1901:
736:
638:
component of the total revolutionary strategy of the
Comintern. Having already set up a sound organizational structure, IRA now began to refine its methods of reaching the non-Communist masses, i.e., its weapons of agitation and propaganda. The precise relationship between the Comintern and its auxiliary was also stated, a relationship in which IRA acted strictly according to the dictates of the Comintern, while carefully maintaining the fiction of independence. The years before 1926 had molded International Red Aid to the needs of the Comintern; and after 1926 until its dissolution in 1943 IRA served its parent, faithfully executing every demand of Comintern policy.
1226:
467:
649:
345:
906:
947:
616:
spent on the defense and support of jailed revolutionaries in
Germany and Bulgaria alone — two countries in which there were failed Communist uprisings in that year. While other funds were no doubt collected outside Soviet Russia by national affiliates of IRA and spent locally,> in its initial phase, the organization was essentially a means to provide Soviet support for the defense of imprisoned revolutionaries.
258:, and became increasingly isolated. Because of federal government pressure against organizations it considered subversive, such as the CRC, it became less useful in representing defendants in criminal justice cases. The CRC was dissolved in 1956. At the same time, in this period, black leaders were expanding the activities and reach of the
727:
be an
Executive Committee of nine, of whom six were to be party members and three non-party. With this governing structure decided on June 27, 1925, a founding convention of the ILD was called to order in Chicago on the following day. Subsequent changes to the structure of the organization resulting from this gathering were minor.
624:(1881–1954, co-founder of the CPUSA) "stated unequivocally" that the IRA was not Communist, while stressing the IRA, a "United Front" organization, should support the Communist Party "from below". (Amter was not a member of the IRA when he spoke but became an executive committee member shortly thereafter.) In March 1925,
1338:
as a monthly, profusely illustrated magazine with a low cover price of 10 cents. The circulation of the magazine boomed, rising from about 1,500 paid subscriptions and 8,500 copies in bulk bundle sales in 1927, to about 5,500 paid subscriptions with a bundle sale of 16,500 by the middle of 1928. This
628:
argued "the IRA is a
Communist organization", but the Fifth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International decided that the IRA "was no longer to be considered a Communist organization, but rather an independent class organization only incidentally supported by Communists." Between
615:
In its initial phase, IRA conducted activities on behalf of jailed
Communists only, rather than non-party labor activists and members of other political organizations. The Russian national section, MOPR, was responsible for providing some 98% of the funds gathered in 1923, of which more than 70% were
1395:
The magazine made a constant plea for additional funds for jailed labor activists across the country. A regular column called "Voices from Prison" highlighted the plight of those behind bars and reinforced the message that good work was being done on the behalf of the so-called "class war prisoners"
896:
Dues were payable either on an individual basis or through the collective affiliation of entire sympathetic organizations. A goal of 200,000 dues-paying members was declared. While falling short of this number, the ILD by 1926 claimed 20,000 individual members in 156 branches, with additional 75,000
726:
The
Communist Party selected the top leadership of ILD; designated National Secretary Jim Cannon submitted a slate of 29 nominees for the group's nominal leadership body, the National Committee — a majority of whom were Workers Party members. The operational governing body of the organization was to
676:
activist who had become a
Communist party leader, was particularly interested in such a new legal defense structure. As early as April 1924, he suggested such a new group, to be known as the "International Workers Defense Committee". This idea of a broad party-sponsored organization for the defense
619:
Over the next several years, debate occurred within the
Comintern and the IRA apparatus as to whether the organization should continue as an openly Communist organization giving aid only to jailed Communists or whether it should try to win broad influence by extending its activities to individuals
637:
The
Comintern apparatus by 1926 had determined that agitation and propaganda, the means by which IRA made contact with and attempted to gain influence over the masses, would become the central work of the organization... The year 1926 marked the emergence of International Red Aid as a recognized
688:
Cannon was sent on the road to build support for the fledgling ILD, making use of his extensive network of personal contacts with present and former members of the IWW (so-called "Wobblies"). Cannon and
Haywood in Moscow had drawn up an initial list of 106 "class war prisoners" needing legal and
600:
This organization was established first in Soviet Russia as the International Society for the Aid of Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR). Outside Soviet Russia the organization was known as International Red Aid (IRA), although the MOPR acronym was also used as an abbreviation for the international
798:
As the 1930s began, the ILD claimed to be "defending nearly 1,100 workers against capitalist justice." Local branches conducted an endless series of mass meetings and fundraising events. New issues came to the fore, such as the abuse of African Americans used as veritable slave labor in the
803:
of the Southern prison system. Given the official Communist Party emphasis on the black liberation movement, the ILD and its magazine highlighted the systemic abuse of the African-American population, including chronic inequities of the justice and political system, which in the South had
684:
After returning to the US in April 1925, Cannon took up the question of a new legal defense organization with the governing Political Committee of the Workers Party. It also received a push from the Comintern to establish an American affiliate of International Red Aid. Cannon's desire for
311:
actions, and in other situations less ambiguously as legal actions against union organizers and activists for their economic activities. To defend its core activists and their activities from what was systematic legal attack, the IWW established a legal advocacy organization called the
532:
trade unionist and journalist. This broad base of support strengthened fundraising activities of the organization among those who would be less inclined to support a purely Communist organization. Control of the organization and its funds remained firmly in Communist Party hands.
254:. It intended to expand its appeal, especially to African Americans in the South. In several prominent cases in which blacks had been sentenced to death in the South, the CRC campaigned on behalf of black defendants. It had some conflict with former allies, such as the
548:
shortly after his appeals were exhausted but before he could be shepherded to prison. Tens of thousands of dollars remained tied up on bail well into the 1930s, but no further cases were tried against those indicted in association with the 1922 Bridgman conclave.
