant sim Dave the Diver reaches 1m sales"
3871:
As of March 2023, which includes sales during early access in 2022.
3070:
As of January 2020, discounting free copies from promotional offers
924:, primarily to avoid difficulties with the certification process on
14367:
14319:
14265:
14191:
14181:
14060:
13773:
13206:
13118:
13036:
12899:
12775:
12680:
12372:
12083:
11894:
11861:
11796:
11471:
11303:
11110:"Darkest Dungeon: The Butcher's Curse DLC Adds Multiplayer Battles"
10870:
10773:
10369:
10248:
9192:
9126:
7985:
7690:
7414:"One Year Later, No Man's Sky—And Its Evolution—Is Worth Exploring"
7066:"Hotline Miami and the Rise of Techno in Ultra-Violent Video Games"
6134:
5873:
5774:
5274:
5242:
5237:
5204:
5054:
4826:
4500:
4314:
3595:
3431:
3314:
3264:
2727:
2715:
2620:
2615:
2564:(2012). In turn, new takes on the roguelike genre were inspired by
2542:
2474:
2448:
2063:
1936:
1903:
1716:
in 2020 and 2021 with half a billion players. A similar example is
1708:
1555:
1466:
1315:
1210:
1183:
1177:
1054:
1049:
988:
838:
812:
764:
523:
312:
295:
101:
11857:"Beautiful sadcore platformer Gris has sold over a million copies"
8878:"7 successful Early Access games that all developers should study"
7279:"Devs share real talk about surviving the latest 'indiepocalypse'"
7041:"Hotline Miami's ultra-violence has influenced games for a decade"
5770:"How Itch.io became an indie PC game haven—and Steam's antithesis"
5086:"SXSW 2009: Being Indie and Successful in the Video Game Industry"
863:, and specifically without financial support of a large publisher.
13667:
12997:
12967:
12827:
12692:
12675:
12657:
10967:"Limbo coming to iOS July 3, lifetime sales top 3 million copies"
10649:
10435:
10325:
9837:"Crucial lessons from 7 game jam prototypes that went commercial"
9820:
Goddard, William; Byrne, Richard; Mueller, Florian Floyd (2014).
8144:
8076:
7940:"Indie and Dōjin Games: A Multilayered Cross-Cultural Comparison"
5090:
3853:
3775:
3092:
3000:
2948:
2922:
2516:
Indie games are recognized for helping to generate or revitalize
2249:
2226:
2170:
2050:
2046:
1736:
1230:
806:
12451:(2nd ed.). Hingham, Massachusetts: Infinity Science Press.
12112:"Sifu reaches one million copies sold three weeks after release"
8674:"How certification requirements are holding back console gaming"
5401:"The Game Awards Nominees Reveal The Event's Biggest Blind Spot"
1147:
13278:
12116:
11762:"Over a million copies of Dust: An Elysian Tail have been sold"
8172:"Vlambeer: Just making games is the key to becoming successful"
6835:
6020:
5991:"Rediscovering History's Lost First Female Video Game Designer"
5928:
5926:
5924:
5642:
4277:
4038:
2705:
By October 2014 at the time Mojang was purchased by Microsoft.
2697:
2183:
to spread in popularity and dominate the convention for years.
2087:
1837:
1619:
The number of games, by year, published on Steam, estimated by
1423:
Indie video game development saw a further boost by the use of
1171:
in 1981 to publish user-written software, including games, for
8014:"Indie Game Makers Open Up About The Money They Actually Make"
6650:"Boutique publishers are the future of the indie games market"
4786:"The 'Indie' Delusion: The Gaming Category that Doesn't Exist"
2420:
Indie game developers can be involved with various indie game
2114:
Another mechanism offered through digital distribution is the
14312:
14153:
12869:
12753:
12572:
Thompson, Jim; Berbank-Green, Barnaby; Cusworth, Nic (2007).
12571:
12149:
11733:
11175:
10215:
9903:"Why revealing all is the secret of Slay The Spire's success"
9807:
9602:
5171:
3206:
As of April 2023, only includes sales for the Steam version.
2525:
1611:
Fears regarding saturation and discoverability (2015−present)
1302:
1126:
962:
961:
was developed by Mintrocket, a thirty-person studio owned by
716:
12145:"Beautiful management sim Spiritfarer sells a million units"
8590:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–111,
8294:"Meet Me In Portland: The Fullbright Company's Journey Home"
7480:"'Good' isn't good enough - releasing an indie game in 2015"
6517:"How indies made an impact on a generation of game consoles"
6161:"Sinclair ZX80 and the Dawn of 'Surreal' U.K. Game Industry"
5921:
3589:
As of May 2024, achieved within three weeks of early access
1240:
824:
The term "indie game" itself is based on similar terms like
12298:"'Undertale' Creator Releases New Mystery Game 'Deltarune'"
12178:"Skul: The Hero Slayer Surpasses 1 Million Sales Worldwide"
11142:"Manor Lords passes 1m sales after one day in Early Access"
10589:"Indie favorite 'Papers, Please' has sold 5 million copies"
10276:"12m players have got in a lather with PowerWash Simulator"
9969:"How Stardew Valley ushered in the farming sim renaissance"
6267:
6265:
5233:"Traveling through time with 'Braid' creator Jonathan Blow"
4131:
901:
9720:
9632:. Proceedings of DiGRA 2011 Conference: Think Design Play.
9511:"'Hades' Takes Top Honor at Game Developers Choice Awards"
9451:"What Remains of Edith Finch wins Bafta's top games award"
8581:
7745:"Dōjin nation: does 'indie' gaming really exist in Japan?"
7653:"Dōjin nation: does 'indie' gaming really exist in Japan?"
7090:"In-depth: Yacht Club gets transparent with sales numbers"
6864:"Microsoft to acquire 'Minecraft' maker Mojang for $ 2.5B"
6224:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
4987:
1829:, the first such doujin to be published on Steam in 2010.
1223:
and made them highly experimental games. Other games like
1081:
products and may range from novices to industry veterans.
1013:
that has studied the video game market, wrote in his book
11922:"Demonic deck-builder Inscryption passes 1 million sales"
10561:
8051:
7576:"Hollow Knight Has Sold More Than 1 Million Copies On PC"
6418:
6356:
6323:
6227:"Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games"
5079:
5077:
5043:
5041:
4990:"Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games"
4861:
4790:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
3232:
As of March 2021, only includes sales for Steam version.
2709:
has since sold more than 200 million copies by May 2020.
2306:"risky" creative projects. Furthermore, the expansion of
2200:
1283:
Rise of indie games from digital distribution (2000−2005)
1259:
typically reserved for larger developers and publishers.
1114:
844:
12368:"'Untitled Goose Game' honks its way to a million sales"
12052:"Video Game Insights - Games industry data and analysis"
9676:
Parker, Felan; Whitson, Jennifer R; Simon, Bart (2017).
8805:
8803:
6262:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
2256:, but otherwise leaving the marketing to the developer.
1204:
In the United Kingdom, early microcomputers such as the
13939:
9678:"Megabooth: The cultural intermediation of indie games"
9570:"Inscryption wins big at GDC and IGF Awards | GDC 2022"
8710:"Searching for gold: how to fund your indie video game"
6616:"Xbox's 'Braid' A Surprise Hit, For Surprising Reasons"
5938:
5800:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4177:
As of September 2020. Includes 700,000 sales during an
2437:
1768:
develop games. One area that Japan had focused on were
1300:
that later was developed into a commercial indie game,
9089:"The Story of Shareware, the Original In-App Purchase"
7111:
7109:
6809:"Minecraft becomes first video game to hit 300m sales"
6352:"March Of The Indies: The Punk Rockers Of Video Games"
5913:. Proceedings of DiGRA 2013: DeFragging Game Studies.
5074:
5038:
4732:
1832:
Mikhail Fiadotau, a lecturer in video game studies at
1811:, developed entirely by one-man independent developer
1371:
Shifting industry and increased visibility (2005−2014)
1113:
home console in 1976 as an independent contractor for
16:
Class of video game, generally independently published
12465:
9795:
8800:
7343:"The 5 trends that defined the game industry in 2016"
7246:"The 5 trends that defined the game industry in 2015"
7151:"7,672 games hit Steam in 2017 alone, says Steam Spy"
6715:"Archive - 13th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards"
6683:"Indie game publishers are the new indie rock labels"
6510:
6508:
6506:
6185:
6108:
6106:
5620:
5576:
5110:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
2356:, and the BAFTA Video Games Awards. Indie games like
1097:
at universities and other large institutions. 1962's
991:
innovation. This often leads to indie games having a
11825:"Firewatch hits 1 million sales in less than a year"
9870:"'Roguelikes': Getting to the heart of the it-genre"
9481:"'Outer Wilds' Wins Best Game at BAFTA Games Awards"
8565:
The Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association
8261:"Road to the IGF: Red Hook Studios' Darkest Dungeon"
7910:"Indie and dōjin games: a cross-cultural comparison"
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5530:
5528:
5526:
4941:
4682:
4572:
2118:
model, in which interested players can buy playable
1193:
solicited games from hobbyists, written in BASIC or
1120:
11428:"Magicka sells 1.3M copies, 4M DLC packs worldwide"
10326:Antonio G. Di Benedetto; Jay Peters (16 May 2022).
9822:
Playful game jams: guidelines for designed outcomes
9819:
8703:
8701:
7106:
6286:"Tracing the Sprawling Roots of Flash Preservation"
6154:
6152:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5134:"Indie game studios 'will always be more creative'"
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
2388:have been awarded various Game of the Year awards.
1601:opening in the late 2000s. In 2012, a documentary,
12536:Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology
12534:McGuire, Morgan; Jenkins, Odest Chadwicke (2009).
12512:
12054:. January 26, 2023. Event occurs at Steam app id
10866:"Bastion Sells 3 Million, Transistor Hits 600,000"
10674:
9675:
9627:
9254:"Congratulations, Your First Indie Game is a Flop"
9027:"Top Doujinshi Events Most Popular By The Numbers"
6503:
6103:
5816:Iuppa, Nick; Borst, Terry; Simpson, Chris (2012).
5566:
5564:
5492:
5490:
5127:
5125:
4770:
9349:
9347:
8812:"How do I get funding for my indie game company?"
8740:
8707:
8044:
7010:Brey, Betsy; Clarke, M.J.; Wang, Cynthia (2020).
6643:
6641:
5893:
5815:
5668:
5523:
1522:Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year
14404:
8972:
8698:
7981:"The 14 Best Games Developed By Only One Person"
7845:"Opinion: Comic Market And Indie Games In Japan"
7447:"Indies on Steam are betting on discoverability"
6149:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5455:
4783:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4603:
1636:that any downturn was just part of the standard
1432:successfully raised millions of dollars through
1155:was popular with hobbyist programmers in the UK.
11954:"Loop Hero Sales Hit 1 Million Copies on Steam"
11332:"Slay the Spire passes 1.5 million copies sold"
11168:
10829:"Worldwide digital games market: December 2020"
10557:"Roguelikes: The Rebirth of the Counterculture"
10118:
9999:
8973:Leavitt, Alex; Horbinski, Andrea (2012-06-15).
8421:
7869:
7546:"Make Love, Not War: Five Years Of 'Undertale'"
7513:"How it feels to release an indie game in 2019"
6550:"Can D.I.Y. Supplant the First-Person Shooter?"
6446:"Can D.I.Y. Supplant the First-Person Shooter?"
5982:
5704:"What Does It Really Mean to Be an Indie Game?"
5561:
5534:
5487:
5466:
5122:
4850:
4848:
2650:List of indie games surpassing a million sales
1338:libraries and engines. Dedicated software like
12533:
12469:; Swain, Christopher; Hoffman, Steven (2008).
