276:(2011) argues that Interculturalism offers a more fruitful way than conventional multiculturalism for different ethnic groups to co-exist in an atmosphere that encourages both better inter-ethnic understanding and civility; he provides useful examples of how interculturalist projects in the UK have shown in practice a constructive way forward for promoting multi-ethnic civility. Based on a considerable body of research, he also sets out the outlines of a new interpretation of global history which shows that concepts of tolerance are not restricted to the West, and that what is usually regarded as a unique Western cultural achievement should more appropriately be regarded as a
263:
achieving indigenous political rights and reframing knowledge bases to include indigenous concepts. One of the criticisms of the cultural competency model is that it can create biases among health providers, who might begin to treat patients differently because of their cultural background, without allowing for heterogeneity within a cultural group. It can also lead to worse health outcomes in minority groups when health care providers make assumptions about patients' health behaviors and histories based on their race, ethnicity, or culture. The concept of "witnessing" was developed by Ellen
Davenport as a way to overcome cultural competency stereotyping.
255:. Intercultural health education is a priority at the medical school in the Universidad Andina SimĂłn BolĂvar in Quito, Ecuador. Intercultural education models have been built into schools in many indigenous communities across the Americas with the goal of passing down aspects of the particular indigenous practices and culture. These are often focused on language acquisition. Peru and Ecuador have both implemented intercultural indigenous language acquisition programs.
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51:, such as criticisms that such policies had failed to create inclusion of different cultures within society, but instead have divided society by legitimizing segregated separate communities that have isolated themselves and accentuated their specificity. It is based on the recognition of both differences and similarities between cultures. It has addressed the risk of the creation of absolute
203:
Effective intercultural health projects involve buy-in from all cultures represented. Anthropologist
Catherine Walsh describes the concept of "critical interculturality." She defines this as using indigenous concepts to question the existing structure and advance epistemic change. This type of change
116:
programs, that involves students being able to be open to listen and communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds, have knowledge of the backgrounds of cultural groups, knowledge of existing stereotypes and prejudices involving cultural groups, and other criteria. Salman Cheema, the Head
79:
that only members of a particular group have the ability to understand the perspective of that group". Anthropologist Joanne
Rappaport describes interculturalism as consisting of three main threads: a method of connection, a political philosophy aimed at creating utopian indigenous citizenship, and a
158:
Intercultural health applies the concepts of interculturalism to health settings. It involves conceptualizing health itself as part of a broader cultural framework. Intercultural health defines what counts as "health" as outside purely biomedicine. In many cases, intercultural health is an approach
88:
Interculturalism has been included in different national constitutions across Latin
America, including Bolivia, Ecuador (2008), Brazil, and across Europe. Colombia includes the concept of multiculturalism and pluriethnic citizenship in its 1991 constitution. The Ecuadorian constitution has been
262:
It is a technique grounded in a set of questions that providers can use to understand how a patient understands their own illness. This model has been applied in many US medical schools. Intercultural health projects are seen as distinct from culturally competent ones because of their goal in
183:
The implementation of intercultural health practices is associated with the project of decentralizing health systems, especially in Latin
America. Ecuadorian epidemiologist and physician Jaime Breilh is a proponent of intercultural health for its benefits on population health.
196:. Supporters of intercultural health care models cite addressing structural violence as a goal. The goal of many intercultural health models is to treat indigenous knowledge with the same respect as biomedicine. Intercultural health models have been associated with improved
283:
In contrast, Nussbaum views interculturalism as distinct from multiculturalism and notes that several humanities professors have preferred interculturalism over multiculturalism because they view multiculturalism as being "associated with relativism and identity politics".
30:
tendencies within cultures. Interculturalism involves moving beyond mere passive acceptance of multiple cultures existing in a society and instead promotes dialogue and interaction between cultures. Interculturalism is often used to describe the set of relations between
141:
on April 11, 2013, interculturalist advocate Phil Wood declared that multiculturalism has faced serious problems that need to be resolved through interculturalism, and rejected those opponents of multiculturalism who seek to restore a pre-multiculturalist
287:
The extent to which the principles of intercultural health are protected in practice under the
Ecuadorian constitution are questioned by academics. Some argue that interculturalism creates a binary, whereas pluriculturalism is more inclusive alternative.
