1062:, who notes that she is an admirer of the English School, the English School has not been received positively in American IR scholarship because there is a lack of clarity in the methods used in English School scholarship (for example, a lack of discussion about research design), as well as a lack of clarity in the theoretical claims made by the English School. She notes that the English School is reluctant to clarify its causal claims, which she contrasts with Constructivist research in the American IR tradition where there is an emphasis on constitutive causality – "how things are constituted makes possible other things (and in that sense causes them)". She also notes that the English School does not engage in hypothesis testing, and that their works mirror the detailed narratives of
849:. It has been argued that, "the English School embodies the notion of a middle course between practical demands and moral claims. In contrast to the realist approach, the English School maintains that states are not entangled in a permanent struggle for power and that they limit their conflicts through common rules, institutions and moral imperatives. Unlike the revolutionist tradition, the English School accepts the realist premise that the state is the primary reality of the international political system and maintains that these imperatives foreswear the replacement of the society of states by a universal community of mankind." In this manner, the English School succeeds in incorporating the salient elements of the main traditions of International Relations theory.
2313:
553:
677:…a group of states (or, more generally, a group of independent political communities) which not merely form a system, in the sense that the behaviour of each is a necessary factor in the calculations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognise their common interest in maintaining these arrangements.
877:, by contrast, argue that the society of states should do more to promote the causes of human rights and, perhaps, emancipation - as opposed to the rights of states to political independence and non-intervention in their internal affairs. This position may be located in the work on humanitarian intervention by, amongst others, Nicholas Wheeler, in
1049:
in 1981, entitled "The
English school - a case for closure". Some other descriptions - notably that of 'British institutionalists' (Hidemi Suganami) - have been suggested, but are not generally used. Throughout the development of the theory, the name became widely accepted, not least because it was
885:
There are, however, further divisions within the school. The most obvious is that between those scholars who argue the school's approach should be historical and normative (such as Robert
Jackson or Tim Dunne) and those who think it can be methodologically 'pluralist', making use of 'positivist'
865:
argue that the diversity of humankind - their differing political and religious views, ethnic and linguistic traditions, and so on - is best contained within a society that allows for the greatest possible independence for states, which can, in their forms of government, express those differing
717:
would probably be more appropriate. States that respect these basic rules form an international society. Brown and Ainley therefore define the international society as a "norm-governed relationship whose members accept that they have at least limited responsibilities towards one another and the
733:, in the concerns of sovereign states to safeguard and promote basic goals, especially their survival. Most English School understandings of international society blend these two together, maintaining that the contemporary society of states is partly the product of a common civilization - the
756:
understanding of the world, the concept of world society takes the global population as a whole as basis for a global identity. However, Buzan also argued that the concept of World
Society was the "Cinderella concept of English school theory", as it received almost no conceptual development.
618:(that is, the lack of a global ruler or world state). The English school stands for the conviction that ideas, rather than simply material capabilities, shape the conduct of international politics, and therefore deserve analysis and critique. In this sense it is similar to
999:
The 'English-ness' of the school is questionable - many of its most prominent members are not
English - and its intellectual origins are disputed. One view (that of Hidemi Suganami) is that its roots lie in the work of pioneering inter-war scholars like the South African
718:
society as a whole". States thus follow their interests, but not at all costs. Another way of looking at this would be through Adam Watson's term 'raison de système', a counterpoint to 'raison d'état', and defined as 'the idea that it pays to make the system work'.
1690:
672:
Hedley Bull, however, argued that states share a certain common interest (usually the "fear of unrestricted violence") that lead to the development of a certain set of "rules". He thus defined an international society as existent when:
1073:
In a 1992 review of Martin Wight's work, Keohane criticized it, saying "Wight's greatest oversight... is his neglect of the scientific or behavioral search for laws of action (or contingent generalizations) about world politics."
1333:
681:
In Bull's view, any type of society needed to have rules about restraints on the use of force, about the sanctity of agreements, and about property rights. Without elements of these three there would be no society.
663:
defined the international system as being formed "when two or more have sufficient contact between them, and has sufficient impact on one another's decisions to cause them to behave as part of a whole."
643:. The former is a quasi-physical realm, as proximate actors interact with one another. The latter is an intersubjective realm where actors are bound together through rules, norms and institutions.