12022:"Omori Has Sold 1 Million Copies Since Launch"
10053:
9389:"The 'GDC 25' Chronicles: We Have (IGF) Video"
9344:
9245:
8845:"The Changing Face of Video Game Crowdfunding"
8415:
8388:
7009:
6638:
5932:
5570:
5224:
5020:
4927:
2192:the early 1990s, notably with the releases of
1384:was one of several indie games highlighted in
13326:
12636:
8135:"Road to the IGF: Alex Beachum's Outer Wilds"
7142:
6897:"The 10 Best-Selling Video Games of All Time"
6045:
5843:
5047:
4642:
2336:in the first part of each year alongside the
653:
12335:Has Sold Over 1 Million Copies Since Launch"
11266:
8773:
8364:"Opinion: Amateur vs Indie Games - The War?"
8205:"Kickstart to Lightspeed – An FTL Interview"
7677:
7206:
7175:
6112:
4845:
3687:As of September 2021, still in early access
2934:promotion. In 2019, Psyonix was acquired by
1229:(1982) showed highly-experimental gameplay.
262:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
12410:(2nd ed.). Thomson Course Technology.
12208:"Thomas Was Alone surpasses 1M copies sold"
11500:"Indie hit Balatro clears 1 million copies"
10431:"Rust has made more money than Garry's Mod"
9808:Thompson, Berbank-Green & Cusworth 2007
9645:"Driving Indie Games From Margin to Center"
9478:
9421:"11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards"
9186:Fenlon, Wes; Wilde, Tyler (July 12, 2019).
9185:
8324:
7118:"There are too many video games. What now?"
1390:as indie games entered mainstream coverage.
13333:
13319:
12650:
12643:
12629:
12553:Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010).
12552:
12510:
11236:"The Guilt of the Video-Game Millionaires"
11169:Nunnely-Jackson, Stephany (May 16, 2024).
10422:
9765:"Global Game Jam 2009: A Worldwide Report"
9642:
9251:
8743:"The Basic Marketing Plan For Indie Games"
8233:
8104:"Risk of Rain hands-on: Retro agoraphobia"
7778:"Indie Game Developers Revive Platformers"
7184:"There are now over 27,000 games on Steam"
6271:
6012:
5671:"GDC: Analyzing Innovation in Indie Games"
5200:"Bastion developer talks indie publishing"
5197:
5032:
5024:
4931:
3044:As of January 2024, still in early access
2204:, "indie" games from fledgling developers
660:
646:
11982:
11854:
11638:"Core Keeper has sold one million copies"
11525:
11460:"One million copies and 5000 mods later,
10521:
9933:
9900:
9703:
9693:
9508:
9413:
9287:"It's time we stopped encouraging indies"
8990:
8472:(Interview). Interviewed by Josh Harris.
8466:"Interview: The Making Of Dwarf Fortress"
7775:
7601:"Cuphead surpasses 5 million copies sold"
7444:
6412:
6225:MARCELO PRINCE, PETER ROTH (2004-12-21).
6018:
5701:
4988:MARCELO PRINCE, PETER ROTH (2004-12-21).
4745:
3657:SgtOkiDoki, Vilaskis, and TheLiquidHorse
1241:Shareware and chasing the console (1990s)
12538:. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A K Peters.
12446:
12265:"Transistor sells over a million copies"
12109:
11610:"Content Warning tops one million sales"
11497:
10799:
10244:"Garry's Mod has sold 20 million copies"
10241:
10208:
10031:"The Endless Play Of The Endless Forest"
9119:
8809:
8431:"Postmortem: Team Meat's Super Meat Boy"
7937:
7907:
7814:"The undying allure of the Metroidvania"
7807:
7805:
7381:"The Problem of the Indie Game Pedestal"
7270:
7148:
7063:
7038:
6828:
6256:
6053:"Introducing the Atari Program Exchange"
5496:
5365:
5131:
2968:As of April 2022, still in early access
2511:
2395:
1863:
1614:
1414:video games could be seen as an art form
1374:
1342:and tools for unified game engines like
1286:
1146:
1084:
972:
11361:
11248:from the original on September 13, 2021
11076:
10902:"Deep Rock Galactic surpasses 3m sales"
10767:Bolding, Jonathan (December 31, 2022).
10766:
10733:
10554:
10460:
10429:Bolding, Jonathan (December 21, 2019).
10428:
10395:
10223:from the original on September 14, 2021
10127:"Terraria State of the Game - May 2022"
10025:
9834:
9538:
8954:from the original on September 16, 2020
8552:
8525:
8291:
8202:
8132:
8069:
7875:
7742:
7683:
7650:
7511:Nelson, Xalavier Jr. (March 12, 2019).
7307:
7005:
7003:
6951:Remains a Queasy, Ultraviolent Classic"
6789:from the original on September 19, 2019
6680:
6613:
6547:
6491:from the original on September 12, 2019
6443:
6194:"Manic Miner 360: Revisiting a Classic"
6057:Atari Program Exchange Software Catalog
5988:
5867:Cobbett, Richard (September 22, 2017).
5866:
5834:
5702:Kunzelman, Cameron (January 15, 2020).
5594:Cobbett, Richard (September 19, 2010).
5593:
5230:
5212:from the original on September 24, 2015
5198:Winchester, Herny (November 14, 2011).
4956:
4857:"Opinion: 'Indie' Has Lost Its Meaning"
3939:Skog, Zorro, Wilnyl, Philip, thePetHen
1752:
1520:became the first Indie game to win the
1219:(1983), incorporated the quirkiness of
14405:
12424:
12365:
12347:from the original on December 15, 2023
12328:
12310:from the original on September 4, 2021
12277:from the original on September 4, 2021
12262:
12244:from the original on 21 September 2023
12205:
12142:
12091:from the original on November 11, 2020
12079:"RimWorld sells over a million copies"
12076:
12001:from the original on November 20, 2023
11887:
11741:from the original on November 23, 2023
11698:
11635:
11393:
11329:
11311:from the original on February 10, 2022
11296:
11233:
11215:from the original on November 26, 2023
11196:
11122:from the original on September 4, 2021
11107:
11022:
10964:
10914:from the original on November 11, 2021
10899:
10863:
10781:from the original on December 31, 2022
10769:"Factorio has sold 3.5 million copies"
10642:
10569:from the original on September 3, 2014
10522:Valentine, Rebekah (14 January 2020).
10358:
10307:from the original on September 4, 2021
10256:from the original on September 8, 2021
10209:Nunneley, Stephany (August 30, 2019).
10091:
9993:
9966:
9882:from the original on September 2, 2014
9762:
9744:from the original on November 12, 2013
9599:"2023 BAFTA Games Awards: The Winners"
9368:from the original on December 24, 2013
9353:
9284:
9218:
8908:
8842:
8722:from the original on December 10, 2017
8708:Thompson, Michael (January 18, 2010).
8671:
8558:
8394:
8273:from the original on February 12, 2016
8169:
8045:Casamassina, Matt (October 22, 2009).
8011:
7842:
7573:
7525:from the original on February 27, 2020
7510:
7355:from the original on December 14, 2016
7258:from the original on December 11, 2015
7212:
7181:
7115:
7039:Argüello, Diego Nicolás (2022-10-26).
6944:
6919:
6894:
6861:
6562:from the original on September 6, 2015
6548:Bearman, Joshuah (November 15, 2009).
6476:
6470:
6458:from the original on December 23, 2019
6444:Bearman, Joshuah (November 13, 2009).
6349:
6331:from the original on February 21, 2014
6206:from the original on 30 September 2019
6191:
6091:from the original on 30 September 2019
5970:from the original on November 15, 2019
5908:
5881:from the original on September 9, 2021
5782:from the original on February 26, 2018
5767:
5749:from the original on December 15, 2017
5636:Irwin, Mary Jane (November 20, 2008).
5608:from the original on December 23, 2010
5417:from the original on November 14, 2023
5380:from the original on November 13, 2023
5179:from the original on September 8, 2015
5116:
4854:
4819:
4798:from the original on February 22, 2014
4616:
3720:Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP
3356:Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
2938:and in 2020, the game transitioned to
2537:Weird Worlds: Return to Infinite Space
1841:shared the same stage with AAA games.
13340:
13314:
12624:
12402:
12295:
12175:
12157:from the original on February 2, 2023
12110:Nunneley, Stephanny (March 3, 2022).
12019:
11964:from the original on January 11, 2022
11951:
11759:
11726:
11607:
11575:
11297:Bailey, Dustin (September 30, 2021).
11045:
10857:
10845:from the original on January 22, 2021
10748:from the original on December 2, 2020
10625:from the original on January 15, 2022
10493:
10242:Prescott, Shaun (September 7, 2021).
10073:from the original on 23 November 2014
9981:from the original on January 22, 2024
9967:Warner, Noelle (September 20, 2022).
9934:Zimmerman, Aaron (October 20, 2022).
9915:from the original on January 23, 2021
9901:Wiltshire, Alex (February 19, 2018).
9777:from the original on November 1, 2017
9763:Jacobs, Stephen (February 25, 2009).
9726:
9539:Rosario, Alexandra Del (2021-03-25).
9386:
9332:from the original on November 8, 2020
9317:
9101:from the original on October 21, 2019
9086:
8875:
8810:Strebeck, Zachary (August 21, 2015).
8494:
8460:
8361:
8258:
8215:from the original on October 17, 2012
8114:from the original on January 23, 2014
8026:from the original on February 8, 2021
7993:from the original on January 28, 2020
7978:
7857:from the original on February 1, 2020
7812:Nutt, Christian (February 13, 2015).
7802:
7757:from the original on February 1, 2020
7665:from the original on February 1, 2020
7613:from the original on January 16, 2020
7598:
7556:from the original on October 18, 2020
7492:from the original on October 15, 2019
7411:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7340:
7276:
7243:
7194:from the original on January 15, 2019
7163:from the original on January 11, 2018
7149:McAloone, Alissa (January 10, 2018).
7130:from the original on October 24, 2019
7116:Wright, Steven (September 28, 2018).
6988:from the original on December 1, 2021
6976:"Shovel Knight: An Indie Masterpiece"
6973:
6876:from the original on 7 September 2017
6774:
6770:
6768:
6647:
6580:
6394:from the original on October 15, 2019
6316:
6158:
6033:from the original on February 5, 2016
5734:
5716:from the original on January 15, 2020
5683:from the original on December 5, 2017
5635:
5549:from the original on December 7, 2013
5511:from the original on December 7, 2013
5443:from the original on 27 November 2023
5299:
5267:
5249:from the original on January 21, 2016
5231:Conditt, Jessica (January 21, 2016).
5098:from the original on October 21, 2012
5083:
5062:from the original on November 8, 2012
5028:
4935:
4784:Thomsen, Michael (January 25, 2011).
4720:from the original on December 7, 2013
4657:
1011:The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
12296:Fogel, Stefanie (October 31, 2018).
12263:Devore, Jordan (December 28, 2015).
12143:Signor, Jeremy (December 13, 2021).
11983:Partleton, Kayleigh (June 1, 2020).
11919:
11869:from the original on 22 January 2024
11822:
11804:from the original on January 6, 2014
11789:
11457:
11425:
11089:from the original on 9 February 2015
10932:
10734:McAloon, Alissa (December 2, 2020).
10536:from the original on 15 January 2020
10524:"Subnautica has sold over 5m copies"
10292:
10124:
10061:"Built to last: the Minecraft model"
9948:from the original on August 18, 2023
9867:
9849:from the original on August 14, 2020
9657:from the original on January 2, 2014
9628:Guevara-Villalobos, Orlando (2011).
9431:from the original on 27 January 2013
9299:from the original on August 14, 2020
9233:from the original on August 16, 2020
9152:
9037:from the original on 10 January 2014
8939:
8824:from the original on August 14, 2020
8788:from the original on January 2, 2014
8776:"Nine Paths To Indie Game Greatness"
8755:from the original on January 2, 2014
8686:from the original on 13 October 2020
8184:from the original on 31 January 2018
8101:
7811:
7543:
7477:
7459:from the original on October 4, 2019
7445:Valentine, Rebekah (July 19, 2019).