179:
that has been passed down through generations. Intercultural health systems often state the goal of creating better health outcomes in indigenous communities and generating mutual respect between biomedical practitioners and indigenous healers.
208:, which call for a reconsideration of what counts as knowledge. There are examples of intercultural health projects that do not fully incorporate indigenous methodologies and instead continue to perpetuate the western
101:
271:
Interculturalism has both supporters and opponents amongst people who endorse multiculturalism. Gerald
Delanty views interculturalism as capable of incorporating multiculturalism within it. Ali Rattansi, in his book
75:, describes interculturalism as involving "the recognition of common human needs across cultures and of dissonance and critical dialogue within cultures" and that interculturalists "reject the claim of
258:
Intercultural health concepts applied in United States biomedical settings are often called cultural competency. The explanatory model, the original framework of cultural competency, was developed by
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challenge to traditional ethnography. Rappaport discusses the importance of interculturalism in the
Colombian Indigenous movement for human rights and recognition.
1994:"Discourse vs practice: are traditional practices and beliefs in pregnancy and childbirth included or excluded in the Ecuadorian health care system?: Table 1"
4713:
976:
715:"From strategies to Constitutions. Identity, Multiculturalism and Interculturalism as Legal values: A Comparison between Europe and the Andean Countries"
59:
and in multiculturalism. Interculturalism has been used as a tool of Native
American and indigenous rights activists to achieve rights and recognition.
1103:"Why language matters: insights and challenges in applying a social determination of health approach in a North-South collaborative research program"
150:(NDP) declared support for interculturalism in the preamble of its constitution adopted its federal convention held in Montreal on April 14, 2013.
121:, in an article titled "From Multiculturalism to Interculturalism – A British perspective", spoke of an event co-hosted by the British Council and
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1252:""Five hundred years of medicine gone to waste"? Negotiating the implementation of an intercultural health policy in the Ecuadorian Andes"
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John Nagle, Multiculturalism's Double-Bind: Creating
Inclusivity Cosmopolitanism and Difference. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. P. 169.
867:"Intercultural Health Practices: Towards an Equal Recognition Between Indigenous Medicine and Biomedicine? A Case Study from Chile"
280:
achievement. He thus offers a more interculturalist view of global history which undermines notions of 'a clash of civilisations'.
1527:
Peprah, Prince; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Arimiyaw, Abdul Wahid; Morgan, Anthony Kwame; Nachibi, Stephen Uwumbordo (January 2021).
1025:
922:"To Decentralize or Not to Decentralize, is That the Question? Nicaraguan Health Policy under Structural Adjustment in the 1990s"
126:
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Open secularism, interculturalism, the fight against discrimination and guidelines for accommodation—Bouchard-Taylor Commission
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Ibanez B. Penas, Ma. Carmen López Sáenz. Interculturalism: Between Identity and Diversity. Bern: Peter Lang AG, 2006. P. 15.
227:. A series of case studies highlight intercultural health projects that integrate biomedicine with traditional medicine, in
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Interculturalism: A new diversity ideology with interrelated components of dialogue, unity, and identity flexibility
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1821:"Intercultural Competency in Public Health: A Call for Action to Incorporate Training into Public Health Education"
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786:"La Constitución ecuatoriana entre el multiculturalismo y la interculturalidad. Un análisis de su orientación"
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Intercultural Utopias : Public Intellectuals, Cultural Experimentation, and Ethnic Pluralism in Colombia
307:
147:
2041:"MULTICULTURALISMO, INTERCULTURALISMO E PLURICULTURALISMO: DEBATES E HORIZONTES POLĂŤTICOS E EPISTEMOLĂ“GICOS"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080602000753/http://www.accommodements.qc.ca/communiques/2008-05-22a-en.html
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1772:"Assessing explanatory models and health beliefs: An essential but overlooked competency for clinicians"
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1930:"Witnessing and the Medical Gaze: How Medical Students Learn to See at a Free Clinic for the Homeless"
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Fleckman, Julia M.; Dal Corso, Mark; Ramirez, Shokufeh; Begalieva, Maya; Johnson, Carolyn C. (2015).
