248:
surrounds DNA (to partially balance the sum of the negative charges carried by each phosphate oxygen), thus forming a weak electrostatic association with the outer surface of DNA. From this position, the ligand diffuses along the surface of the DNA and may slide into the hydrophobic environment found between two base pairs that may transiently "open" to form an intercalation site, allowing the ethidium to move away from the hydrophilic (aqueous) environment surrounding the DNA and into the intercalation site. The base pairs transiently form such openings due to energy absorbed during collisions with solvent molecules.
719:
64:
91:
713:
22:
725:
247:
in 1961. One proposed mechanism of intercalation is as follows: In aqueous isotonic solution, the cationic intercalator is attracted electrostatically to the surface of the polyanionic DNA. The ligand displaces a sodium and/or magnesium cation present in the "condensation cloud" of such cations that
195:
found in aqueous solution) unwinds DNA by about 26°, whereas proflavine unwinds it by about 17°. This unwinding causes the base pairs to separate, or "rise", creating an opening of about 0.34 nm (3.4 Å). This unwinding induces local structural changes to the DNA strand, such as lengthening of
190:
In order for an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the DNA must dynamically open a space between its base pairs by unwinding. The degree of unwinding varies depending on the intercalator; for example, ethidium cation (the ionic form of
333:
Schatzschneider, Ulrich (2018). "Chapter 14. Metallointercalators and
Metalloinsertors: Structural Requirements for DNA Recognition and Anticancer Activity". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O. (eds.).
108:, electrostatically binding, or intercalating. Intercalation occurs when ligands of an appropriate size and chemical nature fit themselves in between base pairs of DNA. These ligands are mostly polycyclic,
243:
Intercalation as a mechanism of interaction between cationic, planar, polycyclic aromatic systems of the correct size (on the order of a base pair) was first proposed by
144:
treatment to inhibit DNA replication in rapidly growing cancer cells. Examples include doxorubicin (adriamycin) and daunorubicin (both of which are used in treatment of
2556:
968:
812:
2616:
1668:
67:
Intercalation induces structural distortions. Left: unchanged DNA strand. Right: DNA strand intercalated at three locations (black areas).
1497:
1477:
1462:
171:(II), because its complexes are very slow to decompose in the biological environment. Other metallic cations that have been used include
196:
the DNA strand or twisting of the base pairs. These structural modifications can lead to functional changes, often to the inhibition of
930:
857:
538:
1884:
2644:
961:
38:
167:
Metallointercalators are complexes of a metal cation with polycyclic aromatic ligands. The most commonly used metal ion is
427:
Luzzati, V.; Masson, F.; Lerman, L. S. (1961). "Interaction of DNA and proflavine: A small-angle x-ray scattering study".
2251:
852:
1403:
1359:
1237:
272:
946:
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1162:
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954:
777:
87:(DNA). This process is used as a method for analyzing DNA and it is also the basis of certain kinds of poisoning.
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292:
35:
Need to be chunked into sections, so that additional information can fit. Need to have dsRNA mention..
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2019:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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293:"Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure"
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387:"Structural considerations in the interaction of DNA and acridines"
229:
109:
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1329:
1143:
1004:
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176:
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There are several ways molecules (in this case, also known as
94:
Ethidium intercalated between two adenine-thymine base pairs.
338:. Vol. 18. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 387–435.
204:
and DNA repair processes, which makes intercalators potent
724:
336:
Metallo-Drugs: Development and Action of
Anticancer Agents
290:
104:) can interact with DNA. Ligands may interact with DNA by
112:, and planar, and therefore often make good nucleic acid
179:(III). Typical ligands attached to the metal ion are
187:whose planar structure is ideal for intercalation.
2680:
208:. For this reason, DNA intercalators are often
116:. Intensively studied DNA intercalators include
332:
962:
532:
461:
384:
464:"The structure of the DNA-acridine complex"
969:
955:
539:
525:
497:
487:
31:needs attention from an expert in Biology
931:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
89:
62:
2681:
46:may be able to help recruit an expert.
