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3821:'s well-known 1953 essay, "The Threat to the Next America", she criticized the style as non-practical, citing many instances where "glass houses" are too hot in summer and too cold in winter, empty, take away private space, lack beauty and generally are not livable. Moreover, she accused this style's proponents of taking away a sense of beauty from people and thus covertly pushing for a totalitarian society.
727:
68:
772:) and Richard Neutra. In Room E was a section titled "The extent of modern architecture", added at the last minute, which included the works of thirty-seven modern architects from fifteen countries who were said to be influenced by the works of Europeans of the 1920s. Among these works was shown Alvar Aalto's Turun Sanomat newspaper offices building in
364:
skylines of every major city in the world with its simple cubic forms". The
International Style's emphasis on transcending historical and cultural influences, while favoring utility and mass-production methods, made it uniquely versatile in its application; the style was ubiquitous in a wide range of purposes, ranging from
356:. The International Style reached its height in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was widely adopted worldwide for its practicality and as a symbol of industry, progress, and modernity. The style remained the prevailing design philosophy for urban development and reconstruction into the 1970s, especially in the
2754:
in the mid-1960s and early 1970s—in the words of historian Robert W. Collier, were "forceful and abrasive he was not well-loved at City Hall"—had no regard for existing city plans, and "built with contempt for the existing city and for city responsibilities in the key areas of transportation and land
1891:
regime in Weimar
Germany in the 1930s, and the Nazis' rejection of modern architecture, meant that an entire generation of avant-gardist architects, many of them Jews, were forced out of continental Europe. Some, such as Mendelsohn, found shelter in England, while a considerable number of the Jewish
802:
to curate the museum's first architectural exhibition. The three of them toured Europe together in 1929 and had also discussed
Hitchcock's book about modern art. By December 1930, the first written proposal for an exhibition of the "new architecture" was set down, yet the first draft of the book was
317:
to describe a movement among
European architects in the 1920s that was distinguished by three key design principles: (1) "Architecture as volume – thin planes or surfaces create the building’s form, as opposed to a solid mass"; (2) "Regularity in the facade, as opposed to building symmetry"; and (3)
1609:
have an anomaly of a building supposed to be in a style of architecture based on the development of the plan from function and facade from plan but which is a formally and pretentiously conceived as a
Renaissance palace. Urban's admiration for the New Style is more complete than his understanding."
1608:
gave some indication of what was to come, though these works would not have been accepted by
Hitchcock and Johnson as representing the "International Style". Similarly, Johnson, writing about Joseph Urban's recently completed New School for Social Research in New York, stated: "In the New School we
746:
at Fifth Avenue and 56th Street in New York. Beyond a foyer and office, the exhibition was divided into six rooms: the "Modern
Architects" section began in the entrance room, featuring a model of William Lescaze's Chrystie-Forsyth Street Housing Development in New York. From there visitors moved to
1920:
and other important figures of the
International Style went to the Soviet Union in 1930 to undertake huge, ambitious, idealistic urban planning projects, building entire cities from scratch. In 1936, when Stalin ordered them out of the country, many of these architects became stateless and sought
435:
Common characteristics of the
International Style include: a radical simplification of form, a rejection of superfluous ornamentation, bold repetition and embracement of sleek glass, steel and efficient concrete as preferred materials. Accents were found to be suitably derived from natural design
627:(Brutalist) architecture and notable alumni of the Bauhaus, who also pioneered the use of plywood and tubular steel in furniture design, and who after leaving the Bauhaus would later teach alongside Gropius at Harvard, is as well an important contributor to Modernism and the International Style.
400:
International style is an ambiguous term; the unity and integrity of this direction is deceptive. Its formal features were revealed differently in different countries. Despite the unconditional commonality, the international style has never been a single phenomenon. However, International Style
363:
The
International Style was one of the first architectural movements to receive critical renown and global popularity. Regarded as the high point of modernist architecture, it is sometimes described as the "architecture of the modern movement" and credited with "single-handedly transforming the
3862:
One of the supposed strengths of the International Style has been said to be that the design solutions were indifferent to location, site, and climate; the solutions were supposed to be universally applicable; the style made no reference to local history or national vernacular. This was soon
646:
had been exhibited in Europe and influenced the work of European modernists, and his travels there probably influenced his own work, although he refused to be categorized with them. His buildings of the 1920s and 1930s clearly showed a change in the style of the architect, but in a different
501:
defines it as "the style of architecture that emerged in The Netherlands, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight,
419:
Hitchcock and Johnson's 1932 MoMA exhibition catalog identified three principles of the style: volume of internal space (as opposed to mass and solidity), flexibility and regularity (liberation from classical symmetry). and the expulsion of applied ornamentation ('artificial accents').
5658:
4770:
589:, along with prominent Bauhaus instructor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, became known for steel frame structures employing glass curtain walls. One of the world's earliest modern buildings where this can be seen is a shoe factory designed by Gropius in 1911 in
1616:'s work was not a part of the exhibit, though Schindler had pleaded with Hitchcock and Johnson to be included. Then, "or more than 20 years, Schindler had intermittently launched a series of spirited, cantankerous exchanges with the museum."
551:, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. These architects were not considered part of the International Style because they practiced in an "individualistic manner" and seen as the last representatives of
5488:
709:
that advocated the use of modern industrial techniques and strategies to create a higher standard of living on all socio-economic levels. In 1927, one of the first and most defining manifestations of the International Style was the
439:
Further, the transparency of buildings, construction (called the honest expression of structure), and acceptance of industrialized mass-production techniques contributed to the international style's design philosophy. Finally, the
763:
and Frank Lloyd Wright (including a project for a house on the Mesa in Denver, 1932). Room B was a section titled "Housing", presenting "the need for a new domestic environment" as it had been identified by historian and critic
514:
Around the start of the 20th century, a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new social demands and technological possibilities. The work of
5582:("At the root of the public's apprehension about new development is that we've been getting screwed for 60 years by brutal, soulless and downright crappy architecture that arrogantly dismisses the human requirement for beauty")
4447:
1967:, describing the city as "a synthesis of outstanding significance of the various trends of the Modern Movement in architecture and town planning in the early part of the 20th century". In 1996, Tel Aviv's White City was
416:) and mass-produced architectural products of their time. Here it is appropriate to talk about the use of recognizable formal techniques and the creation of a standard architectural product, rather than iconic objects.