7289:from the original on August 19, 2017
7225:from the original on January 2, 2020
7000:
6843:from the original on January 9, 2011
6662:from the original on August 16, 2020
6614:Chaplin, Heather (August 27, 2008).
6529:from the original on October 1, 2020
6514:
6283:
5955:
5398:
5366:Spangler, Todd (November 13, 2023).
5332:
5164:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4815:
4813:
4705:
2531:Strange Adventures in Infinite Space
2001:
1859:
1093:revolution with games developed for
12612:The Creativity of Indie Video Games
12032:from the original on March 19, 2023
11888:Gurwin, Gabe (September 20, 2020).
11727:Jones, Rebecca (October 10, 2023).
11479:from the original on April 27, 2023
11046:Olson, Mathew (25 September 2019).
11025:"Hollow Knight: Silksong Revealed!"
10800:Reynolds, Ollie (January 8, 2024).
10643:Taylor, Mollie (February 4, 2021).
10396:Kennedy, Victory (April 25, 2022).
10377:from the original on March 11, 2017
10085:
9835:Francis, Bryant (August 25, 2017).
9796:Fullerton, Swain & Hoffman 2008
9155:"Valve Changes Online Gaming Rules"
8890:from the original on August 3, 2020
8559:Lipkin, Nadav (December 31, 2012).
8540:from the original on April 18, 2021
8376:from the original on April 18, 2021
8306:from the original on 17 August 2018
8133:Cameron, Phill (January 27, 2015).
7878:"Steam's First Indie JRPG Is a Hit"
7790:from the original on March 15, 2015
7686:"The story of the Touhou sensation"
7631:
7537:
7426:from the original on 18 August 2017
7322:from the original on April 16, 2016
6862:Molina, Brett (15 September 2014).
6626:from the original on March 27, 2019
6595:from the original on August 9, 2014
6415:"Cost headache for game developers"
6413:Takatsuki, Yo (December 27, 2007).
6298:from the original on August 7, 2021
6019:McCracken, Harry (April 29, 2014).
5737:"The 5 Myths of the Indiepocalypse"
5669:Diamante, Vincent (March 6, 2007).
5535:Gamasutra staff (October 4, 2007).
5048:Parker, Laura (February 14, 2011).
2592:resurged following the releases of
2108:using crowd-funding for video games
1539:best-selling video game of all time
1526:D.I.C.E. Award for Game of the Year
13:
12946:List of American independent films
12511:Iuppa, Nick; Borst, Terry (2009).
12447:Chandler, Heather Maxwell (2009).
12329:Hagues, Alana (November 2, 2022).
12218:from the original on 26 April 2014
12176:Lopez, Azario (January 27, 2022).
12124:from the original on March 4, 2022
12077:Bailer, Denis (February 2, 2020).
11952:Adams, Robert (December 9, 2021).
11528:"Why Are 1 Million People Playing
11467:s creator is just getting started"
11394:Reilly, Jim (September 10, 2012).
11362:Matulef, Jeffrey (July 27, 2013).
10900:Calvin, Alex (November 11, 2021).
10595:from the original on 9 August 2023
10475:from the original on July 28, 2020
9609:from the original on April 2, 2023
9401:from the original on July 23, 2021
9387:Scott, Jason (December 22, 2010).
9320:"What causes indie games to fail?"
9266:from the original on June 13, 2018
9167:from the original on March 2, 2016
9134:from the original on June 24, 2020
8921:from the original on April 8, 2011
8857:from the original on June 24, 2021
8843:Futter, Michael (March 18, 2019).
8774:Marsh, David (February 26, 2008).
8741:Hietalahti, Juuso (May 19, 2006).
8526:Safarov, Tom (December 12, 2019).
8497:"INTERVIEW: TOBY FOX OF UNDERTALE"
8395:Totilo, Stephen (August 8, 2007).
8362:Doull, Andrew (February 6, 2008).
8170:Sarkar, Samit (14 February 2014).
8151:from the original on April 2, 2015
7776:Greenwald, Will (April 12, 2013).
7638:Digital Games Research Association
7599:Grubb, Jeff (September 30, 2019).
7478:West, Daniel (September 8, 2015).
7367:
6831:"Why Minecraft Is So Damn Popular"
6829:Plunkett, Luke (January 4, 2011).
6765:
6695:from the original on April 4, 2018
6477:Mysore, Sahana (January 2, 2009).
6364:from the original on July 18, 2021
6350:Mullis, Steve (November 4, 2013).
6284:Chan, Khee Hoon (March 18, 2021).
6192:Donlan, Christian (26 July 2012).
5956:Juul, Jesper (November 15, 2019).
5915:Digital Games Research Association
5347:from the original on July 18, 2023
5314:from the original on July 11, 2023
4957:Carroll, Russell (June 14, 2004).
4869:from the original on July 12, 2021
622:List of video game industry people
14:
14434:
12605:
12366:Fingas, Jon (December 31, 2019).
11989:has sold over one million copies"
11855:Macgregor, Jody (19 April 2020).
11790:Hing, David (December 10, 2013).
11699:Carter, Justin (March 15, 2024).
11680:from the original on 18 July 2023
11650:from the original on July 1, 2022
11498:Robinson, Andy (March 18, 2024).
11077:Minotti, Mike (15 January 2015).
10979:from the original on 29 June 2013
10675:Aleksha McLoughlin (2023-04-18).
10410:from the original on May 14, 2022
10340:from the original on 19 June 2022
10293:Wood, Austin (December 1, 2020).
9200:from the original on July 7, 2020
9087:Smith, Ernie (November 1, 2016).
9055:
9024:
8979:Transformative Works and Cultures
8495:Feeld, Julian (October 9, 2015).
8012:Gordon, Lewis (October 9, 2019).
7824:from the original on May 12, 2015
7743:Ellison, Cara (October 1, 2014).
7698:from the original on 17 July 2021
7651:Ellison, Cara (October 1, 2014).
7341:Graft, Kris (December 13, 2016).
7244:Graft, Kris (December 10, 2015).
7182:Calvin, Alex (January 14, 2019).
6920:Ostler, Anne-Marie (2022-08-30).
6681:Webster, Andrew (April 4, 2018).
6581:Grubb, Jeff (February 14, 2012).
6425:from the original on July 4, 2020
6173:from the original on 26 July 2019
5735:Clark, Ryan (September 8, 2015).
5650:from the original on May 17, 2019
5497:Diamante, Vince (March 7, 2007).
5399:Rowe, Willa (November 14, 2023).
5146:from the original on June 5, 2009
5050:"The Rise of the Indie Developer"
4916:
4881:
4822:"The Rise of the Indie Developer"
4810:
2588:games using roguelike mechanics.
1430:large indie game-related projects
1233:itself advertised its text-based
1121:Home computers (late 1970s-1980s)
13545:
12359:
12322:
12289:
12256:
12230:
12199:
12169:
12136:
12103:
12070:
12044:
12013:
11976:
11945:
11913:
11881:
11848:
11816:
11783:
11753:
11720:
11692:
11662:
11629:
11601:
11569:
11555:
11519:
11491:
11451:
11419:
11396:"Amnesia Sales Pass One Million"
11387:
11355:
11330:Wilson, Jason (March 18, 2019).
11323:
11290:
11260:
11227:
11190:
11162:
11134:
11101:
11070:
11039:
11023:Gibson, Ari (14 February 2019).
11016:
11001:(Press release). April 4, 2019.
10991:
10958:
10926:
10893:
10821:
10793:
10760:
10727:
10698:
10668:
10636:
10607:
10581:
10548:
10515:
10487:
10454:
10389:
10359:Makuch, Eddie (March 10, 2017).
10352:
10319:
10286:
10268:
10235:
10202:
10188:
10173:(Press release). July 22, 2021.
10163:
10149:
10137:from the original on 27 May 2022
10106:from the original on 18 May 2020
10019:
9960:
9927:
9894:
9868:Nutt, Christian (May 21, 2014).
9861:
9828:
9813:
9789:
9756:
9669:
9636:
9621:
9591:
9562:
9532:
9509:Beresford, Trilby (2021-07-22).
9502:
9472:
9443:
9380:
9354:Taylor, Paul (August 26, 2009).
9311:
9285:Warner, John (October 2, 2018).
9278:
9212:
9179:
9146:
9113:
9080:
9049:
9018:
8966:
8933:
8902:
8869:
8836:
8767:
8734:
8665:
8641:
8617:
8575:
8519:
8488:
8454:
8355:
8318:
8292:Mahardy, Mike (13 August 2013).
8285:
8259:Graft, Kris (February 8, 2016).
8252:
8227:
8196:
8163:
8126:
8095:
8063:
8038:
8005:
7972:
7931:
7901:
7836:
7769:
7736:
7720:(in Japanese). 19 October 2018.
7379:Bycer, Josh (October 15, 2019).
7213:Calvin, Alex (January 2, 2020).
6515:Rose, Mike (November 19, 2013).
6317:Blake, Michael (June 22, 2011).
5768:Newman, Jared (March 31, 2017).
5499:"GDC: The Future of Indie Games"
4660:"What Exactly is an Indie Game?"
4575:
1743:
1680:Where the Water Tastes Like Wine
415:Intellectual property protection
138:
83:
74:
63:
54:
43:
34:
12856:Experimental musical instrument
12592:from the original on 2024-01-22
12499:from the original on 2024-01-22
12430:Game development and production
12380:from the original on 2021-09-04
12206:Sarkar, Samit (25 April 2014).
12188:from the original on 2022-02-03
12020:Sinha, Ravi (January 2, 2023).
11934:from the original on 2022-03-31
11902:from the original on 2021-10-25
11837:from the original on 2021-09-04
11823:Kerr, Chris (January 4, 2017).
11772:from the original on 2021-02-28
11608:Blake, Vikki (April 13, 2024).
11590:from the original on 2020-06-02
11544:from the original on 2023-12-15
11458:Park, Morgan (March 27, 2023).
11440:from the original on 2021-09-05
11426:Rose, Mike (January 19, 2012).
11376:from the original on 2021-09-04
11344:from the original on 2021-09-04
11279:from the original on 2023-07-18
11234:Parkin, Simon (April 3, 2014).
11108:Treese, Tyler (April 2, 2020).
11005:from the original on 2021-09-04
10933:Kerr, Chris (January 8, 2020).
10882:from the original on 2015-01-10
10716:from the original on 2022-02-03
10687:from the original on 2023-08-14
10657:from the original on 2021-09-04
10494:Wales, Matt (2 February 2024).
10461:Minotti, Mike (July 28, 2020).
10443:from the original on 2019-12-22
10177:from the original on 2021-07-24
10008:from the original on 2012-04-13
9643:Edge Staff (October 10, 2008).
9580:from the original on 2022-04-15
9551:from the original on 2021-03-26
9521:from the original on 2021-07-22
9491:from the original on 2022-05-29
9479:Barraclough, Leo (2020-04-02).
9461:from the original on 2020-11-09
9356:"Building Buzz for Indie Games"
9007:from the original on 2021-07-21
8476:from the original on 2013-11-12
8443:from the original on 2011-05-07
8236:"The Making Of: Papers, Please"
8234:Edge Staff (January 20, 2014).
8084:from the original on 2024-01-22
7979:Ramée, Jordan (July 28, 2018).
7920:from the original on 2022-02-10
7843:Carter, Ben (August 11, 2011).
7724:from the original on 4 May 2021
7710:
7644:
7625:
7592:
7567:
7504:
7471:
7438:
7412:Muncy, Julie (15 August 2017).
7405:
7334:
7308:Pearson, Dan (April 13, 2016).
7301:
7237:
7082:
7057:
7032:
6967:
6938:
6913:
6888:
6855:
6822:
6801:
6754:from the original on 2022-04-13
6736:
6725:from the original on 2022-06-23
6707:
6674:
6648:Smith, Graham (March 5, 2018).