950:
520:
291:Richards, A. D.; Rodgers, A. (2007).
15:
1238:ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
13:
1404:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
1360:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
546:
273:Twisted intercalating nucleic acid
14:
2700:
1163:Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
723:
717:
711:
140:. DNA intercalators are used in
20:
1300:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
1190:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
455:
420:
378:
326:
284:
1:
1220:Adenosine deaminase inhibitor
1061:Block microtubule disassembly
441:10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80026-0
406:10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80004-1
278:
429:Journal of Molecular Biology
394:Journal of Molecular Biology
83:between the planar bases of
7:
251:
33:. The specific problem is:
10:
2705:
629:Metal–ligand multiple bond
2639:
2520:Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
2400:Ciltacabtagene autoleucel
2390:Brexucabtagene autoleucel
2336:
2287:
2067:
2060:
1996:
1950:
1883:
1840:
1677:
1662:
1542:
1512:
1437:
1422:
1393:
1289:
1209:
1152:
1135:
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1060:
1013:
994:
893:
870:
801:
763:
743:
732:
709:
692:
674:
565:
554:
344:10.1515/9783110470734-020
263:Intercalation (chemistry)
2689:Supramolecular chemistry
2572:Talimogene laherparepvec
2505:Nadofaragene firadenovec
2475:Lisocabtagene maraleucel
1424:Topoisomerase inhibitors
1343:DNA polymerase inhibitor
300:Chemical Society Reviews
2375:Axicabtagene ciloleucel
979:chemotherapeutic agents
216:(but not the endo) 8,9
2557:Sitimagene ceradenovec
2455:Idecabtagene vicleucel
2020:Methyl aminolevulinate
462:Lerman, L. S. (1963).
385:Lerman, L. S. (1961).
95:
68:
2031:Porphyrin derivatives
1727:Melphalan flufenamide
1374:Hypomethylating agent
983:antineoplastic agents
93:
85:deoxyribonucleic acid
66:
2360:Asparagine depleters
2289:Receptor antagonists
2203:+abiraterone acetate
619:Coordinate (dipolar)
489:10.1073/pnas.49.1.94
79:is the insertion of
2410:Denileukin diftitox
2310:Retinoid X receptor
2010:Aminolevulinic acid
1832:Triethylenemelamine
1664:Crosslinking of DNA
1395:Deoxyribonucleotide
1334:+gimeracil/oteracil
793:C–H···O interaction
575:Electron deficiency
480:1963PNAS...49...94L
44:WikiProject Biology
2666:Never to phase III
1468:Etirinotecan pegol
778:Resonance-assisted
268:Molecular tweezers
146:Hodgkin's lymphoma
106:covalently binding
96:
69:
2676:
2675:
2635:
2634:
2592:Tigilanol tiglate
2069:Enzyme inhibitors
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1688:Nitrogen mustards
1658:
1657:
1418:
1417:
1120:
1119:
944:
943:
895:Electron counting
866:
865:
755:London dispersion
707:
706:
684:Metal aromaticity
61:
60:
2696:
2597:Tisagenlecleucel
2354:Arsenic trioxide
2065:
2064:
1998:Photosensitizers
1789:Alkyl sulfonates
1703:Cyclophosphamide
1675:
1674:
1614:Anthracenediones
1435:
1434:
1409:Hydroxycarbamide
1150:
1149:
1133:
1132:
1011:
1010:
971:
964:
957:
948:
947:
936:Jemmis mno rules
788:Dihydrogen bonds
741:
740:
727:
721:
715:
649:Hyperconjugation
563:
562:
541:
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527:
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369:
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355:
330:
324:
323:
312:10.1039/b609495c
297:
288:
193:ethidium bromide
162:rhabdomyosarcoma
142:chemotherapeutic
122:ethidium bromide
56:
53:
47:
24:
23:
16:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
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2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2656:Clinical trials
2631:
2337:Other/ungrouped
2332:
2283:
2056:
2036:Porfimer sodium
1984:
1946:
1879:
1836:
1666:
1654:
1538:
1508:
1426:
1414:
1389:
1285:
1205:
1141:
1139:antimetabolites
1137:
1136:DNA precursors/
1128:
1126:DNA replication
1116:
1056:
1026:Vinca alkaloids
1002:
990:
975:
945:
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889:
862:
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389:
383:
379:
367:
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331:
327:
295:
289:
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281:
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227:
158:Ewing's Sarcoma
57:
51:
48:
42:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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2265:
2260:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2190:PARP inhibitor
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2086:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2057:
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2054:
2048:
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2038:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1994:
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1990:
1989:
1986:
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1982:
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1971:
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1956:
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1948:
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1881:
