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1832:(a conduit inside a crankcase wall) to which oil is introduced from the oil filter. The main bearings contain a groove through all or half its circumference; the oil enters these grooves from channels connected to the oil gallery. The crankshaft has drillings that take oil from these grooves and deliver it to the big end bearings. All big end bearings are lubricated this way. A single main bearing may provide oil for 0, 1 or 2 big end bearings. A similar system may be used to lubricate the piston, its gudgeon pin and the small end of its connecting rod; in this system, the connecting rod big end has a groove around the crankshaft and a drilling connected to the groove which distributes oil from there to the bottom of the piston and from then to the cylinder.
365:
1419:. In this design the cylinder wall contains several intake ports placed uniformly spaced along the circumference just above the position that the piston crown reaches when at BDC. An exhaust valve or several like that of 4-stroke engines is used. The final part of the intake manifold is an air sleeve that feeds the intake ports. The intake ports are placed at a horizontal angle to the cylinder wall (I.e: they are in plane of the piston crown) to give a swirl to the incoming charge to improve combustion. The largest reciprocating IC are low speed CI engines of this type; they are used for marine propulsion (see
1341:
valve opens when the crankcase pressure is slightly below intake pressure, to let it be filled with a new charge; this happens when the piston is moving upwards. When the piston is moving downwards the pressure in the crankcase increases and the reed valve closes promptly, then the charge in the crankcase is compressed. When the piston is moving downwards, it also uncovers the exhaust port and the transfer port and the higher pressure of the charge in the crankcase makes it enter the cylinder through the transfer port, blowing the exhaust gases. Lubrication is accomplished by adding
2767:
10835:
4144:
51:
1145:) in one end and to the piston in the other end through the gudgeon pin and thus transfers the force and translates the reciprocating motion of the pistons to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The end of the connecting rod attached to the gudgeon pin is called its small end, and the other end, where it is connected to the crankshaft, the big end. The big end has a detachable half to allow assembly around the crankshaft. It is kept together to the connecting rod by removable bolts.
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into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines take in both air and fuel, but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and temperature. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with
2866:. Most modern automotive engines are both water and air-cooled, as the water/liquid-coolant is carried to air-cooled fins and/or fans, whereas larger engines may be singularly water-cooled as they are stationary and have a constant supply of water through water-mains or fresh-water, while most power tool engines and other small engines are air-cooled. Some engines (air or water-cooled) also have an
990:) are common for motorcycles and other small engines found in light machinery. On the outer side of the cylinder, passages that contain cooling fluid are cast into the engine block whereas, in some heavy duty engines, the passages are the types of removable cylinder sleeves which can be replaceable. Water-cooled engines contain passages in the engine block where cooling fluid circulates (the
5060:. However, this method is primarily useful for measuring steady state loads and may not accurately reflect losses due to dynamic loads. More advanced methods can be used in a laboratory setting, such as measuring in-cylinder pressure measurements, flow rate and temperature at certain points, and testing of individual parts or sub-assemblies to determine friction and pumping losses.
1888:
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and heated overnight and returned to the engine for cold starts. In the early 1950s, the gasoline
Gasifier unit was developed, where, on cold weather starts, raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the fuel was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold. This unit was quite popular until electric
1254:. Just before the piston reaches TDC, ignition begins. In the case of a SI engine, the spark plug receives a high voltage pulse that generates the spark which gives it its name and ignites the charge. In the case of a CI engine, the fuel injector quickly injects fuel into the combustion chamber as a spray; the fuel ignites due to the high temperature.
2893:
3102:
rises, the fuel becomes more prone to auto-ignition. This is caused when the cylinder temperature nears the flash point of the charge. At this point, ignition can spontaneously occur before the spark plug fires, causing excessive cylinder pressures. Auto-ignition can be mitigated by using fuels with high auto-ignition resistance (
1199:
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downward it first uncovers the exhaust, but on the first stroke there is no burnt fuel to exhaust. As the piston moves downward further, it uncovers the intake port which has a duct that runs to the crankcase. Since the fuel mix in the crankcase is under pressure, the mix moves through the duct and into the cylinder.
2248:
3141:
have seen a boost in thermal efficiency past 50%. There are many inventions aimed at increasing the efficiency of IC engines. In general, practical engines are always compromised by trade-offs between different properties such as efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions, or noise.
3065:
or exposing the exhaust outlet) and this allows the piston to return to its previous position (top dead center, or TDC). The piston can then proceed to the next phase of its cycle, which varies between engines. Any thermal energy that is not translated into work is normally considered a waste product
2234:
A gas turbine is a rotary machine somewhat similar in principle to a steam turbine. It consists of three main components: compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed by the compressor where a temperature rise occurs. The temperature of the compressed air is further increased by
2053:
The first internal combustion engines did not compress the mixture. The first part of the piston downstroke drew in a fuel-air mixture, then the inlet valve closed and, in the remainder of the down-stroke, the fuel-air mixture fired. The exhaust valve opened for the piston upstroke. These attempts at
1982:
Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with temperature increase by compression causing ignition, rather than needing a separate ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injected directly into
1633:
The fuel mixture is ignited at different progressions of the piston in the cylinder. At low rpm, the spark is timed to occur close to the piston achieving top dead center. In order to produce more power, as rpm rises the spark is advanced sooner during piston movement. The spark occurs while the fuel
1493:
On the first upstroke of the engine there would be no fuel inducted into the cylinder as the crankcase was empty. On the downstroke, the piston now compresses the fuel mix, which has lubricated the piston in the cylinder and the bearings due to the fuel mix having oil added to it. As the piston moves
1372:
They must use the transfer port(s) as a carefully designed and placed nozzle so that a gas current is created in a way that it sweeps the whole cylinder before reaching the exhaust port so as to expel the combustion gases, but minimize the amount of charge exhausted. 4-stroke engines have the benefit
1305:
Scavenging: Around 75° of crankshaft rotation before BDC the exhaust valve or port opens, and blowdown occurs. Shortly thereafter the intake valve or transfer port opens. The incoming charge displaces the remaining combustion gases to the exhaust system and a part of the charge may enter the exhaust
1234:
Intake, induction or suction: The intake valves are open as a result of the cam lobe pressing down on the valve stem. The piston moves downward increasing the volume of the combustion chamber and allowing air to enter in the case of a CI engine or an air-fuel mix in the case of SI engines that do not
1005:
are short cylindrical parts which seal one end of the cylinder from the high pressure of the compressed air and combustion products and slide continuously within it while the engine is in operation. In smaller engines, the pistons are made of aluminum; while in larger applications, they are typically
452:
obtained the certification: "Obtaining Motive Power by the
Explosion of Gases". In 1857 the Great Seal Patent Office conceded them patent No.1655 for the invention of an "Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Motive Power from Gases". Barsanti and Matteucci obtained other patents for the same invention in
5106:
or an electric fan. Another modification to reduce parasitic loss, usually seen in track-only cars, is the replacement of an engine-driven water pump for an electrical water pump. The reduction in parasitic loss from these changes may be due to reduced friction or many other variables that cause the
1936:
design. Because fuel inlets and outlets are positioned at opposed ends of the cylinder, one can achieve uniflow scavenging, which, as in the four-stroke engine is efficient over a wide range of engine speeds. Thermal efficiency is improved because of a lack of cylinder heads. This design was used in
1839:
Typically forced lubrication systems have a lubricant flow higher than what is required to lubricate satisfactorily, in order to assist with cooling. Specifically, the lubricant system helps to move heat from the hot engine parts to the cooling liquid (in water-cooled engines) or fins (in air-cooled
1497:
Because there is no obstruction in the cylinder of the fuel to move directly out of the exhaust port prior to the piston rising far enough to close the port, early engines used a high domed piston to slow down the flow of fuel. Later the fuel was "resonated" back into the cylinder using an expansion
1484:
simplified Clerk's design into the type of 2 cycle engine that is very widely used today. Day cycle engines are crankcase scavenged and port timed. The crankcase and the part of the cylinder below the exhaust port is used as a pump. The operation of the Day cycle engine begins when the crankshaft is
3101:
materials that can be made with greater thermal stability and desirable structural properties. Higher thermal stability allows for a greater temperature difference between the lower (ambient) and upper operating temperatures, hence greater thermodynamic efficiency. Also, as the cylinder temperature
2085:
addresses the breathing problem by reducing the clearance between the piston and the cylinder head through various turbocharging techniques. The
Scuderi design requires the use of outwardly opening valves that enable the piston to move very close to the cylinder head without the interference of the
1659:
While gasoline internal combustion engines are much easier to start in cold weather than diesel engines, they can still have cold weather starting problems under extreme conditions. For years, the solution was to park the car in heated areas. In some parts of the world, the oil was actually drained
1318:
to accomplish scavenging taking 2 of the 4 strokes, a 2-stroke engine uses the last part of the power stroke and the first part of the compression stroke for combined intake and exhaust. The work required to displace the charge and exhaust gases comes from either the crankcase or a separate blower.
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cycle, so may be thought of as a "four-phase" engine. While it is true that three power strokes typically occur per rotor revolution, due to the 3:1 revolution ratio of the rotor to the eccentric shaft, only one power stroke per shaft revolution actually occurs. The drive (eccentric) shaft rotates
1293:
The defining characteristic of this kind of engine is that each piston completes a cycle every crankshaft revolution. The 4 processes of intake, compression, power and exhaust take place in only 2 strokes so that it is not possible to dedicate a stroke exclusively for each of them. Starting at TDC
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all act as parasitic loads that rob the system of power. These parasitic loads can be divided into two categories: those inherent to the working of the engine and those drivetrain losses incurred in the systems that transfer power from the engine to the road (such as the transmission, driveshaft,
1924:
has better balance when the angle between the crankpins is 180° because the pistons move in opposite directions and inertial forces partially cancel, but this gives an odd firing pattern where one cylinder fires 180° of crankshaft rotation after the other, then no cylinder fires for 540°. With an
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engines rely solely on the high temperature and pressure created by the engine in its compression process. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, spray a small quantity of diesel fuel
1605:
Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it by the movement of the piston from bottom dead center to top dead center when the fuel is at maximum compression. The reduction in the size of the swept area of the cylinder and taking into account the volume of the combustion
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chamber design. When the piston rose close to TDC, a spark ignited the fuel. As the piston is driven downward with power, it first uncovers the exhaust port where the burned fuel is expelled under high pressure and then the intake port where the process has been completed and will keep repeating.
1309:
Compression: With both intake and exhaust closed the piston continues moving upwards compressing the charge and performing work on it. As in the case of a 4-stroke engine, ignition starts just before the piston reaches TDC and the same consideration on the thermodynamics of the compression on the
2238:
Gas turbine cycle engines employ a continuous combustion system where compression, combustion, and expansion occur simultaneously at different places in the engineâgiving continuous power. Notably, the combustion takes place at constant pressure, rather than with the Otto cycle, constant volume.
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separate the four strokes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust into two separate but paired cylinders. The first cylinder is used for intake and compression. The compressed air is then transferred through a crossover passage from the compression cylinder into the second cylinder, where
2008:
manufactured and sold a double expansion engine (the double and triple expansion principles had ample usage in steam engines), with two small cylinders at both sides of a low-pressure larger cylinder, where a second expansion of exhaust stroke gas took place; the owner returned it, alleging poor
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With early induction and ignition systems the compression ratios had to be kept low. With advances in fuel technology and combustion management, high-performance engines can run reliably at 12:1 ratio. With low octane fuel, a problem would occur as the compression ratio increased as the fuel was
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or a rotary disk valve driven by the engine. For each cylinder, a transfer port connects in one end to the crankcase and in the other end to the cylinder wall. The exhaust port is connected directly to the cylinder wall. The transfer and exhaust port are opened and closed by the piston. The reed
1277:
Exhaust: The exhaust valve remains open while the piston moves upward expelling the combustion gases. For naturally aspirated engines a small part of the combustion gases may remain in the cylinder during normal operation because the piston does not close the combustion chamber completely; these
2780:
Since air is plentiful at the surface of the earth, the oxidizer is typically atmospheric oxygen, which has the advantage of not being stored within the vehicle. This increases the power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios. Other materials are used for special purposes, often to increase power
2749:
but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times lower than gasoline. However, the energy density of hydrogen is considerably higher than that of electric batteries, making it a serious contender as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process (see
1641:
or transformer. The induction coil is a fly-back system, using interruption of electrical primary system current through some type of synchronized interrupter. The interrupter can be either contact points or a power transistor. The problem with this type of ignition is that as RPM increases the
4391:
ratio. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and
2184:
and it consists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The temperature of the air, after being compressed in the compressor, is increased by burning fuel in it. The heated air and the products of combustion expand in a turbine, producing work output. About
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no oil pump is used. Instead the crankshaft dips into the oil in the sump and due to its high speed, it splashes the crankshaft, connecting rods and bottom of the pistons. The connecting rod big end caps may have an attached scoop to enhance this effect. The valve train may also be sealed in a
1597:
system, and supplies electrical power when the engine is off. The battery also supplies electrical power during rare run conditions where the alternator cannot maintain more than 13.8 volts (for a common 12 V automotive electrical system). As alternator voltage falls below 13.8 volts, the
5051:
While rules of thumb such as a 15% power loss from drivetrain parasitic loads have been commonly repeated, the actual loss of energy due to parasitic loads varies between systems. It can be influenced by powertrain design, lubricant type and temperature and many other factors. In automobiles,
1489:
or a rotary disk valve (driven by the engine). There are cast in ducts from the crankcase to the port in the cylinder to provide for intake and another from the exhaust port to the exhaust pipe. The height of the port in relationship to the length of the cylinder is called the "port timing".
1703:
just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or
1026:
drives the small amount of gas that escapes past the pistons during normal operation (the blow-by gases) out of the crankcase so that it does not accumulate contaminating the oil and creating corrosion. In two-stroke gasoline engines the crankcase is part of the airâfuel path and due to the
1835:
Other systems are also used to lubricate the cylinder and piston. The connecting rod may have a nozzle to throw an oil jet to the cylinder and bottom of the piston. That nozzle is in movement relative to the cylinder it lubricates, but always pointed towards it or the corresponding piston.
7116:
2962:
Some small engines use a pull-rope mechanism called "recoil starting", as the rope rewinds itself after it has been pulled out to start the engine. This method is commonly used in pushed lawn mowers and other settings where only a small amount of torque is needed to turn an engine over.
3113:
assume that the engine is operating under ideal conditions: a frictionless world, ideal gases, perfect insulators, and operation for infinite time. Real world applications introduce complexities that reduce efficiency. For example, a real engine runs best at a specific load, termed its
2732:
Although there are multiple ways of producing free hydrogen, those methods require converting combustible molecules into hydrogen or consuming electric energy. Unless that electricity is produced from a renewable sourceâand is not required for other purposesâhydrogen does not solve any
1373:
of forcibly expelling almost all of the combustion gases because during exhaust the combustion chamber is reduced to its minimum volume. In crankcase scavenged 2-stroke engines, exhaust and intake are performed mostly simultaneously and with the combustion chamber at its maximum volume.
2923:
Internal combustion engines must have their cycles started. In reciprocating engines this is accomplished by turning the crankshaft (Wankel Rotor Shaft) which induces the cycles of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The first engines were started with a turn of their
1401:
Using a separate blower avoids many of the shortcomings of crankcase scavenging, at the expense of increased complexity which means a higher cost and an increase in maintenance requirement. An engine of this type uses ports or valves for intake and valves for exhaust, except
2029:
was invented in 1883. Four kinds of six-stroke engines use a regular piston in a regular cylinder (Griffin six-stroke, Bajulaz six-stroke, Velozeta six-stroke and Crower six-stroke), firing every three crankshaft revolutions. These systems capture the waste heat of the
5592:
2614:
Even fluidized metal powders and explosives have seen some use. Engines that use gases for fuel are called gas engines and those that use liquid hydrocarbons are called oil engines; however, gasoline engines are also often colloquially referred to as "gas engines"
1601:
Some systems disable alternator field (rotor) power during wide-open throttle conditions. Disabling the field reduces alternator pulley mechanical loading to nearly zero, maximizing crankshaft power. In this case, the battery supplies all primary electrical power.