6607:
6574:
6541:
6437:
6406:
6376:
6343:
6310:
6277:
6250:
6218:
6071:
6001:from the original on 2017-11-09
5828:
5809:
5794:
5761:
5728:
5695:
5662:
5638:"Indie Game Developers Rise Up"
5429:
5392:
5359:
5326:
5293:
5282:from the original on 2016-03-05
5261:
5191:
5158:
5084:Kelly, Kevin (March 17, 2009).
5014:
4981:
4905:from the original on 2015-12-13
4834:from the original on 2016-03-21
4631:from the original on 2016-03-07
2610:(2016) created a resurgence in
2580:(2022), which led to numerous "
2147:
904:as well as publishing support.
900:, but had financial backing of
834:triple-A video game development
12432:. Texas: Wordware Publishing.
11526:Rosenberg, Yair (2023-03-16).
10965:Sarkar, Samit (26 June 2013).
10555:Mahardy, Mike (July 4, 2014).
10000:Ploug, Kristine (2005-12-01).
9120:Brinbaum, Ian (May 30, 2014).
8909:Orland, Kyle (April 6, 2011).
8876:Green, Holly (June 24, 2016).
8102:Tach, Dave (August 23, 2013).
8070:Hayward, Andrew (2012-10-12).
7544:Diaz, Ana (October 17, 2020).
7277:Wawro, Alex (March 15, 2016).
7012:Indie Games in the Digital Age
6159:Baker, Chris (6 August 2010).
5911:Indie Game Studies Year Eleven
5300:Cyrer, Hirun (June 30, 2023).
5132:Crossley, Rob (May 19, 2009).
4746:MacDonald, Dan (May 3, 2005).
2570:(2019), which popularized the
1844:
1826:Recettear: An Item Shop's Tale
1799:Sony Interactive Entertainment
1488:Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved 2
1036:Indie games are distinct from
916:, similarly, was developed by
1:
13300:Social peer-to-peer processes
12395:
11636:Calvin, Alex (July 1, 2022).
11197:Calvin, Alex (May 31, 2019).
10002:"Art Games - An Introduction"
9427:. Game Developer Conference.
9318:Fahey, Rob (April 15, 2016).
9219:Henges, Liz (June 19, 2020).
9153:Case, Loyd (March 22, 2002).
8672:Orland, Kyle (23 July 2012).
8047:"And Yet It Moves To WiiWare"
7064:Corcoran, Nina (2023-03-08).
6895:Sirani, Jordan (2024-07-11).
6719:Game Developers Choice Awards
6244:small or average size games."
5596:"Is indie gaming the future?"
5008:small or average size games."
4748:"Understanding "Independent""
4706:Gril, Juan (April 30, 2008).
4658:Gnade, Mike (July 15, 2010).
4596:
4591:List of indie game developers
3103:The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth
3067:Unknown Worlds Entertainment
2338:Game Developers Choice Awards
2056:
819:
708:in those respective mediums.
617:List of video game publishers
605:List of video game developers
12557:. Delmar: Cengage Learning.
12449:The Game Production Handbook
11576:Marks, Tom (March 5, 2020).
10864:Makuch, Eddie (2015-01-09).
9252:Jan, Matej (June 27, 2012).
7684:PCGamer (24 November 2014).
6974:Matar, Joe (June 26, 2019).
6945:Gordon, Lewis (2022-10-25).
6775:Faber, Tom (July 15, 2019).
6079:"Death of the bedroom coder"
5989:Edwards, Benj (2017-10-27).
5839:. Proceedings of DiGRA 2018.
4855:Pearce, Dan (July 9, 2021).
4820:Parker, Laura (2011-02-13).
4000:Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor
3063:Unknown Worlds Entertainment
2572:roguelike deck-building game
2391:
2034:) or by taking advantage of
1058:on its original release and
1029:Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
1009:, an associate professor at
632:List of video game magazines
7:
11267:Rich Stanton (2023-07-05).
10092:Warren, Tom (18 May 2020).
8596:10.1007/978-3-030-75867-7_7
7876:Goldman, Tom (2010-10-01).
7574:Walker, Alex (2018-07-05).
6059:. Summer 1981. pp. 1–2
5333:Ngan, Liv (July 11, 2023).
5165:Cook, Dave (May 13, 2014).
4893:"The State of Indie Gaming"
4708:"The State of Indie Gaming"
4617:Dutton, Fred (2012-04-18).
4568:
2404:exhibition during the 2013
2359:What Remains of Edith Finch
2291:
627:List of video game websites
10:
14439:
13543:
12555:Game Industry Career Guide
11920:Kerr, Chris (2022-01-06).
11792:"Fez hits 1 million sales"
11760:Wawro, Alex (2014-03-03).
8940:Diaz, Ana (May 13, 2020).
7938:Fiadotau, Mikhail (2019).
7908:Fiadotau, Mikhail (2017).
6115:Environment and Planning A
5933:McGuire & Jenkins 2009
5571:McGuire & Jenkins 2009
5268:Kamen, Matt (2016-03-04).
5021:McGuire & Jenkins 2009
4995:Wall Street Journal Online
4928:McGuire & Jenkins 2009
2430:Game Developers Conference
2426:Independent Games Festival
2406:Game Developers Conference
2402:Independent Games Festival
2334:Game Developers Conference
2330:Independent Games Festival
2093:
1848:
1760:
1469:had launched in 2005 with
1444:Independent Games Festival
1175:. Print magazines such as
1067:
1044:and other assets under an
922:Warner Bros. Entertainment
551:Advertising in video games
18:
14360:
14276:
14240:
14202:
14096:
14089:
14014:
13930:
13905:
13855:
13820:
13792:
13754:
13745:
13683:
13653:
13623:
13580:
13554:
13481:
13458:
13393:
13370:
13361:
13353:List of video game genres
13348:
13250:
13189:
13154:
13087:
13044:
13035:
12936:American eccentric cinema
12913:
12877:
12868:
12841:
12761:
12752:
12744:Amateur press association
12656:
10463:"Cuphead launches on PS4"
7927:– via Academia.edu.
6744:"Awards Category Details"
4891:Gril, Juan (2008-04-30).
3750:Amnesia: The Dark Descent
2436:held prior to the annual
2310:has introduced gaming to
2043:software development kits
1549:in 2014 and brought into
1463:Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection
920:, but with publishing by
420:Digital rights management
13645:Digital collectible card
12614:Documentary produced by
9695:10.1177/1461444817711403
8341:10.1177/1555412009339732
8203:CjnLion (May 10, 2012).
5803:Culture and Organization
3097:Edmund McMillen/Nicalis
3041:Coffee Stain Publishing
1022:between these extremes.
13730:Roguelike deck-building
13638:Roguelike deck-building
12926:Cinema of Transgression
9682:New Media & Society
8503:. Feeld. Archived from
7953:: 34–84. Archived from
6231:The Wall Street Journal
5835:Jacevic, Milan (2018).
4664:The Indie Game Magazine
3383:Coffee Stain Publishing
2964:Coffee Stain Publishing
1920:Octodad: Dadliest Catch
1587:Five Nights at Freddy's
1574:Five Nights at Freddy's
850:I know it when I see it
795:Five Nights at Freddy's
737:open-source development
147:Part of a series on the
25:Indie role-playing game
14418:Video game terminology
13242:Independent TV station
13171:Independent soft drink
13137:Open-source video game
12651:Independent production
9515:The Hollywood Reporter
6272:Iuppa & Borst 2009
5909:Parker, Felan (2013).
5033:Iuppa & Borst 2009
5025:Moore & Novak 2010
4932:Moore & Novak 2010
4014:Ghost Ship Publishing
3788:Arrowhead Game Studios
2872:Square Enix Collective
2555:FTL: Faster Than Light
2534:(2002) and its sequel
2409:
2282:Strictly Limited Games
2218:bulletin board systems
1946:FTL: Faster Than Light
1874:
1851:Video game development
1624:
1553:. Another indie game,
1391:
1307:
1169:Atari Program Exchange
1156:
983:
690:"AAA" (triple-A) games
688:, in contrast to most
678:independent video game
13972:Tactical role-playing
13737:Tactical role-playing
13222:Visionary environment
12921:Independent animation
12240:. 19 September 2023.
11505:Video Games Chronicle
8992:10.3983/twc.2012.0321
8399:. MTV. Archived from
7094:www.gamedeveloper.com
7016:Bloomsbury Publishing
6388:New York Film Academy
4670:on September 27, 2013
4456:As of September 2023
4389:Skul: The Hero Slayer
4199:Daniel Mullins Games
4050:Dust: An Elysian Tail
3769:As of September 2012
3538:Coffee Stain Studios
3515:As of September 2019
2850:As of September 2021
2612:life simulation games
2512:Impact and popularity
2487:Gods Will Be Watching
2428:, held alongside the
2399:
2299:Dunning–Kruger effect
2278:Special Reserve Games
2072:Annapurna Interactive
2016:game development kits
1867:
1808:Touhou Project series
1770:game development kits
1618:
1604:Indie Game: The Movie
1387:Indie Game: The Movie
1378:
1290:
1257:game development kits
1252:video game publishers
1173:Atari 8-bit computers
1150:
1085:Before home computers
976:
877:video game publishers
21:Indie Game: The Movie
14352:Vertically scrolling
13234:Independent circuit
13064:Open-source software
12963:Guerrilla filmmaking
12331:"Cosy Indie Darling
10841:. January 22, 2021.
10125:Loki (23 May 2022).
9425:GameChoiceAwards.com
8649:"Homebrew (Concept)"
8464:(27 February 2008).
8248:on January 22, 2014.
8059:on October 25, 2009.
7188:PC Games Insider.biz
6390:. October 22, 2014.
5439:. 27 November 2023.
5411:Bustle Digital Group
4562:As of December 2019
4534:As of November 2022
4482:As of December 2015
4382:As of December 2021
4379:Thunder Lotus Games
4376:Thunder Lotus Games
4308:As of January 2024.
4285:As of December 2022
4233:As of December 2021
4088:Polytron Corporation
3670:Dyson Sphere Program
3646:BattleBit Remastered
3534:Coffee Stain Studios
3489:As of February 2019
3387:As of November 2021
3258:As of November 2020
3178:As of February 2021
3077:The Binding of Isaac
3037:Coffee Stain Studios
2994:As of December 2019
2796:As of February 2024
2549:The Binding of Isaac
2084:Coffee Stain Studios
2028:open source software
1632:stated in a talk at
1133:BASIC Computer Games
1052:, most notably with
967:The Game Awards 2023
698:digital distribution
484:Downloadable content
13982:Turn-based strategy
13887:Submarine simulator
13693:Action role-playing
13600:Interactive fiction
13202:Amateur photography
12895:Amateur pornography
12843:Musical instruments
12823:Tracker (MOD) music
10198:. 27 February 2024.
10131:forums.terraria.org
10069:. 10 October 2014.
10029:(6 November 2007).
9068:on 10 November 2022
8507:on January 22, 2016
8328:Games & Culture
7960:on February 1, 2020
7632:Ito, Kenji (2005).
7393:on October 14, 2019
6748:www.interactive.org
6127:2006EnPlA..38.1843I
6087:. 24 January 2004.
4959:"Indie Innovation?"
4541:Untitled Goose Game
4508:As of October 2018
4406:As of January 2022
4207:As of January 2022
4125:As of January 2017
4097:As of January 2014
4043:As of October 2023
3918:Extremely OK Games
3797:As of January 2012
3793:Paradox Interactive
3541:As of January 2015
3413:As of January 2020
3361:As of January 2015
3308:As of January 2024
3154:As of January 2022
2857:PowerWash Simulator
2651:
2368:Untitled Goose Game
1668:Untitled Goose Game
1655:market conditions.