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1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1842:Platinum-based
1838:
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1569:
1564:
1557:Anthracyclines
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1322:
1317:
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1307:
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1283:
1277:
1275:Mercaptopurine
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1229:
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1215:
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1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1021:
1019:
1008:
992:
991:
977:Intracellular
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734:Intermolecular
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556:Intramolecular
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548:Chemical bonds
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419:
377:
368:|journal=
325:
282:
280:
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253:
250:
245:Leonard Lerman
225:
212:, such as the
59:
58:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2701:
2690:
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2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
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2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:Tabelecleucel
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Lurbinectedin
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
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2433:
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2428:
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2413:
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2408:
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2403:
2401:
2398:
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2381:
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2373:
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2366:
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2361:
2357:
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2328:
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2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
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2295:
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2279:
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2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1952:Intercalation
1949:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Dicycloplatin
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Prednimustine
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1548:Intercalation
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:+daunorubicin
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Doxifluridine
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:Rabacfosadine
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:HĂĽckel's rule
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:
896:
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
872:Bond cleavage
869:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Intercalation
836:
833:
829:
828:Metallophilic
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
745:Van der Waals
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
720:
714:
700:
699:
697:
695:
691:
685:
682:
681:
679:
677:
673:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
519:
509:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
474:(1): 94–102.
473:
469:
465:
458:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
381:
373:
361:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:(3): 471–83.
305:
301:
294:
287:
283:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Anthracycline
256:
255:
249:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:transcription
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:Wilm's tumour
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
77:intercalation
74:
65:
55:
52:November 2023
45:
40:
36:
32:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2577:Tazemetostat
2541:Alitretinoin
2534:
2445:Estramustine
2425:Elsamitrucin
2415:Eflornithine
2369:Pegaspargase
2365:Asparaginase
2358:
2327:Testolactone
2320:
2308:
2296:
2250:
2235:Panobinostat
2218:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2123:
2088:
2076:
2029:
2025:Padeliporfin
1964:Dactinomycin
1960:Streptomyces
1951:
1941:Temozolomide
1936:Mitozolomide
1924:
1915:Mitobronitol
1904:Procarbazine
1897:
1885:Nonclassical
1810:
1787:
1781:Streptozocin
1746:Nitrosoureas
1744:
1718:Chlorambucil
1712:Trofosfamide
1698:Chlormethine
1693:Bendamustine
1686:
1624:Mitoxantrone
1619:Losoxantrone
1612:
1572:Daunorubicin
1555:
1547:
1521:
1458:Camptothecin
1446:
1402:
1372:
1358:
1341:
1325:Fluorouracil
1305:Capecitabine
1298:
1268:
1232:
1218:
1188:
1183:Pralatrexate
1173:Methotrexate
1161:
1104:
1067:
1024:
914:Baird's rule
634:Charge-shift
597:Hypervalence
471:
467:
457:
435:(5): 634–9.
432:
428:
422:
400:(1): 18–30.
397:
393:
380:
335:
328:
303:
299:
286:
242:
210:carcinogenic
189:
166:
150:dactinomycin
99:
97:
76:
73:biochemistry
70:
49:
41:for details.