3142:
Sometimes economy also plays a role in not only the cost of manufacturing the engine itself, but also manufacturing and distributing the fuel. Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same.
2343:
to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost). The combustion process typically results in the production of a great quantity of thermal energy, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at very high temperature; the
1014:. Pistons are open at the bottom and hollow except for an integral reinforcement structure (the piston web). When an engine is working, the gas pressure in the combustion chamber exerts a force on the piston crown which is transferred through its web to a
4616:
are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise.
1319:
For scavenging, expulsion of burned gas and entry of fresh mix, two main approaches are described: Loop scavenging, and
Uniflow scavenging. SAE news published in the 2010s that 'Loop Scavenging' is better under any circumstance than Uniflow Scavenging.
2899:
2897:
2895:
4301:(PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include
4946:
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1278:
gases dissolve in the next charge. At the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the intake valve opens, and the sequence repeats in the next cycle. The intake valve may open before the exhaust valve closes to allow better scavenging.
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than is required to compress the charge. Complementary to the compression stroke, the combustion gases expand and as a result their temperature, pressure and density decreases. When the piston is near to BDC the exhaust valve opens. In the
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7129:
4999:
For example, the former category (engine parasitic loads) includes the oil pump used to lubricate the engine, which is a necessary parasite that consumes power from the engine (its host). Another example of an engine parasitic load is a
4959:
is often applied to devices that take energy from the engine in order to enhance the engine's ability to create more energy or convert energy to motion. In the internal combustion engine, almost every mechanical component, including the
436:
invented a hydrogen-based internal combustion engine and powered the engine by electric spark. In 1808, De Rivaz fitted his invention to a primitive working vehicle â "the world's first internal combustion powered automobile". In 1823,
660:. Thus, the efficiency is higher because more energy is extracted from the fuel than what could be extracted by the combustion engine alone. Combined cycle power plants achieve efficiencies in the range of 50â60%. In a smaller scale,
1368:
There are conflicting requirements for scavenging: On one side, enough fresh charge needs to be introduced in each cycle to displace almost all the combustion gases but introducing too much of it means that a part of it gets in the
1384:
In the US, 2-stroke engines were banned for road vehicles due to the pollution. Off-road only motorcycles are still often 2-stroke but are rarely road legal. However, many thousands of 2-stroke lawn maintenance engines are in use.
994:). Some small engines are air-cooled, and instead of having a water jacket the cylinder block has fins protruding away from it to cool the engine by directly transferring heat to the air. The cylinder walls are usually finished by
2857:
Cooling is required to remove excessive heatâhigh temperature can cause engine failure, usually from wear (due to high-temperature-induced failure of lubrication), cracking or warping. Two most common forms of engine cooling are
1995:
is the most common cycle for most cars' internal combustion engines that use gasoline as a fuel. It consists of the same major steps as described for the four-stroke engine: Intake, compression, ignition, expansion and exhaust.
1306:
system as well. The piston reaches BDC and reverses direction. After the piston has traveled a short distance upwards into the cylinder the exhaust valve or port closes; shortly the intake valve or transfer port closes as well.
5093:
Automotive engineers and tuners commonly make design choices that reduce parasitic loads in order to improve efficiency and power output. These may involve the choice of major engine components or systems, such as the use of
4829:
614:(some are electrical but most use diesel engines). Rotary engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and motorcycles. These are collectively known as internal-combustion-engine vehicles (ICEV).
2896:
2824:
has been usedâwith extra gasolineâin tactical aircraft, and in specially equipped cars to allow short bursts of added power from engines that otherwise run on gasoline and air. It is also used in the Burt Rutan rocket
4667:. In reality diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen (atomic) has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, the fraction by weight of carbon in diesel is roughly
2173:. It is essentially a jet engine which directs its output to a shaft. There are three stages to a turbine: 1) air is drawn through a compressor where the temperature rises due to compression, 2) fuel is added in the
489:
gasoline engine. Later, in 1886, Benz began the first commercial production of motor vehicles with an internal combustion engine, in which a three-wheeled, four-cycle engine and chassis formed a single unit. In 1892,
2235:
combustion of injected fuel in the combustion chamber which expands the air. This energy rotates the turbine which powers the compressor via a mechanical coupling. The hot gases are then exhausted to provide thrust.
1656:. With either system, a mechanical or electrical control system provides a carefully timed high-voltage to the proper cylinder. This spark, via the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine's cylinders.
1458:
over 50%. For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke engines are around 43% thermally-efficient (SAE 900648); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increase in the ratio of volume to surface area.
1335:
Some SI engines are crankcase scavenged and do not use poppet valves. Instead, the crankcase and the part of the cylinder below the piston is used as a pump. The intake port is connected to the crankcase through a
258:
are also a form of internal combustion engine, though of a type so specialized that they are commonly treated as a separate category, along with weaponry such as mortars and anti-aircraft cannons.) In contrast, in
1066:. However, 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines connect the gas ports directly to the cylinder wall without poppet valves; the piston controls their opening and occlusion instead. The cylinder head also holds the
1732:, or to make the mechanism work at all. Also, the lubricant used can reduce excess heat and provide additional cooling to components. At the very least, an engine requires lubrication in the following parts:
3118:. The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration. In addition, factors such as
2080:
Previous split-cycle engines have had two major problemsâpoor breathing (volumetric efficiency) and low thermal efficiency. However, new designs are being introduced that seek to address these problems. The
1903:
Multiple cylinder engines have their valve train and crankshaft configured so that pistons are at different parts of their cycle. It is desirable to have the pistons' cycles uniformly spaced (this is called
2265:
The Wankel engine (rotary engine) does not have piston strokes. It operates with the same separation of phases as the four-stroke engine with the phases taking place in separate locations in the engine. In
1840:
engines) which then transfer it to the environment. The lubricant must be designed to be chemically stable and maintain suitable viscosities within the temperature range it encounters in the engine.
1642:
availability of electrical energy decreases. This is especially a problem, since the amount of energy needed to ignite a more dense fuel mixture is higher. The result was often a high RPM misfire.
2275:
once during every power stroke instead of twice (crankshaft), as in the Otto cycle, giving it a greater power-to-weight ratio than piston engines. This type of engine was most notably used in the
5102:
system. Alternately, this can be effected through substitution of minor components available as aftermarket modifications, such as exchanging a directly engine-driven fan for one equipped with a
2120:
where it is mixed with fuel (typically JP fuel) and then ignited. The burning of the fuel raises the temperature of the air which is then exhausted out of the engine creating thrust. A modern
1246:
Compression: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston moves upward reducing the combustion chamber volume which reaches its minimum when the piston is at TDC. The piston performs
5983:
1598:
lead-acid storage battery increasingly picks up electrical load. During virtually all running conditions, including normal idle conditions, the alternator supplies primary electrical power.
6080:
4836:
For gasoline, with a density of 0.75 kg/L and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon dioxide emission from burning 1 litre of gasoline is:
3089:
of the engine. The upper operating temperature of an engine is limited by two main factors; the thermal operating limits of the materials, and the auto-ignition resistance of the fuel. All
4743:
Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44 g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yields 44 g of carbon dioxide.
2312:
Forced induction is used in the automotive and aviation industry to increase engine power and efficiency. It particularly helps aviation engines, as they need to operate at high altitude.
1485:
turned so that the piston moves from BDC upward (toward the head) creating a vacuum in the crankcase/cylinder area. The carburetor then feeds the fuel mixture into the crankcase through a
1226:
is the movement of a piston from TDC to BDC or vice versa, together with the associated process. While an engine is in operation, the crankshaft rotates continuously at a nearly constant
1782:
flooded compartment, or open to the crankshaft in a way that it receives splashed oil and allows it to drain back to the sump. Splash lubrication is common for small 4-stroke engines.
10546:
3924:
1328:
10771:
4103:
1058:
that open to let the cylinder be filled with fresh air and exhaust valves that open to allow the combustion gases to escape. The valves are often poppet valves but they can also be
10766:
6691:
Lomnicki, Slawo; Gullett, Brian; Stöger, Tobias; Kennedy, Ian; Diaz, Jim; Dugas, Tammy R.; Varner, Kurt; Carlin, Danielle; Dellinger, Barry; Cormier, Stephania A. (January 2014).
4466:
in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with
4098:
2745:
has extremely low density (14 times lower than water) and requires extensive insulationâwhilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage. Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a higher
1563:
it became the primary system for producing electricity to energize a spark plug. Many small engines still use magneto ignition. Small engines are started by hand cranking using a
5085:
Laboratory testing of a heavy-duty diesel engine determined that 1.3% of the fuel energy input was lost to parasitic loads of engine accessories such as water and oil pumps.
1801:
to the surfaces serviced by the system and then returns the oil to a reservoir. The auxiliary equipment of an engine is typically not serviced by this loop; for instance, an
2939:
have come into use. This is due to the lack of torque in electric starters. Air starters work by pumping compressed air into the cylinders of an engine to start it turning.
2894:
1381:
than their 4-stroke counterparts. Despite having twice as many power strokes per cycle, less than twice the power of a comparable 4-stroke engine is attainable in practice.
4841:
4375:
Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process. A small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as
5019:
Drivetrain parasitic losses include both steady state and dynamic loads. Steady state loads occur at constant speeds and may originate in discrete components such as the
2392:
or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed with gases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous
5004:, which derives its power from the engine and creates more power for the engine. The power that the supercharger consumes is parasitic loss and is usually expressed in
1351:
refers to the mix of gasoline with the aforesaid oil. This kind of 2-stroke engine has a lower efficiency than comparable 4-strokes engines and releases more polluting
564:
In boating, an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, but the engines that sit on the transom are referred to as motors.
5012:. While the power that the supercharger consumes in comparison to what it generates is small, it is still measurable or calculable. One of the desirable features of a
2831:
power was under development for German World War II submarines. It may have been used in some non-nuclear submarines, and was used on some rocket engines (notably the
2283:, and other vehicle models. The engine is also used in unmanned aerial vehicles, where the small size and weight and the high power-to-weight ratio are advantageous.
1766:
In 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines, the interior of the crankcase, and therefore the crankshaft, connecting rod and bottom of the pistons are sprayed by the
1454:
turbocharged 2-stroke diesel, used in large container ships. It is the most efficient and powerful reciprocating internal combustion engine in the world with a
1006:
made of cast iron. In performance applications, pistons can also be titanium or forged steel for greater strength. The top surface of the piston is called its
6452:
1477:
developed the first two-cycle engine in 1879. It used a separate cylinder which functioned as a pump in order to transfer the fuel mixture to the cylinder.
7644:
6923:
1250:
on the charge as it is being compressed; as a result, its pressure, temperature and density increase; an approximation to this behavior is provided by the
5638:
5606:
1770:
in the air-fuel-oil mixture which is then burned along with the fuel. The valve train may be contained in a compartment flooded with lubricant so that no
2017:
designed and successfully tested a 5-stroke double expansion internal combustion engine, with high power output and low SFC (Specific Fuel
Consumption).
7286:
8313:
1074:
for engines that use direct injection. All CI (compression ignition) engines use fuel injection, usually direct injection but some engines instead use
5689:
4643:
A good way to estimate the mass of carbon dioxide that is released when one litre of diesel fuel (or gasoline) is combusted can be found as follows:
2652:. They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly so for their increased
1815:
system. When there is a different oil reservoir the crankcase still catches it, but it is continuously drained by a dedicated pump; this is called a
1230:. In a 4-stroke ICE, each piston experiences 2 strokes per crankshaft revolution in the following order. Starting the description at TDC, these are:
1133:, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single
4754:
1094:
prevents the gas from leaking between the cylinder head and the engine block. The opening and closing of the valves is controlled by one or several
6084:
5998:
5930:
3157:
For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used:
2089:
Firing ATDC can be accomplished by using high-pressure air in the transfer passage to create sonic flow and high turbulence in the power cylinder.
5957:
2928:, while the first vehicle (the Daimler Reitwagen) was started with a hand crank. All ICE engined automobiles were started with hand cranks until
1648:
was developed. It produces a rising voltage that is sent to the spark plug. CD system voltages can reach 60,000 volts. CD ignitions use step-up
10784:
7330:
5153:
4108:
6571:
6549:
4411:
Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and
2297:
Forced induction is the process of delivering compressed air to the intake of an internal combustion engine. A forced induction engine uses a
1125:
that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again. The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a
6620:
5323:
1129:
that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by
4604:
which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles.
1704:
mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic
6140:
3165:
that is measured in either pound force-hour or the grams of propellant needed to generate an impulse that measures one kilonewton-second.
10479:
5082:
equipped with a modified 455ci V8 engine and a 4-speed manual transmission was measured to have an average drivetrain power loss of 21%.
4231:
4186:
3874:
2716:
17:
5797:
1022:
fitted around its circumference that mostly prevent the gases from leaking into the crankcase or the oil into the combustion chamber. A
9208:
7114:, Ubierna Laciana, "Perfeccionamientos en Motores de Explosion, con Cinco Tiem-Pos y Doble Expansion", published 1976-11-01
6693:"Combustion By-Products and their Health Effects - Combustion Engineering and Global Health in the 21st Century: Issues and Challenges"
6893:
5473:
1828:
outside the crankcase. From there it is diverted to the crankshaft main bearings and valve train. The crankcase contains at least one
342:(ethyl tert-butyl ether) produced from bioethanol in spark ignition (SI) engines. As early as 1900 the inventor of the diesel engine,
6531:
1164:. It distributes the air incoming from these devices to the individual cylinders. The exhaust manifold is the first component in the
359:
7039:
1716:
1050:. It has several functions. The cylinder head seals the cylinders on the side opposite to the pistons; it contains short ducts (the
9229:
7637:
7268:
6983:. Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems: Automotive Technology : Vehicle Maintenance and Repair. Taylor & Francis.
5561:
5534:
271:, energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids for
5984:"WEIRD STUFF! COATES SPHERICAL ROTARY VALVE ENGINE: There Are No Valves, Just a Series of Spheres on a Rod: Sort of a Shish-Kabob"
5507:
10718:
9063:
7492:
6368:
5229:
1683:
2679:, sophisticated diesel-engined cars have taken over about 45% of the market since the 1990s. There are also engines that run on
9397:
9201:
8306:
6748:
6653:
IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes
6048:
4516:
to levels where human health and welfare are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as
10761:
9243:
9222:
9215:
8212:
7234:
7206:
7187:
7168:
7098:
7077:
7058:
7028:
7009:
6988:
6789:
6008:
5967:
5940:
5844:
5571:
5544:
5517:
5483:
5369:
5024:
4093:
1771:
290:
While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the primary power supply for
4383:, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient
1410:
but other types have been used too. This design is commonplace in CI engines, and has been occasionally used in SI engines.
10049:
9861:
9257:
9236:
4749:
Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1 litre of diesel can be calculated as:
3367:
42:
6806:
2388:. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on
1809:
sealed with their own lubricant. The reservoir for the oil is usually the sump, and when this is the case, it is called a
1537:
10868:
10014:
9907:
9577:
9264:
9250:
7630:
5138:
4453:). Ozone is not emitted directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of
3494:
3414:
2010:
6474:
10779:
10756:
9935:
9595:
9535:
8151:
7323:
4088:
4002:
3444:
2852:
1559:
The spark-ignition engine was a refinement of the early engines which used Hot Tube ignition. When Bosch developed the
1525:. Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tube and flame methods were used. Experimental engines with
998:, which is able to retain more oil. A too rough surface would quickly harm the engine by excessive wear on the piston.