622:, though the English School has its roots more in world history, international law and political theory, and is more open to normative approaches than is generally the case with constructivism.
713:
by states. To these could be added: territoriality, nationalism, the market, and human equality. Since these rules are not legally binding and there is no ordering institutions, speaking of
2290:
530:
744:
English School scholars vary in terms of the claims they make about the "thickness" of the culture of the international society is, as well as the content of international society.
1588:
1013:
1800:
581:
2083:
317:
689:
are expressed in a set of institutions that capture the normative structure of any international society. In the classical
English School these were:
2336:
1765:
655:
that forms as soon as two or more states have a sufficient amount of interaction. It underlines the
English school tradition of realism and
1793:
574:
2015:
1914:
917:
247:
144:
765:
A great deal of the
English School of thought concerns itself with the examination of traditional international theory, casting it — as
702:
2045:
953:
277:
2061:
1817:
842:
834:
619:
295:
42:
866:
conceptions of the 'good life'. This position is expressed most forcefully by the
Canadian academic Robert Jackson, especially in
2341:
2077:
2030:
2020:
1975:
1786:
567:
311:
262:
252:
207:
1873:
102:
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1558:
1471:
1391:
1139:
857:
The
English School is often understood to be split into two main wings, named after two categories described by Hedley Bull:
300:
17:
2035:
1924:
1835:
938:
267:
154:
62:
2000:
1843:
1773:
232:
69:
838:
811:
In broad terms, the
English School itself has supported the rationalist or Grotian tradition, seeking a middle way (or
615:
1906:
923:
137:
2297:
537:
1995:
1891:
1212:
1045:
227:
119:
1809:
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33:
1989:
221:
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2010:
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1005:
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242:
1970:
1241:
The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954–1985): The Rediscovery of History
1200:
From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation
721:
There are differing accounts, within the school, concerning the evolution of those ideas, some (like
614:) maintains that there is a 'society of states' at the international level, despite the condition of
202:
1384:
From international to world society? English school theory and the social structure of globalisation
1939:
1863:
169:
89:
1944:
1886:
1848:
1825:
1691:"International Theory: The Three Traditions. By Martin Wight. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1992"
1294:
1050:
developed almost exclusively at the London School of Economics, Cambridge and Oxford University.
659:(power politics) and puts international anarchy at the center of international relations theory.
174:
114:
74:
49:
1102:
1021:
1743:
Mayall, J. (1990). Nationalism and international society. Cambridge University Press. Chicago
1858:
1299:
84:
1575:
What are the core elements of the international society approach to international relations?
1248:
Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory : Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini
2250:
2200:
2185:
2104:
2099:
1985:
1919:
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1752:
Mayall, J. (2013). World politics: Progress and its limits. John Wiley & Sons. Chicago
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8:
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2135:
1726:
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1504:
1444:
1361:
1282:
An Introduction to the English School of International Relations: The Societal Approach
1043:
The name 'English School' was first coined by Roy Jones in an article published in the
979:
968:
453:
373:
1536:
Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini
1934:
1929:
1881:
1730:
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1608:
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1353:
1135:
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of medieval Europe, and before that, the Roman Empire - and partly that of a kind of
714:
706:
164:
159:
109:
1448:
1438:
651:
The classical English school starts with the realist assumption of an international
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1965:
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79:
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1309:
1304:
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1001:
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903:
734:
557:
503:
473:
463:
448:
1636:"Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism"
1500:
725:) arguing their origins can be found in the remnants of medieval conceptions of
2245:
2205:
2190:
2155:
1334:"Struggles for Individual Rights and the Expansion of the International System"
1263:
1224:
Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics
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On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society
1229:
1004:, the founding professor of the Department of International Relations at the
942:
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478:
433:
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403:
345:
1016:, a group created in 1959 under the chairmanship of the Cambridge historian
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2005:
1531:
1087:
1025:
797:
766:
722:
493:
408:
305:
237:
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1258:
The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment
534:
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2145:
2119:
1949:
1769:
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1125:
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1037:
1029:
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179:
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1722:
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1635:
1487:
Dunne, Tim (1995). "The Social Construction of International Society".
820:
738:
513:
468:
388:
1024:. Both positions acknowledge the central role played by the theorists
1234:
Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics
1168:
1009:
961:
786:
698:
1706:
933:
Contemporary English School writers draw from a variety of sources:
1165:, (1992) The Evolution of International Society, London: Routledge.