1459:PlayStation Network
1312:online distribution
1235:interactive fiction
1095:mainframe computers
1046:open source license
467:Episodic video game
153:Video game industry
114:Kentucky Route Zero
14383:Video game modding
14325:Nonlinear gameplay
13987:Turn-based tactics
13955:Real-time strategy
12666:Alternative comics
10834:SuperData Research
10041:on 13 January 2019
9908:Rock Paper Shotgun
9605:. March 30, 2023.
7219:PCGamesInsider.biz
6947:"Ten Years Later,
6555:The New York Times
6451:The New York Times
4583:Video games portal
4358:As of March 2022.
4334:As of August 2020
3914:Extremely OK Games
3847:As of March 2024.
3368:Deep Rock Galactic
3358:/Supergiant Games
3228:Gearbox Publishing
3130:As of August 2023
2991:Facepunch Studios
2960:Iron Gate Studios
2822:As of August 2019
2649:
2627:The Endless Forest
2410:
2212:(later founder of
2159:Creative Computing
1875:
1834:Tallinn University
1776:, which published
1625:
1451:seventh generation
1392:
1308:
1157:
1140:that included the
1001:16-bit generations
984:
492:Games as a service
14400:
14399:
14396:
14395:
14388:Video game remake
14296:Emergent gameplay
13967:Real-time tactics
13926:
13925:
13865:Flight simulation
13595:Graphic adventure
13541:
13540:
13342:Video game genres
13308:
13307:
13258:Independent media
13150:
13149:
13069:Software cracking
13031:
13030:
12958:Exploitation film
12864:
12863:
12833:Underground music
12781:Open-source label
12766:Independent music
12671:Alternative manga
12585:978-0-471-96894-8
12564:978-1-4283-7647-2
12545:978-1-56881-305-9
12526:978-0-240-81179-6
12492:978-0-240-80974-8
12458:978-1-934015-40-7
11147:GamesIndustry.biz
11035:on 10 March 2019.
10591:. 9 August 2023.
10529:GamesIndustry.biz
10004:. Artificial.dk.
9576:. 24 March 2022.
9574:GamesIndustry.biz
9325:GamesIndustry.biz
9292:GamesIndustry.biz
8605:978-3-030-75867-7
8501:Existential Gamer
8403:on March 16, 2010
7452:GamesIndustry.biz
7315:GamesIndustry.biz
6655:GamesIndustry.biz
6121:(10): 1843–1861.
4566:
4565:
4479:Supergiant Games
4432:As of April 2014
4174:Supergiant Games
4151:As of April 2020
4069:As of March 2014
4065:Microsoft Studios
4035:Black Salt Games
4017:As of March 2024
3921:As of March 2020
3895:As of April 2024
3878:Buckshot Roulette
3821:As of March 2023
3766:Frictional Games
3713:As of March 2019
3639:As of April 2014
3565:As of April 2020
3562:Red Hook Studios
3559:Red Hook Studios
3512:Yacht Club Games
3465:As of April 2019
3394:Enter the Gungeon
3379:Ghost Ship Games
2987:Facepunch Studios
2876:As of April 2024
2841:Facepunch Studios
2577:Vampire Survivors
2518:video game genres
2499:Surgeon Simulator
2385:Vampire Survivors
2265:Limited Run Games
2002:Development tools
1860:Development teams
1774:ASCII Corporation
1714:COVID-19 pandemic
1551:Xbox Game Studios
1195:assembly language
1038:open source games
949:was developed by
936:was developed by
830:independent music
713:personal computer
702:independent music
670:
669:
512:Microtransactions
281:Interactive movie
14430:
14378:Video game clone
14094:
14093:
14090:Related concepts
13897:Vehicular combat
13752:
13751:
13625:Digital tabletop
13605:Interactive film
13565:Grand Theft Auto
13556:Action-adventure
13549:
13506:Platform fighter
13385:Platform fighter
13368:
13367:
13335:
13328:
13321:
13312:
13311:
13290:
13237:
13074:Unofficial patch
13042:
13041:
12991:
12931:Independent film
12875:
12874:
12805:Cassette culture
12759:
12758:
12645:
12638:
12631:
12622:
12621:
12600:
12598:
12597:
12568:
12549:
12530:
12518:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12481:(2nd ed.).
12467:Fullerton, Tracy
12462:
12443:
12421:
12389:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12363:
12357:
12356:
12354:
12352:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12293:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12282:
12260:
12254:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12234:
12228:
12227:
12225:
12223:
12203:
12197:
12196:
12194:
12193:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12162:
12140:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12107:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12074:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12039:
12037:
12017:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12006:
11980:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11885:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11842:
11820:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11809:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11777:
11757:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11696:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11676:. 11 July 2023.
11666:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11643:PC Games Insider
11633:
11627:
11626:
11624:
11622:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11595:
11573:
11567:
11566:
11565:. 23 April 2024.
11559:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11495:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11466:
11455:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11413:
11404:. Archived from
11391:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11381:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11349:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11264:
11258:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11208:PC Games Insider
11194:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11150:. April 29, 2024
11138:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11058:on 6 August 2020
11054:. Archived from
11043:
11037:
11036:
11031:. Archived from
11020:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11010:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10962:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10952:
10943:. Archived from
10930:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10907:PC Games Insider
10897:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10764:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10721:
10702:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10692:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10662:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10630:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10585:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10491:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10393:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10382:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10282:. 22 April 2024.
10272:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10239:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10089:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10037:. Archived from
10023:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10013:
9997:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9964:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9854:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9817:
9811:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9730:(May 31, 2002).
9728:Adams, Ernest W.
9724:
9718:
9717:
9707:
9697:
9688:(5): 1953–1972.
9673:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9466:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9351:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9238:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9064:. Archived from
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
8994:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8807:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8705:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8423:McMillen, Edmund
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8244:. Archived from
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8055:. Archived from
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8009:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7959:
7944:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7886:. Archived from
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7809:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7580:Kotaku Australia
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7389:. Archived from
7376:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7210:
7204:
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7201:
7199:
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7168:
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7135:
7113:
7104:
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7055:
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6805:
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6704:
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6678:
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6645:
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6611:
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6578:
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6399:
6380:
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6341:
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6314:
6308:
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6281:
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6239:
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6189:
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6110:
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5864:
5841:
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5826:
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5807:
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5791:
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5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5633:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5591:
5574:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5532:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5129:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5045:
5036:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5003:
5002:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4969:on June 15, 2009
4965:. Archived from
4954:
4939:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4781:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4758:on June 15, 2009
4754:. Archived from
4743:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4703:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4666:. Archived from
4655:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4619:"What is Indie?"
4614:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4475:Supergiant Games
4413:Thomas Was Alone
4259:As of June 2020
4229:Devolver Digital
4203:Devolver Digital
4170:Supergiant Games
4147:Devolver Digital
3993:As of July 2023
3969:As of July 2022
3966:Fireshine Games
3892:Critical Reflex
3762:Frictional Games
3743:As of July 2013
3681:Youthcat Studio
3663:As of July 2023
3508:Yacht Club Games
3439:As of June 2013
3409:Devolver Digital
3351:Supergiant Games
3304:Devolver Digital
3300:Massive Monster
3289:Cult of the Lamb
3202:Devolver Digital
3018:As of July 2020
2932:PlayStation Plus
2900:Devolver Digital
2764:As of July 2021
2756:No Brakes Games
2745:Human: Fall Flat
2738:As of July 2024
2652:
2648:
2481:Super Time Force
2440:convention. The
2319:mainstream media
2274:Super Rare Games
2270:special editions
2232:
2076:Adult Swim Games
2068:Devolver Digital
1914:And Yet It Moves
1870:And Yet It Moves
1693:public relations
1646:Devolver Digital
1545:was acquired by
1471:Xbox Live Arcade
1364:independent film
1340:GameMaker Studio
1250:coalesce around
1199:type-in listings
1197:, to publish as
1107:Joyce Weisbecker
918:Supergiant Games
826:independent film
706:independent film
662:
655:
648:
517:In-game currency
142:
135:
134:
126:Alto's Adventure
87:
78:
67:
58:
47:
38:
14438:
14437:
14433:
14432:
14431:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14423:Self-publishing
14403:
14402:
14401:
14392:
14356:
14347:Twitch gameplay
14272:
14236:
14198:
14085:
14037:Survival horror
14010:
13960:Time management
13922:
13901:
13892:Train simulator
13851:
13816:
13788:
13741:
13679:
13649:
13619:
13576:
13550:
13537:
13477:
13473:Survival horror
13454:
13389:
13357:
13344:
13339:
13309:
13304:
13288:
13246:
13235:
13185:
13164:
13146:
13083:
13027:
13008:Low-budget film
12989:
12983:'60s–'70s
12909:
12860:
12851:Circuit bending
12837:
12748:
12734:Self-publishing
12652:
12649:
12608:
12603:
12595:
12593:
12586:
12565:
12546:
12527:
12519:. Focal Press.
12502:
12500:
12493:
12483:Morgan Kaufmann
12459:
12440:
12418:
12398:
12393:
12392:
12383:
12381:
12364:
12360:
12350:
12348:
12327:
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12313:
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12294:
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12280:
12278:
12261:
12257:
12247:
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12236:
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12204:
12200:
12191:
12189:
12174:
12170:
12160:
12158:
12141:
12137:
12127:
12125:
12108:
12104:
12094:
12092:
12075:
12071:
12061:
12059:
12050:
12049:
12045:
12035:
12033:
12018:
12014:
12004:
12002:
11994:PocketGamer.biz
11981:
11977:
11967:
11965:
11950:
11946:
11937:
11935:
11918:
11914:
11905:
11903:
11886:
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11480:
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11441:
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11409:
11392:
11388:
11379:
11377:
11360:
11356:
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11328:
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11092:
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11075:
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11059:
11044:
11040:
11021:
11017:
11008:
11006:
10997:
10996:
10992:
10982:
10980:
10963:
10959:
10950:
10948:
10931:
10927:
10917:
10915:
10898:
10894:
10885:
10883:
10876:CBS Interactive
10862:
10858:
10848:
10846:
10839:Nielsen Company
10827:
10826:
10822:
10812:
10810:
10798:
10794:
10784:
10782:
10765:
10761:
10751:
10749:
10732:
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10719:
10717:
10704:
10703:
10699:
10690:
10688:
10673:
10669:
10660:
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10641:
10637:
10628:
10626:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10598:
10596:
10587:
10586:
10582:
10572:
10570:
10553:
10549:
10539:
10537:
10520:
10516:
10506:
10504:
10492:
10488:
10478:
10476:
10459:
10455:
10446:
10444:
10427:
10423:
10413:
10411:
10394:
10390:
10380:
10378:
10357:
10353:
10343:
10341:
10324:
10320:
10310:
10308:
10291:
10287:
10274:
10273:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10240:
10236:
10226:
10224:
10207:
10203:
10194:
10193:
10189:
10180:
10178:
10169:
10168:
10164:
10159:. 10 July 2024.