685:"Americanization" of the name of the new group, thereby "giving it a title which would not push away non-Communist elements," was accepted. The new organization was to be known as International Labor Defense (ILD) and Cannon was appointed as its chief organizer.
564:
1205:
Miss Damon: They send in an application asking to be affiliated with the International Labor Defense. They pay a fee for that, and they pay a regular fee, monthly or yearly—^it is not iron bound, or a specific fee ; it is mostly on a voluntary basis.
763:
In addition to participating in defense in sensational cases such as those of Sacco and Vanzetti and Tom Mooney, the ILD engaged attorneys in support of jailed strikers in various labor actions. In the late 1920s, it initiated actions on behalf of striking
591:
in Soviet Russia had a similar need, and sought organized support for their jailed comrades in Poland. The Russian Society of Old Bolsheviks and Former Political Exiles and Prisoners, a group whose members had previously raised funds for the support of
1561:(PhD). University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 18 (1917-1918), 25 (Lusk), 39 (Hoover), 40-41 (NDC), 42 (NDC leaders), 42 (NDC attorneys), 43 (WDC), 44 (1919 arrests), 67 (LDC), 67-68 (Frank D. Walsh), 73 (Haywood, CP Poland), 73-74 (SOBFPEP)
512:
demanding a fee of $ 50,000 in the case. Another $ 90,000 was tied up in bail from supporters. The LDC contributed mightily to this effort, raising more than $ 100,000 from party supporters and concerned trade unionists in the interest of the case.
851:. The ILD/CRC became more isolated from former allies, in part because of government pressure against communist-affiliated groups. The Party found that its peak of influence had passed after the 1940s, e.g., in 1954, in a case managed by the
407:
There was a massive need for legal defense on the part of those arrested in connection with these official operations against the communist political movement. In 1920 the Communist Party established its first legal defense organization, the
596:
in Tsarist times, acted upon these suggestions late in the summer of 1922. They passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a new international organization for the legal and economic support of left-wing political prisoners.
1847:"Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 75th Congress, 3rd session-78th Congress, 2nd session, on HR 282"
1210:
Miss Damon: That is right ... There are two types of membership—affiliated and collective membership, and individual membership, that is made up in I.L.D. branches, like they have local unions—so we have branches of the I.L.D.
237:
in the early 1930s. Its work contributed to the appeal of the Communist Party among African Americans in the South. In addition to fundraising for defense and assisting in defense strategies, from January 1926 it published
463:(WDC). The efforts of these groups to defend those arrested in the Palmer Raids was largely successful, with the result that ultimately fewer than 10% of those arrested in Hoover's January 1920 raids suffered deportation.
391:. This followed a series of strikes and bombings in 1919, including one against US Attorney General Palmer. An estimated 10,000 arrests and detentions resulted from the latter operation, with hundreds held for possible
629:
1923 and 1925, IRA spent more than $ 2 million – half on political prisoners and their families, plus political immigrants to the USSR, and last on legal defense ("conducted exclusively by sections other than MOPR").
834:
Following World War II, years in which the federal government had intervened in some labor actions in order to protect war production, the Communist Party changed its approach. In 1946 the ILD was merged with the
1657:
815:
The ILD also worked to defend against various government attempts to pass criminal syndicalism legislation in the 1930s, which suppressed workers' right to organize and to strike. The economic crisis of the
2977:
331:
in 1917 and 1918 resulted in more than 2,000 prosecutions. These cases led to the formation of a legal defense organization for these defendants called the Civil Liberties Bureau, continued today as the
1196:
Miss Damon: I don't know. But we issue charters to them. The reason I say I don't know is that I can't be accurate about that. We issue charters, and some of them appear and disappear in smaller groups.
281:
Ever since the birth of the organized labor movement, economic disputes have been contested in the legal system. In some cases, an employer or government has gone to court to achieve termination of
1122:
and called herself ILD organizational secretary (1934-1937), national secretary (1937–present 1939), and a "charter member" of the CPUSA who had worked for the Party through the 1920s up to 1933.
412:(NDC), to raise funds and provide legal services for its adherents in legal trouble with criminal or immigration authorities. A number of leading communist activists, including political leaders
289:
by employers to prohibit specific actions and its enforcement by the courts occasionally resulted in groups of defendants being embroiled in the costly legal system for union activities. The
1189:
3110:
795:
of sticking to the facts (which included the deaths of several strikers) and of not playing into the prosecution's attempt to place the defendants' revolutionary beliefs on trial.
652:
During its early years, the ILD tried to portray itself as a multi-tendency organization largely independent of the Communist Party, as exemplified by this ILD magazine featuring
874:
1662:(PhD dissertation). Emory University. pp. 10 (IRA), 13 (IRA, MOPR), 14 (allegiance), 49 (funds), 49-50 (MOPR 1923), 56-57 (Amter), 58-59 (Zinoviev), 67-68 (summary)
313:
3105:
1425:
The International Labor Defense: Its Constitution and Organization: Resolution Adopted by the Fourth National Convention Held in Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 29-31, 1929.