2830:, a World Heritage Site due to its relevance and contribution in terms of international style movement. It was designed in the late 1940s and built in the mid-1950s based upon a masterplan created by architect
379:
Nevertheless, these same qualities provoked negative reactions against the style as monotonous, austere, and incongruent with existing landscapes; these critiques are conveyed through various movements such as
4862:
424:
408:
The problem of the International Style is that it is not obvious what type of material the term should be applied to: at the same time, there are key monuments of the 20th century (Le Corbusier's
506:
forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass." Some researchers consider the International Style as one of the attempts to create an ideal and utilitarian form.
2718:, this period coincided with a major building boom and few restrictions on massive building projects. International Style skyscrapers came to dominate many of Canada's major cities, especially
2854:
designed buildings in the International Style. But later he evolved to a more traditional local architecture. Other notable Mexican architects of the International Style or modern period are
5480:
2066:
as the primary source of architectural modernism. When Mies fled in 1938, he first fled to England, but on emigrating to the US he went to Chicago, founded the Second School of Chicago at
405:
demonstrates a unity of approach and general principles: lightweight structures, skeletal frames, new materials, a modular system, an open plan, and the use of simple geometric shapes.
5559:("the preservation movement ... was a tool directed against real estate development, but inevitably it was turned against architecture. Its particular target was modern architecture").
2867:
5446:
2047:. It is a modern paraphrase of the constructions of high gothic style period: the supporting system and colourful stained glass and the reinforced concrete skeleton and glass.
759:, as well as a model and photos of Walter Gropius's Bauhaus building in Dessau. In the largest exhibition space, Room C, were works by Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,
2679:(SOM) perfected the corporate practice, and it became the dominant approach for decades in the US and Canada. Beginning with the initial technical and formal inventions of
4945:
2711:. Further examples can be found in mid-century institutional buildings throughout North America and the "corporate architecture" spread from there, especially to Europe.
7240:
3814:
wrote: "Human houses should not be like boxes, blazing in the sun, nor should we outrage the Machine by trying to make dwelling-places too complementary to Machinery."
1495:
7844:
7417:
2746:. While these glass boxes were at first unique and interesting, the idea was soon repeated to the point of ubiquity. A typical example is the development of so-called
8057:
1968:
2900:
proposed a more organic and sensual International Style. He designed the political landmarks (headquarters of the three state powers) of the new, planned capital
321:
4875:
2014:
ideals. Encompassing more than 500 buildings, most of them designed by Edvin Engström, it remains the largest coherent functionalist or "International Style"
7779:
752:
5552:
2028:
is a city in the Czech Republic which was in the 1930s completely reconstructed on principles of functionalism. In that time the city was a headquarters of
779:
After a six-week run in New York City, the exhibition then toured the US – the first such "traveling-exhibition" of architecture in the US – for six years.
7437:
5306:
6282:
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1955:
school designed significant buildings here. A large proportion of the buildings built in the International Style can be found in the area planned by
6757:
5018:
1536:
348:
and likewise reflects several intersecting developments in culture, politics, and technology in the early 20th century. After being brought to the
17:
666:
and was very much concerned with the coming together of a new architectural form and social reform, creating a more open and transparent society.
7233:
5671:
1597:. As a result of the 1932 exhibition, the principles of the International Style were endorsed, while other styles were classed less significant.
756:
444:, and logical design decisions leading to support building function were used by the International architect to create buildings reaching beyond
1450:
5510:
5705:
3991:
681:
The "International Style", as defined by Hitchcock and Johnson, had developed in 1920s Western Europe, shaped by the activities of the Dutch
5524:
1951:
is a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in the International Style in the 1930s. Many Jewish architects who had studied at the German
617:(Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1949–50) also known as the Gropius Complex, exhibit clean lines and a "concern for uncluttered interior spaces".
2823:
1900:
have tended to mask the fact that many of the important architects, including contributors to the original Weissenhof project, fled to the
5455:
2018:
area in Sweden and possibly the world, still well-preserved more than a half-century after its construction in 1933–40 and protected as a
8037:
251:
devoid of ornamentation and decoration, open and airy interiors that blend with the exterior, and the use of glass, steel, and concrete.
8047:
7226:
2700:
2834:. His original idea was enriched by other students, teachers, and diverse professionals of several disciplines. The university houses
7940:
6844:
3891:
argued that there had been a "disturbing Eurocentric bias" in histories of modern architecture. This "Eurocentrism" included the US.
3880:", noting the irony. The negative reaction to internationalist modernism has been linked to public antipathy to overall development.
3208:
4849:
Hollis R. Swiss Graphic Design: The Origins and Growth of an International Style, 1920–1965. New Haven: Yale University Press: 2001.
7293:
6898:
2986:
1605:
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1518:
831:
Previous to the 1932 exhibition and book, Hitchcock had concerned himself with the themes of modern architecture in his 1929 book
8006:
2961:
1468:
1038:
7318:
558:
The International Style can be traced to buildings designed by a small group of modernists, the major figures of which include
6382:
1896:, and others to the US. However, American anti-Communist politics after the war and Philip Johnson's influential rejection of
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6275:
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1581:
The exhibition excluded other contemporary styles that were exploring the boundaries of architecture at the time, including:
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5575:
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7905:
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31:
6457:
2872:
705:
strategies adopted from American industrial models in order to reorganize society. He contributed to a new journal called
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6789:
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3012:
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Ideal and utilitarian in the international style system: subject and object in the design concept of the 20th century
5240:
5206:
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4771:
Ideal and utilitarian in the international style system: subject and object in the design concept of the 20th century
4617:
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4404:
2811:, describing it as "a masterpiece of modern city planning, architecture and art, created by the Venezuelan architect
2059:
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6718:
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regarded Venturi's book as 'probably the most important writing on the making of architecture since Le Corbusier's
2933:
2067:
436:
irregularities, such as the position of doors and fire escapes, stair towers, ventilators and even electric signs.