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1529:"Removing barriers to healthcare through an intercultural healthcare system: Focus group evidence"
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El nacimiento del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia : etnografĂa de una Asamblea Constituyente
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New Method and Intercultural Awakening: Beyond the "Knowledge Illusion" of the Cartesian Bubble
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1883:"The clinical gaze in the practice of migrant health: Mexican migrants in the United States"
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Tell me why my children died : rabies, indigenous knowledge, and communicative justice
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2074:"Critical Epidemiology in Latin America: Roots, Philosophical and Methodological Ruptures"
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UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
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1363:"Development as Buen Vivir: Institutional arrangements and (de)colonial entanglements"
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1650:"The Construction of Indigenous Language Rights in Peru: A Language Regime Approach"
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Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
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Mignone, Javier; Bartlett, Judith; O'Neil, John; Orchard, Treena (December 2007).
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Gallegos, Carlos Andres; Waters, William F.; Kuhlmann, Anne Sebert (2016-12-18).
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Dinos, Sokratis; Ascoli, Micol; Owiti, John A.; Bhui, Kamaldeep (March 2017).
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Interculturalism has arisen in response to criticisms of existing policies of
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Remaking Kichwa : language and indigenous pluralism in Amazonian Ecuador
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Breilh, Jaime (2019), VallverdĂş, Jordi; Puyol, Angel; Estany, Anna (eds.),
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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle; Zimmerman, Sarah; Garfield, Richard (January 2000).
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Bossert, Thomas; Larrañaga, Osvaldo; Ruiz Meir, Fernando (August 2000).
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Political movement advocating for cooperation among different cultures
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health systems. Indigenous health systems, sometimes grouped in with
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described as in between both multiculturalism and interculturalism.
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in 2005, which declares support for interculturalism. In
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Intercultural health projects often involve connecting
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159:that seeks to reduce gaps between
14:
4974:
2192:
2133:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2628
4784:The Closing of the American Mind
4704:Civilization and Its Discontents
4684:A Vindication of Natural Society
3539:
3527:
3516:
3515:
2250:
2198:
1579:Universidad Andina SimĂłn BolĂvar
1318:. Clara Mantini-Briggs. Durham.
761:"Colombian Constitution of 1991"
605:Schavelzon, Salvador - Autor/a.
3341:Culture and positive psychology
2251:
2065:
2032:
1985:
1976:
1928:Davenport, Beverly Ann (2000).
1921:
1899:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.067
1812:
1763:
1739:
1690:
1641:
1592:
1567:
1533:Journal of Integrative Medicine
1520:
1401:
1361:Walsh, Catherine (2010-03-01).
1354:
1243:
1195:
1153:
1052:
1017:
994:10.1590/S1020-49892000000700011
968:
913:
841:
830:
818:
777:
753:
729:
706:
671:
647:
623:
598:
2780:High- and low-context cultures
1934:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1881:Holmes, Seth M. (March 2012).
1160:Breilh, Jaime (January 2021),
803:10.33890/innova.v2.n6.2017.182
557:
523:Tironi, Ernesto (2011-11-11).
516:
492:
461:
392:
148:New Democratic Party of Canada
1:
4674:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1887:Social Science & Medicine
1408:Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2021).
851:. Macleans.ca. 14 April 2013.
371:
308:Criticism of multiculturalism
62:
4744:The Society of the Spectacle
3346:Culture and social cognition
2331:Cross-cultural communication
1697:Wroblewski, Michael (2021).
1162:"Why Critical Epidemiology?"
542:10.5354/0719-3769.1976.17186
468:Lopez, Luis Enrique (1991).
266:
219:, or ancestral medicine, or
7:
3428:Intercultural communication
2240:
2086:10.1007/978-3-030-28626-2_3
1312:Briggs, Charles L. (2016).
1030:. Oxford University Press.
938:10.2190/C6TB-B16Y-60HV-M3QW
328:Intercultural communication
291:
10:
4979:
2871:Cross cultural sensitivity
2538:Resistance through culture
2170:Bennett, Milton J. (1998)
1825:Frontiers in Public Health
1618:10.17163/alt.v14n2.2019.01
1545:10.1016/j.joim.2020.08.008
1414:(Third ed.). London.
713:Piciocchi, Cinzia (2015).