10155:
10154:
10150:
10140:
10138:
10123:
10119:
10109:
10107:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10074:
10066:The Independent
10059:
10058:
10054:
10044:
10042:
10024:
10020:
10011:
10009:
9998:
9994:
9984:
9982:
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9961:
9951:
9949:
9932:
9928:
9918:
9916:
9899:
9895:
9885:
9883:
9866:
9862:
9852:
9850:
9833:
9829:
9818:
9814:
9806:
9802:
9794:
9790:
9780:
9778:
9761:
9757:
9747:
9745:
9725:
9721:
9674:
9670:
9660:
9658:
9641:
9637:
9626:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9597:
9596:
9592:
9583:
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9567:
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9477:
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9432:
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9312:
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9151:
9147:
9137:
9135:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9102:
9085:
9081:
9071:
9069:
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9023:
9019:
9010:
9008:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8938:
8934:
8924:
8922:
8907:
8903:
8893:
8891:
8874:
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8860:
8858:
8841:
8837:
8827:
8825:
8808:
8801:
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8768:
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8756:
8739:
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8725:
8723:
8706:
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8670:
8666:
8657:
8655:
8647:
8646:
8642:
8633:
8631:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8580:
8576:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8541:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8493:
8489:
8479:
8477:
8459:
8455:
8446:
8444:
8420:
8416:
8406:
8404:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8360:
8356:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8257:
8253:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8152:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8100:
8096:
8087:
8085:
8068:
8064:
8043:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8010:
8006:
7996:
7994:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7923:
7921:
7906:
7902:
7893:
7891:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7810:
7803:
7793:
7791:
7774:
7770:
7760:
7758:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7701:
7699:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7649:
7645:
7630:
7626:
7616:
7614:
7597:
7593:
7584:
7582:
7572:
7568:
7559:
7557:
7542:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7509:
7505:
7495:
7493:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7443:
7439:
7429:
7427:
7410:
7406:
7396:
7394:
7377:
7368:
7358:
7356:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7259:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7207:
7197:
7195:
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7147:
7143:
7133:
7131:
7114:
7107:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7074:
7072:
7062:
7058:
7049:
7047:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7008:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6972:
6968:
6959:
6957:
6943:
6939:
6930:
6928:
6918:
6914:
6905:
6903:
6893:
6889:
6879:
6877:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6827:
6823:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6782:Financial Times
6773:
6766:
6757:
6755:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6728:
6726:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6646:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6612:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6513:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6282:
6278:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6236:
6234:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6207:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6157:
6150:
6111:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6017:
6013:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5954:
5939:
5931:
5922:
5907:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5865:
5844:
5833:
5829:
5814:
5810:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5634:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5592:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5533:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5495:
5488:
5465:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5298:
5294:
5285:
5283:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5082:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5046:
5039:
5031:, p. 252;
5027:, p. 272;
5019:
5015:
5000:
4998:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4955:
4942:
4934:, p. 272;
4926:
4917:
4908:
4906:
4889:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4853:
4846:
4837:
4835:
4818:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4782:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4704:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4656:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4615:
4604:
4599:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4400:SouthPAW Games
4331:Ludeon Studios
3942:Landfall Games
3928:Content Warning
3740:Capybara Games
3613:As of May 2019
3548:Darkest Dungeon
3089:Edmund McMillen
2803:Castle Crashers
2667:
2514:
2465:Global Game Jam
2461:Nordic Game Jam
2442:Indie Megabooth
2394:
2354:The Game Awards
2308:social websites
2294:
2230:
2150:
2138:seed investment
2102:More recently,
2096:
2059:
2049:program or the
2004:
1958:Darkest Dungeon
1862:
1853:
1847:
1795:Tokyo Game Show
1765:
1759:
1746:
1613:
1482:Castle Crashers
1416:; movie critic
1405:Electronic Arts
1373:
1285:
1243:
1123:
1087:
1070:
1015:Handmade Pixels
906:Kellee Santiago
898:thatgamecompany
896:was created by
822:
715:and the simple
666:
637:
636:
600:
592:
591:
587:Game journalism
577:
569:
568:
553:
447:
433:
432:
425:Copy protection
350:
340:
339:
252:
244:
243:
176:
164:
133:
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130:
90:
89:
88:
80:
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70:
69:
68:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14436:
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14380:
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14349:
14344:
14342:Side-scrolling
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14217:
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14187:Climate change
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14018:
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14012:
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14004:Grand strategy
13996:
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13743:
13742:
13740:
13739:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13722:
13720:Monster-taming
13717:
13712:
13707:
13706:
13705:
13700:
13698:Looter shooter
13689:
13687:
13681:
13680:
13678:
13677:
13672:
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13509:
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13494:Hack and slash
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13380:Endless runner
13376:
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13275:
13268:Do it yourself
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13023:Double feature
13020:
13018:No wave cinema
13015:
13013:No-budget film
13010:
13005:
13003:Midnight movie
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12625:
12619:
12618:
12607:
12606:External links
12604:
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12584:
12569:
12563:
12550:
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12069:
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11927:Game Developer
11912:
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11830:Game Developer
11815:
11782:
11752:
11719:
11706:Game Developer
11691:
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11600:
11568:
11554:
11518:
11490:
11450:
11433:Game Developer
11418:
11386:
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11259:
11241:The New Yorker
11226:
11189:
11161:
11133:
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11069:
11038:
11015:
10990:
10957:
10940:Game Developer
10925:
10892:
10856:
10820:
10792:
10759:
10726:
10697:
10667:
10635:
10615:"Author tweet"
10606:
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10318:
10285:
10267:
10234:
10201:
10187:
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10148:
10117:
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10052:
10027:Carless, Simon
10018:
9992:
9959:
9926:
9893:
9860:
9827:
9812:
9800:
9788:
9755:
9719:
9668:
9635:
9620:
9590:
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9531:
9501:
9471:
9457:. 2018-04-12.
9442:
9412:
9379:
9343:
9310:
9277:
9244:
9211:
9178:
9145:
9112:
9079:
9056:Green, Scott.
9048:
9025:Green, Scott.
9017:
8965:
8932:
8901:
8868:
8835:
8799:
8766:
8733:
8697:
8664:
8640:
8616:
8604:
8574:
8551:
8518:
8487:
8453:
8429:(2011-04-14).
8427:Refenes, Tommy
8414:
8387:
8354:
8335:(3): 276–295.
8317:
8284:
8251:
8226:
8195:
8162:
8125:
8094:
8062:
8037:
8004:
7971:
7947:Gamevironments
7930:
7900:
7868:
7835:
7801:
7768:
7735:
7709:
7676:
7643:
7624:
7591:
7566:
7536:
7503:
7470:
7437:
7404:
7366:
7333:
7300:
7269:
7236:
7205:
7174:
7141:
7105:
7081:
7056:
7031:
7025:978-1501356438
7024:
7018:. p. 74.
6999:
6966:
6937:
6912:
6887:
6854:
6821:
6800:
6764:
6735:
6721:. 2021-04-23.
6706:
6673:
6637:
6606:
6573:
6540:
6502:
6469:
6436:
6405:
6375:
6342:
6309:
6276:
6261:
6249:
6217:
6184:
6148:
6135:10.1068/a37205
6102:
6070:
6044:
6011:
5981:
5937:
5920:
5892:
5842:
5827:
5808:
5793:
5760:
5727:
5694:
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5619:
5575:
5560:
5522:
5486:
5454:
5428:
5391:
5358:
5325:
5292:
5260:
5223:
5190:
5157:
5121:
5119:, p. 102.
5109:
5073:
5037:
5023:, p. 27;
5013:
4980:
4940:
4938:, p. 252;
4930:, p. 27;
4915:
4880:
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4731:
4681:
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4600:
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4377:
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4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:Ludeon Studios
4324:
4321:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Tour De Pizza
4301:
4298:
4295:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:11 Bit Studios
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4225:Four Quarters
4223:
4220:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4143:Nomada Studio
4141:
4138:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4090:
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4082:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4061:Humble Hearts
4059:
4056:
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4044:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:Dave the Diver
3971:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
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3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:Mike Klubnika
3887:
3884:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
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3771:
3770:
3767:
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3756:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:Capybara Games
3729:
3726:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:Slay the Spire
3689:
3688:
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3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
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3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:Super Meat Boy
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:Superhot Team
3608:
3607:Superhot Team
3605:
3602:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:Goat Simulator
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3463:
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3400:
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3385:
3380:
3377:
3374:
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3362:
3359:
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3342:
3334:
3333:
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3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:Wube Software
3277:
3276:Wube Software
3274:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:Risk of Rain 2
3208:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3197:Dennaton Games
3194:
3191:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:Papers, Please
3108:
3107:
3098:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3060:
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2794:
2785:
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2774:
2771:Stardew Valley
2766:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2751:
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2700:
2695:
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2668:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2638:model such as
2607:Stardew Valley
2601:Shadow Complex
2567:Slay the Spire
2513:
2510:
2505:Goat Simulator
2457:Indie Game Jam
2393:
2390:
2350:Super Meat Boy
2293:
2290:
2195:Wolfenstein 3D
2175:Touhou Project
2149:
2146:
2095:
2092:
2058:
2055:
2003:
2000:
1986:Dwarf Fortress
1980:Super Meat Boy
1952:Papers, Please
1898:Papers, Please
1880:Touhou Project
1861:
1858:
1849:Main article:
1846:
1843:
1761:Main article:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1725:Stardew Valley
1719:Lethal Company
1638:business cycle
1612:
1609:
1543:Mojang Studios
1499:Super Meat Boy
1372:
1369:
1320:World Wide Web
1284:
1281:
1270:Wolfenstein 3D
1242:
1239:
1221:British humour
1122:
1119:
1086:
1083:
1079:non-commercial
1069:
1066:
1061:Dwarf Fortress
971:
970:
958:Dave the Diver
954:
942:
929:
909:
868:
867:
864:
821:
818:
759:Super Meat Boy
686:game publisher
668:
667:
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629:
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476:
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462:Expansion pack
459:
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435:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
422:
412:
407:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
395:Content rating
387:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
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335:
325:
323:Arcade cabinet
319:
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92:
91:
82:
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73:
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71:
62:
61:
53:
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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14233:
14232:Single-player
14230:
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14213:
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14211:
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14000:
13997:
13993:
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13989:
13988:
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13978:
13977:Tower defense
13975:
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13965:
13961:
13958:
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13951:
13948:
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13918:Immersive sim
13916:
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13908:
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13808:
13807:City-building
13805:
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13795:
13791:
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13710:Dungeon crawl
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13701:
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13675:Tile-matching
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13663:Hidden object
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13646:
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13633:Deck-building
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13468:Battle royale
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13062:
13060:
13059:Free software
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13049:Cowboy coding
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12516:
12509:
12498:
12494:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12477:. Article by
12476:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12454:
12450:
12445:
12441:
12439:1-55622-951-8
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12417:1-59200-493-8
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12400:
12379:
12375:
12374:
12369:
12362:
12346:
12342:
12341:
12340:Nintendo Life
12336:
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11996:
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11740:
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11708:
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11695:
11679:
11675:
11674:Eurogamer.net
11671:
11665:
11649:
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11644:
11639:
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11589:
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11494:
11478:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11454:
11439:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11422:
11408:on 2021-09-04
11407:
11403:
11402:
11401:Game Informer
11397:
11390:
11375:
11371:
11370:
11365:
11358:
11343:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11326:
11315:September 30,
11310:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11293:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11263:
11252:September 14,
11247:
11243:
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11049:
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11034:
11030:
11026:
11019:
11004:
11000:
10994:
10978:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10961:
10947:on 2021-09-04
10946:
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10913:
10909:
10908:
10903:
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10877:
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10809:
10808:
10807:Nintendo Life
10803:
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10442:
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10432:
10425:
10409:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10392:
10376:
10372:
10371:
10366:
10364:
10363:Rocket League
10355:
10339:
10335:
10334:
10329:
10322:
10306:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10280:Eurogamer.net
10277:
10271:
10255:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10238:
10227:September 14,
10222:
10218:
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10212:
10205:
10197:
10191:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10158:
10152:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10121:
10105:
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10100:
10095:
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10072:
10068:
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10062:
10056:
10040:
10036:
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10028:
10022:
10007:
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9996:
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9877:
9876:
9871:
9864:
9848:
9844:
9843:
9838:
9831:
9823:
9816:
9810:, p. 83.
9809:
9804:
9798:, p. 403
9797:
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9772:
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9430:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9383:
9367:
9364:. p. 1.
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8529:
8522:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8491:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8442:
8439:. p. 1.
8438:
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8418:
8402:
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8370:
8365:
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8295:
8288:
8272:
8268:
8267:
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8255:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8219:September 20,
8214:
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8150:
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8015:
8008:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7975:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7904:
7890:on 2010-10-04
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7021:
7017:
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7006:
7004:
6992:September 14,
6987:
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6952:
6950:
6949:Hotline Miami
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6657:
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6651:
6644:
6642:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6577:
6566:September 23,
6561:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6346:
6335:September 25,
6330:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6274:, p. 10.