397:
2251:
The Wankel rotary cycle. The shaft turns three times for each rotation of the rotor around the lobe and once for each
1941:
diesel aircraft engine, using two crankshafts at either end of a single bank of cylinders, and most remarkably in the
10821:
10568:
10454:
9948:
9943:
8299:
7558:
4257:
3944:
3849:
2932:
developed the electric starter for automobiles. This method is now the most widely used, even among non-automobiles.
1824:
On its bottom, the sump contains an oil intake covered by a mesh filter which is connected to an oil pump then to an
637:; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, aircraft may employ a separate ICE as an
7093:. Woodhead Publishing in materials The science and technology of materials in automotive engines. Elsevier Science.
4239:
2729:
technology may come to deliver its promise and the use of the internal combustion engines could even be phased out.
10873:
10748:
6441:
3158:
3054:
by the engine. In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinders drive the engine's pistons.
2988:
2045:, two pistons in a single cylinder, firing every two revolutions rather than every four like a four-stroke engine.
10494:
10231:
9621:
7596:
6837:
6170:
4392:
increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of
4179:
3889:
3652:
3234:
3151:
2984:
2428:
made from other convenient biomass. Experiments have also been conducted using powdered solid fuels, such as the
1427:
and achieve the highest thermal efficiencies among internal combustion engines of any kind. Some dieselâelectric
1298:
Power: While the piston is descending the combustion gases perform work on it, as in a 4-stroke engine. The same
6192:
2208:
Gas turbines are among the most efficient internal combustion engines. The
General Electric 7HA and 9HA turbine
1117:
Engine block seen from below. The cylinders, oil spray nozzle and half of the main bearings are clearly visible.
995:
218:
9364:
7829:
6946:
5642:
5613:
5590:, Barsanti, Eugenio & Matteucci, Felice, "Obtaining motive power by the explosion of gases"
4298:
4235:
9121:
8068:
3150:
For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the
2878:, fuel is used as a coolant, as it is simultaneously preheated before injecting it into a combustion chamber.
2842:
Other chemicals such as chlorine or fluorine have been used experimentally, but have not been found practical.
1920:
require odd firing to achieve better balance than what is possible with even firing. For instance, a 4-stroke
10829:
10804:
10109:
9017:
8493:
8126:
7316:
6892:
Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Pradhan, Saroj; Thiruvengadam, Pragalath; Besch, Marc; Carder, Daniel (October 2014).
5078:
engine and an automatic transmission had a measured drivetrain power loss averaging 33%. In the same test, a
4520:
whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical considerations.
4513:
4360:
from engine exhaust is impractical, there is increasing interest in alternatives. Sustainable fuels such as
4124:
3574:
2875:
1679:
1168:. It collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders and drives it to the following component in the path. The
5446:
4631:
Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants while idling. Idling is reduced by
1501:
Later engines used a type of porting devised by the Deutz company to improve performance. It was called the
10280:
10029:
10009:
9761:
9023:
7710:
7543:
5167:
3662:
3514:
3489:
3284:
2751:
1645:
1451:
1023:
1257:
Power or working stroke: The pressure of the combustion gases pushes the piston downward, generating more
10385:
10039:
7297:
5133:
3773:
3524:
3123:
2959:
There are also starters where a spring is compressed by a crank motion and then used to start an engine.
2518:
2512:
2345:
1949:
arranged in an equilateral triangle with the crankshafts at the corners. It was also used in single-bank
775:
5587:
10883:
10813:
10713:
10636:
10044:
9874:
9499:
9390:
7347:
5299:
5203:
4172:
3529:
3379:
3173:
3168:
For rockets, TSFC can be used, but typically other equivalent measures are traditionally used, such as
2801:
2306:
2177:, and 3) hot air is exhausted through turbine blades which rotate a shaft connected to the compressor.
1315:
653:
495:
284:
260:
6655:(Technical report). Vol. 46. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1989. pp. 41â185.
6244:
4941:{\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}
433:
392:. Also in 1794, Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use
10516:
10474:
10436:
10001:
9795:
9057:
8262:
8176:
8141:
8121:
8073:
7981:
7611:
7137:
7124:
7111:
5250:
5214:
4532:
4463:
3904:
3869:
3829:
3482:
3449:
3299:
2429:
1692:
1571:
of Delco's development of the automotive starter all gasoline engined automobiles used a hand crank.
1424:
1236:
1083:
551:
are not referred to as "engines"; however, combustion engines are often referred to as "motors". (An
276:
5420:
4595:
3077:
transfer into the engine) and as such their theoretical efficiency can be approximated by idealized
346:, was using peanut oil to run his engines. Renewable fuels are commonly blended with fossil fuels.
10511:
10034:
9975:
9886:
9457:
9012:
8968:
8470:
8257:
8098:
7807:
7372:
6918:
6575:
5275:
4992:
4984:
4220:
3899:
3519:
3454:
3391:
1361:
836:
6419:
617:
Where high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of
10893:
10723:
10489:
10019:
9570:
9093:
9068:
8687:
8032:
7591:
7576:
7566:
7522:
5075:
4517:
4405:
4309:
and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.
4224:
3929:
3884:
3504:
2692:
2470:
2381:
1802:
1696:
1610:
of 6 to 1. As compression ratios were increased, the efficiency of the engine increased as well.
883:, similar to a turbojet but uses vehicle speed to compress (ram) the air instead of a compressor.
642:
438:
8872:
6394:
791:
By mechanical/thermodynamic cycle (these cycles are infrequently used but are commonly found in
648:
ICEs drive large electric generators that power electrical grids. They are found in the form of
254:, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. (
10878:
10682:
10072:
9316:
9088:
8998:
8925:
8498:
7854:
6148:
6107:
4509:
4067:
3554:
3018:
2999:
2704:
2482:
2446:
1431:
operate on the 2-stroke cycle. The most powerful of them have a brake power of around 4.5
1027:
continuous flow of it, two-stroke engines do not need a separate crankcase ventilation system.
983:
950:. In the latter case, the cylinder liners are made of cast iron or steel, or a coating such as
381:
35:
8414:
6317:
5776:
5361:
3130:
or in liters per 100 kilometers. The volume of hydrocarbon assumes a standard energy content.
2086:
valves. Scuderi addresses the low thermal efficiency via firing after top dead center (ATDC).
1587:
1102:
that uses no springs. The camshaft may press directly the stem of the valve or may act upon a
1034:
Valve train above a diesel engine cylinder head. This engine uses rocker arms but no pushrods.
10652:
10484:
10360:
10268:
9958:
9851:
9651:
9383:
8817:
8682:
8437:
7971:
7812:
7437:
7397:
5805:
5778:
Emissions of
Greenhouse Gases from the Use of Transportation Fuels and Electricity: Main text
5385:
Shay, E.Griffin (January 1993). "Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and opportunities".
5295:
5182:
4037:
3879:
3745:
3657:
3354:
3086:
2994:
2585:
2042:
1946:
1583:
1546:
1518:
1481:
1403:
1378:
780:
405:
7262:
5353:
2863:
10459:
10114:
9810:
9452:
9311:
9275:
7966:
7738:
7581:
5394:
5280:
5052:
drivetrain loss can be quantified by measuring the difference between power measured by an
4972:
3579:
3312:
2836:
2738:
1925:
even firing pattern, the pistons would move in unison and the associated forces would add.
1921:
1917:
1708:(ECU) that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.
1568:
1466:
for an in-cylinder combustion video in a 2-stroke, optically accessible motorcycle engine.
1420:
1267:
979:
912:
638:
576:
170:
6535:
2058:
were very inefficient. There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the
1728:
to reduce wear, noise and increase efficiency by reducing the power wasting in overcoming
1377:
The main advantage of 2-stroke engines of this type is mechanical simplicity and a higher
8:
10526:
10464:
10431:
10370:
10302:
10167:
10162:
10140:
9714:
9546:
9472:
9447:
9169:
8890:
8702:
8447:
8116:
8014:
7744:
7586:
7487:
7339:
6270:
5861:
5057:
4833:
The figure obtained with this estimation is close to the values found in the literature.
4536:
4467:
3914:
3859:
3824:
3750:
3677:
3627:
3622:
3607:
3264:
3138:
3110:
3078:
1705:
1661:
1590:
or (previously) a generator which uses engine power to create electrical energy storage.
1173:
553:
5697:
5398:
2766:
594:
Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water
27:
Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber
10898:
10839:
10800:
10733:
10708:
10703:
10521:
10398:
10192:
10064:
9828:
9699:
9626:
9563:
9417:
9301:
9179:
9151:
8895:
8827:
8331:
8037:
7834:
7443:
6755:
6725:
6692:
6661:
6055:
5240:
5064:
4148:
3909:
3785:
3547:
3329:
3269:
3239:
3188:
3154:, which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced.
2755:
2627:
2532:
2252:
2069:
1700:
1688:
1455:
1415:
1193:
1075:
755:
649:
618:
146:
6372:
5664:
5039:
found throughout the system. Dynamic loads occur under acceleration and are caused by
4270:
Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce
350:, which is rarely used, can be obtained from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.
10728:
10588:
10408:
10317:
10285:
10202:
10155:
10082:
10054:
9823:
9818:
9616:
9326:
9189:
9174:
9161:
9141:
9116:
8960:
7839:
7779:
7730:
7606:
7428:
7274:
7230:
7202:
7183:
7164:
7140:, Ortuno Garcia Jose, "Motor de Carreras Distintas", published 1959-09-01
7127:, Ortuno Garcia Jose, "Un Nuevo Motor de Explosion", published 1957-03-01
7094:
7073:
7054:
7024:
7005:
6984:
6785:
6730:
6712:
6666:
6322:
6004:
5963:
5936:
5840:
5567:
5540:
5513:
5479:
5406:
5365:
5354:
5197:
5162:
5053:
4632:
4584:
3797:
3720:
3713:
3667:
3534:
3324:
3319:
3229:
3162:
3133:
Even when aided with turbochargers and stock efficiency aids, most engines retain an
3014:
2949:
By pushing the vehicle and then engaging the clutch, known as "run-and-bump starting"
2929:
2871:
2859:
2828:
2026:
1978:
for the ideal diesel cycle. The cycle follows the numbers 1â4 in clockwise direction.
1954:
1950:
1615:
1607:
1502:
1428:
1288:
1099:
959:
765:
742:
661:
235:
186:
7159:
Singer, Charles Joseph; Raper, Richard (1978). Charles, Singer; et al. (eds.).
6106:
Takaishi, Tatsuo; Numata, Akira; Nakano, Ryouji; Sakaguchi, Katsuhiko (March 2008).
5719:
3106:), however it still puts an upper bound on the allowable peak cylinder temperature.
1932:
at all because they can instead have a piston at each end of the cylinder called an
962:. In engines with more than one cylinder they are usually arranged either in 1 row (
625:
typically use an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use
205:
10888:
10672:
10573:
10531:
10499:
10393:
10347:
10307:
10214:
10182:
10150:
10135:
10119:
10094:
9879:
9833:
9131:
9078:
9008:
8905:
8782:
8612:
8131:
8088:
8047:
7996:
7961:
7882:
7869:
7548:
6871:
6720:
6704:
6656:
6446:
6327:
5832:
5402:
5192:
5158:
5020:
4312:
Carbon dioxide emissions from internal combustion engines (particularly ones using
4057:
3954:
3894:
3780:
3733:
3682:
3642:
3617:
3602:
3584:
3559:
3499:
3384:
3334:
3169:
3127:
2936:
2722:
2622:
The main limitations on fuels are that it must be easily transportable through the
2292:
2116:
Jet engines use a number of rows of fan blades to compress air which then enters a
1938:
1908:) especially in forced induction engines; this reduces torque pulsations and makes
1594:
1575:
1560:
1153:
1011:
672:
are used for backup or for providing electrical power to areas not connected to an
669:
622:
587:
474:
449:
445:
364:
8732:
6597:
6292:
2966:
Turbine engines are frequently started by an electric motor or by compressed air.
2754:) creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the
1983:
the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the piston moves.
416:
ran a prototype internal combustion engine, using controlled dust explosions, the
413:
10536:
10446:
10412:
10297:
10251:
10177:
10104:
10024:
9927:
9869:
9724:
9494:
9422:
9321:
9146:
9136:
9126:
8757:
8242:
7953:
7802:
7759:
7571:
7088:
6999:
6978:
5781:. Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory. pp. 100â.
5285:
4613:
4601:
4478:
4393:
4321:
3842:
3802:
3672:
3637:
3569:
3509:
3437:
3374:
3274:
3119:
3039:
2978:
2797:
2746:
2742:
2653:
2649:
2454:
1975:
1909:
1861:
1849:
1579:
1160:
directly, or to a carburetor when one is present, which is then connected to the
1149:
1047:
1043:
963:
908:
796:
784:
699:
544:
478:
469:
invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876,
327:
268:
194:
6646:
5607:"The invention of the internal combustion engine. A spark of italian creativity"
2737:. In many situations the disadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is
417:
10849:
10583:
10469:
10426:
10420:
10416:
10261:
10246:
10197:
10187:
10099:
9953:
9709:
9680:
9432:
9072:
8862:
8837:
8822:
8727:
8674:
8356:
8108:
8078:
7933:
7700:
7538:
7497:
7482:
7467:
7402:
7392:
7387:
7362:
6504:
6271:"Spark Timing Myths Debunked â Spark Timing Myths Explained: Application Notes"
5235:
5143:
4626:
4552:
4482:
4416:
4388:
4369:
4317:
4302:
4279:
4160:
3964:
3864:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3564:
3259:
3085:, whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper
3051:
3035:
3004:
2623:
2563:
2412:
oil), can also be used. Engines with appropriate modifications can also run on
2302:
2298:
2267:
2209:
2082:
2074:
2059:
1933:
1913:
1868:, which allows more effective cooling. More unusual configurations such as the
1767:
1653:
1638:
1627:
1619:
1526:
1343:
1299:
1258:
1247:
1198:
1169:
1165:
1138:
803:
792:
711:
687:
548:
499:
466:
458:
198:
83:
7280:
7250:
4824:{\displaystyle 0.838kg/L\cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.63kg/L}
1509:
was one of the first motor vehicles to achieve over 100 mpg as a result.
10862:
10834:
10603:
10504:
10290:
10219:
9991:
9739:
9603:
9504:
9482:
9467:
9359:
9341:
9053:
9003:
8900:
8852:
8842:
8592:
8546:
8442:
8381:
8280:
8171:
8164:
7986:
7918:
7913:
7877:
7794:
7734:
7695:
7685:
7622:
7601:
7517:
7472:
7433:
7407:
7377:
6716:
6708:
6482:
5270:
5177:
5172:
5148:
5124:
4964:, causes parasitic loss and could thus be characterized as a parasitic load.
4437:
is hazardous to both plant and animal health, and leads to the production of
4401:
4271:
4143:
3979:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3217:
3103:
2887:
2821:
2805:
2734:
2667:. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars,
2645:
2616:
2607:
2542:
2498:
2492:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2260:
2221:
2181:
2005:
1942:
1929:
1865:
1673:
1623:
1522:
1447:, whose prime mover has almost the same brake power, uses a 4-stroke engine.