206:decolonizing methodologies
4922:
4826:
4814:Intellectuals and Society
4764:The Culture of Narcissism
4655:
4323:
4115:
4064:
3993:
3907:
3900:
3840:
3602:
3511:
3483:Transformation of culture
3176:
3096:
2916:Cultural environmentalism
2853:
2593:
2456:
2346:Cross-cultural psychology
2341:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2336:Cross-cultural leadership
2313:
2262:
2248:
2186:Cross- Cultural Dialogues
2184:Storti, Craig. (1994).
1946:10.1525/maq.2000.14.3.310
1789:10.1192/apt.bp.114.013680
1269:10.1186/s12889-018-5601-8
1120:10.1186/s12992-015-0091-2
883:10.1007/s10728-011-0170-3
631:"Constitution of Bolivia"
577:10.1215/9780822371779-004
421:. Duke University Press.
318:Cross-cultural competence
42:
4804:The Malaise of Modernity
4754:The History of Sexuality
3853:Catholic social teaching
3443:Living things in culture
3433:Intercultural competence
3336:Culture and menstruation
2835:Trans-cultural diffusion
2045:Revista @mbienteeducação
2010:10.1093/inthealth/ihw053
1838:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00210
1667:10.1177/1866802X19866527
1107:Globalization and Health
827:, Article 4 Paragraph 8.
529:Estudios Internacionales
363:Foucault's Clinical Gaze
333:Intercultural competence
110:intercultural competence
83:
4884:Philosophy of education
3254:Cultural homogenization
2484:Individualistic culture
2418:Popular culture studies
2403:Intercultural relations
2165:in the Montreal Gazette
790:INNOVA Research Journal
24:cross-cultural dialogue
3823:
3777:
3763:
3189:Archaeological culture
2936:Cultural globalization
2805:Organizational culture
2653:Cultural communication
2611:Cultural appropriation
2398:Intercultural learning
2326:Cross-cultural studies
2039:AraĂşjo, Vanda (2018).
1487:10.1186/1746-4269-3-31
1235:: CS1 maint: others (
4889:Philosophy of history
4879:Philosophy of culture
4774:A Conflict of Visions
3458:Participatory culture
3249:Cultural evolutionism
3073:Multiracial democracy
2951:Cultural intelligence
2896:Cultural conservatism
2886:Cultural backwardness
2876:Cultural assimilation
2750:Cultural reproduction
2606:Cultural appreciation
2558:Far-right subcultures
2448:Transcultural nursing
2413:Philosophy of culture
2290:Cultural neuroscience
2270:Cultural anthropology
1747:"Cultural competence"
1059:Farmer, Paul (1996).
367:Critical Epidemiology
4894:Political philosophy
4694:Democracy in America
3453:Oppositional culture
3423:Emotions and culture
3331:Cultural sensibility
3321:Cultural translation
3259:Cultural institution
3239:Cultural determinism
2961:Cultural nationalism
2946:Cultural imperialism
2906:Cultural deprivation
2800:Non-material culture
2433:Sociology of culture
2428:Semiotics of culture
2207:at Wikimedia Commons
2143:. CMS 5, 14 (2017).
1998:International Health
871:Health Care Analysis
217:traditional medicine
177:indigenous knowledge
169:alternative medicine
154:Intercultural Health
73:Cultivating Humanity
4734:One-Dimensional Man
3304:Culture speculation
3299:Cultural relativism
3229:Cultural competence
3119:Cultural Christians
2991:Cultural Revolution
2981:Cultural radicalism
2956:Cultural liberalism
2891:Cultural Bolshevism
2866:Consumer capitalism
2820:Relational mobility
2760:Cultural technology
2668:Cultural dissonance
2585:Culture by location
2548:Alternative culture
2464:Constructed culture
2443:Theology of culture
2383:Cultural psychology
2363:Cultural entomology
2137:Zapata-Barrero, R.
1379:10.1057/dev.2009.93
485:Femi James Kolapo.