6273:
6268:
6266:
6259:, p. xxi
6258:
6257:Chandler 2009
6253:
6246:
6245:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6155:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6107:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5935:, p. 27.
5934:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5885:September 25,
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5838:
5831:
5824:. p. 10.
5823:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5797:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5607:
5604:. p. 1.
5603:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5548:
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5543:
5538:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5296:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5240:
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5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5161:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5080:
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5061:
5057:
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5022:
5017:
5010:
5009:
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4991:
4984:
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4951:
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4887:
4885:
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4864:
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4823:
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4778:
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4715:
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4709:
4702:
4700:
4698:
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4630:
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4609:
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4592:
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4512:
4511:
4507:
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4470:
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4460:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:Mike Bithell
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
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4386:
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4328:
4325:
4322:
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4307:
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4299:
4296:
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4206:
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4176:
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4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
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4086:
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4066:
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4057:
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4052:
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4047:
4046:
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4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:Funday Games
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
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3965:
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3808:
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3796:
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3760:
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3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:Superbrothers
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:Humble Bundle
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
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3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
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3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:Hooded Horse
3585:
3583:Slavic Magic
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
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3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:Shovel Knight
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:Hollow Knight
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
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3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3396:
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3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
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3341:
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3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
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3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
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3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
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3257:
3254:
3252:
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3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:Hotline Miami
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:Slime Rancher
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
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3048:
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3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
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2979:
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2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
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2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:Rocket League
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
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2880:
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2847:
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2821:
2819:The Behemoth
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
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2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
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2763:
2761:
2760:Curve Digital
2758:
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2640:Rocket League
2637:
2631:
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2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:Metroidvanias
2587:
2584:" or reverse
2583:
2582:bullet heaven
2579:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2557:
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2527:
2523:
2519:
2509:
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2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:Hollow Knight
2489:
2488:
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2331:
2326:
2324:
2323:niche markets
2320:
2315:
2313:
2312:casual gamers
2309:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:Humble Bundle
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
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2197:
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2190:
2184:
2182:
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2176:
2172:
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2161:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:beta versions
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:crowd-funding
2100:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:, Finji, and
2073:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:Unreal Engine
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1948:
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1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
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1800:
1796:
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1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1744:Other regions
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:Hollow Knight
1727:
1726:
1721:
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1715:
1711:
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1704:
1697:
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1631:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Shovel Knight
1580:
1579:Hotline Miami
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:Shovel Knight
1564:
1563:
1562:Hotline Miami
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1529:
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1519:
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1507:
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1398:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:Unreal Engine
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
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1299:
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1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1167:launched the
1166:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:RCA Studio II
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:home computer
1082:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
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1039:
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981:
980:
975:
968:
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960:
959:
955:
952:
948:
947:
943:
939:
938:Jonathan Blow
935:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
890:
889:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
865:
862:
861:crowd funding
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
847:
846:
841:
840:
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5654:January 10,
5515:January 18,
5447:27 November
5253:January 21,
5150:January 18,
5117:Bethke 2003
5102:February 4,
5066:December 4,
4973:February 7,
4802:December 4,
4762:January 18,
4752:Game Tunnel
4724:January 14,
4553:House House
4526:Witch Beam
4365:Spiritfarer
4292:Pizza Tower
4240:Moonlighter
4188:Inscryption
4116:Campo Santo
3952:Core Keeper
3839:LocalThunk
3660:SgtOkiDoki
3572:Manor Lords
3461:Chucklefish
3405:Dodge Roll
3329:Innersloth
3326:Innersloth
3251:Motion Twin
3175:Beat Games
3172:Beat Games
2829:Garry's Mod
2792:Chucklefish
2624:(2003) and
2598:(2004) and
2586:bullet hell
2558:(2012) and
2469:Double Fine
2422:trade shows
2379:Inscryption
2364:Outer Wilds
2210:Tim Sweeney
2206:id Software
2142:public arts
2080:Chucklefish
1932:Outer Wilds
1886:Axiom Verge
1845:Development
1804:bullet hell
1763:Doujin soft
1706:(2015) and
1599:Google Play
1434:Kickstarter
1418:Roger Ebert
1336:open source
1332:game engine
1324:Adobe Flash
1216:Manic Miner
1206:ZX Spectrum
1165:Atari, Inc.
1153:ZX Spectrum
1142:source code
1042:source code
1007:Jesper Juul
993:retro style
951:Hello Games
941:publishing.
933:The Witness
541:Battle pass
536:Season pass
452:Buy-to-play
375:South Korea
212:Programming
162:Development
14407:Categories
14330:Open world
14241:Production
14162:Nonviolent
13845:Sim racing
13812:Government
13747:Simulation
13438:Twin-stick
13372:Platformer
13289:(magazine)
13107:developers
12973:Golden Age
12951:Mumblecore
12596:2020-10-18
12503:2020-10-18
12404:Bates, Bob
12396:Literature
12384:2021-09-04
12192:2022-02-03
12026:GamingBolt
11968:January 9,
11938:2022-01-10
11906:2021-09-04
11841:2021-09-04
11808:January 4,
11776:2014-03-03
11594:2021-09-04
11548:2023-11-28
11444:2021-09-05
11412:2021-09-04
11380:2021-09-04
11348:2021-09-04
11283:2023-08-02
11093:4 February
11009:2021-09-04
10951:2021-09-04
10886:2015-01-09
10813:January 8,
10720:2022-02-03
10691:2023-08-14
10661:2021-09-04
10629:2022-01-13
10540:14 January
10507:2 February
10447:2021-09-05
10300:GamesRadar
10181:2021-09-05
10045:August 31,
10012:2012-11-15
9886:August 30,
9853:August 27,
9584:2022-07-19
9555:2022-06-29
9525:2022-06-29
9495:2022-06-29
9465:2022-06-29
9336:August 27,
9303:August 28,
9237:August 26,
9204:August 26,
9138:August 26,
9105:August 26,
9011:2021-07-21
8958:August 24,
8894:August 24,
8861:August 24,
8828:August 24,
8658:2024-07-30
8653:Giant Bomb
8634:2024-07-30
8611:2024-07-30
8544:August 28,
8447:2011-04-14
8380:August 31,
8188:30 January
8088:2015-06-13
7924:2020-03-24
7894:2010-12-21
7585:2024-03-27
7560:2023-11-12
7229:January 2,
7099:2024-07-15
7075:2024-07-15
7050:2024-07-15
6960:2024-07-15
6955:The Ringer
6931:2024-07-15
6926:gamesradar
6906:2024-07-15
6815:2024-07-15
6793:October 1,
6758:2022-06-29
6729:2022-06-29
6666:August 26,
6533:August 26,
6429:August 31,
6237:2013-07-01
6037:August 24,
6005:2017-10-27
5307:GamesRadar
5286:2016-03-04
5216:August 26,
5029:Bates 2004
5001:2013-07-01
4963:GameTunnel
4936:Bates 2004
4909:2016-03-04
4838:2016-03-04
4674:January 9,
4635:2016-03-04
4597:References
4558:Panic Inc.
4463:Transistor
4439:Timberborn
4121:Panic Inc.
3987:Mintocket
3636:Team Meat
3239:Dead Cells
3161:Beat Saber
3051:Subnautica
2936:Epic Games
2895:Mediatonic
2732:Re-Logic,
2676:Publisher
2673:Developer
2664:(millions)
2595:Cave Story
2522:roguelikes
2463:, and the
2453:Ludum Dare
2424:, such as
2240:built the
2234:FilePlanet
2214:Epic Games
2154:mail order
2134:Indie Fund
2057:Publishers
2012:middleware
1892:Cave Story
1817:Cave Story
1630:Jeff Vogel
1409:Activision
1358:Cave Story
1328:middleware
1296:is a 2004
1161:mail order
820:Definition
747:Cave Story
727:and other
721:mail order
694:innovation
682:video game
674:indie game
390:Censorship
348:Publishing
286:Nonviolent
257:Video game
190:Programmer
14116:Christian
14104:Advergame
13992:Artillery
13725:Roguelike
13703:Soulslike
13582:Adventure
13418:Light gun
13272:DIY ethic
13229:Indie RPG
13212:Naïve art
13197:Indie art
13054:Demoscene
12941:Indiewood
12905:Machinima
12711:Doujinshi
12698:Minicomic
12578:. Wiley.
12333:Unpacking
12036:March 18,
11766:Gamasutra
11712:March 15,
11621:April 13,
11615:Eurogamer
11583:IGN India
11511:March 18,
11369:Eurogamer
11337:GamesBeat
11154:April 29,
10741:Gamasutra
10681:TechRadar
10501:Eurogamer
10403:Eurogamer
10381:March 10,
10333:The Verge
10099:The Verge
9875:Gamasutra
9842:Gamasutra
9781:March 30,
9770:Gamasutra
9737:Gamasutra
9613:March 30,
9394:Gamasutra
9361:Gamasutra
9259:Gamasutra
9226:Gamasutra
9001:1941-2258
8947:The Verge
8915:Gamasutra
8883:Gamasutra
8817:Gamasutra
8781:Gamasutra
8748:Gamasutra
8690:24 August
8629:arxiv.org
8533:Gamasutra
8470:Gamasutra
8436:Gamasutra
8369:Gamasutra
8310:16 August
8266:Gamasutra
8155:March 11,
8140:Gamasutra
8019:The Verge
7850:Gamasutra
7818:Gamasutra
7794:March 14,
7485:Gamasutra
7430:17 August
7386:Gamasutra
7348:Gamasutra
7326:April 13,
7293:March 15,
7283:Gamasutra
7251:Gamasutra
7156:Gamasutra
7070:Pitchfork
7045:The Verge
6869:USA Today
6688:The Verge
6522:Gamasutra
6302:March 18,
6199:Eurogamer
6143:143373406
5822:CRC Press
5742:Gamasutra
5676:Gamasutra
5601:TechRadar
5542:Gamasutra
5504:Gamasutra
5481:1604-7982
5340:Eurogamer
5183:April 26,
4898:Gamasutra
4713:Gamasutra
4624:Eurogamer
4515:Unpacking
4505:Toby Fox
4489:Undertale
4214:Loop Hero
4104:Firewatch
3963:Pugstorm
3868:Blobfish
3865:Blobfish
3843:Playstack
3705:MegaCrit
3632:Team Meat
3436:Playdead
3127:3909 LLC
3124:3909 LLC
2883:Fall Guys
2868:FuturLab
2734:505 Games
2707:Minecraft
2686:Minecraft
2644:Minecraft
2616:Art games
2449:Game jams
2434:IndieCade
2392:Community
2346:Minecraft
2189:shareware
2126:Minecraft
2030:(such as
1992:Undertale
1964:Gone Home
1785:RPG Maker
1753:Japanese
1703:Undertale
1651:Gamasutra
1621:Steam Spy
1595:App Store
1547:Microsoft
1534:Minecraft
1455:Xbox Live
1314:over the
1264:Shareware
1247:3D gaming
1151:The 1982
1100:Spacewar!
926:Xbox Live
801:Undertale
771:Minecraft
725:shareware
562:Advergame
333:Accessory
174:Developer
14368:Minigame
14320:Masocore
14266:Fan game
14136:Licensed
14061:Non-game
13932:Strategy
13802:Business
13501:Fighting
13460:Survival
13445:Tactical
13207:Mail art
13142:ROM hack
13119:Fan game
13114:Homebrew
13037:Software
12900:Fan film
12776:Netlabel
12722:printers
12686:business
12681:Webcomic
12616:Off Book
12590:Archived
12497:Archived
12428:(2003).
12406:(2004).