1271:
1251:
1227:
1087:
1055:
1039:
1010:
and is typically flat or concave. Some two-stroke engines use pistons with a
904:
892:
831:
824:
820:
673:
657:
494:
developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine. In 1926,
491:
470:
462:
343:
251:
239:
223:
213:
182:
174:
150:
50:
8807:
7292:
5836:
4600:
The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for
2319:, where the compressor is directly powered from the engine shaft or, in the
1030:
930:
656:
use the high temperature exhaust to boil and superheat water steam to run a
204:
The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by
54:
Diagram of a cylinder as found in an overhead cam 4-stroke gasoline engine:
10624:
10598:
10578:
10402:
10365:
10329:
9965:
9912:
9788:
9744:
9729:
9658:
9517:
9477:
8802:
8797:
8707:
8551:
8526:
8376:
7897:
7892:
7859:
7764:
7754:
7690:
7674:
7507:
7502:
7477:
7423:
7382:
6734:
5290:
5255:
5071:
5013:
5001:
4505:
4380:
4376:
4012:
3974:
3959:
3790:
3755:
3700:
3419:
3279:
3082:
3073:(since the release of chemical energy in combustion has the same effect as
3062:
3008:
2815:
2811:
2680:
2577:
2405:
2397:
2320:
2316:
2063:
2055:
1966:
1806:
1564:
1474:
1407:
1130:
1063:
1059:
991:
967:
939:
875:, a gas turbine optimized for producing mechanical torque instead of thrust
808:
679:
535:
503:
335:
264:
242:. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion:
208:
around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the
201:
which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to.
193:). This force moves the component over a distance. This process transforms
108:
102:
95:
6670:
3081:. The thermal efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the
3066:
and is removed from the engine either by an air or liquid cooling system.
2161:
2009:
performance. In 1906, the concept was incorporated in a car built by EHV (
1652:. The step-up transformer uses energy stored in a capacitance to generate
441:
patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially.
153:
flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
10561:
10556:
10241:
10236:
10207:
10172:
10145:
9675:
9522:
9442:
9427:
9406:
9354:
9296:
9291:
9108:
9048:
9033:
8988:
8920:
8857:
8812:
8717:
8602:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8465:
8371:
8275:
8159:
7976:
7928:
7887:
7844:
7774:
6894:"Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Engine Efficiency Evaluation and Energy Audit"
5260:
5219:
5209:
5187:
4976:
4471:
4313:
3934:
3632:
3612:
3249:
3070:
3058:
3043:
2942:
Two-wheeled vehicles may have their engines started in one of four ways:
2867:
2832:
2573:
2460:
2389:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2271:
2156:
2031:
1857:
1725:
1649:
1593:
The battery supplies electrical power for starting when the engine has a
1444:
1440:
1352:
1156:
attached to the corresponding ports. The intake manifold connects to the
1091:
1019:
1015:
848:
730:
There are several possible ways to classify internal combustion engines.
682:(usually 2âstroke gasoline/petrol engines) are a common power source for
429:
409:
393:
385:
319:
311:
307:
243:
231:
209:
178:
154:
130:
3145:
3057:
Once the available energy has been removed, the remaining hot gases are
1393:
583:
380:
contributed to the development of internal combustion engines. In 1791,
10738:
10355:
9670:
9663:
9646:
9631:
9462:
9437:
8950:
8935:
8930:
8697:
8536:
8518:
8429:
8391:
8366:
8247:
8207:
8186:
8181:
8083:
7991:
7923:
7849:
7789:
7720:
7512:
7308:
7265:â Cut-away images and a good overview of the internal combustion engine
5413:
5245:
5103:
5009:
4988:
4961:
3984:
3740:
3244:
3115:
3097:
have a thermal operating limit, and there is significant research into
3031:
2668:
2660:
2648:
are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than
2639:
2604:
2569:
2551:
2528:
2332:
2280:
2276:
2247:
2103:
2038:
1992:
1825:
1517:
Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by
1506:
1486:
1436:
1337:
1331:
Diagram of a crankcase scavenged valveless 2-stroke engine in operation
1161:
1157:
1126:
1103:
1079:
1067:
872:
759:
719:
703:
695:
665:
634:
630:
626:
611:
603:
599:
558:
519:
486:
389:
247:
227:
190:
134:
89:
59:
6891:
6863:
5657:
2339:, typically with oxygen from the air (though it is possible to inject
1637:
The necessary high voltage, typically 10,000 volts, is supplied by an
572:
10667:
10619:
10593:
10541:
10375:
10337:
10087:
10077:
9749:
9611:
9586:
9487:
9098:
9038:
8978:
8945:
8847:
8832:
8792:
8787:
8767:
8747:
8692:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8531:
8508:
8404:
8361:
8202:
7943:
7938:
7725:
7705:
6572:"Ingersoll Rand Engine Starting â Turbine, Vane and Gas Air Starters"
6519:
After assembling, the air-flask shall be charged to 450 lbs. pressure
5265:
5224:
4531:, carbon monoxide and other pollutants are frequently controlled via
4498:
4052:
4007:
3969:
3919:
3854:
3760:
3224:
3196:
2915:
2904:
2726:
2696:
2557:
2439:
2401:
2369:
2348:
is determined by the chemical make up of the fuel and oxidizers (see
2174:
2117:
2108:
1945:
diesel engines. These used three crankshafts to serve three banks of
1798:
1406:, which may also use ports for exhaust. The blower is usually of the
1218:(TDC) of a piston is the position where it is nearest to the valves;
1113:
943:
866:
691:
683:
530:
482:
373:
331:
7253:â in-cylinder combustion in an optically accessible, 2-stroke engine
4209:
1327:
10312:
10256:
9917:
9766:
9734:
9336:
9331:
9306:
9043:
8772:
8762:
8752:
8737:
8712:
8556:
8541:
8503:
8475:
8419:
8409:
8346:
8225:
8221:
8093:
7824:
7749:
7715:
6875:
6218:
5099:
5095:
5036:
5005:
4980:
4412:
3424:
3047:
2935:
As diesel engines have become larger and their mechanisms heavier,
2925:
2684:
2664:
2600:
2488:
2450:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2377:
2121:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1853:
1817:
1811:
1729:
1365:: all the lubricating oil is eventually burned along with the fuel.
1181:
1142:
1095:
1071:
975:
971:
947:
886:
860:
854:
652:
with a typical electrical output in the range of some 100 MW.
421:
377:
347:
315:
299:
165:
to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to
158:
142:
71:
65:
7256:
5792:
5790:
5788:
1724:
Surfaces in contact and relative motion to other surfaces require
1505:
system. DKW licensed this design for all their motorcycles. Their
1443:
class of locomotives are an example of such. The comparable class
425:
10273:
9776:
9754:
9641:
9636:
8983:
8973:
8940:
8915:
8910:
8777:
8742:
8561:
8457:
8399:
8351:
8252:
8136:
7277:â Animation of the components and built-up of a 4-cylinder engine
6081:"New Benchmarks for Steam Turbine Efficiency â Power Engineering"
5118:
5040:
5032:
4397:
4365:
4361:
3204:
3098:
2908:
2786:
2688:
2657:
2581:
2538:
2476:
2466:
2409:
2393:
2385:
2170:
1971:
1622:
which allowed higher compression ratios, which was progressively
1551:
1222:(BDC) is the opposite position where it is furthest from them. A
1177:
1107:
951:
922:
707:
595:
454:
323:
291:
255:
6970:
Combustion Engine and
Operations, Automobile Technology Handbook
6475:"Air-cooled 7HA and 9HA designs rated at over 61% CC efficiency"
6133:
4535:
which returns some of the exhaust back into the engine intake.
3137:
efficiency of about 18â20%. However, the latest technologies in
3038:
than the original compressed fuel-air mixture (which had higher
2226:
2073:
combustion and exhaust occur. A split-cycle engine is really an
1760:
Timing chain or gears. Toothed belts do not require lubrication.
10677:
10657:
10551:
10226:
9719:
9375:
8993:
8063:
8042:
7819:
7769:
7303:
7283:â Animation of the internal moving parts of a 4-cylinder engine
6621:"Mercedes AMG F1 engine achieves 50 percent thermal efficiency"
5785:
5031:
drag, and in seal/bearing drag, churning of lubricant and gear
5028:
5016:
over a supercharger is the lower parasitic loss of the former.
4508:, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as
4384:
4306:
4275:
4062:
4042:
3949:
3939:
3647:
2952:
By kicking downward on a single pedal, known as "kick starting"
2793:
2676:
2631:
2591:
1002:
955:
880:
401:
280:
166:
77:
6517:– via San Francisco Maritime National Park Association.
5586:
5200:â information about how to check an internal combustion engine
2404:(a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield
1202:
Diagram showing the operation of a 4-stroke SI engine. Labels:
938:
The base of a reciprocating internal combustion engine is the
481:, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In 1879,
400:
built the first
American internal combustion engine. In 1807,
10687:
10629:
9970:
9902:
9800:
9692:
8867:
8722:
8291:
7090:
The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines
6105:
5079:
4438:
4072:
4017:
3409:
3094:
3090:
2672:
2014:
1928:
Multiple crankshaft configurations do not necessarily need a
1797:, lubrication is accomplished in a closed-loop which carries
715:
523:
465:
patented the first atmospheric gas engine. In 1872, American
453:
France, Belgium and Piedmont between 1857 and 1859. In 1860,
303:
162:
31:
9555:
6690:
2180:
A gas turbine is a rotary machine similar in principle to a
1180:. The final section in the path of the exhaust gases is the
1086:. Most SI engines have a single spark plug per cylinder but
869:, through an unducted propeller, usually with variable pitch
10662:
9783:
9771:
9687:
8217:
6782:
The Diesel Engine, in series: commercial vehicle technology
6219:"The Early History of the Bosch Magneto Company in America"
6171:"DKW RT 125/2H, 1954 > Models > History > AUDI AG"
4294:
4047:
3294:
3289:
3254:
3161:(TSFC), which is the mass of propellant needed to generate
3074:
2796:, as well as some compressed air, was used in the Japanese
2700:
2635:
2505:
1664:
became standard on gasoline engines sold in cold climates.
1634:
is still being compressed progressively more as rpm rises.
1432:
1122:
607:
339:
295:
138:
5356:
Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine
4646:
As a good approximation the chemical formula of diesel is
4474:, which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.
2725:
in traditional internal combustion engines. Alternatively
1887:
889:, a variant of the ramjet that uses supersonic combustion.
461:
produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864,
41:"Internal combustion" redirects here. For other uses, see
9027:
8597:
8485:
8322:
7664:
6049:"CFX aids design of world's most efficient steam turbine"
5478:. Germany: Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 371.
4316:
such as gasoline and diesel) contribute to human-induced
2974:
Engine types vary greatly in a number of different ways:
6864:"Measurements of Power Losses in Automobile Drive Train"
6193:"Laser sparks revolution in internal combustion engines"
1748:
Valve gear (The following elements may not be present):
7161:
A History of Technology: The Internal Combustion Engine
6754:. Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications. Archived from
5682:
1614:
igniting due to the rise in temperature that resulted.
1141:
is connected to offset sections of the crankshaft (the
6947:"Reduce Parasitic Drag â Pump Up The Power â Dr. Dyno"
6318:"Gasifier Aids Motor Starting Under Arctic Conditions"
2781:
output or to allow operation under water or in space.
498:
launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the
30:"ICEV" redirects here. For the form of water ice, see
6901:
Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines & Emissions
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5439:
4844:
4757:
3146:
Measures of fuel efficiency and propellant efficiency
2305:. An engine without forced induction is considered a
6334:
6108:"Approach to High Efficiency Diesel and Gas Engines"
6017:
5509:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
5324:"History of Technology: Internal Combustion engines"
5114:
2352:), as well as by the compression and other factors.
2212:
electrical plants are rated at over 61% efficiency.
2077:
on one side with a combustion chamber on the other.
7182:. London: The Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
6807:"Turbochargers vs. Superchargers: Which Is Better?"
6083:. Pepei.pennnet.com. 24 August 2010. Archived from
6029:
5959:
Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences
4336:emissions as carbon-based fuel combustion produces
3042:). This available energy is manifested as a higher
2511:Gasoline can be made from carbon (coal) using the
2195:of the work drives the compressor: the rest (about
2169:A gas turbine compresses air and uses it to turn a
1606:chamber is described by a ratio. Early engines had
1586:. The battery's charged state is maintained by an
1054:) for intake and exhaust and the associated intake
934:
Piston, piston ring, gudgeon pin and connecting rod
543:, "mover") is any machine that produces mechanical
222:usually refers to an engine in which combustion is
5910:
5898:
5879:
5043:of rotating components and/or increased friction.
4940:
4823:
1720:Diagram of an engine using pressurized lubrication
946:(due to its good wear resistance and low cost) or
334:are used in compression ignition (CI) engines and
7218:The Middle Ages of the Internal Combustion Engine
4746:Diesel has a density of 0.838 kg per litre.
2969:
2124:engine can operate at as high as 48% efficiency.
396:, and built an engine around that time. In 1798,
234:piston engines, along with variants, such as the
10860:
7023:(4th ed.). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
6369:"5-Stroke Concept Engine Design and Development"
2323:, from a turbine powered by the engine exhaust.
6862:Ko, Yoshiyuki; Hosoi, Kenzo (1 February 1984).
6467:
5829:Entropy Analysis in Thermal Engineering Systems
4680:The reaction of diesel combustion is given by:
2818:fuels to increase power and control combustion.
2517:Diesel fuel can be made from carbon using the
1667:
7652:
6422:. US: NASA Glenn Research Center. 12 June 2014
5154:Component parts of internal combustion engines
4278:fuel. The main derivatives of the process are
2034:Otto cycle with an injection of air or water.
1070:in the case of spark ignition engines and the
533:âa sense that persists in expressions such as
9571:
9391:
8307:
7638:
7324:
5774:
5560:Jaffe, Robert L.; Taylor, Washington (2018).
4324:can reduce, but not eliminate, the amount of
4180:
2127:There are six sections to a turbofan engine:
1314:While a 4-stroke engine uses the piston as a
1121:The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a
795:, along with other vehicles manufactured for
7302:Aircraft Engine Historical Society (AEHS) â
6980:Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems
6550:"Cadillac's Electric Self Starter Turns 100"
6506:The Whitehead Torpedo, notes on handling etc
6115:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
5532:
2360:The most common modern fuels are made up of
1239:. The air or air-fuel mixture is called the
1137:is used rather than several smaller caps. A
1042:is attached to the engine block by numerous
161:gases produced by combustion applies direct
7158:
7070:Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines
6000:Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines
5955:
5932:Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines
5768:
5559:
5347:
5345:
4638:
4274:emissions, due to incomplete combustion of
4238:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3122:reduce overall system efficiency. Vehicle
3069:Internal combustion engines are considered
2717:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1848:Common cylinder configurations include the
1413:CI engines that use a blower typically use
275:combustion engines include air, hot water,
9578:
9564:
9398:
9384:
8314:
8300:
7645:
7631:
7331:
7317:
7215:
7001:Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2E
6804:
6618:
6434:
5956:Kirkpatrick, Allan T. (23 November 2020).
5421:"The Pyréolophore: a new engine principle"
4568:(water vapour, also a greenhouse gas) and
4187:
4173:
3203:
3179:
2804:carry pure oxygen. Rockets very often use
2331:All internal combustion engines depend on
2301:to increase the pressure, temperature and
1270:due to the leftover pressureâin excess of
444:In 1854, in the UK, the Italian inventors
7041:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine
6724:
6660:
5505:
5471:
5351:
4596:Non-road engine § Emission standards
4539:are used to convert exhaust chemicals to
4258:Learn how and when to remove this message
2785:Compressed air has been commonly used in
1957:engines and marine auxiliary generators.
1843:
1532:
1450:An example of this type of engine is the
1274:, the gauge pressure on the exhaust port.
360:History of the internal combustion engine
8718:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
7711:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
7338:
7271:â Research at The University of Michigan
7177:
7086:
6944:
6838:"Drivetrain Power Loss â The 15% 'Rule'"
6784:. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
6141:"Two Stroke Spark Ignition (S.I) Engine"
5916:
5342:
2914:
2891:
2765:
2630:, and that the fuel releases sufficient
2246:
2225:
2160:
2107:
2041:and "piston charger" engines operate as
1970:
1886:
1715:
1582:using the electrical energy stored in a
1550:
1536:
1392:
1326:
1197:
1112:
1078:. SI (spark ignition) engines can use a
1029:
929:
921:
898:
842:
582:
571:
363:
49:
10719:Pollutant release and transfer register
9064:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
7493:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
7224:
7201:. US: Society of Automotive Engineers.