221:indigenous medicine
186:Structural violence
4854:Cultural pessimism
4849:Cultural criticism
3748:National character
3463:Permission culture
3396:Disability culture
3376:Children's culture
3244:Cultural diversity
3204:Circuit of culture
2986:Cultural retention
2966:Cultural pessimism
2921:Cultural exception
2911:Cultural diplomacy
2901:Cultural contracts
2861:Colonial mentality
2790:Manuscript culture
2765:Cultural universal
2735:Cultural pluralism
2715:Cultural landscape
2710:Cultural invention
2678:Cultural framework
2580:Vernacular culture
2378:Cultural mediation
2358:Cultural economics
2353:Cultural analytics
2285:Cultural geography
2275:Cultural astronomy
737:"Multiculturalism"
4963:Cultural exchange
4958:Social philosophy
4953:Cultural concepts
4935:
4934:
4651:
4650:
3796:Spontaneous order
3786:Social alienation
3635:Cultural heritage
3596:Social philosophy
3562:
3561:
3391:Death and culture
3284:Cultural movement
3274:Cultural literacy
3134:Eastern Orthodoxy
3046:Dominator culture
3041:Deculturalization
2941:Cultural hegemony
2931:Cultural genocide
2926:Cultural feminism
2745:Cultural property
2740:Cultural practice
2725:Cultural leveling
2720:Cultural learning
2705:Cultural industry
2700:Cultural identity
2683:Cultural heritage
2673:Cultural emphasis
2658:Cultural conflict
2631:Cultural behavior
2621:Cultural artifact
2533:Primitive culture
2509:Political culture
2203:Media related to
2155:Bouchard, Gerard
2095:978-3-030-28625-5
1710:978-1-350-11556-9
1421:978-1-78699-812-5
1325:978-0-8223-7439-8
1256:BMC Public Health
1214:978-1-4008-4680-1
1183:978-0-19-049278-6
1045:978-0-19-049281-6
691:978-9942-09-115-4
586:978-0-8223-7177-9
428:978-0-8223-8743-5
161:indigenous health
77:identity politics
4970:
4948:Interculturalism
4899:Social criticism
4819:
4809:
4799:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
3905:
3904:
3887:Frankfurt School
3865:Communitarianism
3828:
3782:
3768:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3543:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3518:
3408:Drinking culture
3361:Culture industry
3309:Cultural tourism
3289:Cultural mulatto
3264:Cultural jet lag
3199:Cannabis culture
3156:Cultural Muslims
3078:Pluriculturalism
3061:Multiculturalism
3051:Interculturalism
3026:Culture minister
3016:Cultural Zionism
3011:Cultural subsidy
3006:Cultural silence
2881:Cultural attaché
2840:Transculturation
2795:Material culture
2785:Interculturality
2641:Cultural capital
2626:Cultural baggage
2563:Youth subculture
2504:Official culture
2469:Dominant culture
2408:Internet culture
2373:Cultural mapping
2368:Cultural history
2295:Cultural studies
2280:Cultural ecology
2254:
2253:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2205:Interculturalism
2202:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1776:BJPsych Advances
1767:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1694:
1688:
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1489:
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1199:
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749:
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727:
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704:
703:
675:
669:
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665:
659:en.wikipedia.org
651:
645:
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627:
621:
620:
602:
596:
595:
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569:On Decoloniality
561:
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514:
513:
512:
511:
496:
490:
483:
474:
473:
465:
459:
454:Hans van Ewijk.
452:
441:
440:
412:
399:
396:
390:
387:
353:Transculturation
323:Cultural agility
260:Arthur Kleinman.
223:, with western,
49:multiculturalism
28:self-segregation
26:and challenging
20:Interculturalism
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4918:
4844:Critical theory
4822:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4647:
4325:
4319:
4117:
4111:
4060:
3989:
3896:
3848:Budapest School
3836:
3625:Cosmopolitanism
3598:
3593:
3563:
3558:
3507:
3498:Western culture
3493:Welfare culture
3418:Eastern culture
3279:Cultural mosaic
3234:Cultural critic
3224:Cultural center
3172:
3146:Cultural Hindus
3092:
3083:Polyculturalism
3056:Monoculturalism
3031:Culture of fear
3001:Cultural safety
2996:Cultural rights
2976:Cultural racism
2971:Cultural policy
2849:
2755:Cultural system
2730:Cultural memory
2663:Cultural cringe
2589:
2521:Popular culture
2452:
2388:Cultural values
2309:
2258:
2244:
2239:
2195:
2122:
2120:Further reading
2117:
2116:
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1990:
1986:
1981:
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1154:
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1057:
1053:
1046:
1024:Breilh, Jaime.