34:
30:
2652:from market
2622:Vorasidenib
2602:Trabectedin
2587:Tiazofurine
2582:Tebentafusp
2567:Tagraxofusp
2525:Plitidepsin
2495:Mitoguazone
2435:Epacadostat
2405:Demecolcine
2349:Aflibercept
2322:Sex steroid
2195:Fuzuloparib
2136:Carfilzomib
2108:Palbociclib
2098:Abemaciclib
2051:Verteporfin
2015:Efaproxiral
1931:Dacarbazine
1893:Altretamine
1875:Satraplatin
1870:Oxaliplatin
1850:Carboplatin
1827:Triaziquone
1798:Mannosulfan
1776:Ranimustine
1756:Fotemustine
1597:Pirarubicin
1582:Doxorubicin
1576:+cytarabine
1562:Aclarubicin
1523:Podophyllum
1448:Camptotheca
1379:Azacitidine
1365:Gemcitabine
1320:Floxuridine
1253:Fludarabine
1248:Clofarabine
1234:Halogenated
1225:Pentostatin
1200:Raltitrexed
1168:Aminopterin
1111:Ixabepilone
1106:Epothilones
1074:Cabazitaxel
1051:Vinorelbine
1036:Vincristine
1031:Vinblastine
1016:microtubule
904:Aromaticity
880:Heterolysis
858:Salt bridge
803:Noncovalent
773:Low-barrier
654:Aromaticity
644:Conjugation
624:Pi backbond
202:replication
185:terpyridine
138:thalidomide
134:doxorubicin
2617:Verdinexor
2612:Venetoclax
2515:Oblimersen
2510:Navitoclax
2485:Lucanthone
2480:Lonidamine
2470:Lifileucel
2465:Ivosidenib
2460:Imetelstat
2430:Enasidenib
2420:Elesclomol
2385:Bexarotene
2380:Belzutifan
2315:Bexarotene
2303:Atrasentan
2278:Umbralisib
2273:Idelalisib
2263:Copanlisib
2245:Vorinostat
2240:Romidepsin
2230:Entinostat
2225:Belinostat
2183:Masoprocol
2171:Tiazofurin
2159:Anagrelide
2131:Bortezomib
2118:Seliciclib
2113:Ribociclib
2093:inhibitors
2083:Tipifarnib
2046:Temoporfin
2041:Talaporfin
1979:Plicamycin
1974:Mitomycins
1920:Pipobroman
1899:Hydrazines
1865:Nedaplatin
1817:Carboquone
1812:Aziridines
1803:Treosulfan
1751:Carmustine
1738:Uramustine
1707:Ifosfamide
1679:Alkylating
1640:Bisantrene
1629:Pixantrone
1602:Valrubicin
1592:Idarubicin
1587:Epirubicin
1533:Teniposide
1488:Lurtotecan
1483:Irinotecan
1384:Decitabine
1348:Cytarabine
1291:Pyrimidine
1280:Tioguanine
1270:Thiopurine
1259:Nelarabine
1243:Cladribine
1195:Pemetrexed
1178:Pemetrexed
1154:Folic acid
1094:Paclitaxel
1046:Vinflunine
832:aurophilic
813:Mechanical
279:References
238:quinacrine
234:proflavine
181:dipyridine
175:(III) and
130:daunomycin
126:proflavine
2662:Phase III
2650:Withdrawn
2627:Vosaroxin
2607:Veliparib
2562:Sotorasib
2552:Selinexor
2546:Tretinoin
2536:Retinoids
2450:Glasdegib
2395:Celecoxib
2344:Adagrasib
2268:Duvelisib
2258:Alpelisib
2213:Rucaparib
2200:Niraparib
2141:Oprozomib
2103:Alvocidib
1969:Bleomycin
1926:Triazenes
1910:Etoglucid
1855:Cisplatin
1771:Nimustine
1765:Semustine
1761:Lomustine
1723:Melphalan
1650:Menogaril
1645:Crisnatol
1635:Amsacrine