6997:
6861:
6779:
6399:Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change
6249:Automobile in American Life and Society
5892:
5536:The Steam-Engine and Other Heat-Engines
5230:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
4504:In the United States, nitrogen oxides,
4477:Carbon fuels containing sulfur produce
3034:productsâhot gasesâhave more available
2919:Electric starter as used in automobiles
1691:in automobiles and light trucks employ
1082:or fuel injection as port injection or
14:
10861:
7220:. US: Society of Automotive Engineers.
7196:
7018:
6976:
6835:
6352:
6340:
6035:
5904:
5826:
5759:
5063:For example, in a dynamometer test by
2326:
2205:) is available as useful work output.
2092:
1912:with more than 3 cylinders statically
1322:
1187:
1106:, again, either directly or through a
974:); 3 or 4 rows are occasionally used (
9559:
9379:
8295:
7626:
7312:
7163:. Clarendon Press. pp. 157â176.
7067:
6945:Holdener, Richard (1 November 2006).
6916:
6912:
6910:
6903:– via West Virginia University.
6887:
6885:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6805:Witzenburg, Gary (12 December 2018).
6023:
5996:
5928:
5318:
5316:
4396:(CO). Further chemicals released are
2903:Hand-cranking a boat diesel motor in
2642:to make practical use of the engine.
1999:
1916:in its primary forces. However, some
1891:Some popular cylinder configurations:
1626:from the 1970s onward, partly due to
1574:Larger engines typically power their
1282:
978:) in contemporary engines, and other
368:Brayton walking beam engine from 1872
10809:
10050:Electromagnetic radiation and health
6395:"Aviation and the Global Atmosphere"
5997:Stone, Richard (16 September 2017).
5929:Stone, Richard (16 September 2017).
5720:"World Wide Words: Engine and Motor"
5384:
4236:adding citations to reliable sources
4203:
3025:
2020:
1469:
641:. Wankel engines are fitted to many
424:. This engine powered a boat on the
10825:
10817:
9908:Radium and radon in the environment
7298:Unusual Internal-Combustion Engines
7287:Next generation engine technologies
7053:. New Delhi, India: Kataria Books.
6697:International Journal of Toxicology
6648:Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts
6619:Szymkowski, Sean (1 October 2017).
6552:(Press release). US: General Motors
6455:from the original on 13 August 2016
6371:. Ilmor Engineering. Archived from
5475:The World History of the Automobile
5139:Aluminum internal combustion engine
4589:
4372:powered by batteries are examples.
3415:Radium and radon in the environment
2286:
2011:Eisenhuth Horseless Vehicle Company
1463:
1388:
428:river in France. In the same year,
24:
9536:Timeline of heat engine technology
7227:Development of Piston Aero Engines
7152:
7021:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
6907:
6882:
6824:
5313:
4607:
2955:By an electric starter, as in cars
2870:. In some engines, especially for
2853:Internal combustion engine cooling
2315:Forced induction is achieved by a
926:Bare cylinder block of a V8 engine
25:
10910:
8728:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
7244:
6251:. University of Michigan-Dearborn
5744:
4950:
2723:replace conventional fossil fuels
2242:
1098:and springsâor in some enginesâa
982:are possible and have been used.
725:
388:. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a
10843:
10833:
10824:
10816:
10808:
10796:
10795:
9405:
6598:"Improving IC Engine Efficiency"
6574:. Ingersoll Rand. Archived from
5859:
5798:"Two Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine"
5506:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (2002).
5117:
4208:
4199:
4154:
4142:
3159:thrust specific fuel consumption
3021:for jet engines and gas turbines
2989:thrust specific fuel consumption
2215:
1850:straight or inline configuration
958:. The engine block contains the
733:
529:, "ability") meant any piece of
420:, which was granted a patent by
306:. ICEs are typically powered by
149:that is an integral part of the
34:. For the high speed train, see
9622:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
7813:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
6961:
6938:
6917:Smith, Jeff (1 November 2003).
6870:. Vol. 1. p. 840054.
6855:
6798:
6773:
6741:
6684:
6639:
6612:
6590:
6564:
6542:
6524:
6497:
6412:
6387:
6361:
6346:
6310:
6285:
6263:
6237:
6211:
6185:
6163:
6099:
6073:
6041:
5990:
5976:
5949:
5922:
5853:
5820:
5753:
5738:
5712:
5631:
5599:
5580:
5425:Nicéphore Niépce's House Museum
5074:equipped with a modified 357ci
3235:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3152:brake specific fuel consumption
2985:brake specific fuel consumption
2656:over gasoline engines), ships,
2435:Presently, fuels used include:
2150:
2048:
1960:
621:, or sometimes Wankel engines.
567:
9365:Template:EC car classification
8321:
6836:Pratte, David (9 March 2020).
6509:. US: Bureau of Ordnance. 1890
6293:"Electronic Ignition Overview"
5690:"Who invented the automobile?"
5566:. Cambridge University Press.
5553:
5539:. Cambridge University Press.
5526:
5499:
5465:
5378:
5352:Pulkrabek, Willard W. (1997).
5046:
4104:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
2970:Measures of engine performance
2770:One-cylinder gasoline engine,
1711:
1355:for the following conditions:
1266:, the combustion gases expand
996:honing to obtain a cross hatch
13:
1:
10110:Electrical resistance heating
9585:
7259:â explains a variety of types
7216:Hardenberg, Horst O. (1999).
5747:Technology Today and Tomorrow
5306:
5107:design to be more efficient.
4612:Significant contributions to
3575:Electrical resistance heating
2983:fuel/propellant consumption (
2771:
2525:Biofuels and vegetable oils:
2097:
2054:imitating the principle of a
1986:
1856:, and the wider but smoother
1736:Between pistons and cylinders
1397:Diagram of uniflow scavenging
1347:to the fuel in small ratios.
1172:of an ICE may also include a
942:, which is typically made of
857:, through a propelling nozzle
98:. red: exhaust, blue: intake.
9762:Persistent organic pollutant
6749:"2013 Global Sourcing Guide"
6330:. January 1953. p. 149.
5407:10.1016/0961-9534(93)90080-N
5168:Deglazing (engine mechanics)
5088:
3285:Persistent organic pollutant
3209:Air pollution from a factory
3030:Once ignited and burnt, the
2946:By pedaling, as on a bicycle
2876:liquid rocket engine cooling
2872:turbine engine blade cooling
2814:is added to some racing and
2761:
2752:direct borohydride fuel cell
2424:, as well as from so-called
2364:and are derived mostly from
1668:Compression ignition process
1646:Capacitor discharge ignition
1624:abandoned for automotive use
917:
509:
226:, such as the more familiar
7:
10772:Least polluted cities by PM
7398:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
7072:(2nd ed.). Macmillan.
7051:Internal Combustion Engines
7019:Nunney, Malcolm J. (2007).
5134:Adiabatic flame temperature
5110:
4967:
4320:. Increasing the engine's
3050:that can be converted into
2881:
2710:
2255:around the eccentric shaft.
2013:); and in the 21st century
1858:flat or boxer configuration
1695:(or other pre-heating: see
1512:
776:Compression-ignition engine
654:Combined cycle power plants
261:external combustion engines
107:gray structure â
18:Internal combustion engines
10:
10915:
10869:Internal combustion engine
10714:Pollution haven hypothesis
10637:Brain health and pollution
9875:Ecological light pollution
9705:Internal combustion engine
9054:Gasoline / petrol
8818:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
7654:Internal combustion engine
6868:SAE Technical Paper Series
6245:"Hand Cranking the Engine"
5300:Variable compression ratio
5204:External combustion engine
5098:lubrication system over a
4996:differentials and axles).
4624:
4593:
4582:
4464:volatile organic compounds
3174:effective exhaust velocity
2885:
2850:
2846:
2758:that is the raw material.
2721:Hydrogen could eventually
2714:
2619:" outside North America).
2545:using solid wood as a fuel
2307:naturally aspirated engine
2290:
2258:
2219:
2154:
2101:
1964:
1671:
1544:
1316:positive displacement pump
1286:
1191:
902:
818:
561:operated by electricity.)
459:Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir
357:
353:
219:internal combustion engine
119:internal combustion engine
40:
29:
10793:
10747:
10696:
10645:
10612:
10517:Nonpoint source pollution
10445:
10437:War and environmental law
10384:
10346:
10328:
10128:
10063:
10000:
9926:
9895:
9860:
9844:
9809:
9796:Volatile organic compound
9602:
9593:
9544:
9531:
9513:
9413:
9350:
9274:
9194:(engine / drive)
9188:
9160:
9107:
8959:
8881:
8673:
8611:
8570:
8517:
8484:
8456:
8428:
8390:
8339:
8330:
8271:
8235:
8195:
8150:
8122:Diesel particulate filter
8107:
8074:Idle air control actuator
8056:
8023:
8015:Engine control unit (ECU)
8005:
7952:
7906:
7868:
7788:
7673:
7660:
7557:
7531:
7456:
7416:
7357:
7346:
7004:. McGraw-Hill Education.
6780:Hilgers, Michael (2020).
6442:"How a Gas Turbine Works"
5962:. John Wiley & Sons.
5533:Alfred Ewing, J. (2013).
5447:"The Pyreolophore engine"
5360:. Prentice Hall. p.
5251:Magnesium injection cycle
5215:Gasoline direct injection
4620:
4533:exhaust gas recirculation
3830:War and environmental law
3450:Health effects from noise
3300:Volatile organic compound
2430:magnesium injection cycle
1779:splash lubrication system
1523:compression ignition (CI)
1425:electric power generation
1148:The cylinder head has an
823:-cylindered engines, see
814:
502:became the world's first
212:, was created in 1876 by
9976:Marine mammals and sonar
9887:Radio spectrum pollution
8833:Sedan delivery/Panel van
8187:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
8099:Throttle position sensor
7808:Overhead camshaft layout
7197:Suzuki, Takashi (1997).
6709:10.1177/1091581813519686
6600:. Courses.washington.edu
6353:Suzuki, Takashi (1997).
5762:Extreme Machines on Land
5472:Eckermann, Erik (2001).
5276:Pistonless rotary engine
4639:Carbon dioxide formation
4518:hazardous air pollutants
4406:hazardous air pollutants
3455:Marine mammals and sonar
2372:). Fossil fuels include
2355:
1567:or hand crank. Prior to
1555:Points and coil ignition
1362:total-loss oiling system
1302:for the expansion apply.
837:Pistonless rotary engine
643:unmanned aerial vehicles
610:and to a lesser extent,
539:. A "motor" (from Latin
10874:19th-century inventions
10822:WikiProject Environment
10780:Most polluted countries
10724:Polluter pays principle
10455:Agricultural wastewater
9094:Liquified petroleum gas
8906:Driverless (autonomous)
7726:Core plug (freeze plug)
7068:Stone, Richard (1992).
7038:Ricardo, Harry (1931).
6919:"Drivetrain Power Loss"
5837:10.1016/C2018-0-04777-5
5827:Haseli, Yousef (2020).
5694:The Library of Congress
5669:Encyclopedia Britannica
5328:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4510:criteria air pollutants
4387:to achieve the perfect
3930:Freshwater salinization
3850:Agricultural wastewater
3180:Air and noise pollution
2693:liquefied petroleum gas
2566:(replaces petrodiesel).
2560:(replaces petrodiesel).
2519:FischerâTropsch process
2513:FischerâTropsch process
2471:liquified petroleum gas
2384:, and the rarer use of
1953:, and is still used in
1452:WÀrtsilÀ-Sulzer RTA96-C
1294:the cycle consists of:
984:Single-cylinder engines
819:For rotating-crankcase
434:François Isaac de Rivaz
408:(who went on to invent
10840:Environment portal
10073:Agricultural pollution
8999:Compressed natural gas
8926:Personal rapid transit
7269:Walter E. Lay Auto Lab
7225:Gunston, Bill (1999).
7199:The Romance of Engines
7178:Setright, LJK (1975).
6534:. NASA. Archived from
6357:. SAE. pp. 87â94.
6355:The Romance of Engines
6273:. Innovate Motorsports
5775:M. A. DeLuchi (1991).
5760:Armentrout, Patricia.
4942:
4825:
4415:in the air to produce
4149:Environment portal
3087:operating temperatures
3019:overall pressure ratio
3000:thrust to weight ratio
2920:
2912:
2777:
2705:tractor vaporizing oil
2483:Compressed natural gas
2256:
2231:
2166:
2113:
2043:opposed-piston engines
1979:
1947:double-ended cylinders
1900:
1844:Cylinder configuration
1721:
1678:For ignition, diesel,
1556:
1542:
1533:Spark ignition process
1404:opposed piston engines
1398:
1332:
1211:
1118:
1035:
935:
927:
738:By number of strokes:
591:
580:
514:At one time, the word
369:
238:piston engine and the
114:
64:E â exhaust
10495:Industrial wastewater
10361:Clutter (advertising)
10269:Municipal solid waste
10115:Soil guideline values
9959:Sustainable transport
9852:Information pollution
9652:Open burning of waste
9478:Steam (reciprocating)
9265:Dual motor-four-wheel
8863:Town (Coupé de Ville)
7289:retrieved May 9, 2009
7087:Yamagata, H. (2005).
6532:"Re-Creating History"
5387:Biomass and Bioenergy
5296:Variable displacement
4943:
4826:
3890:Industrial wastewater
3658:Municipal solid waste
3580:Soil guideline values
3007:(for shaft engines),
2995:power-to-weight ratio
2918:
2902:
2769:
2586:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2270:terms it follows the
2250:
2229:
2164:
2111:
1974:
1918:engine configurations
1890:
1884:have also been used.
1719:
1588:automotive alternator
1554:
1547:Spark-ignition engine
1540:
1503:Schnurle Reverse Flow
1396:
1379:power-to-weight ratio
1330:
1201:
1116:
1100:desmodromic mechanism
1033:
980:engine configurations
933:
925:
899:Reciprocating engines
843:Continuous combustion
781:Spark-ignition engine
771:By type of ignition:
586:
575:
367:
183:rotor (Wankel engine)
53:
10767:Most polluted cities
10460:Biological pollution
10371:Overhead power lines
9276:Engine configuration
7967:Compression ignition
7582:Regenerative cooling
7460:combustion / thermal
7359:Without phase change
7350:combustion / thermal
7340:Thermodynamic cycles
7293:How Car Engines Work
7263:Intro to Car Engines
7180:Some unusual engines
6998:Heywood, J. (2018).
6968:Anyebe, E.A (2009).
6761:on 25 September 2013
6578:on 13 September 2016
6087:on 18 September 2009
5281:Reciprocating engine
4842:
4755:
4537:Catalytic converters
4232:improve this section
4099:Most polluted cities
3751:Overhead power lines
3111:thermodynamic limits
3079:thermodynamic cycles
3061:(often by opening a
3017:for piston engines,
2837:Messerschmitt Me 163
2554:(replaces gasoline).
1866:radial configuration
1706:engine control units
1699:) that pre-heat the
1662:engine block heaters
1569:Charles F. Kettering
1421:marine diesel engine
913:Reciprocating engine
863:, through a duct-fan
639:auxiliary power unit
577:Reciprocating engine
485:patented a reliable
240:Wankel rotary engine
103:cooling water jacket
70:I â inlet
10830:WikiProject Ecology
10527:Ocean acidification
10432:Unexploded ordnance
10303:Post-consumer waste
10163:Foam food container
10141:Biodegradable waste
9715:Global distillation
9547:Thermodynamic cycle
9458:Pistonless (Rotary)
9448:Photo-Carnot engine
9282:internal combustion
9084:Internal combustion
8891:All-terrain vehicle
8813:Retractable hardtop
8117:Catalytic converter
6977:Denton, T. (2011).