1022:
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413:
402:
397:
393:
388:
379:
374:
358:Social Medicine
343:Polyculturalism
303:Cosmopolitanism
294:
269:
156:
144:monoculturalist
119:British Council
86:
69:Martha Nussbaum
65:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4976:
4966:
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4955:
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4933:
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4919:
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4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Social science
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4794:Gender Trouble
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4724:The Second Sex
4720:
4710:
4700:
4690:
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3769:
3760:
3755:
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3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Invisible hand
3713:
3708:
3703:
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3691:
3686:
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3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
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3509:
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3495:
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3465:
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3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Cultural probe
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Cross-cultural
3216:
3214:Coffee culture
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Animal culture
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:Transculturism
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Culture change
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
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2988:
2983:
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2973:
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2963:
2958:
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2898:
2893:
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2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2845:Visual culture
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Safety culture
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
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2732:
2727:
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2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:Cross-cultural
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
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2597:
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2555:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:Culture theory
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2193:External links
2191:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2135:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2094:
2064:
2031:
2004:(2): 105–111.
1984:
1975:
1940:(3): 310–327.
1920:
1893:(6): 873–881.
1870:
1811:
1782:(2): 106–114.
1762:
1738:
1709:
1689:
1660:(2): 161–180.
1640:
1611:(2): 162–171.
1607:(in Spanish).
1591:
1566:
1519:
1449:
1420:
1400:
1353:
1324:
1301:
1242:
1213:
1194:
1182:
1152:
1090:
1071:(1): 261–283.
1051:
1044:
1016:
987:(1–2): 84–92.
967:
932:(1): 111–128.
912:
854:
840:
829:
817:
792:(in Spanish).
776:
752:
728:
705:
690:
670:
646:
622:
597:
585:
556:
515:
491:
475:
460:
442:
427:
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376:
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373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
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330:
325:
320:
315:
313:Cross-cultural
310:
305:
300:
293:
290:
268:
265:
173:plant medicine
155:
152:
94:United Nations
85:
82:
64:
61:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4975:
4964:
4961:
4959:
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4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Social theory
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
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4837:
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4829:
4825:
4816:
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4771:
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4751:
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4716:
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4711:
4706:
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4654:
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4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
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4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
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4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Radhakrishnan
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
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4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
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4509:
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4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
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4459:
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4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
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4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
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4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
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4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
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4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:20th and 21st
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:18th and 19th
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3503:Youth culture
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Urban culture
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Remix culture
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Media culture
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Languaculture
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Culture shock
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Cultural turn
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Bennett scale
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Protestantism
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:Biculturalism
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Technoculture
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Print culture
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Enculturation
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Cultural icon
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Cultural bias
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Cultural area
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Acculturation
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Super culture
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Legal culture
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Sound culture
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2167:March 2, 2011
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
850:
844:
838:
833:
826:
821:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
766:
762:
756:
742:
738:
732:
724:
720:
716:
709:
701:
697:
693:
687:
684:. Abya Yala.
683:
682:
674:
660:
656:
650:
636:
632:
626:
618:
614:
610:
609:
601:
588:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
552:
548:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
505:
501:
500:"Ethnography"
495:
488:
482:
480:
471:
464:
457:
451:
449:
447:
438:
434:
430:
424:
420:
419:
411:
409:
407:
405:
395:
386:
384:
382:
377:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
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296:
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289:
285:
281:
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264:
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256:
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162:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
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90:
81:
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74:
70:
60:
58:
57:postmodernity
54:
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4762:
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4712:
4702:
4692:
4682:
4672:
4662:
4082:Guicciardini
4065:Early modern
3901:Philosophers
3875:Conservatism
3870:Confucianism
3858:Distributism
3791:Social norms
3779:Sittlichkeit
3765:Ressentiment
3711:Institutions
3689:Human nature
3644:
3551:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3468:Rape culture
3413:Drug culture
3401:Deaf culture
3386:Cyberculture
3356:Culture hero
3269:Cultural lag
3209:Civilization
3109:Christianity
3050:
2815:Protoculture
2499:Microculture
2479:High culture
2474:Folk culture
2423:Postcritique
2185:
2178:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2138:
2126:
2107:, retrieved
2077:
2067:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1890:
1886:
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1755:, retrieved
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1750:
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1370:
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1259:
1255:
1245:
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1197:
1187:, retrieved
1165:
1155:
1110:
1106:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1026:
1019:
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980:
970:
929:
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877:(1): 31–49.