826:
Later Wight changed his triad into a four-part division by adding
1521:
Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society, 1992, p. 14.
1063:
1173:
Inventing International Society: A History of the English School
912:
The pluralists have also been influence by the underpinnings of
886:
approaches to the field (like Barry Buzan and Richard Little).
1058:
According to George Washington University political scientist
1553:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9.
1012:
and Brunello Vigezzi) have located them in the work of the
1409:
The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics
760:
631:
International system, international society, world society
1014:
British committee on the theory of international politics
690:
1551:
The German Question and the International Order, 1943–48
1207:
The German Question and the International Order, 1943-48
1180:
The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States
1415:
837:
theory, emphasizing the non-deterministic nature of
1808:
2328:
777:as the English School's triad, based on Wight's
1534:(2004). Wight, Gabriele; Porter, Brian (eds.).
898:The pluralists have drawn from the classical '
793:) and thus the concept of international system
1794:
1377:
1375:
1260:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2006)
1226:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
575:
841:in international affairs that also draws on
635:English School scholars distinguish between
1489:European Journal of International Relations
1440:National Interests in International Society
1801:
1787:
1480:
1455:
1421:
1372:
1123:
709:, especially in the mutual recognition of
582:
568:
2046:Chinese school of international relations
1633:
1586:
1548:
1466:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 48–52.
1436:
1400:
1386:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1331:
894:The English School does have affinities:
800:), representing the international society
278:Chinese school of international relations
2337:English School (international relations)
1443:. Cornell University Press. p. 18.
1182:(2000). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
667:
1688:
1270:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)
889:
761:Reexamination of traditional approaches
646:
14:
2329:
1131:The Expansion of International Society
1782:
1530:
1486:
1464:Understanding International Relations
1461:
1381:
1150:Nationalism and International Society
852:
769:did in his 1950s-era lectures at the
1774:University of Leeds research project
1432:
1430:
1406:
1327:
1325:
1236:(2004). Cambridge University Press.
1217:Legitimacy in International Society
24:
1768:of the English School compiled by
773:— into three divisions (called by
25:
2363:
1759:
1695:American Political Science Review
1427:
1322:
1243:(Milano: Edizioni Unicopli, 2005)
1066:rather than typical works in the
803:Revolutionist (or Kantian, after
27:Theory of international relations
2311:
922:The solidarists have drawn from
833:The English School is largely a
747:
551:
1996:International political economy
1892:Uneven and combined development
1746:
1737:
1682:
1627:
1593:Review of International Studies
1589:"Exporting the English School?"
1580:
1567:
1542:
1046:Review of International Studies
1032:(an Australian teaching at the
796:Rationalist (or Grotian, after
602:(sometimes also referred to as
228:International political economy
120:Uneven and combined development
2342:International relations theory
1810:International relations theory
1524:
1515:
1175:(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998)
1020:, with financial aid from the
600:international relations theory
34:International relations theory
13:
1:
1332:Reus-Smit, Christian (2011).
1315:
1053:
807:) representing world society.
1990:liberal intergovernmentalism
1077:
608:International Society school
222:liberal intergovernmentalism
7:
1689:Keohane, Robert O. (1992).
1549:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2010).
1501:10.1177/1354066195001003003
1288:
625:
10:
2368:
2011:Hegemonic stability theory
1640:International Organization
1634:Finnemore, Martha (1996).
1587:Finnemore, Martha (2001).
1577:University of Southampton.
1538:. Oxford University Press.
1437:Finnemore, Martha (1996).
1338:International Organization
1284:(2014). Cambridge, Polity.
1034:London School of Economics
1006:London School of Economics
994:
771:London School of Economics
243:Hegemonic stability theory
2308:
2284:
2128:
2092:
2054:
1971:Critical security studies
1958:
1905:
1872:
1834:
1816:
1652:10.1017/S0020818300028587
1605:10.1017/S0260210501005095
1350:10.1017/S0020818311000038
1092:Diplomatic Investigations
612:British institutionalists
203:Critical security studies
1940:Territorial peace theory
1864:Liberal institutionalism
170:Territorial peace theory
90:Liberal institutionalism
2298:International relations
1945:Democratic peace theory
1887:Theories of imperialism
1849:Democratic peace theory
1826:Feminist constructivism
1295:International community
538:International relations
175:Democratic peace theory
115:Theories of imperialism
75:Democratic peace theory
50:Feminist constructivism
1573:Pruszynski, S. (2013)
1422:Bull & Watson 1984
1103:The Anarchical Society
1022:Rockefeller Foundation
819:' of realism and the '
679:
2084:Inter-paradigm debate
1859:Republican liberalism
1462:Brown, Chris (2009).