620:
professing allegiance to other organizations or to no organization at all. During the First International Conference of IRA, held in Moscow on July 14–16, 1924,
3095:
2748:
1354:
1264:
153:
3125:
3120:
1364:
depicted a black-and-white world of heroic trade unionists and dastardly factory owners, of oppressed African Americans struggling for freedom against the
1512:
Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1894. For a multi-sided account of union activity and its legal repercussions, see United States Strike Commission,
716:
3085:
2942:
2082:
James A. Miller, Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft, "Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931-1934",
1508:
The literature on the Pullman Strike is voluminous. For a sympathetic contemporary depiction of the strikers' activities, see William H. Carwardine,
2730:
1475:
836:
516:
Although established by the Communist Party, the LDC included a number of prominent non-Communists among its formal Executive Committee, including
243:
40:
3115:
2984:
1452:
445:
1418:
Labor Defense Manifesto: Resolutions, Constitution Adopted by the First National Conference Held in Ashland Auditorium, Chicago, June 28, 1925.
768:
coal miners in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Illinois, as well as coordinating legal defense and relief for jailed textile workers in
489:
was raided by state and federal authorities, resulting in the arrest of dozens of leading party activists, headed by top trade union official
3035:
2141:
829:
433:
2998:
1107:
356:
The fledgling American Communist movement which emerged in the summer of 1919 quickly was subject to systemic legal attack as part of the
2810:
756:
and James P. Cannon. The organization's paid staff was stuffed with factional loyalists. By 1928 the opposing factional group headed by
752:
Within the faction-filled world of the 1920s American Communism, the ILD became a bastion for adherents of the Chicago-based faction of
3090:
2885:
1279:. Organizational publications include conferences (1929-1943), board (1939-1949), and financials (1930-1945). Publications include:
735:
285:, or to seek prosecution for alleged malefactors for physical violence or property damage resulting from such turmoil. The use of the
1368:
and the use of state terror to stifle and divide and destroy all opposition. Writers included both non-party voices such as novelist
805:
791:. Beal was later to charge that in its instructions to witnesses the party deliberately torpedoed the defense strategy of the ILD's
352:
is seated in the front row in the middle. The Labor Defense Council was established to defend the individuals arrested in this raid.
2963:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2178:
1423:
584:
2853:
1991:
Milton Cantor, "Labor Defender: Chicago and New York, 1926-1937; Equal Justice: New York, 1937-1942," in Joseph R. Conlin (ed.),
1724:
Prometheus Research Library editorial note to Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 536.
1260:
149:
1516:
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1895. A modern review of the strike and its aftermath is Susan Eleanor Hirsch,
2914:
1115:
884:
James P. Cannon was formally named as National Secretary of the ILD at its founding convention, with his factional associates
787:
and five other defendants charged, and ultimately convicted, of conspiracy in the strike-related killing of a police chief in
1882:
1248:
384:
1868:
677:
of so-called "class war prisoners" was further developed in Moscow in March 1925 during conversations between Cannon and
605:
470:
Rare pinback button issued by the Labor Defense Council in conjunction with the 1923 trials of chief Bridgman defendants
436:
acted as Secretary-Treasurer. A number of prominent liberal and radical attorneys were employed by the group, including
1339:
mid-1928 circulation figure was said by Assistant Secretary Marty Abern to be "greater than the combined circulation of
2536:
1259:
During her 1939 testimony, Damon read from an ILD publication to declare that its only two affiliated groups were the
2134:
1614:
760:
had gained a position of dominance over the party, and they gave increased scrutiny and criticism to ILD activities.
1408:
magazine from 1938 to 1942. Among other issues, it defended African-Americans against violence and discrimination.
364:
of the New York state legislature, conducted coordinated raids upon headquarters and about 70 meeting places of the
3021:
2935:
421:
348:
Party leaders jailed in connection with the August 1922 raid on the CPA's Bridgman Convention. Executive Secretary
1948:
773:
673:
536:
The Bridgman case ended in a protracted stalemate. The initial test case against William Z. Foster resulted in a
372:
304:
2739:
2697:
1267:. She emphatically denied any affiliation with the Moscow-based International Red Aid or its American section.
612:
of the working class", the IRA emphasized its organic connection to the Comintern during its first five years.
333:
1889:
Eli was represented by local attorneys George Croom and Stanley Belden, and ILD attorney Samuel Neuberger, ...
1275:
The ILD left behind several bodies of publications: organizational, public, and legal cases, archived at the
2784:
1604:
214:
772:. The group also worked for the release of imprisoned IWW members convicted for their part in the so-called
2127:
1874:
1199:
The Chairman: Let me see if I understand. You have affiliated groups with the International Labor Defense?
1185:
540:. A second case against C.E. Ruthenberg resulted in a conviction, but a series of appeals that reached the
2008:
1169:
During her testimony, Damon stated that membership in the ILD was roughly 300,000 due to "affiliations":
2860:
2599:
2029:
857:
541:
264:
1194:
Mr. Whitley: How many branches does it have throughout the United States? ... Could you approximate it?
583:
to Soviet Russia, made a proposal in Moscow to establish a new entity dedicated to the legal defense of
3056:
1470:
861:
that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The CRC dissolved in 1956, at a time when the
784:
769:
657:
521:
409:
376:
365:
1203:
The Chairman: That is a loose affiliation, is it not? What do they do to affiliate? Do they pay dues?
505:(LDC) was established to raise funds and coordinate defense efforts for this new group of defendants.
459:
and coordinated its work with another radical legal defense organization based in the East called the
3063:
2892:
2376:
2013:
James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism. Selected Writings and Speeches, 1920-1928.
720:
588:
460:
242:, a monthly illustrated magazine that achieved wide circulation. In 1946 the ILD was merged with the
371:
This effort was expanded and intensified on the night of January 2/3, 1920 in a mass dragnet by the
2949:
2921:
2867:
2818:
2092:
Hugh T. Murray, Jr., "The NAACP versus the Communist Party: The Scottsboro Rape Cases, 1931-1932",
2025:
788:
705:
665:
482:
812:— extrajudicial violence that featured the torture and murder of criminal, mostly black suspects.