6538:on 1 December 2007.
6061:on 16 November 2010
5399:1993BmBe....4..227S
5076:small-block Ford V8
5058:chassis dynamometer
5023:, the transmission
4468:stratospheric ozone
3915:Ocean acidification
3825:Unexploded ordnance
3746:Advertising clutter
3678:Post-consumer waste
3623:Foam food container
3608:Biodegradable waste
3265:Global distillation
3139:Formula One engines
2987:for shaft engines,
2346:temperature reached
2327:Fuels and oxidizers
2165:Turbine power plant
2112:Turbofan jet engine
2093:Combustion turbines
2070:Split-cycle engines
1852:, the more compact
1519:spark ignition (SI)
1323:Crankcase scavenged
1188:Four-stroke engines
1174:catalytic converter
783:(commonly found as
650:combustion turbines
633:can instead employ
619:combustion turbines
473:began working with
145:(usually air) in a
43:Internal Combustion
10850:Ecology portal
10734:Waste minimisation
10709:Industrial ecology
10704:Cleaner production
10522:Nutrient pollution
10399:Herbicidal warfare
10193:Construction waste
9829:Introduced species
9700:Indoor air quality
9627:Chlorofluorocarbon
8243:Knocking / pinging
7835:Combustion chamber
6924:Car Craft Magazine
6225:. 19 December 2014
5986:. 27 October 2009.
5726:. 27 December 1998
5700:on 1 February 2021
5453:. 9 September 2019
5427:. 17 February 2021
5241:Indirect injection
5054:engine dynamometer
4938:
4821:
4633:stop-start systems
4497:) contributing to
4348:. Since removing
4299:particulate matter
4161:Ecology portal
3786:Herbicidal warfare
3330:Introduced species
3270:Indoor air quality
3240:Chlorofluorocarbon
2921:
2913:
2778:
2756:sodium borohydride
2628:combustion chamber
2541:, from an onboard
2445:Petroleum spirit (
2303:density of the air
2257:
2253:orbital revolution
2232:
2167:
2114:
2000:Five-stroke engine
1980:
1951:locomotive engines
1901:
1795:lubrication system
1722:
1701:combustion chamber
1689:indirect injection
1608:compression ratios
1557:
1543:
1456:thermal efficiency
1429:locomotive engines
1416:uniflow scavenging
1399:
1333:
1283:Two-stroke engines
1220:bottom dead center
1212:
1194:Four-stroke engine
1119:
1076:indirect injection
1036:
1024:ventilation system
1018:. Each piston has
936:
928:
756:Four-stroke engine
662:stationary engines
592:
581:
422:Napoleon Bonaparte
370:
310:-based fuels like
147:combustion chamber
115:
10884:Combustion engine
10856:
10855:
10729:Pollution control
10409:Nuclear holocaust
10318:Thermal treatment
10286:Plastic pollution
10203:Mercury poisoning
10156:Battery recycling
10055:Radioactive waste
9824:Genetic pollution
9819:Biological hazard
9617:Air quality index
9553:
9552:
9373:
9372:
8669:
8668:
8438:Compact executive
8289:
8288:
8258:Stratified charge
8025:Electrical system
8007:Engine management
7840:Compression ratio
7780:Starter ring gear
7679:rotating assembly
7620:
7619:
7597:Vapor-compression
7523:Staged combustion
7452:
7451:
7417:With phase change
7236:978-1-85260-619-0
7208:978-1-56091-911-7
7189:978-0-85298-208-2
7170:978-0-19-858155-0
7100:978-1-84569-085-4
7079:978-0-333-55083-0
7060:978-93-5014-214-1
7030:978-0-7506-8037-0
7011:978-1-260-11611-3
6990:978-1-136-27038-3
6842:SuperStreetOnline
6791:978-3-662-60856-2
6479:Gas Turbine World
6323:Popular Mechanics
6010:978-1-137-02829-7
5969:978-1-119-45450-2
5942:978-1-137-02829-7
5846:978-0-12-819168-2
5808:on 23 August 2016
5573:978-1-107-01665-1
5563:Physics of Energy
5546:978-1-107-61563-2
5519:978-1-134-65020-0
5485:978-0-7680-0800-5
5451:Paléo-Energétique
5371:978-0-13-570854-5
5198:Engine test stand
5163:two-stroke engine
4979:, valve springs,
4916:
4896:
4799:
4786:
4585:Air suction valve
4293:, water and some
4268:
4267:
4260:
4197:
4196:
4132:
4131:
3798:Nuclear holocaust
3721:Urban heat island
3535:Radioactive waste
3320:Biological hazard
3230:Air quality index
3026:Energy efficiency
3015:compression ratio
2979:energy efficiency
2930:Charles Kettering
2900:
2829:Hydrogen peroxide
2027:six-stroke engine
2021:Six-stroke engine
1955:marine propulsion
1864:can also adopt a
1616:Charles Kettering
1584:leadâacid battery
1529:have been built.
1470:Historical design
1289:Two-stroke engine
1135:main bearing deck
766:Six-stroke engine
743:Two-stroke engine
670:diesel generators
547:. Traditionally,
277:pressurized water
16:(Redirected from
10906:
10848:
10847:
10846:
10838:
10837:
10828:
10827:
10820:
10819:
10812:
10811:
10799:
10798:
10673:Legacy pollution
10532:Oil exploitation
10394:Chemical warfare
10308:Waste management
10215:Industrial waste
10183:Biomedical waste
10151:Electronic waste
10136:Advertising mail
10120:Phytoremediation
10095:Land degradation
9880:Overillumination
9834:Invasive species
9580:
9573:
9566:
9557:
9556:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9377:
9376:
9285:
9244:Front-four-wheel
9195:
9058:direct injection
8969:Alternative fuel
8783:Multi-stop truck
8337:
8336:
8316:
8309:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8132:Exhaust manifold
7997:Spark plug wires
7883:Boost controller
7870:Forced induction
7647:
7640:
7633:
7624:
7623:
7592:Vapor absorption
7355:
7354:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7310:
7309:
7257:Animated Engines
7251:Combustion video
7240:
7221:
7212:
7193:
7174:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7104:
7083:
7064:
7045:
7034:
7015:
6994:
6973:
6955:
6954:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6914:
6905:
6904:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6879:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6833:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6664:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6514:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6481:. Archived from
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6449:Power Generation
6447:General Electric
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6375:on 13 March 2017
6365:
6359:
6358:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6328:Hearst Magazines
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6151:on 9 August 2016
6147:. Archived from
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6112:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6054:. Archived from
6053:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5804:. Archived from
5794:
5783:
5782:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5724:World Wide Words
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5696:. Archived from
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5665:"Ătienne Lenoir"
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5641:. Archived from
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5612:. Archived from
5611:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5359:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5330:. Britannica.com
5320:
5193:Electric vehicle
5183:Direct injection
5159:Crude oil engine
5127:
5122:
5121:
5021:torque converter
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4917:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4878:
4867:
4858:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4602:non-road engines
4590:Non-road engines
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4530:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4479:sulfur monoxides
4461:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4436:
4427:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4212:
4204:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4078:
4077:
3781:Chemical warfare
3683:Waste management
3643:Industrial waste
3618:Electronic waste
3603:Advertising mail
3585:Phytoremediation
3560:Land degradation
3500:Depleted uranium
3385:Overillumination
3335:Invasive species
3207:
3184:
3183:
3170:specific impulse
3128:miles per gallon
2991:for jet engines)
2901:
2839:rocket fighter).
2776:
2773:
2650:gasoline engines
2293:Forced induction
2287:Forced induction
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
1939:Junkers Jumo 205
1862:Aircraft engines
1742:Big end bearings
1580:ignition systems
1389:Blower scavenged
1237:direct injection
1154:exhaust manifold
1084:direct injection
785:gasoline engines
700:pressure washers
623:Powered aircraft
590:for backup power
588:Diesel generator
475:Gottlieb Daimler
450:Felice Matteucci
446:Eugenio Barsanti
406:Nicéphore Niépce
269:Stirling engines
21:
10914:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10852:
10844:
10842:
10832:
10789:
10775:
10743:
10692:
10641:
10608:
10547:Pharmaceuticals
10537:Oil exploration
10441:
10413:Nuclear fallout
10380:
10342:
10324:
10298:Packaging waste
10252:Deep sea mining
10178:Hazardous waste
10124:
10105:Open defecation
10059:
10025:Nuclear fallout
10020:Nuclear fission
9996:
9922:
9891:
9862:Electromagnetic
9856:
9840:
9805:
9725:Ozone depletion
9598:
9589:
9584:
9554:
9549:
9540:
9527:
9509:
9409:
9404:
9374:
9369:
9346:
9317:Single-cylinder
9279:
9278:
9270:
9258:Rear-four-wheel
9209:Front mid-front
9193:
9192:
9184:
9162:Engine position
9156:
9103:
9089:Liquid nitrogen
8955:
8883:
8877:
8665:
8607:
8566:
8513:
8499:Crossover (CUV)
8480:
8452:
8424:
8386:
8326:
8320:
8290:
8285:
8267:
8263:Top dead centre
8231:
8191:
8146:
8103:
8052:
8026:
8019:
8008:
8001:
7948:
7902:
7864:
7820:Tappet / lifter
7803:Flathead layout
7793:
7784:
7678:
7669:
7656:
7651:
7621:
7616:
7553:
7527:
7459:
7448:
7438:Organic Rankine
7412:
7366:
7363:hot air engines
7360:
7349:
7342:
7337:
7247:
7237:
7209:
7190:
7171:
7155:
7153:Further reading
7143:
7136:
7130:
7123:
7117:
7110:
7101:
7080:
7061:
7048:
7037:
7031:
7012:
6991:
6967:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6915:
6908:
6896:
6890:
6883:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6625:Motor Authority
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6512:
6510:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6485:on 20 July 2016
6473:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6199:. 20 April 2011
6191:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6145:First Hand Info
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6026:, pp. 1â2.
6022:
6018:
6011:
5995:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5927:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5891:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5802:First Hand Info
5796:
5795:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5758:
5754:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5645:on 14 June 2020
5637:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5619:on 20 June 2019
5616:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5350:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5123:
5116:
5113:
5091:
5049:
4970:
4953:
4930:
4908:
4879:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4854:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4813:
4791:
4778:
4767:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4614:noise pollution
4610:
4608:Noise pollution
4598:
4592:
4587:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4529:
4523:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4460:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4417:nitrogen oxides
4394:carbon monoxide
4370:electric motors
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4322:fuel efficiency
4303:nitrogen oxides
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4264:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4229:
4213:
4202:
4193:
4155:
4153:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4033:
4025:
4024:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3925:Pharmaceuticals
3905:Nonpoint source
3845:
3835:
3834:
3803:Nuclear fallout
3776:
3766:
3765:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3673:Packaging waste
3638:Hazardous waste
3598:
3590:
3589:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3510:Nuclear fallout
3505:Nuclear fission
3485:
3475:
3474:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3370:
3368:Electromagnetic
3360:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3275:Ozone depletion
3220:
3210:
3182:
3148:
3126:is measured in
3120:wind resistance
3040:chemical energy
3028:
2972:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2855:
2849:
2798:Type 93 torpedo
2774:
2764:
2747:specific energy
2743:Liquid hydrogen
2719:
2713:
2654:fuel efficiency
2634:in the form of
2358:
2329:
2295:
2289:
2263:
2245:
2224:
2218:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2159:
2153:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2051:
2023:
2002:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1854:V configuration
1846:
1714:
1697:Cummins ISB#6BT
1676:
1670:
1576:starting motors
1549:
1535:
1515:
1472:
1391:
1325:
1291:
1285:
1216:top dead center
1209:
1207:
1206:2 â Compression
1205:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1150:intake manifold
964:straight engine
920:
915:
909:Gasoline engine
901:
845:
828:
817:
797:fuel efficiency
793:hybrid vehicles
736:
728:
712:outboard motors
688:string trimmers
570:
554:electric engine
549:electric motors
512:
479:Wilhelm Maybach
362:
356:
328:Renewable fuels
195:chemical energy
141:occurs with an
113:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10912:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10894:Piston engines
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10854:
10853:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10764:
10762:Law by country
10759:
10753:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10700:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10627:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10584:Surface runoff
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10559:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10470:Eutrophication
10467:
10462:
10457:
10451:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10427:Scorched earth
10424:
10421:nuclear winter
10417:nuclear famine
10406:
10396:
10390:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10283:
10278:
10277:
10276:
10266:
10265:
10264:
10262:Uranium mining
10259:
10254:
10249:
10247:Surface mining
10244:
10239:
10229:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10198:Lead poisoning
10195:
10190:
10188:Chemical waste
10185:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10100:Bioremediation
10097:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10069:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10015:Bioremediation
10012:
10006:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:Transportation
9932:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9866:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9848:
9846:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9826:
9821:
9815:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9710:Global dimming
9707:
9702:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9681:Diesel exhaust
9673:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9608:
9606:
9600:
9599:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9582:
9575:
9568:
9560:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9502:
9500:Thermoacoustic
9497:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9286:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9251:Mid-four-wheel
9247:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9196:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9166:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9066:
9061:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9021:
9015:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8965:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8887:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8838:Shooting brake
8835:
8830:
8828:Saloon / Sedan
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8462:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8434:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8334:
8332:Classification
8328:
8327:
8319:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8152:Cooling system
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8113:
8111:
8109:Exhaust system
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8079:Inlet manifold
8076:
8071:
8066:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7934:Fuel injection
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7874:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7797:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7701:Connecting rod
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7670:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7650:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7352:
7344:
7343:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7246:
7245:External links
7243:
7242:
7241:
7235:
7222:
7213:
7207:
7194:
7188:
7175:
7169:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7134:
7121:
7105:
7099:
7084:
7078:
7065:
7059:
7046:
7035:
7029:
7016:
7010:
6995:
6989:
6974:
6972:. Vol. 2.
6963:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6937:
6906:
6881:
6876:10.4271/840054
6854:
6823:
6811:Car and Driver
6797:
6790:
6772:
6740:
6683:
6638:
6611:
6589:
6563:
6541:
6523:
6496:
6466:
6433:
6411:
6386:
6360:
6345:
6333:
6309:
6284:
6262:
6236:
6210:
6184:
6162:
6132:
6098:
6072:
6040:
6028:
6016:
6009:
6003:. Bloomsbury.
5989:
5975:
5968:
5948:
5941:
5935:. Bloomsbury.
5921:
5909:
5897:
5878:
5852:
5845:
5819:
5784:
5767:
5752:
5749:. p. 344.
5745:James, Fales.
5737:
5711:
5681:
5656:
5630:
5598:
5579:
5572:
5552:
5545:
5525:
5518:
5498:
5484:
5464:
5438:
5412:
5393:(4): 227â242.