2032:
company and Tomáš Baťa initiated a complex reconstruction of the city which was inspired by functionalism and the
306:, all of which are contemporaneous movements and styles that share similar principles, origins, and proponents.
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487:
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by European architects in the 1930s, it quickly became an "unofficial" North American style, particularly after
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International style is sometimes understood as a general term associated with such architectural phenomena as
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2750:, a conglomeration of three glass skyscrapers in downtown Ottawa, where the plans of the property developer
854:
The following architects and buildings were selected by Hitchcock and Johnson for display at the exhibition
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2007:
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476:
271:
221:
93:
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Exhibitions as the Medium of Architectural Reproduction – "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"
5183:
Exhibitions as the Medium of Architectural Reproduction – "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"
2774:
The typical International Style or "corporate architecture" high-rise usually consists of the following:
2684:
1838:
1558:
1416:
597:
building. The first building built entirely on Bauhaus design principles was the concrete and steel
1401:
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486:
Phenomena similar in nature also existed in other artistic fields, for example in graphics, such as the
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4334:
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2019:
1161:
743:
480:
385:
302:
263:
6343:
7985:
7935:
7925:
7638:
7361:
7356:
7175:
7158:
7122:
6978:
6814:
6747:
6562:
6537:
6522:
6219:
6147:
5814:
5764:
4251:
3877:
3855:
3818:
3035:
2819:
718:, overseen by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. It was enormously popular, with thousands of daily visitors.
544:
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2255:
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1005:
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498:
171:
111:
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and others. The university also features Olympic Stadium (1968). In his first years of practice,
2763:. By the late 1970s a backlash was under way against modernism—prominent anti-modernists such as
2743:
2704:
1546:
1237:
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449:
423:
381:
310:
115:
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7404:
7153:
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6993:
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6360:
6325:
6179:
6131:
6115:
6091:
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5804:
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4344:
4291:
4236:
4106:
3838:
3670:
3154:
3149:
2597:
2147:
1806:
1184:
468:
4707:
846:, published at the same time of the exhibition, have supplanted the actual historical event."
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8011:
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7148:
7143:
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6502:
6407:
6375:
6355:
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5405:
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1944:
1932:
1670:
698:
457:
225:
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1904:. This group also tended to be far more concerned with functionalism and its social agenda.
768:. In Room D were works by Raymond Hood (including "Apartment Tower in the Country" and the
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6059:
6027:
5884:
5859:
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5340:
4364:
4359:
4329:
3177:
3094:
2033:
2011:
1972:
1647:
1590:
1524:
1217:
787:
769:
491:
472:
232:
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8:
7673:
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7275:
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7040:
7025:
6931:
6809:
6708:
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6574:
6547:
6507:
6243:
6099:
5971:
5904:
5799:
5715:
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3832:, essentially a book-length critique of the International Style. Architectural historian
3611:
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3182:
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With the rise of Nazism, a number of key European modern architects fled to the US. When
2037:
1964:
1893:
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791:
663:
345:
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217:
209:
5481:"Complexity and Contradiction changed how we look at, think and talk about architecture"
49:
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7613:
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6019:
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5180:
4131:
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4036:
3941:
3811:
3560:
3554:
3318:
3265:
2859:
2624:
2374:
1749:
1586:
1456:
1282:
1034:
748:
690:
635:
520:
453:
267:
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mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and colour, repetitive
7663:
7328:
7187:
7180:
6988:
6728:
6713:
6642:
6586:
5615:
5568:
5411:
5384:
5236:
5202:
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4810:
4754:
Frampton K. Modern Architecture: A Critical History. London: Thames and Hudson, 1980.
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1811:
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the centrally placed Room A, featuring a model of a mid-rise housing development for
711:
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643:
445:
441:
175:
153:
137:
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4448:"International Style 1930 – 1950 | PHMC > Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide"
2878:
642:—exemplified qualities of simplification, honesty and clarity. Frank Lloyd Wright's
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Functional Architecture. Funktionale Architektur. Le Style International. 1925–1940
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5019:"A Movement in a Moment: The International Style | Architecture | Agenda | Phaidon"
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5258:"Not Another International Style Ballyhoo: A Short History of the Schindler House"
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Terence Riley, "Portrait of the curator as a young man", in John Elderfield (ed),
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ran from February 9 to March 23, 1932, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), in the
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Prior to use of the term 'International Style', some American architects—such as
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262:, although the former is mostly used in English to refer specifically to either
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Claudia Quiring, Wolfgang Voigt, Peter Cachola Schmal, Eckhard Herrel (eds),
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3876:, observed that those using the style today are simply "another species of
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3288:
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use". Architects attempted to put new twists into such towers, such as the
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157:
5672:"How Chicago Sparked the International Style of Architecture in America"
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842:: "Ironically the (exhibition) catalogue, and to some extent, the book
815:
The exhibition catalog, "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"
734:
as a young college graduate, and later became one of its practitioners.
503:
373:
236:
5503:"International Style of Modern Architecture: Origins, Characteristics"
5319:
4946:"How to visit the building at the heart of Germany's Bauhaus movement"
811:
The 1932 exhibition led to two publications by Hitchcock and Johnson:
7834:
7774:
7719:
7648:
7618:
7112:
6617:
6203:
5839:
5754:
5651:, Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, 2005]
5367:
Contemporary Cathedrals – Large scale developments in Canadian cities
5344:
5185:, Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, 2005.