874:
870:
843:
832:
824:
820:
796:(6): 22–34.
793:
789:
779:
769:, retrieved
767:, 2022-01-25
764:
755:
745:, retrieved
743:, 2022-04-13
740:
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722:
718:
708:
680:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:
649:
639:, retrieved
637:, 2022-03-28
634:
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600:
590:, retrieved
568:
559:
532:
528:
518:
508:, retrieved
506:, 2022-04-14
503:
494:
486:
469:
463:
455:
417:
394:
286:
282:
273:
270:
257:
214:
202:
182:
157:
100:adopted the
91:
87:
72:
71:in her work
67:Philosopher
66:
46:
19:
18:
4869:Historicism
4698:(1835–1840)
4664:De Officiis
4388:de Beauvoir
4358:Baudrillard
4310:Vivekananda
4300:Tocqueville
4215:Kierkegaard
4031:Ibn Khaldun
4001:Alpharabius
3892:Personalism
3801:Stewardship
3758:Reification
3753:Natural law
3674:Familialism
3640:Culturalism
3546:WikiProject
3478:Tea culture
3381:Culturalism
3351:Culture gap
3314:Pop-culture
3114:Catholicism
3036:Culture war
2494:Low culture
2393:Culturomics
2300:Culturology
1367:Development
225:biomedicine
190:Paul Farmer
114:social work
4942:Categories
4874:Humanities
4834:Agnotology
4493:Kołakowski
4056:Ibn Tufayl
4036:Maimonides
3980:Thucydides
3975:Tertullian
3930:Lactantius
3825:Volksgeist
3806:Traditions
3620:Convention
2543:Subculture
2321:Bioculture
2109:2022-05-07
1757:2022-04-11
1719:1227394760
1703:. London.
1585:2022-04-19
1430:1242806586
1262:(1): 686.
1189:2022-05-07
771:2022-04-19
747:2022-04-19
664:2022-04-11
641:2022-04-11
617:1029746143
592:2022-05-07
510:2022-04-19
437:1235889580
372:References
348:Toleration
165:biomedical
129:(IRPP) in
63:Definition
53:relativism
33:indigenous
4914:Sociology
4864:Historism
4573:Santayana
4543:Oakeshott
4513:MacIntyre
4498:Kropotkin
4473:Heidegger
4326:centuries
4240:Nietzsche
4205:Jefferson
4190:Helvétius
4155:Condorcet
4118:centuries
4102:Montaigne
3925:Confucius
3915:Augustine
3832:Worldview
3726:Modernity
3699:Formation
3371:Culturgen
3139:Mormonism
3097:Religions
2770:Cultureme
2688:Destroyed
2314:Subfields
2104:211461393
2051:: 29–44.
2018:1876-3413
1954:0745-5194
1847:2296-2565
1798:2056-4678
1751:Knowledge
1727:cite book
1684:201365188
1676:1866-802X
1635:198337526
1627:1390-8642
1605:Alteridad
1561:227947942
1496:1746-4269
1480:(1): 31.
1438:cite book
1387:1461-7072
1342:cite book
1334:946055018
1278:1471-2458
1231:cite book
1223:847525160
1129:1744-8603
1077:0011-5266
1003:1020-4989
946:0020-7314
891:1065-3058
812:2477-9024
765:Knowledge
741:Knowledge
700:876403478
635:Knowledge
551:0719-3769
504:Knowledge
267:Reception
245:Guatemala
210:hegemonic
112:in their
96:' agency
4927:Category
4839:Axiology
4827:See also
4618:Voegelin
4608:Spengler
4583:Shariati
4538:Nussbaum
4523:Maritain
4483:Irigaray
4463:Habermas
4428:Foucault
4413:Durkheim
4315:Voltaire
4280:de Staël
4255:Rousseau
4180:Franklin
4041:Muhammad
4026:Gelasius
4011:Avempace
3994:Medieval
3970:Polybius
3965:Plutarch
3731:Morality
3706:Ideology
3694:Identity
3603:Concepts
3522:Category
3104:Buddhism
2854:Politics
2263:Sciences
2026:27993953
1970:11036581
1907:21992736
1865:26389109
1806:78421640
1553:33288486
1514:17803820
1395:55952261
1296:29866186
1147:25880442
1113:(1): 9.