2991:
2802:
2766:
2711:
2662:
1485:
1276:
840:
320:
44:
25:
693:
charges. the next month, the list had 128 names, including such high-profile cases as those of
2827:
2606:
2578:
1954:. New York Public Library. pp. 9 (African-Americans), 11 (all publications), 13 (EJ years)
1480:
1244:
294:
2055:
Kenneth W. Mack, "Law and Mass Politics in the Making of the Civil Rights Lawyer, 1931-1941",
820:
and high unemployment increased pressure on workers to accept whatever management would give.
608:, held in Moscow from November 5 to December 5, 1922. Although professing to be a "non-party,
3028:
2793:
2571:
2489:
1490:
1457:
1447:
1024:
1014:
950:
862:
844:
568:
558:
502:
493:
and CPA Executive Secretary C.E. Ruthenberg. The latter had only recently been released from
259:
247:
206:
54:
29:
2676:
2472:
2102:
Eric W. Rise, "Race, Rape, and Radicalism: The Case of the Martinsville Seven, 1949-1951",
1151:
1134:
1126:
1071:
690:
395:
from the United States for alleged violation of immigration laws caused by their purported
1174:
Mr. Whitley: Miss Damon, what is the total membership of the International Labor Defense?
164:
8:
2956:
2150:
1236:
1229:
1119:
1060:
848:
701:
251:
3100:
3049:
2757:
2648:
2620:
2360:
1773:
678:
593:
576:
486:
481:
In August 1922 another legal crisis arose for the American Communist movement when its
230:
210:
76:
3006:
2970:
2634:
2515:
2456:
2432:
2392:
2293:
2210:
2174:
2019:
1975:
Martin Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," in
1878:
1846:
1765:
1610:
1381:
976:
753:
746:
609:
490:
471:
449:
308:
2114:
The Communist Civil Rights Movement: Legal Activism in the United States, 1919-1946.
1225:
2669:
2655:
2557:
2543:
2522:
2384:
2352:
1742:
Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 539.
1733:
Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 538.
1558:
The Communist Civil Rights Movement: Legal Activism in the United States, 1919-1946
1145:
1130:
1006:
817:
625:
498:
494:
1432:
3014:
2627:
2550:
2408:
2257:
2065:
Charles H. Martin, "Communists and Blacks: The ILD and The Angelo Herndon Case",
1923:
1556:
1389:
1306:
1240:
1133:
had served as national secretary between her and Cannon. She was unsure whether
1049:
1001:
971:
937:
909:
877:
712:
669:
529:
475:
425:
417:
380:
357:
349:
324:
234:
226:
218:
72:
1659:
International Red Aid, 1922-1928: The Founding of a Comintern Front Organization
2775:
2592:
2416:
1609:. Viking Press. pp. 175 (LDC), 180–181 (MOPR, ILD), 181 (Labor Defender).
1463:
1377:
1369:
1319:
1157:
1111:
981:
966:
961:
792:
741:
653:
517:
509:
508:
Costs associated with the Bridgman case were high, with prominent labor lawyer
466:
437:
361:
293:
of 1894, which brought about the trial and imprisonment of the officers of the
290:
1682:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890-1928.
3079:
2978:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
2704:
2641:
2613:
2480:
2448:
2400:
2368:
2273:
1842:
1769:
1373:
1088:
889:
757:
708:
648:
441:
429:
360:. On November 7 and 8, 1919 New York state authorities, at the behest of the
282:
198:
105:
604:
IRA was formally launched on an international basis in conjunction with the
2690:
2683:
2508:
2440:
2424:
2321:
2305:
2194:
1385:
1365:
1341:
1029:
913:
885:
697:
621:
545:
525:
388:
222:
197:) (1925–1947) was a legal advocacy organization established in 1925 in the
316:(GDC). It raised funds and coordinated the union's legal defense efforts.
2564:
2529:
1849:. US GPO. pp. 5925–5934, 5936 (overall members), 5938 (affiliations)
1347:
1137:
had ever served as executive secretary but stated "she was an official".
1093:
1019:
946:
668:, long sought to coordinate and regularize its legal defense activities.
413:
392:
344:
328:
301:
262:. In 1954, in a case managed by the NAACP, the US Supreme Court ruled in
2075:
Charles H. Martin, "The International Labor Defense and Black America",
1777:
1753:
920:
Founding members of the ILD (of whom many were also associated with the
689:
financial support, mostly convicted Wobblies jailed under various state
3042:
2928:
2585:
2107:
2087:
2070:
2060:
1312:
953:(some time between 1880 and 1900) was among the co-founders of the ILD.
800:
765:
307:
was subject to particularly intense legal pressure, framed at times as
286:
2119:
2097:
808:
since the turn of the 20th century. ILD also publicized opposition to
501:
under New York state law. A new legal defense organization called the
780:
694:
537:
432:, served on the governing Executive Committee of the NDC. CLP member
396:
202:
905:
2464:
2222:
1713:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left,
1695:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left,
847:(CRC). The CRC served as the new legal defense organization of the
809:
580:
2035:
2020:"International Labor Defense (1925-1946): Organizational History"
456:
2009:"International Labor Defense Activities (1 January-1 July 1928)"
1110:(born Anna Cohen, married as Anna E. David) appeared before the
1184:
Miss Damon. It is made up mostly of affiliated organizations —
873:
2116:
PhD dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 2007.
1215:
Miss Damon: I can't say. That is very difficult to ascertain.