4920:
4475:"International Style | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
4424:"International Style | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
4201:
4181:
4086:
3872:
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3744:
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2369:
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2137:
2128:
2062:, in an excellent position to extend their influence and promote the
2003:
1917:
1909:
1823:
1762:
1659:
1050:
1023:
897:
715:
532:
341:
329:
147:
4863:
The Swiss Style: It's Prototypes, Origins and the Regulation Problem
4535:
The Dictionary of Art. 26 Raphon to Rome, ancient, §II: Architecture
431:(1932, reprinted 1996) by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson
7699:
7460:
7081:
7020:
6953:
6067:
5979:
5774:
5729:
5640:
The International Style: Exhibition 15 and The Museum of Modern Art
5219:
The International Style: Exhibition 15 and The Museum of Modern Art
4316:
3931:
3515:
3464:
3437:
3355:
3120:
Alberto Belgrano Blanco, José A. Hortal and Marcelo Martínez de Hoz
2901:
2735:
2723:
2656:
2541:
2358:
2191:
2182:
2090:
1948:
1582:
1173:
884:
682:
524:
448:. The ideals of the style are commonly summed up in three slogans:
325:
309:
The term "International Style" was first used in 1932 by historian
291:
105:
87:
5097:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
4840:) (frequently mistranslated as "Towards a New Architecture"), 1923
2216:
2070:
and solidified his reputation as a prototypical modern architect.
1959:, north of Tel Aviv's main historical commercial center. In 1994,
726:
7754:
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5987:
5739:
4396:
3740:
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971:
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702:
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582:
548:
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2025:
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7824:
7678:
4970:"Marcel Breuer's Iconic Atlanta Library: Archived October 2010"
4924:
3794:
3785:
3712:
3708:
3703:
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3628:
3623:
3572:
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1960:
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976:
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610:
602:
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540:
228:
6238:
5661:// International Journal of Cultural Research, 4 (25), 72–80.
5553:
Herbert Muschamp, "Fear, Hope and the Changing of the Guard",
5290:
Jewish refugees put their own twist on Bauhaus homes in Israel
4773:// International Journal of Cultural Research, 4 (25), 72–80.
650:
In Europe the modern movement in architecture had been called
67:
7859:
7799:
7764:
7759:
7744:
7694:
7263:
2835:
2107:
2015:
1850:
1795:
1687:
1565:
1386:
1145:
1045:
773:
266:
or the style that developed in 1920s Europe more broadly. In
5049:. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications. pp. 60–63.
849:
7849:
7769:
1888:
925:
4876:"International Style (modern European architecture style)"
6317:
1921:
refuge elsewhere; for example, Ernst May moved to Kenya.
2784:
Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid
3009:
Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier, Harrison & Abramovitz
730:
Philip Johnson co-defined the International Style with
5152:
Monroe Bengt Bowman (1901–1994), Art Institute Chicago
220:
until the 1970s. It is defined by strict adherence to
7248:
5430:
Gordon, Elizabeth, "The Threat to the Next America",
5407:
Modern Architecture: Being the Kahn Lectures for 1930
5233:
Richard Neutra and the Search for Modern Architecture
3863:
identified as one of the style's primary weaknesses.
2667:
After World War II, the International Style matured;
5117:"Siedlungshäuser: Die Häuser der Weissenhofsiedlung"
4921:"Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau"
4762:
4760:
2815:and a group of distinguished avant-garde artists".
464:'s description: "A house is a machine to live in".
4809:
4788:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell; Johnson, Philip (1932).
4585:Summa Artis XL: Arquitectura española del siglo XX
1585:; German Expressionism, for instance the works of
833:Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration
609:. The Gropius-designed Bauhaus school building in
5713:
3883:In the preface to the fourth edition of his book
2683:in Chicago, its most famous examples include the
8058:Museum of Modern Art (New York City) exhibitions
8029:
5557:, November 14, 1993, accessed February 17, 2008.
5171:, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1998, pp.35–69
4998:Marcel Breuer's Central Public Library – Atlanta
4787:
4757:
4587:(in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 13.
4583:Baldellou, Miguel Ángel; Capitel, Antón (1995).
4582:
820:The International Style: Architecture Since 1922
344:, the International Style is closely related to
5139:"Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"
825:reprinted in 1997 by W. W. Norton & Company
822:, published by W. W. Norton & Co. in 1932.
5517:
4812:Le Corbusier: The Machine and the Grand Design
4783:
4781:
4779:
4612:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 203.
2904:. The masterplan for the city was proposed by
2703:in Colorado Springs, Colorado, as well as the
7234:
6276:
5699:
4891:
4889:
4791:Modern Architecture: International Exhibition
4386:
4384:
1990:, by Sánchez, Lagos & de la Torre (1936).
856:Modern Architecture: International Exhibition
740:Modern Architecture: International Exhibition
5448:Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
5321:White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement
5063:
4637:(in Spanish). Madrid: Susaeta. p. 176.
3830:Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
254:The International Style is sometimes called
6290:
5626:Philip Johnson and the Museum of Modern Art
5525:"Modernism – or should that be Modernwasm?"
5169:Philip Johnson and the Museum of Modern Art
4865:// Terra Artis. Arts and Design, 3, 84–101.
4776:
7241:
7227:
6283:
6269:
5706:
5692:
4886:
4562:(in Spanish). Milan: Electa. p. 101.
4381:
751:, Illinois, by Chicago architect brothers
5307:"A City Reinvents Itself Beyond Conflict"
5189:
5071:The Historiography of Modern Architecture
5040:
5038:
3209:High School of Graphic Communication Arts
1489:Rothenberg Siedlung, Kassel, Otto Haesler
850:Exemplary Uses of the International Style
794:hired architectural historian and critic
395:
5235:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
5195:Henry Russell Hitchcock, Philip Johnson.
5163:
5161:
5159:
5091:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier"
4632:
4607:
2655:
2640:
2176:Radio Pavilion of the Oncology Institute
1977:
1923:
1866:
725:
668:
647:direction than the International Style.