12378:Archived
12373:Engadget
12345:Archived
12308:Archived
12275:Archived
12242:Archived
12222:25 April
12216:Archived
12186:Archived
12155:Archived
12128:March 4,
12122:Archived
12089:Archived
12084:PCGamesN
12030:Archived
11999:Archived
11962:Archived
11932:Archived
11900:Archived
11895:GameSpot
11873:20 April
11867:Archived
11862:PC Gamer
11835:Archived
11802:Archived
11797:bit-tech
11770:Archived
11739:Archived
11678:Archived
11648:Archived
11588:Archived
11542:Archived
11477:Archived
11472:PC Gamer
11462:Teardown
11438:Archived
11374:Archived
11342:Archived
11309:Archived
11304:PCGamesN
11277:Archived
11273:PC Gamer
11246:Archived
11213:Archived
11201:Superhot
11120:Archived
11087:Archived
11003:Archived
10977:Archived
10912:Archived
10880:Archived
10871:GameSpot
10843:Archived
10779:Archived
10774:PC Gamer
10746:Archived
10714:Archived
10710:GameSpot
10685:Archived
10655:Archived
10623:Archived
10599:9 August
10593:Archived
10567:Archived
10534:Archived
10479:July 28,
10473:Archived
10441:Archived
10408:Archived
10375:Archived
10370:GameSpot
10338:Archived
10305:Archived
10254:Archived
10249:PC Gamer
10221:Archived
10175:Archived
10135:Archived
10104:Archived
10071:Archived
10006:Archived
9979:Archived
9946:Archived
9913:Archived
9880:Archived
9847:Archived
9775:Archived
9748:March 8,
9742:Archived
9714:30581359
9655:Archived
9607:Archived
9578:Archived
9549:Archived
9545:Deadline
9519:Archived
9489:Archived
9459:Archived
9455:BBC News
9435:19 March
9429:Archived
9405:July 23,
9399:Archived
9366:Archived
9330:Archived
9297:Archived
9264:Archived
9231:Archived
9198:Archived
9193:PC Gamer
9165:Archived
9132:Archived
9127:PC Gamer
9099:Archived
9035:Archived
9005:Archived
8952:Archived
8919:Archived
8888:Archived
8855:Archived
8822:Archived
8786:Archived
8753:Archived
8720:Archived
8684:Archived
8538:Archived
8480:17 April
8474:Archived
8441:Archived
8374:Archived
8304:Archived
8271:Archived
8213:Archived
8182:Archived
8149:Archived
8112:Archived
8082:Archived
8024:Archived
7991:Archived
7986:GameSpot
7918:Archived
7855:Archived
7822:Archived
7788:Archived
7755:Archived
7722:Archived
7696:Archived
7691:PC Gamer
7663:Archived
7611:Archived
7554:Archived
7523:Archived
7490:Archived
7457:Archived
7424:Archived
7353:Archived
7320:Archived
7287:Archived
7256:Archived
7223:Archived
7192:Archived
7161:Archived
7128:Archived
6986:Archived
6874:Archived
6841:Archived
6787:Archived
6752:Archived
6723:Archived
6699:April 4,
6693:Archived
6660:Archived
6624:Archived
6593:Archived
6560:Archived
6527:Archived
6489:Archived
6456:Archived
6423:Archived
6392:Archived
6368:July 18,
6362:Archived
6329:Archived
6296:Archived
6204:Archived
6171:Archived
6089:Archived
6031:Archived
5999:Archived
5968:Archived
5879:Archived
5874:PC Gamer
5780:Archived
5775:PC World
5747:Archived
5714:Archived
5681:Archived
5648:Archived
5606:Archived
5547:Archived
5509:Archived
5441:Archived
5415:Archived
5378:Archived
5345:Archived
5312:Archived
5280:Archived
5275:Wired UK
5247:Archived
5243:AOL Tech
5238:Engadget
5210:Archived
5205:PC Gamer
5177:Archived
5144:Archived
5096:Archived
5060:Archived
5055:GameSpot
4903:Archived
4873:July 23,
4867:Archived
4832:Archived
4827:GameSpot
4796:Archived
4718:Archived
4629:Archived
4569:See also
4501:Toby Fox
4355:Sloclap
4352:Sloclap
4315:Rimworld
4093:Trapdoor
3804:Teardown
3596:Superhot
3432:Playdead
3315:Among Us
3265:Factorio
2927:Psyonix
2728:Re-Logic
2716:Terraria
2670:Release
2630:(2005).
2621:Samorost
2604:(2009).
2552:(2011),
2546:(2008),
2543:Spelunky
2540:(2005),
2475:Superhot
2292:Industry
2064:Raw Fury
2036:homebrew
1937:Vlambeer
1904:Spelunky
1883:series,
1709:Among Us
1634:GDC 2016
1577:(2014).
1565:(2012),
1556:Terraria
1467:Xbox 360
1316:Internet
1306:in 2015.
1211:arthouse
1184:Compute!
1178:SoftSide
1055:Spelunky
1050:freeware
989:gameplay
839:GameSpot
813:Among Us
798:series,
765:Terraria
524:Loot box
457:AAA game
313:Non-game
306:Exergame
296:Art game
251:Products
229:Graphics
180:Designer
169:Producer
102:Broforce
96:Flotilla
14335:Sandbox
14177:Serious
14110:Bishōjo
14027:Fitness
13999:Wargame
13857:Vehicle
13830:Fishing
13769:Farming
13669:Sokoban
13533:Stealth
13519:Pac-Man
13395:Shooter
13251:General
12998:Z movie
12990:present
12968:B movie
12878:Amateur
12828:Podsafe
12793:Station
12693:Webtoon
12676:Fanzine
12658:Reading
12303:Variety
12212:Polygon
11684:11 July
11654:July 8,
11530:Brotato
11182:May 18,
11052:USGamer
10983:26 June
10972:Polygon
10650:PCGamer
10619:Twitter
10436:PCGamer
10414:May 14,
9705:6256716
9485:Variety
8850:Variety
8349:8568117
8299:Polygon
8177:Polygon
8145:UBM plc
8108:Polygon
8077:Joystiq
7916:: 1–2.
7728:21 July
7702:17 July
7518:Polygon
7123:Polygon
6123:Bibcode
5963:Polygon
5805:: 1–14.
5406:Inverse
5373:Variety
5091:Joystiq
4403:NEOWIZ
4282:Omocat
4181:period
3902:Celeste
3854:Brotato
3828:Balatro
3776:Magicka
3339:Bastion
3093:Nicalis
3001:Cuphead
2949:Valheim
2923:Psyonix
2702:Mojang
2415:Discord
2250:Itch.io
2227:GameSpy
2171:Comiket
2094:Funding
2051:iOS SDK
2047:ID@Xbox
1737:Cuphead
1662:Celeste
1517:Journey
1322:, like
1231:Infocom
1068:History
995:of the
979:Nidhogg
913:Bastion
893:Journey
873:smaller
807:Cuphead
680:, is a
576:Related
557:in-game
355:Markets
328:Console
301:Edugame
291:Serious
239:Testing
108:Celeste
14284:Casual
14277:Design
14259:Doujin
14172:Sci-fi
14148:Sexual
14121:Comedy
14097:Themes
14081:Typing
14054:Rhythm
14032:Horror
13870:Combat
13835:Racing
13822:Sports
13779:Social
13764:Dating
13715:MMORPG
13655:Puzzle
13363:Action
13279:Doujin
13161:Drinks
13125:Doujin
12811:Doujin
12703:Co-ops
12582:
12561:
12542:
12523:
12489:
12455:
12436:
12414:
12117:VG 247
10344:16 May
10141:29 May
10110:18 May
9712:
9702:
8999:
8602:
8347:
7022:
6836:Kotaku
6233:Online
6141:
6063:Nov 7,
5643:Forbes
5479:
4278:Omocat
4039:Team17
4024:Dredge
3990:Nexon
2698:Mojang
2679:Notes
2574:, and
2502:, and
2459:, the
2455:, the
2432:, and
2382:, and
2348:, and
2280:, and
2231:'s
2088:Team17
2086:, and
1989:, and
1961:, and
1929:, and
1901:, and
1838:doujin
1755:doujin
1734:, and
1508:, and
1485:, and
1461:, and
1187:, and
810:, and
792:, the
405:Piracy
271:Erotic
266:Casual
217:Engine
200:Design
185:Artist
123:, and
120:Tacoma
14361:Other
14314:Kaizo
14307:Gacha
14253:Indie
14215:Co-op
14154:Eroge
14142:Otome
14131:Girls
14066:Party
14049:Music
13906:Other
13880:Space
13567:clone
13528:Snake
13521:clone
13482:Other
13403:Arena
13190:Other
12870:Video
12813:music
12788:Radio
12754:Audio
12727:shops
12150:VG247
11734:VG247
11465:'
11199:"How
11176:VG247
10216:VG247
9603:BAFTA
8345:S2CID
7958:(PDF)
7943:(PDF)
7419:Wired
6166:Wired
6139:S2CID
5475:(1).
5172:VG247
4549:2019
4523:2021
4497:2015
4471:2014
4447:2021
4421:2012
4397:2021
4373:2020
4349:2022
4323:2018
4300:2023
4274:2020
4266:Omori
4248:2018
4222:2021
4196:2021
4166:2020
4158:Hades
4140:2018
4112:2016
4084:2012
4058:2012
4032:2023
4008:2024
3984:2023
3960:2022
3936:2024
3910:2018
3886:2024
3862:2023
3836:2024
3812:2022
3784:2011
3758:2010
3728:2011
3702:2017
3678:2021
3654:2023
3628:2010
3604:2016
3580:2024
3556:2016
3530:2014
3504:2014
3480:2017
3454:2013
3428:2010
3420:Limbo
3402:2016
3376:2020
3347:2011
3323:2018
3297:2022
3273:2020
3247:2018
3221:2020
3193:2012
3169:2019
3145:2017
3121:2013
3085:2011
3059:2018
3033:2019
3009:2017
2983:2018
2957:2021
2919:2015
2916:10.5
2891:2020
2865:2022
2846:Valve
2837:2006
2811:2008
2779:2016
2753:2016
2724:2011
2721:58.7
2694:2011
2661:Sales
2655:Game
2526:ASCII
2524:from
2373:Hades
2342:Limbo
2242:Steam
2238:Valve
2032:Godot
2024:Unity
1974:Braid
1779:ASCII
1688:Steam
1642:Steam
1505:Limbo
1493:Braid
1476:Braid
1397:Steam
1344:Unity
1190:Antic
1127:BASIC
997:8-bit
963:Nexon
753:Braid
717:BASIC
610:Indie
599:Lists
529:gacha
410:Clone
370:Japan
360:China
276:Indie
234:Music
14261:soft
14192:News
14022:Cozy
13950:MOBA
13756:Life
13513:Maze
13433:Rail
13413:Hero
13286:Make
13158:Food
13127:soft
12978:'50s
12580:ISBN
12559:ISBN
12540:ISBN
12521:ISBN
12487:ISBN
12453:ISBN
12434:ISBN
12412:ISBN
12353:2023
12316:2021
12283:2021
12250:2023
12224:2014
12163:2021
12130:2022
12097:2020
12064:2024
12038:2023
12007:2023
11970:2022
11875:2020
11810:2014
11747:2023
11714:2024
11686:2023
11656:2022
11623:2024
11513:2024
11485:2023
11317:2021
11254:2021
11221:2023
11184:2024
11156:2024
11128:2021
11095:2015
11064:2019
10985:2013
10920:2021
10851:2021
10815:2024
10787:2022
10754:2020
10601:2023
10575:2015
10542:2020
10509:2024
10481:2020
10416:2022
10383:2017
10346:2022
10313:2021
10262:2021
10229:2021
10143:2022
10112:2020
10079:2014
10047:2020
9987:2023
9954:2022
9921:2018
9888:2014
9855:2020
9783:2011
9750:2011
9710:PMID
9663:2012
9615:2023
9437:2016
9407:2021
9374:2011
9338:2020
9305:2020
9272:2012
9239:2020
9206:2020
9173:2016
9140:2020
9107:2020
9094:Vice
9074:2016
9043:2016
8997:ISSN
8960:2020
8927:2013
8896:2020
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