5377:
5370:
5341:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:Hybrid vehicle
5233:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Air-fuel ratio
5141:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5112:
5109:
5090:
5087:
5048:
5045:
4969:
4966:
4957:parasitic loss
4952:
4951:Parasitic loss
4949:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4689:
4661:
4652:
4640:
4637:
4627:Idle reduction
4625:Main article:
4622:
4619:
4609:
4606:
4594:Main article:
4591:
4588:
4574:
4561:
4553:greenhouse gas
4545:
4525:
4491:
4483:sulfur dioxide
4456:
4447:
4431:
4422:
4404:that are also
4389:stoichiometric
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:climate change
4287:
4280:carbon dioxide
4266:
4265:
4216:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Law by country
4091:
4083:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Surface runoff
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:Eutrophication
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Scorched earth
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:Nuclear winter
3810:
3808:Nuclear famine
3805:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Bioremediation
3562:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Bioremediation
3492:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Transportation
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:Radio spectrum
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Global dimming
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3147:
3144:
3052:kinetic energy
3036:thermal energy
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2886:Main article:
2883:
2880:
2851:Main article:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2826:
2819:
2809:
2790:
2763:
2760:
2715:Main article:
2712:
2709:
2646:Diesel engines
2617:petrol engines
2612:
2611:
2608:rocket engines
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2567:
2564:Dimethyl Ether
2561:
2555:
2546:
2536:
2533:vegetable oils
2523:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2447:North American
2357:
2354:
2328:
2325:
2299:gas compressor
2291:Main article:
2288:
2285:
2279:, the earlier
2259:Main article:
2244:
2243:Wankel engines
2241:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2210:combined cycle
2155:Main article:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2102:Main article:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2083:Scuderi Engine
2075:air compressor
2050:
2047:
2022:
2019:
2001:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1965:Main article:
1962:
1959:
1934:opposed piston
1910:inline engines
1845:
1842:
1768:two-stroke oil
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:Small bearings
1737:
1713:
1710:
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1654:electric spark
1639:induction coil
1628:lead poisoning
1595:starting motor
1565:recoil starter
1545:Main article:
1534:
1531:
1527:laser ignition
1514:
1511:
1471:
1468:
1464:external links
1435:or 6,000
1390:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1344:two-stroke oil
1324:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:thermodynamics
1287:Main article:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1259:kinetic energy
1255:
1244:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1170:exhaust system
1166:exhaust system
1139:connecting rod
1012:deflector head
919:
916:
900:
897:
896:
895:
890:
884:
878:
877:
876:
870:
864:
858:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
804:Atkinson cycle
789:
788:
778:
769:
768:
763:
753:
752:
751:
748:
735:
732:
727:
726:Classification
724:
569:
566:
511:
508:
500:Heinkel He 178
496:Robert Goddard
467:George Brayton
384:developed the
358:Main article:
355:
352:
252:rocket engines
206:Ătienne Lenoir
199:kinetic energy
175:turbine blades
112:
111:
105:
101:W â
99:
94:V â
92:
88:S â
86:
84:connecting rod
82:R â
80:
76:P â
74:
68:
62:
58:C â
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10911:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10879:Air pollution
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10851:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10823:
10815:
10806:
10802:
10792:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10746:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10695:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10605:
10604:Water quality
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10407:
10404:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10366:Traffic signs
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10292:
10291:Microplastics
10289:
10288:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10281:Nanomaterials
10279:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10267:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10221:
10220:Lead smelting
10218:
10217:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10040:Radioactivity
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9992:Noise control
9990:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9885:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9740:Metal working
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9581:
9576:
9574:
9569:
9567:
9562:
9561:
9558:
9548:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9506:
9505:Manson engine
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9483:Steam turbine
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9418:Carnot engine
9416:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9396:
9394:
9389:
9387:
9382:
9381:
9378:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9312:Reciprocating
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9273:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9248:
9245:
9241:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9230:Rear mid-rear
9227:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8843:Station wagon
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8733:Coupé utility
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8547:Sport compact
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8458:Minivan / MPV
8455:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8165:Water cooling
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8142:Oxygen sensor
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:Intake system
8055:
8049:
8048:Starter motor
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:Ignition coil
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7919:Petrol engine
7917:
7915:
7914:Diesel engine
7912:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7878:Blowoff valve
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7795:Cylinder head
7791:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Balance shaft
7684:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7587:Transcritical
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:HampsonâLinde
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7559:Refrigeration
7556:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:Gas-generator
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Brayton/Joule
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7378:Brayton/Joule
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7238:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7139:
7135:
7126:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7049:Singal, R.K.
7047:
7043:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6911:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6886:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6757:
6750:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6642:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6599:
6593:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6551:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6520:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6421:
6415:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6356:
6349:
6343:, p. 15.
6342:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6272:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6224:
6223:The Old Motor
6220:
6214:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6172:
6166:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6057:
6050:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5979:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5925:
5918:
5917:Yamagata 2005
5913:
5907:, p. 109
5906:
5901:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5867:
5863:
5860:Hall, Nancy.
5856:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5741:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5644:
5640:
5639:"The patents"
5634:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5515:
5512:. Routledge.
5511:
5510:
5502:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Piston engine
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Dieselisation
5176:
5174:
5173:Diesel engine
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5125:Energy portal
5120:
5115:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4993:differentials
4990:
4986:
4985:transmissions
4982:
4978:
4975:, oil pumps,
4974:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4681:
4678:
4644:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4618:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4586:
4581:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:Clean Air Act
4511:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4440:
4434:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:1,3-butadiene
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:âalso called
4296:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:air pollution
4262:
4259:
4251:
4248:November 2022
4241:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4217:This section
4215:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4200:Air pollution
4190:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Water quality
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Traffic signs
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Nanomaterials
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Radioactivity
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3470:Soundproofing
3468:
3466:
3465:Noise control
3463:
3461:
3460:Noise barrier
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3104:octane rating
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:(jet engines)
3010:
3006:
3005:torque curves
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2889:
2888:Starter motor
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:Nitrous oxide
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:liquid oxygen
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:energy crisis
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:wood gasifier
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:Residual fuel
2497:
2494:
2493:aviation fuel
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:term: petrol)
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:triglycerides
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:petroleum gas
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2350:stoichiometry
2347:
2342:
2341:nitrous oxide
2338:
2337:chemical fuel
2334:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2268:thermodynamic
2262:
2261:Wankel engine
2254:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2230:Brayton cycle
2228:
2223:
2222:Brayton cycle
2216:Brayton cycle
2213:
2211:
2206:
2183:
2182:steam turbine
2178:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:Miller cycles
2061:
2057:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:Nicolaus Otto
1997:
1994:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Napier Deltic
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:cylinder head
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:ball bearings
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(also called
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1774:is required.
1773:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:Main bearings
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1674:Diesel engine
1665:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:lead additive
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1541:Bosch magneto
1539:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:exhaust gases
1350:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1310:charge apply.
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1272:back pressure
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:ideal gas law
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1204:1 â Induction
1200:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:main bearings
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:sleeve valves
1061:
1060:rotary valves
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:cylinder head
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:) or 2 rows (
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
932:
924:
914:
910:
906:
905:Diesel engine
894:
893:Rocket engine
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
838:
835:
833:
832:Wankel engine
830:
829:
826:
825:Rotary engine
822:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
798:
794:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:Reciprocating
731:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Small engines
677:
675:
674:electric grid
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:steam turbine
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
585:
578:
574:
565:
562:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Rudolf Diesel
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Nicolaus Otto
468:
464:
463:Nicolaus Otto
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Claude Niépce
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
361:
351:
349:
345:
344:Rudolf Diesel
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
285:liquid sodium
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
214:Nicolaus Otto
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:piston engine
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:working fluid
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:in which the
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
106:
104:
100:
97:
93:
91:
87:
85:
81:
79:
75:
73:
69:
67:
63:
61:
57:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
10683:Point source
10625:Heavy metals
10599:Urban runoff
10579:Sulfur water
10557:Septic tanks
10403:Agent Orange
10257:Mining waste
10083:Manure waste
9913:Volcanic ash
9789:Black carbon
9745:Oil refining
9730:Particulates
9704:
9659:Construction
9518:Beale number
9473:Split-single
9407:Heat engines
9281:
9152:Twelve-wheel
9109:Drive wheels
9083:
8882:Specialized
8803:Pickup truck
8708:Cabrio coach
8552:Sports sedan
8527:Grand tourer
8172:Electric fan
7972:Coil-on-plug
7898:Turbocharger
7893:Supercharger
7765:Main bearing
7755:Firing order
7745:Displacement
7691:Block heater
7675:Engine block
7663:Part of the
7662:
7653:
7457:
7444:Regenerative
7373:Bell Coleman
7226:
7217:
7198:
7179:
7160:
7089:
7069:
7050:
7040:
7020:
7000:
6979:
6969:
6962:Bibliography
6950:
6940:
6928:. Retrieved
6922:
6900:
6867:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6841:
6814:. Retrieved
6810:
6800:
6781:
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6756:the original
6743:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6652:
6647:
6641:
6629:. Retrieved
6624:
6614:
6602:. Retrieved
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6576:the original
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6544:
6536:the original
6526:
6518:
6511:. Retrieved
6505:
6499:
6487:. Retrieved
6483:the original
6478:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6445:
6436:
6424:. Retrieved
6414:
6402:. Retrieved
6398:
6389:
6377:. Retrieved
6373:the original
6363:
6354:
6348:
6336:
6321:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6296:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6248:
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6222:
6213:
6201:. Retrieved
6196:
6187:
6175:. Retrieved
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6144:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6118:
6114:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6085:the original
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6056:the original
6043:
6038:, p. 5.
6031:
6019:
5999:
5992:
5978:
5958:
5951:
5931:
5924:
5912:
5900:
5895:, p. 11
5893:Heywood 2018
5869:. Retrieved
5865:
5855:
5828:
5822:
5810:. Retrieved
5806:the original
5801:
5777:
5770:
5764:. p. 8.
5761:
5755:
5746:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5723:
5714:
5702:. Retrieved
5698:the original
5693:
5684:
5672:. Retrieved
5668:
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5643:the original
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5614:the original
5601:
5588:GB 185401072
5582:
5562:
5555:
5535:
5528:
5508:
5501:
5491:21 September
5489:. Retrieved
5474:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5450:
5441:
5429:. Retrieved
5424:
5415:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5355:
5332:. Retrieved
5327:
5291:Turbocharger
5256:Model engine
5210:Fossil fuels
5092:
5084:
5072:Ford Mustang
5065:
5062:
5050:
5018:
5014:turbocharger
5002:supercharger
4998:
4977:piston rings
4971:
4956:
4954:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4682:
4679:
4645:
4642:
4630:
4611:
4599:
4580:(nitrogen).
4526:
4522:
4503:
4476:
4457:
4432:
4423:
4410:
4381:acetaldehyde
4377:formaldehyde
4374:
4314:fossil fuels
4311:
4276:carbonaceous
4269:
4254:
4245:
4230:Please help
4218:
4068:Point source
4013:Heavy metals
3975:Urban runoff
3960:Sulfur water
3935:Septic tanks
3791:Agent Orange
3701:Space debris
3555:Agricultural
3420:Volcanic ash
3280:Particulates
3167:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3132:
3124:fuel economy
3108:
3083:Carnot cycle
3071:heat engines
3068:
3056:
3029:
3009:thrust lapse
2973:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2941:
2937:air starters
2934:
2922:
2864:water-cooled
2856:
2812:Nitromethane
2779:
2731:
2720:
2663:, and light
2644:
2621:
2613:
2580:) and other
2578:wood alcohol
2434:
2426:producer gas
2422:charcoal gas
2366:fossil fuels
2362:hydrocarbons
2359:
2330:
2321:turbocharger
2317:supercharger
2314:
2311:
2296:
2264:
2237:
2233:
2207:
2179:
2168:
2151:Gas turbines
2126:
2115:
2088:
2079:
2068:
2056:steam engine
2052:
2049:Other cycles
2036:
2024:
2003:
1990:
1981:
1967:Diesel cycle
1961:Diesel cycle
1927:
1905:
1902:
1893:a â straight
1847:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1723:
1677:
1658:
1650:transformers
1644:
1636:
1632:
1618:developed a
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1573:
1558:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1479:
1475:Dugald Clerk
1473:
1461:
1449:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1313:
1292:
1268:irreversibly
1263:
1243:in any case.
1240:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1147:
1134:
1120:
1051:
1037:
1007:
1000:
992:water jacket
987:
968:boxer engine
940:engine block
937:
809:Miller cycle
790:
770:
737:
729:
678:
647:
616:
598:, including
593:
568:Applications
563:
557:refers to a
552:
540:
536:siege engine
534:
526:
515:
513:
504:jet aircraft
443:
439:Samuel Brown
418:Pyréolophore
398:John Stevens
371:
289:
272:
244:gas turbines
224:intermittent
217:
203:
126:
122:
118:
116:
109:engine block
47:
10653:Area source
10562:Pit latrine
10485:Groundwater
10242:Gold mining
10237:Coal mining
10208:Toxic waste
10173:Green waste
10146:Brown waste
10129:Solid waste
9676:Exhaust gas
9523:West number
9443:Minto wheel
9428:Gas turbine
9302:Four-stroke
9202:Front-front
9142:Eight-wheel
9117:Front-wheel
9049:Natural gas
9034:Fossil fuel
8989:Biogasoline
8675:Body styles
8603:Vintage car
8196:Lubrication
8160:Air cooling
7977:Distributor
7929:Fuel filter
7907:Fuel system
7888:Intercooler
7855:Timing belt
7845:Head gasket
7775:Piston ring
7612:Ionocaloric
7607:Vuilleumier
7429:Hygroscopic
6951:Mustang 360
6765:26 December
6703:(1): 3â13.
6582:5 September
6556:2 September
6379:18 December
6341:Nunney 2007
6302:2 September
6277:1 September
6255:1 September
6229:1 September
6203:26 December
6197:Physorg.com
6177:1 September
6155:1 September
6036:Nunney 2007
5919:, p. 6
5905:Denton 2011
5812:1 September
5261:Multi-valve
5220:Gas turbine
5206:(EC engine)
5188:Dynamometer
5047:Measurement
4989:driveshafts
4472:ozone layer
4038:Area source
3880:Groundwater
3633:Green waste
3613:Brown waste
3597:Solid waste
3355:Information
3250:Exhaust gas
3044:temperature
2833:Black Arrow
2825:spacecraft.
2792:Compressed
2775: 1910
2739:its storage
2669:motorcycles
2661:locomotives
2624:fuel system
2574:biomethanol
2461:Diesel fuel
2390:natural gas
2374:diesel fuel
2272:Otto engine
2157:Gas turbine
2032:four-stroke
1976:pâV diagram
1906:even firing
1897:c â opposed
1830:oil gallery
1791:pressurized
1754:Rocker arms
1726:lubrication
1712:Lubrication
1445:GE AC6000CW
1441:EMD SD90MAC
1359:They use a
1210:4 â Exhaust
1092:head gasket
1088:some have 2
1016:gudgeon pin
849:Gas turbine
747:Clerk cycle
720:motorcycles
704:snowmobiles
696:leafblowers
666:gas engines
635:turboshafts
631:helicopters
627:jet engines
612:locomotives
604:motorcycles
600:automobiles
410:photography
394:liquid fuel
386:gas turbine
382:John Barber
320:diesel fuel
312:natural gas
308:hydrocarbon
248:jet engines
232:four-stroke
216:. The term
210:Otto engine
179:gas turbine
155:temperature
131:heat engine
10863:Categories
10805:by country
10801:Categories
10739:Zero waste
10620:Pollutants
10574:Stagnation
10512:Monitoring
10480:Freshwater
10356:Air travel
10168:Food waste
10088:Pesticides
10078:Herbicides
9982:Industrial
9811:Biological
9671:Demolition
9664:Renovation
9647:Joss paper
9632:Combustion
9463:Rijke tube
9327:Two-stroke
9223:Front-rear
9216:Rear-front
9132:Four-wheel
9122:Rear-wheel
8961:Propulsion
8951:Voiturette
8936:Flying car
8931:Police car
8896:Amphibious
8808:Quad coupé
8698:Berlinetta
8415:Street rod
8357:Subcompact
8248:Power band
8208:Oil filter
8182:Thermostat
8127:EGT sensor
8089:MAF sensor
8084:MAP sensor
8069:Air filter
8033:Alternator
7992:Spark plug
7924:Carburetor
7850:Rocker arm
7790:Valvetrain
7721:Crankshaft
7665:Automobile
7577:Pulse tube
7549:Mixed/dual
6125:4 February
6024:Stone 1992
5307:References
5246:Jet engine
5104:fan clutch
5010:horsepower
4962:drivetrain
4583:See also:
4512:under the
4125:By country
4117:Categories
4008:Pollutants
3985:Wastewater
3955:Stagnation
3900:Monitoring
3875:Freshwater
3741:Air travel
3628:Food waste
3570:Defecation
3380:Ecological
3313:Biological
3245:Combustion
3187:Part of a
3116:power band
3032:combustion
2868:oil cooler
2860:air-cooled
2802:submarines
2640:combustion
2605:spacecraft
2570:Bioethanol
2552:Biobutanol
2548:Biofuels:
2531:and other
2529:Peanut oil
2396:, such as
2333:combustion
2277:Mazda RX-8
2134:Compressor
2104:Jet engine
2098:Jet engine
2039:Beare Head
1993:Otto cycle
1987:Otto cycle
1826:oil filter
1803:alternator
1630:concerns.