422:
320:
5596:Modern Architecture: A Critical History
5478:
5444:
5359:
4807:
4801:
4610:Modern Architecture: A Critical History
4557:
3885:Modern Architecture: A Critical History
2824:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
1269:Monroe Bengt Bowman & Irving Bowman
721:
328:Worker's Housing project, now a Museum,
27:20th-century modern architectural style
14:
8030:
5628:, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1998
5479:Stierli, Martino (December 22, 2016).
5454:. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from
5403:
5312:
5255:
5044:
5035:
4816:. New York: George Braziller. p.
4532:
3870:, the British architectural critic of
2781:Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form
2058:fled Germany they both arrived at the
2006:, Sweden, blended an international or
803:not complete until some months later.
7222:
6264:
5687:
5378:
5230:
5156:
2040:is the most valuable monument of the
1593:movement, popularized in the work of
114:in Philadelphia (completed 1932), by
5047:Frank Lloyd Wright: An Autobiography
4897:"International Style | architecture"
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4469:
4467:
4418:
4416:
4390:
1606:second-place entry by Eliel Saarinen
1576:
5262:MAK Center for Art and Architecture
3859:, portraying the style as elitist.
2962:860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
2681:860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
2614:Lake County Tuberculosis Sanatorium
24:
8038:International Style (architecture)
5604:
5598:, London, Thames and Hudson, 2007.
5513:from the original on Dec 10, 2023.
5491:from the original on May 22, 2020.
5429:
5201:. W. W. Norton & Co. in 1997.
4635:Atlas ilustrado de la arquitectura
3013:Headquarters of the United Nations
25:
8069:
8048:20th-century architectural styles
7250:Architecture of the United States
5665:
5571:Charm is not an antiquated notion
4974:centralbranchlibrary.blogspot.com
4491:
4464:
4413:
2787:All facade angles are 90 degrees.
2060:Harvard Graduate School of Design
1600:In 1922, the competition for the
6237:
5369:, Harvest House, Montreal, 1975.
4880:Art & Architecture Thesaurus
4732:"International Style – Overview"
4705:
4659:"International Style – Overview"
4510:"International Style – Overview"
3784:
3761:
3734:
3702:
3676:
3650:
3622:
3594:
3566:
3537:
3509:
3486:
3458:
3431:
3405:
3377:
3349:
3324:
3299:
3271:
3242:
3214:
3188:
3160:
3129:
3100:
3074:
3046:
3018:
2992:
2967:
2944:
2934:Illinois Institute of Technology
2618:
2591:
2560:
2551:Sánchez, Lagos & de la Torre
2531:
2508:
2485:
2454:
2426:
2401:
2380:
2352:
2324:
2298:
2266:
2238:
2210:
2181:
2156:
2127:
2101:
1844:
1817:
1789:
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1732:
1704:
1681:
1653:
1557:
1535:
1517:
1494:
1482:
1467:
1449:
1430:
1415:
1400:
1380:
1354:
1330:
1304:
1276:
1252:
1223:
1195:
1167:
1139:
1115:
1092:
1067:
1044:
1017:
991:
970:
947:
919:
891:
239:. The style is characterized by
174:in Jakarta (completed 1978), by
164:
146:
126:
104:
86:
66:
48:
38:International Style architecture
18:International style architecture
7563:Sarasota School of Architecture
5585:
5562:
5546:
5495:
5472:
5438:
5423:
5397:
5372:
5346:World Monuments Watch 1996–2006
5334:
5324:, World Heritage Centre, Unesco
5296:
5281:
5268:
5249:
5224:
5211:
5174:
5145:
5131:
5109:
5083:
5011:
4986:
4962:
4938:
4913:
4868:
4852:
4843:
4824:
4748:
4724:
4699:
4675:
4651:
4626:
4370:International Typographic Style
2818:In June 2007 UNESCO proclaimed
2778:Square or rectangular footprint
2701:United States Air Force Academy
2669:Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum
2636:
806:
488:International Typographic Style
270:, the style is variably called
136:in New York City (1955–58), by
5410:, Princeton University Press,
5293:, Deutsche Welle, 1 April 2009
4601:
4576:
4551:
4526:
4440:
3853:wrote a book-length critique,
3527:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
2771:were partly based in Toronto.
2677:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
1912:, the second Bauhaus director
1619:
368:and governmental buildings to
235:, typically expressed through
98:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
13:
1:
7688:Building types and vernacular
6543:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
5573:, FFWD Weekly: March 31, 2005
5356:, retrieved 16 September 2009
5287:Ina Rottscheidt, Kate Bowen,
5073:, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999
4537:. London: Grove. p. 14.
4375:
3894:
3849:Best-selling American author
2850:winner and Mexican architect
1892:architects made their way to
883:Workers Houses (house blocks
509:
58:in Los Angeles (1927–29), by
5531:. 1 Apr 2006. Archived from
5404:Wright, Frank Lloyd (2008),
5309:. Accessed 25 February 2010.
5095:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
5045:Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005).
4340:Functionalism (architecture)
4312:The Architects Collaborative
3805:
3775:Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante
1963:proclaimed the White City a
1862:
1676:houses on Rue Mallet-Stevens
697:. Le Corbusier had embraced
7:
5383:. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
4882:. Getty Research Institute.
4323:
3091:Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch
2919:
2916:
2913:
2685:United Nations headquarters
2081:
2078:
2075:
1839:Royal Corinthian Yacht Club
1632:
1629:
1626:
869:
866:
863:
782:
677:, Stuttgart, Germany (1927)
216:in the 1920s and dominated
212:and movement that began in
156:in Finland, (1929–1930) by
10:
8074:
7654:New Classical architecture
7286:Colonial and post-colonial
5221:. New York, Rizzoli, 1992.
4608:Frampton, Kenneth (2007).
4558:Poletti, Federico (2006).
4391:Khan, Hasan-Uddin (2009).