1754:"Review of Gastonia 1929: The Story of the Loray Mill Strike"
1380:, as well as prominent Communists such as trade union leader
1213:
The Chairman. Well, how many individual members do you have?
852:
255:
2043:
Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919-1950.
681:, an American IWW leader who had defected to Soviet Russia.
250:, which served as the new legal defense organization of the
1325:
Case of the Gallup, New Mexico Coal Mine Workers, 1933-1938
921:
552:
2052:
Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.
1977:
James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism.
2022:, Early American Marxism website, www.marxisthistory.org/
1518:
After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman.
544:
extended the process for years. Ruthenberg died of acute
268:
that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.
3111:
Workers' rights organizations based in the United States
1684:
Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007; pg. 261.
563:
2749:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
2050:
Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946-1956.
1208:
The Chairman: Whatever they can afford to contribute?
892:
named as editor of the new group's official magazine,
587:, given its level of activity. Representatives of the
1979:
New York: Prometheus Research Library, 1992; pg. 537.
1265:
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born
154:
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born
1817:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 255.
1805:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 254.
1793:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 253.
664:
The legal communist party in the United States, the
402:
2026:"People & Events: International Labor Defense"
3106:Legal advocacy organizations in the United States
1924:"Subversive Influence in the Educational Process"
3077:
2731:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
2086:vol. 106, no. 2 (April 2001), pp. 387–430.
2069:vol. 64, no. 2 (Spring 1979), pp. 131–141.
1993:The American Radical Press, 1880-1960: Volume 1.
1476:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
1437:New York: International Labor Defense, May 1935.
837:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
571:used at the time of its 10th Anniversary in 1932
244:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
41:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
2038:, Industrial Workers of the World, www.iww.org/
1916:
1520:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
1514:Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July 1894.
1453:International Association of Democratic Lawyers
3096:Anti-racist organizations in the United States
2106:vol. 58, no. 3 (Aug. 1992), pp. 461–490.
2096:vol. 28, no. 3 (QIII-1967), pp. 276–287.
2036:IWW General Defense Committee official website
2015:New York: Spartacist Publishing Company, 1992.
1894:
1270:
579:, former Wobbly leader turned bail-jumper and
2135:
1995:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974; pg. 250.
1428:New York: International Labor Defense, n.d. .
1334:Beginning in January 1926, the ILD published
1329:
880:was instrumental in forming the ILD (no date)
830:The Communist Party USA and African Americans
643:
2059:vol. 93, no. 1 (June 2006), pp. 37–62.
1987:
1985:
1949:"International Labor Defense - Record Group"
1813:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1420:Chicago: International Labor Defense, n.d. .
1399:
1178:Mr. Whitley: Is that individual membership?
276:
3126:Political imprisonment in the United States
3121:1947 disestablishments in the United States
1707:
1705:
1703:
1396:of America. In 1937, the magazine ceased.
1392:, a former political prisoner in New York.
888:tapped as Assistant National Secretary and
2142:
2128:
1971:
1969:
1904:. New York Sun. 7 October 1941. p. 30
1870:Books on trial: red scare in the Heartland
1550:
1548:
1546:
1982:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1598:
1596:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
3086:1925 establishments in the United States
2964:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
2079:vol. 26, no. 2 (1985), pp. 165–194.
1700:
1674:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1224:
945:
904:
872:
734:
647:
585:political prisoners in the United States
562:
553:International Red Aid (MOPR) (1922-1943)
465:
343:
339:
2149:
1966:
1943:
1941:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1554:
1261:American League for Peace and Democracy
1182:Mr. Whitley: Or affiliated membership?
1101:
916:, was among the co-founders of the ILD.
900:
779:In 1928, ILD represented party members
745:, featuring workers imprisoned for the
319:Government efforts to silence and jail
150:American League for Peace and Democracy
3116:Communist Party USA mass organizations
3078:
2915:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1602:
1523:
225:, and prominently participated in the
2123:
1751:
1573:
1411:
1249:Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
385:Attorney General of the United States
379:, coordinated by the newly appointed
1938:
1841:
1820:
1655:
1606:American Communism and Soviet Russia
1232:(circa 1910-1913) was an ILD lawyer.
118:defend rights of political prisoners
2001:
1902:"Lawyer Walks Out on Tutor's Trial"
1630:
1555:Uhlmann, Jennifer Ruthanne (2007).
1176:Miss Damon: Approximately 300,000.
606:4th World Congress of the Comintern
455:The NDC maintained headquarters in
387:, and remembered in history as the
13:
1239:was an ILD lawyer and represented
934:Edward C. Wentworth, vice chairman
14:
3137:
3091:Organizations established in 1925
1926:. US GPO. 1953. pp. 995–1023
1192:unions, and other organizations.
403:National Defense Committee (1920)
17:International Labor Defense (ILD)
3036:Relations with African Americans
855:, the US Supreme Court ruled in
428:of the CPA, as well as attorney
1861:
1745:
1736:
1254:
868:
674:Industrial Workers of the World
383:, 24-year-old assistant to the
305:Industrial Workers of the World
201:as the American section of the
2740:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1727:
1718:
1687:
1502:
1303:Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 1926-1930
865:was expanding its activities.
334:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
3022:San Francisco Workers' School
2785:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
1496:
1376:, and Socialist Party leader
1116:U.S. House of Representatives
730:
2104:Journal of Southern History,
2057:Journal of American History,
2045:New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.
1875:University of Oklahoma Press
1458:International Red Aid (MOPR)
931:Andrew T. McNamara, chairman
739:The September 1929 issue of
7:
2112:Jennifer Ruthanne Uhlmann,
2084:American Historical Review,
2030:Public Broadcasting Service
1656:Ryle, James Martin (1967).