1085:20027362
1065:Daedalus
1011:11026777
954:10707302
907:22639060
899:21404028
292:See also
278:Eurasian
249:Suriname
241:Colombia
194:violence
131:Montreal
4668:(44 BC)
4598:Sombart
4593:Skinner
4578:Scruton
4558:Polanyi
4533:Niebuhr
4518:Marcuse
4453:Gramsci
4448:Gentile
4408:Du Bois
4398:Deleuze
4368:Benoist
4338:Agamben
4295:Thoreau
4285:Stirner
4275:Spencer
4225:Le Play
4175:Fourier
4160:Emerson
4145:Carlyle
4130:Bentham
4107:MĂĽntzer
4077:Erasmus
4051:Plethon
4046:Photios
4006:Aquinas
3940:Mencius
3908:Ancient
3841:Schools
3721:Loyalty
3679:History
3667:Counter
3662:Culture
3630:Customs
3553:Changes
3534:Commons
3177:Related
3168:Sikhism
3163:Judaism
2594:Aspects
2256:Outline
2242:Culture
1915:6939785
1856:4556984
1831:: 210.
1505:2000867
1287:5987654
1138:4353467
962:1189417
237:Bolivia
233:Ecuador
212:order.
106:Germany
55:within
37:western
4859:Ethics
4818:(2010)
4808:(1991)
4798:(1990)
4788:(1987)
4778:(1987)
4768:(1979)
4758:(1976)
4748:(1967)
4738:(1964)
4728:(1949)
4718:(1935)
4708:(1930)
4688:(1756)
4678:(1486)
4623:Walzer
4613:Taylor
4603:Sowell
4588:Simmel
4553:Pareto
4548:Ortega
4458:Guénon
4443:Gehlen
4438:Gandhi
4393:Debord
4378:Butler
4373:Berlin
4363:Bauman
4353:Badiou
4343:Arendt
4333:Adorno
4265:Ruskin
4220:Le Bon
4195:Herder
4170:Fichte
4165:Engels
4135:Bonald
4125:Arnold
4097:Milton
4092:Luther
4072:Calvin
3950:Origen
3920:Cicero
3880:Social
3816:Family
3811:Values
3772:Rights
3736:Public
3684:Honour
3615:Anomie
3610:Agency
2553:Fandom
2102:
2092:
2024:
2016:
1968:
1962:649501
1960:
1952:
1913:
1905:
1863:
1853:
1845:
1804:
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1502:
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435:
425:
251:, and
139:Canada
135:Quebec
123:Canada
98:UNESCO
43:Origin
4656:Works
4643:Žižek
4628:Weber
4568:Röpke
4528:Negri
4508:Lasch
4478:Hoppe
4433:Fromm
4423:Evola
4403:Dewey
4383:Camus
4290:Taine
4270:Smith
4260:Royce
4250:Renan
4185:Hegel
4150:Comte
4140:Burke
4087:Locke
4021:Dante
4016:Bruni
3985:Xunzi
3960:Plato
3955:Philo
3935:Laozi
3743:Mores
3655:Multi
3645:Inter
3151:Islam
2526:Urban
2514:Civic
2457:Types
2157:et al
2100:S2CID
1958:JSTOR
1911:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1557:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1081:JSTOR
958:S2CID
903:S2CID
253:Ghana
229:Chile
84:Usage
4638:Zinn
4633:Weil
4503:Land
4488:Kirk
4348:Aron
4305:Vico
4245:Owen
4235:Mill
4230:Marx
4210:Kant
4200:Hume
3945:Mozi
3650:Mono
2568:list
2090:ISBN
2022:PMID
2014:ISSN
1966:PMID
1950:ISSN
1903:PMID
1861:PMID
1843:ISSN
1794:ISSN
1733:link
1715:OCLC
1705:ISBN
1672:ISSN
1623:ISSN
1549:PMID
1510:PMID
1492:ISSN
1444:link
1426:OCLC
1416:ISBN
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1320:ISBN
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1125:ISSN
1073:ISSN
1040:ISBN
1007:PMID
999:ISSN
950:PMID
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887:ISSN
808:ISSN
696:OCLC
686:ISBN
613:OCLC
581:ISBN
547:ISSN
433:OCLC
423:ISBN
163:and
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2006:doi
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