4335:Expressionist architecture
3392:
2922:
2797:University City of Caracas
2084:
2020:national cultural heritage
1668:
1635:
1079:
1003:
934:
872:
386:new classical architecture
29:
7999:
7873:
7687:
7591:
7451:
7403:
7377:
7339:
7284:
7256:
7131:
7100:
7049:
6914:
6651:
6610:
6485:
6398:
6316:
6298:
6231:
5928:
5722:
5642:, Rizzoli, New York, 1992
3856:From Bauhaus to Our House
3721:
3474:
3400:First National Bank Tower
3064:Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
2927:
2856:Carlos Obregón Santacilia
1669:
1477:, Brno, Mies van der Rohe
1162:Schocken Department Store
1080:
1004:
935:
623:, a recognized leader in
545:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
194:
186:
96:in Atlanta (1966–68), by
42:
7573:Spanish Colonial Revival
7413:Richardsonian Romanesque
5624:Elderfield, John (ed.).
5612:Tel Aviv: The White City
5507:Visual Arts Encyclopedia
5445:Venturi, Robert (1966).
5278:, Munich, Prestel, 2011.
5069:Panayotis Tournikiotis,
4633:Bussagli, Marco (2009).
4560:El siglo XX. Vanguardias
4355:Northwest Regional style
4162:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3476:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3422:Abugov & Sunderland
2929:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
2699:, and the campus of the
2650:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1887:The gradual rise of the
1543:Loews Philadelphia Hotel
1425:, Dessau, Walter Gropius
1247:Loews Philadelphia Hotel
1135:Champs-Élysées Penthouse
1006:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
613:, built 1925–26 and the
560:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
499:Getty Research Institute
318:"No applied ornament".
256:rationalist architecture
112:Loews Philadelphia Hotel
6308:History of construction
6292:History of architecture
6244:Architecture portal
5635:, Taschen, Berlin, 1990
5198:The International Style
5141:. Museum of Modern Art.
4901:Encyclopedia Britannica
4838:Towards an Architecture
4808:Evenson, Norma (1969).
4797:. Museum of Modern Art.
4393:El Estilo Internacional
3481:Toronto-Dominion Centre
2705:Toronto-Dominion Centre
844:The International Style
796:Henry-Russell Hitchcock
732:Henry-Russell Hitchcock
615:Harvard Graduate Center
605:, Germany, designed by
429:The International Style
311:Henry-Russell Hitchcock
76:in Paris (1928–31), by
8043:Modernist architecture
7506:Dutch Colonial Revival
6303:Architectural timeline
5614:, Jovis, Berlin 2012,
5256:Morgan, Susan (2015).
5231:Hines, Thomas (1982).
4994:"About: Marcel Breuer"
4345:High-tech architecture
4292:Leendert van der Vlugt
4287:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
4107:Frederick John Kiesler
3842:. It helped to define
2813:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
2664:
2653:
2598:Lincoln, Massachusetts
2256:František Lydie Gahura
2163:Rotterdam, Netherlands
2148:Leendert van der Vlugt
1991:
1940:
1884:
1824:Rotterdam, Netherlands
1807:Leendert van der Vlugt
1648:Zonnestraal Sanatorium
1376:Turun Sanomat building
1185:Frederick John Kiesler
987:City Employment Office
735:
678:
654:or Neue Sachlichkeit (
593:, Germany, called the
469:Brutalist architecture
432:
396:Concept and definition
346:modernist architecture
337:
7750:Hall and parlor house
7710:Central-passage house
7531:Mediterranean Revival
7257:Native and indigenous
6845:America and Australia
6465:Medieval Scandinavian
5578:June 3, 2008, at the
5468:– via Monoskop.
5434:(April 1953): 126–130
5379:Botey, Josep (1996).
4833:Vers une architecture
4708:"International style"
4683:"International Style"
4533:Turner, Jane (1996).
3972:Charles and Ray Eames
3967:Sir Frederick Gibberd
3839:Vers une Architecture
3779:Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
3178:Emery Roth & Sons
2987:Commonwealth Building
2893:, among many others.
2759:by Finnish architect
2659:
2644:
1981:
1927:
1870:
1671:Robert Mallet-Stevens
1612:California architect
1410:, Paris, Le Corbusier
729:
672:
458:form follows function
426:
324:
8053:Architectural design
7730:Critical regionalism
7423:American Renaissance
7087:Critical regionalism
6188:Critical regionalism
5770:Critical regionalism
5677:Architectural Digest
5485:Architectural Review
5341:World Monuments Fund
5119:. Weissenhofsiedlung
4687:www.architecture.org
4452:www.phmc.state.pa.us
4395:(in Spanish). Köln:
4365:Swiss Style (design)
4360:Organic architecture
4330:Critical regionalism
3095:City Hall, Hong Kong
2820:Ciudad Universitaria
2608:William Ganster and
2034:Garden city movement
1973:World Monuments Fund
1525:McGraw-Hill Building
1218:McGraw-Hill Building
1073:Brno, Czech Republic
770:McGraw-Hill Building
722:1932 MoMA exhibition
233:construction methods
30:For other uses, see
7578:Territorial Revival
7521:International style
7491:California bungalow
7481:American Foursquare
7026:Stripped Classicism
7001:International style
6984:Rationalist-Fascist
6633:Portuguese Colonial
6383:Pre-Islamic Persian
6036:International style
6028:Rationalist-Fascist
5972:Stripped Classicism
5905:Stripped Classicism
5885:Rationalist-Fascist
5810:International style
5716:modern architecture
5365:Robert W. Collier,
5276:Ernst May 1886–1970
4350:Modern architecture
4282:Edward Durell Stone
4192:Nathaniel A. Owings
3824:In 1966, architect
3767:Jakarta, Indonesia
3671:Hudson's Bay Centre
3612:Campeau Corporation
3448:Various architects
3330:Manila, Philippines
3319:Philamlife Building
3223:, New York City, US
3183:10 Lafayette Square
2887:Juan Sordo Madaleno
2809:World Heritage Site
2293:Carl Mackley Houses
2261:Tomas Bata Memorial
2038:Tomas Bata Memorial
1965:World Heritage Site
1644:and Bernard Bijvoet
1326:Rothenberg Siedlung
1272:Lux apartment block
1133:Carlos de Beistegui
914:Semi-detached Villa
753:Monroe Bengt Bowman
601:, built in 1923 in
581:The founder of the
264:Italian rationalism
218:modern architecture
210:architectural style
206:International Style
39:
32:International style
7629:Mid-century modern
7476:American Craftsman
7465:Streamline Moderne
7031:Postconstructivism
6974:Streamline Moderne
6119:(1940s–late 1970s)
6108:Mid-century modern
6076:Postconstructivism
6020:Streamline Moderne
5900:Streamline Moderne
5865:Postconstructivism
5820:Mid-Century modern
5352:2009-09-28 at the
5303:The New York Times
4479:www.britannica.com
4428:www.britannica.com
4132:Yehuda Magidovitch
4037:Hermann Henselmann
3942:Roberto Burle Marx
3812:Frank Lloyd Wright
3555:Hermann Henselmann
3532:Equitable Building
3454:, initial network
3266:Hamilton City Hall
3205:Kelly & Gruzen
2936:campus (including
2860:Augusto H. Alvarez
2665:
2654:
2625:Waukegan, Illinois
2375:Max-Liebling House
2289:and Alfred Kastner
1992:
1941:
1885:
1750:Alejandro Bustillo
1587:Hermann Finsterlin
744:Heckscher Building
736:
691:Deutscher Werkbund
679:
636:Frank Lloyd Wright
521:Henry van de Velde
454:truth to materials
433:
414:Fallingwater House
342:modernism movement
338:
268:continental Europe
94:Equitable Building
37:
8025:
8024:
7592:Post–World War II
7304:Colonial Georgian
7216:
7215:
6258:
6257:
5631:Gössel, Gabriel.