1441:
1271:Publications (NYPL archive)
1201:Miss Damon: That is right.
858:Brown v. Board of Education
806:disenfranchised most blacks
719:, who had confessed to the
542:United States Supreme Court
265:Brown v. Board of Education
191:International Labor Defense
10:
3142:
3057:Young Communist League USA
2041:Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore,
1471:National Defense Committee
1330:Labor Defender (1926-1937)
1220:
827:
774:Centralia Massacre of 1919
770:New Bedford, Massachusetts
658:Socialist Party of America
644:ILD's establishment (1925)
556:
410:National Defense Committee
366:Communist Party of America
271:
209:network. The ILD defended
3064:Young Pioneers of America
2906:
2877:
2845:
2838:
2721:
2500:
2344:
2249:
2166:
2159:
2067:Journal of Negro History,
1603:Draper, Theodore (1960).
1400:Equal Justice (1938-1942)
823:
721:Los Angeles Times Bombing
589:Communist Party of Poland
461:Workers Defense Committee
314:General Defense Committee
277:Pre-Communist forerunners
229:and legal appeals in the
213:, was active in the anti-
159:
145:
135:
122:
114:
98:
90:
82:
68:
60:
50:
35:
21:
2950:International Publishers
2922:Bill of Rights socialism
2819:Watkins v. United States
1294:
897:collective memberships.
789:Gastonia, North Carolina
706:Preparedness Day bombers
666:Workers Party of America
483:1922 National Convention
2992:New York Workers School
2803:Scales v. United States
2767:Dennis v. United States
1486:National Negro Congress
1434:Night Riders in Gallup.
1277:New York Public Library
1125:Damon also stated that
995:Bishop William M. Brown
841:National Negro Congress
524:orator and writer, and
497:after a conviction for
373:Bureau of Investigation
327:political opponents of
321:conscientious objectors
45:National Negro Congress
2943:English-language press
2828:Yates v. United States
2607:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2579:Shirley Graham Du Bois
2488:Rossana Cambron &
2355:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
1481:National Lawyers Guild
1245:Rapp-Coudert Committee
1233:
1218:
954:
917:
881:
749:
661:
641:
575:In the spring of 1922
572:
478:
353:
297:, is but one example.
295:American Railway Union
3029:Soviet Negro Republic
2936:Communist Labor Party
2794:Noto v. United States
2572:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
2385:L. E. Katterfeld
2353:C. E. Ruthenberg
1491:Workers Defense Union
1448:Civil Rights Congress
1372:, former Wobbly poet
1299:Major cases include:
1228:
1171:
1163:Anna Damon, secretary
1106:On October 16, 1939,
1025:Charles E. Ruthenberg
1015:Alice Stone Blackwell
951:Alice Stone Blackwell
949:
940:, executive secretary
908:
876:
863:Civil Rights Movement
845:Civil Rights Congress
776:in Washington state.
738:
651:
634:
569:International Red Aid
566:
559:International Red Aid
503:Labor Defense Council
469:
422:Communist Labor Party
347:
340:Communist forerunners
260:Civil Rights Movement
248:Civil Rights Congress
207:International Red Aid
55:Civil Rights Congress
30:International Red Aid
2985:National conventions
2677:William L. Patterson
1764:(3): (326–331) 329.
1152:William J. Patterson
1144:U.S. Representative
1141:National Executive:
1135:Juliet Stuart Poyntz
1127:William L. Patterson
1102:Organization in 1939
958:National Committee:
901:Organization in 1925
691:criminal syndicalism
399:political activity.
2957:Language federation
2152:Communist Party USA
1758:Appalachian Journal
1752:HOWIE, SAM (1996).
1510:The Pullman Strike.
1247:in 1941 and the US
1237:Samuel A. Neuberger
1230:Samuel A. Neuberger
1120:Abraham J. Isserman
1072:Lovett Fort Whitman
1061:David Rhys Williams
1037:William Mollenhauer
992:Edward C. Wentworth
914:Scopes Monkey Trial
849:Communist Party USA
702:Bartolomeo Vanzetti
594:political prisoners
252:Communist Party USA
94:Promote world peace
18:
3050:Yokinen Show Trial
2758:De Jonge v. Oregon
2649:Antoinette Konikow
2621:Dorothy Ray Healey
2361:Alfred Wagenknecht
1412:Other publications
1404:The ILD published
1234:
986:Andrew T. McNamara
955:
918:
912:, attorney in the
882:
843:(NNC) to form the
750:
679:William D. Haywood
662:
577:"Big Bill" Haywood
573:
487:Bridgman, Michigan
479:
377:Justice Department
354:
211:Sacco and Vanzetti
137:Official language
77:William D. Haywood
16:
3073:
3072:
2999:Non-English press
2971:Lincoln Battalion
2902:
2901:
2698:Charles E. Taylor
2635:Oakley C. Johnson
2516:William Albertson
2501:Prominent members
2457:William Z. Foster
2433:William Z. Foster
2403:(1922; 1927–1929)
2393:William Weinstone
2340:
2339:
2250:Vice Presidential
2211:Charlene Mitchell
2175:William Z. Foster
1884:978-0-8061-3868-8
1680:Bryan D. Palmer,
1382:William Z. Foster
1216:
1043:Mandell Schuchter
977:William Z. Foster
754:William Z. Foster
747:Loray Mill strike
639:
610:mass organization
520:, recently freed
491:William Z. Foster
472:William Z. Foster
450:Joseph R. Brodsky
187:
186:
3133:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2907:Related articles
2895:
2888:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2811:Smith Act trials
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2670:Karl Emil Nygard
2665:
2658:
2656:Claude Lightfoot
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2558:Ella Reeve Bloor
2553:
2546:
2544:Walter Bernstein
2539:
2532:
2525:
2523:Herbert Aptheker
2518:
2511:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2333:
2317:
2301:
2289:
2269:
2242:
2218:
2206:
2190:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2002:External sources
1996:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1653:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1600:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1552:
1521:
1506:
1342:The Daily Worker
1251:(SISS) in 1953.