1607:Zorubicin
1567:Amrubicin
1528:Etoposide
1503:Topotecan
1498:Silatecan
1493:Rubitecan
1478:Gimatecan
1463:Cositecan
1453:Belotecan
1129:inhibitor
1099:Tesetaxel
1089:Ortataxel
1084:Larotaxel
1079:Docetaxel
1041:Vindesine
924:spherical
885:Homolysis
848:Cation–pi
823:Chalcogen
783:Symmetric
639:Hapticity
370:ignored (
360:cite book
230:acridines
222:aflatoxin
169:ruthenium
152:(used in
118:berberine
81:molecules
39:talk page
2683:Category
2500:Mitotane
2440:Eribulin
2208:Olaparib
2146:Ixazomib
1822:Thiotepa
1794:Busulfan
1473:Exatecan
1310:Carmofur
1018:assembly
981: /
853:Anion–pi
843:Stacking
765:Hydrogen
676:Metallic
567:Covalent
559:(strong)
508:13929834
449:14467543
414:13761054
352:29394033
320:17325786
252:See also
232:such as
206:mutagens
110:aromatic
37:See the
1429:S phase
1330:Tegafur
1144:S phase
1069:Taxanes
1005:M phase
818:Halogen
664:bicyclo
609:Agostic
476:Bibcode
218:epoxide
177:iridium
173:rhodium
148:), and
101:ligands
2645:WHO-EM
2254:(Pi3K)
1211:Purine
1014:Block
919:Möbius
747:forces
737:(weak)
506:
499:300634
496:
447:
412:
350:
318:
136:, and
114:stains
2166:IMPDI
2061:Other
897:rules
806:other
694:Ionic
602:3c–4e
590:8c–2e
585:4c–2e
580:3c–2e
390:(PDF)
296:(PDF)
2252:PIKI
2220:HDAC
1669:CCNS
659:homo
614:Bent
504:PMID
445:PMID
410:PMID
372:help
348:PMID
316:PMID
228:and
200:and
183:and
2298:ERA
2154:PhI
2125:PrI
2090:CDK
2002:PDT
1000:MIs
996:SPs
987:L01
494:PMC
484:doi
437:doi
402:doi
340:doi
308:doi
236:or
220:of
214:exo
164:).
71:In
2685::
2658::
2178:LI
2078:FI
1544:II
1514:II
1336:))
502:.
492:.
482:.
472:49
470:.
466:.
443:.
431:.
408:.
396:.
392:.
364::
362:}}
358:{{
346:.
314:.
304:36
302:.
298:.
240:.
160:,
156:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
75:,
2548:)
2539:(
2371:)
2367:/
2363:(
2329:)
2325:(
2317:)
2313:(
2305:)
2301:(
2280:)
2256:(
2247:)
2223:(
2215:)
2193:(
2185:)
2181:(
2173:)
2169:(
2161:)
2157:(
2120:)
2096:(
2085:)
2081:(
2053:)
2034:(
2000:/
1981:)
1962:(
1943:)
1929:(
1906:)
1902:(
1814::
1805:)
1796:(
1791::
1767:)
1763:(
1748::
1729:)
1725:(
1714:)
1705:(
1690::
1671:)
1667:(
1631:)
1617:(
1609:)
1578:)
1574:(
1560:(
1546:+
1535:)
1526:(
1505:)
1451:(
1439:I
1431:)
1427:(
1411:)
1407:(
1386:)
1377:(
1367:)
1363:(
1353:)
1346:(
1332:(
1303:(
1282:)
1273:(
1255:)
1241:(
1236:/
1227:)
1223:(
1202:)
1193:(
1185:)
1166:(
1146:)
1142:(
1113:)
1109:(
1101:)
1072:(
1053:)
1029:(
1007:)
1003:(
998:/
989:)
985:(
970:e
963:t
956:v
834:)
830:(
540:e
533:t
526:v
510:.
486::
478::
451:.
439::
433:3
416:.
404::
398:3
374:)
354:.
342::
322:.
310::
226:1
224:B
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