5620:978-3-939633-75-4
4644:978-84-305-4483-7
4399:. pp. 7–11.
4247:Rudolph Schindler
4112:Friedrich Silaban
4097:Richard Kauffmann
3803:
3802:
3723:Friedrich Silaban
3693:Jerzy Skrzypczak
3667:Crang & Boake
3589:Capel Manor House
3344:Place Ville-Marie
3195:Buffalo, New York
2883:Enrique del Moral
2868:Federico Mariscal
2832:Enrique del Moral
2757:Toronto City Hall
2634:
2633:
2555:Kavanagh Building
2475:Berthold Lubetkin
2397:Thermometer House
1984:Kavanagh Building
1975:endangered site.
1860:
1859:
1812:Van Nelle Factory
1784:Paimio Sanatorium
1614:Rudolph Schindler
1577:Notable omissions
1527:, New York City,
1506:Rudolph Schindler
1461:Mies van der Rohe
1396:
1395:
1229:New York City, US
1190:Film Guild Cinema
1012:Weissenhof Estate
1010:Apartment House,
900:, The Netherlands
712:Weissenhof Estate
675:Weissenhof Estate
644:Wasmuth Portfolio
442:machine aesthetic
280:Neue Sachlichkeit
202:
201:
176:Friedrich Silaban
154:Paimio Sanatorium
138:Mies van der Rohe
16:(Redirected from
8065:
7991:Washington, D.C.
7609:Deconstructivism
7511:Georgian Revival
7501:Colonial Revival
7454:mid-20th century
7378:Mid-19th century
7324:Spanish Colonial
7243:
7236:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7108:Deconstructivism
6867:Spanish Colonial
6628:Spanish Colonial
6528:Western Chalukya
6336:Ancient Egyptian
6285:
6278:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6250:Related articles
6242:
6241:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6196:Deconstructivism
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5780:Deconstructivism
5708:
5701:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5645:Tabibi, Baharak
5638:Riley, Terence.
5610:Boness, Stefan.
5599:
5592:Kenneth Frampton
5589:
5583:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
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5453:
5442:
5436:
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5427:
5421:
5420:
5401:
5395:
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5376:
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5357:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5316:
5310:
5300:
5294:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5228:
5222:
5215:
5209:
5193:
5187:
5181:Baharak Tabibi,
5178:
5172:
5165:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5081:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4872:
4866:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4805:
4799:
4798:
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4785:
4774:
4764:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
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4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4506:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4388:
4147:Erich Mendelsohn
4067:John M. Johansen
4032:Wallace Harrison
3952:Natalie de Blois
3927:Geoffrey Bazeley
3922:Pietro Belluschi
3889:Kenneth Frampton
3819:Elizabeth Gordon
3789:
3788:
3766:
3765:
3739:
3738:
3707:
3706:
3697:Chałubińskiego 8
3681:
3680:
3655:
3654:
3627:
3626:
3599:
3598:
3571:
3570:
3542:
3541:
3514:
3513:
3504:Westmount Square
3491:
3490:
3463:
3462:
3436:
3435:
3410:
3409:
3382:
3381:
3372:Prudential Tower
3354:
3353:
3329:
3328:
3314:Carlos Arguelles
3304:
3303:
3276:
3275:
3247:
3246:
3219:
3218:
3193:
3192:
3165:
3164:
3134:
3133:
3105:
3104:
3079:
3078:
3051:
3050:
3023:
3022:
2999:Portland, Oregon
2997:
2996:
2982:Pietro Belluschi
2972:
2971:
2949:
2948:
2938:S. R. Crown Hall
2911:
2910:
2876:
2693:Seagram Building
2646:Seagram Building
2623:
2622:
2596:
2595:
2565:
2564:
2536:
2535:
2526:Ravelston Garden
2513:
2512:
2490:
2489:
2459:
2458:
2431:
2430:
2416:Erich Mendelsohn
2407:Tel Aviv, Israel
2406:
2405:
2386:Tel Aviv, Israel
2385:
2384:
2357:
2356:
2347:Dizengoff Square
2329:
2328:
2303:
2302:
2271:
2270:
2243:
2242:
2215:
2214:
2186:
2185:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2131:
2106:
2105:
2073:
2072:
1996:residential area
1929:Dizengoff Circle
1849:
1848:
1822:
1821:
1794:
1793:
1766:
1765:
1737:
1736:
1709:
1708:
1686:
1685:
1658:
1657:
1624:
1623:
1561:
1545:, Philadelphia,
1539:
1521:
1498:
1486:
1471:
1453:
1444:, Walter Gropius
1434:
1419:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1359:
1358:
1335:
1334:
1309:
1308:
1281:
1280:
1257:
1256:
1228:
1227:
1200:
1199:
1172:
1171:
1157:Erich Mendelsohn
1144:
1143:
1120:
1119:
1097:
1096:
1072:
1071:
1049:
1048:
1022:
1021:
996:
995:
975:
974:
952:
951:
928:, Czech Republic
924:
923:
896:
895:
861:
860:
707:L'Esprit Nouveau
660:L'Esprit Nouveau
390:deconstructivism
168:
150:
134:Seagram Building
130:
108:
90:
70:
52:
40:
36:
21:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
7995:
7869:
7683:
7587:
7536:Mission Revival
7453:
7447:
7399:
7373:
7335:
7319:German Colonial
7314:French Colonial
7280:
7252:
7247:
7217:
7212:
7127:
7096:
7045:
6979:Totalitarianism
6969:New Objectivity
6910:
6763:Serbo-Byzantine
6758:Russo-Byzantine
6647:
6606:
6481:
6458:Islamic Persian
6394:
6312:
6294:
6289:
6259:
6254:
6236:
6227:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6150:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6012:New Objectivity
6006:
5998:
5990:
5982:
5974:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5933:
5931:
5930:By start year /
5924:
5855:New Objectivity
5718:
5712:
5668:
5607:
5605:Further reading
5602:
5590:
5586:
5580:Wayback Machine
5567:
5563:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5432:House Beautiful