1180:Miss Damon: No.
1173:
1146:Vito Marcantonio
1131:J. Louis Engdahl
1040:Henry Corbishley
1007:William F. Dunne
818:Great Depression
717:John B. McNamara
636:
626:Grigory Zinoviev
499:criminal anarchy
495:Sing Sing prison
183:
180:
178:
176:
174:
172:
170:
168:
166:
127:
36:Merged into
19:
15:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3015:Red diaper baby
3013:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2628:Manning Johnson
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2551:Marc Blitzstein
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2409:James P. Cannon
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2292:
2272:
2258:Benjamin Gitlow
2256:
2245:
2221:
2209:
2193:
2173:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2018:Tim Davenport,
2004:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1444:
1431:Louis Coleman,
1414:
1402:
1390:Benjamin Gitlow
1336:Labor Defender,
1332:
1315:Case, 1931-1939
1309:Case, 1931-1946
1297:
1273:
1257:
1241:Morris U. Cohen
1223:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1154:, vice chairman
1104:
1079:James P. Cannon
1054:Robert Whitaker
1050:Benjamin Gitlow
1002:Harrison George
972:Clarence Darrow
938:James P. Cannon
910:Clarence Darrow
903:
894:Labor Defender.
878:James P. Cannon
871:
832:
826:
785:Clarence Miller
733:
713:Warren Billings
670:James P. Cannon
646:
561:
555:
530:Cleveland, Ohio
522:Socialist Party
476:C.E. Ruthenberg
426:C.E. Ruthenberg
418:L.E. Katterfeld
405:
381:J. Edgar Hoover
358:First Red Scare
350:C.E. Ruthenberg
342:
325:anti-militarist
279:
274:
235:Scottsboro Boys
163:
138:
128:
125:
110:
73:James P. Cannon
12:
11:
5:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3007:People's World
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2776:Kent v. Dulles
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2712:Richard Wright
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2600:Albert Goldman
2596:
2593:Richard Durham
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2492:(2019–present)
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2417:Caleb Harrison
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2318:
2302:
2290:
2270:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2207:
2191:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2077:Labor History,
2073:
2063:
2053:
2048:Gerald Horne,
2046:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2016:
2007:Martin Abern,
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1965:
1937:
1915:
1893:
1883:
1860:
1843:Ward, Harry F.
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1629:
1615:
1572:
1522:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:Labor Defender
1460:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1378:Eugene V. Debs
1370:Upton Sinclair
1362:Labor Defender
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:Angelo Herndon
1316:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1285:Labor Defender
1281:Hunger Fighter
1272:
1269:
1256:
1253:
1222:
1219:
1188:trade unions,
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:Robert W. Dunn
1155:
1149:
1112:Dies Committee
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1068:John Edenstrom
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:Robert W. Dunn
979:
974:
969:
967:Eugene V. Debs
964:
962:Upton Sinclair
944:
943:
942:
941:
935:
932:
902:
899:
870:
867:
828:Main article:
825:
822:
793:Leon Josephson
742:Labor Defender
732:
729:
654:Eugene V. Debs
645:
642:
601:organization.
557:Main article:
554:
551:
518:Eugene V. Debs
510:Frank P. Walsh
438:Swinburne Hale
404:
401:
362:Lusk Committee
341:
338:
291:Pullman Strike
283:strike actions
278:
275:
273:
270:
240:Labor Defender
185:
184:
161:
157:
156:
147:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
123:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
109:
108:
102:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
86:April 28, 1947
84:
83:Merger of
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
37:
33:
32:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:State parties
2837:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:Emma Tenayuca
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:Claudia Jones
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:Harry Haywood
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:John Bachtell
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Eugene Dennis
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Jay Lovestone
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:Louis Shapiro
2374:
2370:
2369:Charles Dirba
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:Mike Zagarell
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:James W. Ford
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1618:
1616:9780374923341
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1406:Equal Justice
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:, cartoonist
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Ralph Chaplin
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1355:The Communist
1351:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1289:Equal Justice
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1191:
1187:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:with counsel
1117:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Ralph Chaplin
1087:
1085:J. O. Bentall
1084:
1082:E. R. Meitzen
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:George Maurer
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
952:
948:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
923:
915:
911:
907:
898:
895:
891:
890:Max Shachtman
887:
879:
875:
866:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
821:
819:
813:
811:
807:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
761:
759:
758:Jay Lovestone
755:
748:
744:
743:
737:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
659:
656:of the rival
655:
650:
640:
633:
630:
627:
623:
617:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
565:
560:
550:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
473:
468:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
446:Charles Recht
443:
442:Walter Nelles
439:
435:
431:
430:I.E. Ferguson
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
351:
346:
337:
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
310:
309:"free speech"
306:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
269:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
231:cause célèbre
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:United States
196:
192:
182:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
134:
130:
121:
117:
113:
107:
106:New York City
104:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:June 28, 1925
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
27:
24:
20:
3005:
2826:
2817:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2691:Tupac Shakur
2684:Paul Robeson
2663:Steve Nelson
2537:John Bernard
2509:Bernard Ades
2441:Earl Browder
2425:Abram Jakira
2322:Angela Davis
2306:Jarvis Tyner
2195:Earl Browder
2167:Presidential
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2012:
1992:
1976:
1956:. Retrieved
1928:. Retrieved
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1896:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1761:
1757:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1712:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1658:
1620:. Retrieved
1605:
1563:. Retrieved
1557:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1462:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1386:Robert Minor
1366:Ku Klux Klan
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1298:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1258:
1255:Affiliations
1235:
1172:
1168:
1124:
1105:
1030:Robert Minor
998:Rose Karsner
989:Fred Merrick
928:Executives:
924:) included:
919:
893:
886:Martin Abern
883:
869:Organization
856:
833:
814:
797:
778:
762:
751:
740:
725:
704:, purported
698:Nicola Sacco
687:
683:
663:
635:
631:
622:Israel Amter
618:
614:
603:
599:
574:
546:appendicitis
535:
526:Max S. Hayes
515:
507:
480:
454:
406:
389:Palmer Raids
370:
355:
318:
299:
280:
263:
246:to form the
239:
223:civil rights
194:
190:
188:
146:Affiliations
126:(circa 1939)
2565:Anne Burlak
2530:Max Bedacht
2483:(2014–2019)
2475:(2000–2014)
2467:(1959–2000)
2459:(1945–1957)
2451:(1945–1959)
2443:(1934–1945)
2435:(1929–1934)
2427:(1922–1923)
2419:(1921–1922)
2411:(1921–1922)
2395:(1921–1922)
2379:(late 1920)
2371:(1920–1921)
2363:(1919–1921)
1348:Labor Unity
1322:, 1932-1937
1243:before the
1186:A. F. of L.