1507:DKW RT 125
1487:reed valve
1408:Roots-type
1338:reed valve
1162:air filter
1158:air filter
1127:crankshaft
1104:rocker arm
1080:carburetor
1068:spark plug
903:See also:
873:Turboshaft
760:Otto cycle
692:chain saws
684:lawnmowers
559:locomotive
520:Old French
487:two-stroke
404:engineers
390:gas engine
374:scientists
336:bioethanol
263:, such as
236:six-stroke
228:two-stroke
191:jet engine
135:combustion
90:spark plug
60:crankshaft
10899:Pollution
10697:Responses
10668:Garbology
10594:Turbidity
10542:Oil spill
10475:Firewater
10376:Vandalism
10338:Satellite
10035:Poisoning
10030:Plutonium
10010:Actinides
10002:Radiation
9750:Wood dust
9612:Acid rain
9587:Pollution
9488:Aeolipile
9237:Rear-rear
9147:Ten-wheel
9137:Six-wheel
9127:Two-wheel
9039:Fuel cell
8979:Biodiesel
8946:Tow truck
8921:Pedal car
8901:Connected
8873:Vis-Ă -vis
8848:Targa top
8793:Panel van
8788:Notchback
8768:Limousine
8758:Landaulet
8748:Hatchback
8693:Barchetta
8661:S-segment
8656:M-segment
8651:J-segment
8646:F-segment
8641:E-segment
8636:D-segment
8631:C-segment
8626:B-segment
8621:A-segment
8532:Hot hatch
8509:Coupe SUV
8443:Executive
8405:Lead sled
8382:Full-size
8362:Supermini
7982:Glow plug
7944:Fuel tank
7939:Fuel pump
7706:Crankcase
7572:Kleemenko
7458:Internal
7304:AEHS Home
7138:ES 249247
7125:ES 230551
7112:ES 433850
7107:Patents:
6717:1091-5818
6631:23 August
6604:28 August
6426:31 August
6420:"Engines"
6091:28 August
6065:28 August
5730:31 August
5266:Petrofuel
5225:Heat pump
5089:Reduction
5027:, and/or
4981:flywheels
4955:The term
4906:⋅
4899:⋅
4884:⋅
4873:⋅
4863:⋅
4789:⋅
4776:⋅
4499:acid rain
4481:(SO) and
4470:, or the
4219:does not
4053:Garbology
3970:Turbidity
3920:Oil spill
3870:Firewater
3855:Biosolids
3761:Vandalism
3520:Poisoning
3515:Plutonium
3490:Actinides
3483:Radiation
3225:Acid rain
3197:Pollution
2926:flywheels
2905:Inle Lake
2787:torpedoes
2762:Oxidizers
2727:fuel cell
2697:biodiesel
2558:Biodiesel
2440:Petroleum
2402:biodiesel
2370:petroleum
2175:combuster
2137:Combustor
2118:combustor
2004:In 1879,
1922:I2 engine
1799:motor oil
1693:glowplugs
1208:3 â Power
1143:crankpins
1096:camshafts
960:cylinders
944:cast iron
918:Structure
867:Turboprop
750:Day cycle
531:machinery
510:Etymology
483:Karl Benz
457:engineer
432:engineer
378:engineers
332:biodiesel
250:and most
157:and high-
127:IC engine
10785:Treaties
10757:Diseases
10569:Shipping
10465:Diseases
10313:Landfill
9988:Abstract
9985:Military
9918:Wildfire
9767:Smelting
9735:Asbestos
9495:Stirling
9423:Fluidyne
9360:Category
9337:W engine
9322:Straight
9079:Hydrogen
9044:Fuel gas
9009:Electric
8884:vehicles
8823:Runabout
8773:Microvan
8763:Liftback
8753:Kammback
8738:Fastback
8713:Cab over
8703:Brougham
8448:Personal
8420:T-bucket
8410:Lowrider
8377:Mid-size
8281:Category
8226:Dry sump
8222:Wet sump
8213:Oil pump
8177:Radiator
8094:Throttle
7954:Ignition
7825:Camshaft
7750:Flywheel
7731:Cylinder
7716:Crankpin
7539:Combined
7498:Humphrey
7483:Expander
7468:Atkinson
7403:Stoddard
7393:Stirling
7388:Ericsson
7348:External
6930:21 April
6847:21 April
6816:21 April
6735:24434722
6453:Archived
5862:"Editor"
5334:20 March
5111:See also
5100:wet sump
5096:dry sump
5068:magazine
5037:friction
5025:oil pump
5006:kilowatt
4973:Bearings
4968:Examples
4413:nitrogen
4366:synfuels
4362:biofuels
4109:Treaties
4089:Diseases
3945:Shipping
3910:Nutrient
3860:Diseases
3425:Wildfire
3163:impulses
3048:pressure
2882:Starting
2835:and the
2711:Hydrogen
2701:paraffin
2685:methanol
2681:hydrogen
2665:aircraft
2603:(mainly
2601:Hydrogen
2582:biofuels
2489:Jet fuel
2451:gasoline
2418:wood gas
2414:hydrogen
2408:such as
2394:biofuels
2378:gasoline
2122:turbofan
2060:Atkinson
1914:balanced
1821:system.
1818:dry sump
1812:wet sump
1805:may use
1772:oil pump
1757:Pushrods
1730:friction
1513:Ignition
1482:John Day
1480:In 1899
1462:See the
1369:exhaust.
1264:blowdown
1182:tailpipe
1072:injector
988:thumpers
976:W engine
972:V engine
948:aluminum
887:Scramjet
861:Turbofan
855:Turbojet
708:jet skis
596:vehicles
579:of a car
527:ingenium
372:Various
348:Hydrogen
316:gasoline
300:aircraft
294:such as
292:vehicles
283:-heated
279:or even
273:external
256:Firearms
159:pressure
143:oxidizer
72:camshaft
66:camshaft
10889:Engines
10814:Commons
10589:Thermal
10490:Hypoxia
10274:Garbage
10045:Uranium
9896:Natural
9845:Digital
9777:Aerosol
9755:Welding
9642:Biomass
9637:Biofuel
9596:History
9433:Hot air
9332:V (Vee)
9307:H-block
9073:plug-in
9071: (
9056: (
9026: (
9024:Ethanol
9013:battery
9011: (
8984:Biofuel
8974:Autogas
8941:Taxicab
8916:Gyrocar
8911:Go-kart
8858:Touring
8853:Torpedo
8798:Phaeton
8778:Minibus
8743:Hardtop
8588:Economy
8583:Classic
8578:Antique
8562:Go-kart
8494:Compact
8471:Leisure
8466:Compact
8400:Hot rod
8372:Compact
8340:By size
8253:Redline
8137:Muffler
8038:Battery
7962:Magneto
7602:Siemens
7518:Scuderi
7434:Rankine
7281:YouTube
7275:YouTube
7229:. PSL.
6726:3944372
6676:30 July
6671:2483418
6662:7681285
6489:14 July
6459:14 July
6404:14 July
6297:Jetav8r
5871:26 June
5704:3 April
5674:3 April
5649:20 June
5623:20 June
5457:3 April
5431:3 April
5395:Bibcode
5066:Hot Rod
5041:inertia
5033:windage
4672:⁄
4398:benzene
4240:removed
4225:sources
4003:History
3885:Hypoxia
3714:Thermal
3668:Plastic
3530:Uranium
3404:Natural
3349:Digital
3325:Genetic
3135:average
3099:ceramic
2909:Myanmar
2847:Cooling
2800:. Some
2707:(TVO).
2695:(LPG),
2689:ethanol
2658:railway
2626:to the
2539:Woodgas
2477:Propane
2467:Autogas
2455:British
2410:soybean
2398:ethanol
2386:propane
2200:⁄
2190:⁄
2171:turbine
2140:Turbine
1751:Tappets
1561:magneto
1349:Petroil
1178:muffler
1152:and an
1108:pushrod
1003:pistons
952:nikasil
851:engine
522:, from
455:Belgian
354:History
324:ethanol
185:, or a
167:pistons
129:) is a
10678:Midden
10658:Debris
10613:Topics
10552:Sewage
10505:debris
10500:Marine
10348:Visual
10232:Mining
10227:Litter
9720:Mining
9468:Rocket
9453:Piston
9355:Portal
9342:Wankel
9267:
9263:
9260:
9256:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9228:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9190:Layout
9069:Hybrid
9004:Diesel
8994:Biogas
8688:Baquet
8537:Muscle
8519:Sports
8430:Luxury
8392:Custom
8367:Family
8325:design
8276:Portal
8064:Airbox
8043:Dynamo
7770:Piston
7760:Stroke
7739:layout
7667:series
7508:Miller
7503:Lenoir
7478:Diesel
7424:Kalina
7408:Manson
7383:Carnot
7233:
7205:
7186:
7167:
7144:
7131:
7118:
7097:
7076:
7057:
7027:
7008:
6987:
6788:
6733:
6723:
6715:
6669:
6659:
6513:15 May
6173:. Audi
6007:
5966:
5939:
5843:
5594:
5570:
5543:
5516:
5482:
5368:
5286:Stroke
5232:(HCCI)
5056:and a
5029:clutch
4991:, and
4621:Idling
4385:oxygen
4368:, and
4307:sulfur
4063:Midden
4058:Legacy
4043:Debris
3997:Topics
3950:Sludge
3940:Sewage
3895:Marine
3734:Visual
3653:Mining
3648:Litter
3189:series
3095:alloys
3091:metals
3059:vented
2794:oxygen
2677:Europe
2673:mopeds
2671:, and
2632:energy
2592:Biogas
2449:term:
2146:Nozzle
1880:, and
1787:forced
1439:. The
1241:charge
1224:stroke
1056:valves
956:alusil
911:, and
881:Ramjet
821:radial
815:Rotary
718:, and
716:mopeds
516:engine
412:) and
402:French
281:boiler
187:nozzle
96:valves
78:piston
10749:Lists
10688:Waste
10630:Paint
10447:Water
10330:Space
9971:Sonar
9966:Urban
9944:Water
9928:Noise
9903:Ozone
9870:Light
9801:Waste
9693:Smoke
9292:Boxer
9170:Front
9099:Steam
8868:T-top
8723:Coupe
8571:Other
8557:Super
8347:Micro
8236:Other
7860:Valve
7830:Chest
7532:Mixed
6897:(PDF)
6759:(PDF)
6752:(PDF)
6111:(PDF)
6059:(PDF)
6052:(PDF)
5617:(PDF)
5610:(PDF)
5080:Buick
4759:0.838
4439:ozone
4081:Lists
4073:Waste
4018:Paint
3843:Water
3695:Space
3438:Noise
3410:Ozone
3375:Light
3063:valve
2816:model
2675:. In
2638:upon
2584:(see
2420:, or
2416:gas,
2356:Fuels
2335:of a
2143:Mixer
2015:Ilmor
1899:d â W
1895:b â V
1785:In a
1777:In a
1423:) or
1228:speed
1052:ports
1048:studs
1044:bolts
1020:rings
1008:crown
664:like
608:ships
545:power
541:motor
524:Latin
518:(via
430:Swiss
426:SaĂŽne
330:like
322:, or
304:boats
265:steam
197:into
181:), a
163:force
137:of a
36:ICE V
32:Ice V
10663:Dust
10646:Misc
10065:Soil
9954:Rail
9940:Land
9784:Soot
9772:Smog
9688:Haze
9297:Flat
9180:Rear
8542:Pony
8504:Mini
8476:Mini
8218:Sump
7735:bank
7696:Bore
7544:HEHC
7513:Otto
7231:ISBN
7203:ISBN
7184:ISBN
7165:ISBN
7095:ISBN
7074:ISBN
7055:ISBN
7025:ISBN
7006:ISBN
6985:ISBN
6932:2020
6849:2020
6818:2020
6786:ISBN
6767:2013
6731:PMID
6713:ISSN
6678:2024
6667:PMID
6633:2020
6627:. US
6606:2010
6584:2016
6558:2016
6515:2017
6491:2016
6461:2016
6428:2016
6406:2016
6381:2015
6304:2016
6279:2006
6257:2016
6231:2016
6205:2013
6179:2016
6157:2016
6127:2011
6093:2010
6067:2010
6005:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5937:ISBN
5873:2020
5866:NASA
5841:ISBN
5814:2016
5732:2016
5706:2021
5676:2021
5651:2019
5625:2019
5568:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5514:ISBN
5493:2020
5480:ISBN
5459:2021
5433:2021
5366:ISBN
5336:2012
5161:â a
5149:Bore
5070:, a
4846:0.75
4805:2.63
4728:+ 2n
4716:â 2n
4704:+ 3n
4462:and
4400:and
4305:and
4295:soot
4223:any
4221:cite
4048:Dust
4032:Misc
3548:Soil
3295:Soot
3290:Smog
3255:Haze
3172:and
3109:The
3093:and
3075:heat
3046:and
2874:and
2862:and
2703:and
2636:heat
2572:and
2506:Coal
2400:and
2380:and
2281:RX-7
2062:and
2037:The
2025:The
1991:The
1937:the
1684:HCCI
1682:and
1578:and
1248:work
1235:use
1214:The
1176:and
1123:sump
1090:. A
1038:The
1001:The
986:(or
629:and
477:and
448:and
376:and
340:ETBE
302:and
296:cars
230:and
139:fuel
10774:2.5
10386:War
9949:Air
9604:Air
9438:Jet
9175:Mid
9028:E85
9018:NEV
8683:2+2
8598:Van
8593:Ute
8486:SUV
8352:Kei
8323:Car
8203:Oil
7792:and
7677:and
6872:doi
6721:PMC
6705:doi
6657:PMC
6121:(1)
5833:doi
5403:doi
5008:or
4922:2.3
4555:),
4551:(a
4428:).
4379:or
4234:by
3774:War
3218:Air
2131:Fan
1680:PPC
1521:or
1062:or
1046:or
970:or
954:or
799:):
668:or
338:or
267:or
173:),
125:or
123:ICE
117:An
10865::
10807:)
10419:-
10415:-
8613:EU
8224:,
7737:,
6949:.
6921:.
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6899:.
6884:^
6866:.
6840:.
6826:^
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6729:.
6719:.
6711:.
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6699:.
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5326:.
5315:^
5298:/
4987:,
4983:,
4914:12
4911:44
4893:14
4887:12
4876:12
4797:12
4794:44
4784:14
4781:12
4718:CO
4699:2n
4677:.
4674:14
4670:12
4662:2n
4635:.
4541:CO
4524:NO
4506:PM
4501:.
4487:SO
4455:NO
4430:NO
4421:NO
4408:.
4364:,
4350:CO
4338:CO
4326:CO
4283:CO
3191:on
3176:.
2772:c.
2741:.
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2691:,
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2432:.
2376:,
2309:.
2066:.
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1872:,
1860:.
1793:)
1437:HP
1433:MW
1184:.
1110:.
907:,
722:.
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
676:.
645:.
606:,
602:,
506:.
326:.
318:,
314:,
298:,
287:.
246:,
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10423:)
10411:(
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9565:v
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9075:)
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