1407:Bull, Hedley (1977).
1382:Buzan, Barry (2004).
1256:and Hidemi Suganami,
1008:. Others (especially
954:social constructivism
729:, and others such as
675:
668:International society
641:international society
318:Inter-paradigm debate
85:Republican liberalism
18:International society
2251:Immanuel Wallerstein
2201:Peter J. Katzenstein
2186:Samuel P. Huntington
2105:Historical sociology
2100:International ethics
1986:Intergovernmentalism
1920:Neoclassical realism
1897:World-systems theory
1449:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh
1411:. London: Macmillan.
1157:International Theory
890:Affinities to others
823:' of revolutionism.
647:International system
637:international system
489:Immanuel Wallerstein
439:Peter J. Katzenstein
424:Samuel P. Huntington
341:Historical sociology
336:International ethics
218:Intergovernmentalism
150:Neoclassical realism
125:World-systems theory
2318:Politics portal
2141:Zbigniew Brzezinski
2115:State cartel theory
1205:Nicolas Lewkowicz,
1186:Nicholas J. Wheeler
1134:. Clarendon Press.
1084:Herbert Butterfield
1018:Herbert Butterfield
868:The Global Covenant
727:societas Christiana
558:Politics portal
379:Zbigniew Brzezinski
351:State cartel theory
2216:Stephen D. Krasner
1239:Brunello Vigezzi,
980:post-structuralism
969:critical theorists
853:Internal divisions
454:Stephen D. Krasner
2352:Political realism
2324:
2323:
2016:Copenhagen School
1935:Defensive realism
1930:Offensive realism
1915:Classical realism
1882:Dependency theory
1560:978-1-349-32035-6
1473:978-0-230-21311-1
1393:978-0-511-18590-8
1141:978-0-19-821942-2
1111:Systems of States
986:, in the case of
945:, in the case of
937:from structural '
926:writers, such as
918:Christian realism
900:political realism
707:international law
592:
591:
248:Copenhagen School
165:Defensive realism
160:Offensive realism
145:Classical realism
110:Dependency theory
16:(Redirected from
2359:
2316:
2315:
2296:
2221:John Mearsheimer
2176:Martha Finnemore
2161:Michael W. Doyle
2093:Other approaches
2041:Intercommunalism
2025:neofunctionalism
1966:Neo-Gramscianism
1854:Capitalist peace
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1750:
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1735:
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1701:(4): 1112–1113.
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1254:Andrew Linklater
1190:Saving Strangers
1178:Robert Jackson,
1145:
1060:Martha Finnemore
988:James Der Derian
973:Andrew Linklater
928:Stanley Hoffmann
914:Reinhold Niebuhr
879:Saving Strangers
779:three traditions
703:balance of power
584:
577:
570:
556:
555:
536:
459:John Mearsheimer
414:Martha Finnemore
399:Michael W. Doyle
330:Other approaches
273:Intercommunalism
257:neofunctionalism
198:Neo-Gramscianism
80:Capitalist peace
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2266:Alexander Wendt
2236:Kathryn Sikkink
2226:Hans Morgenthau
2211:Henry Kissinger
2136:Michael Barnett
2124:
2088:
2055:Classifications
2050:
2036:Postcolonialism
1976:Critical theory
1954:
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1310:Global politics
1305:World community
1291:
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1128:, eds. (1984).
1080:
1068:social sciences
1056:
1002:Charles Manning
997:
984:Michel Foucault
978:even from the '
958:Alexander Wendt
904:Hans Morgenthau
892:
855:
815:) between the '
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735:Christian world
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604:liberal realism
588:
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504:Alexander Wendt
474:Kathryn Sikkink
464:Hans Morgenthau
449:Henry Kissinger
374:Michael Barnett
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290:Classifications
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268:Postcolonialism
208:Critical theory
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2206:Robert Keohane
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