1160:, treasurer
1094:Max Bedacht
1076:Jacob Dolla
1057:Cora Meyers
1046:Dan Stevens
1034:Rose Barron
1020:Helen Hayes
839:(NFCL) and
801:chain gangs
672:, a former
434:Edgar Owens
414:Max Bedacht
397:"anarchist"
393:deportation
329:World War I
302:syndicalist
124:Membership
22:Predecessor
3080:Categories
3043:Ware Group
2929:Browderism
2722:Litigation
2586:Bella Dodd
1930:11 October
1908:11 October
1497:References
1358:combined.
1313:Tom Mooney
1307:Scottsboro
1148:, chairman
1108:Anna Damon
766:anthracite
731:Operations
709:Tom Mooney
695:anarchists
567:Symbol of
424:(CLP) and
287:injunction
3101:Comintern
2088:.In JSTOR
1770:0090-3779
1666:18 August
1622:18 August
1565:18 August
1065:Fred Mann
810:lynchings
781:Fred Beal
632:In sum:
538:hung jury
219:movements
203:Comintern
131:~ 300,000
61:Formation
51:Successor
26:Comintern
2861:Maryland
2490:Joe Sims
2473:Sam Webb
2465:Gus Hall
2223:Gus Hall
2160:Nominees
2108:In JSTOR
2098:In JSTOR
2071:In JSTOR
2061:In JSTOR
1877:. 2007.
1845:(1940).
1778:40933777
1715:pg. 263.
1711:Palmer,
1697:pg. 262.
1693:Palmer,
1467:magazine
1442:See also
1318:Case of
1263:and the
1190:C. I. O.
581:defector
336:(ACLU).
215:lynching
169:/history
165:marxists
115:Services
99:Location
2886:Alabama
2878:Defunct
2854:Georgia
2846:Current
2345:Leaders
2094:Phylon,
2032:, 1999.
1958:21 July
1221:Members
1114:of the
457:Chicago
420:of the
375:of the
368:(CPA).
272:History
233:of the
227:defense
160:Website
141:English
91:Purpose
69:Founder
2893:Hawaii
2387:(1921)
1881:
1853:7 July
1776:
1768:
1613:
1388:, and
1287:, and
824:Merger
715:, and
448:, and
175:/other
2868:Texas
2011:, in
1952:(PDF)
1774:JSTOR
1295:Cases
853:NAACP
256:NAACP
181:.html
39:with
2330:1984
2326:1980
2314:1976
2310:1972
2298:1968
2286:1940
2282:1936
2278:1932
2266:1928
2262:1924
2239:1984
2235:1980
2231:1976
2227:1972
2215:1968
2203:1940
2199:1936
2187:1932
2183:1928
2179:1924
1960:2018
1932:2018
1910:2018
1879:ISBN
1855:2018
1766:ISSN
1668:2020
1624:2020
1611:ISBN
1567:2020
1352:and
1129:and
922:ACLU
711:and
700:and
528:, a
474:and
416:and
323:and
300:The
221:for
189:The
179:/ild
177:/ild
173:/eam
171:/usa
167:.org
43:and
485:at
205:'s
195:ILD
28:'s
3082::
2328:;
2312:;
2284:;
2280:;
2264:;
2237:;
2233:;
2229:;
2201:;
2185:;
2181:;
2028:,
1984:^
1968:^
1940:^
1887:.
1873:.
1822:^
1810:^
1798:^
1786:^
1772:.
1762:23
1760:.
1756:.
1702:^
1632:^
1575:^
1525:^
1291:.
1283:,
783:,
723:.
452:.
444:,
440:,
217:,
152:,
75:,
2332:)
2324:(
2316:)
2308:(
2300:)
2296:(
2288:)
2276:(
2268:)
2260:(
2241:)
2225:(
2217:)
2213:(
2205:)
2197:(
2189:)
2177:(
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
1962:.
1934:.
1912:.
1857:.
1780:.
1670:.
1626:.
1569:.
1350:,
1344:,
660:.
193:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.