5428:
5424:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5377:
5373:
5364:
5360:
5354:Wayback Machine
5339:
5335:
5327:
5325:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5301:
5297:
5286:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5229:
5225:
5217:Terence Riley,
5216:
5212:
5194:
5190:
5179:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4950:The Independent
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4829:
4825:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4777:
4765:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4389:
4382:
4378:
4326:
4321:
4307:Minoru Yamasaki
4277:Raphael Soriano
4267:Ben-Ami Shulman
4232:Gerrit Rietveld
4152:John O. Merrill
4142:Alfred Mansfeld
4127:Charles Luckman
4122:William Lescaze
4027:Arieh El-Hanani
3982:Joseph Emberton
3947:Gordon Bunshaft
3897:
3808:
3783:
3760:
3756:Istiqlal Mosque
3733:
3728:Borobudur Hotel
3701:
3675:
3649:
3640:Arthur C.F. Lau
3621:
3593:
3565:
3561:Berlin TV Tower
3536:
3508:
3485:
3457:
3430:
3404:
3376:
3367:Charles Luckman
3348:
3323:
3305:Los Angeles, US
3298:
3270:
3241:
3237:SAS Royal Hotel
3213:
3187:
3159:
3128:
3099:
3073:
3069:Eight Forty One
3045:
3017:
2991:
2966:
2943:
2870:
2671:(later renamed
2639:
2617:
2610:William Pereira
2590:
2559:
2530:
2522:Neil & Hurd
2514:London, England
2507:
2491:London, England
2484:
2453:
2449:Isokon building
2425:
2400:
2379:
2351:
2323:
2297:
2265:
2237:
2209:
2180:
2155:
2152:Sonneveld House
2126:
2100:
1935:, Tel Aviv, by
1879:, Netherlands,
1865:
1843:
1834:Joseph Emberton
1816:
1788:
1760:
1756:Victoria Ocampo
1731:
1703:
1680:
1652:
1642:Johannes Duiker
1622:
1604:and its famous
1579:
1572:
1564:Turun Sanomat,
1562:
1553:
1551:William Lescaze
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:, Los Angeles,
1499:
1490:
1487:
1478:
1475:Villa Tugendhat
1472:
1463:
1457:German Pavilion
1454:
1445:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1379:
1353:
1329:
1303:
1275:
1251:
1242:William Lescaze
1222:
1194:
1166:
1138:
1114:
1091:
1066:
1062:Villa Tugendhat
1043:
1035:German pavilion
1016:
997:Dessau, Germany
990:
969:
946:
918:
890:
852:
809:
785:
738:The exhibition
724:
656:New Objectivity
512:
398:
370:corporate parks
286:New Objectivity
260:modern movement
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
172:Istiqlal Mosque
169:
161:
160:
151:
142:
141:
140:
131:
123:
122:
120:William Lescaze
109:
101:
100:
91:
82:
81:
80:
71:
63:
62:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8071:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8003:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7795:Platform mound
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7553:Prairie School
7550:
7549:
7548:
7541:Pueblo Revival
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7496:Chicago School
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7457:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7395:Gothic Revival
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7340:Early Republic
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Dutch Colonial
7306:
7301:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7146:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6964:Constructivism
6961:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6939:
6937:Prairie School
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
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6510:
6505:
6500:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6470:Pre-Romanesque
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6400:1st millennium
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6358:
6353:
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6081:
6073:
6065:
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6049:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5996:Constructivism
5993:
5985:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5956:Prairie School
5953:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
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5892:
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5880:Prairie School
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
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5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
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5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5760:Constructivism
5757:
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5742:
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5732:
5726:
5724:
5723:Alphabetically
5720:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5682:
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5667:
5666:External links
5664:
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5636:
5629:
5622:
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5601:
5600:
5584:
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5555:New York Times
5545:
5516:
5494:
5471:
5437:
5422:
5417:978-0691129372
5416:
5396:
5389:
5381:Oscar Niemeyer
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4297:Munio Weinraub
4294:
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4262:Louis Skidmore
4259:
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4212:Ernst Plischke
4209:
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4174:
4172:Oscar Niemeyer
4169:
4167:Richard Neutra
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4137:Michael Manser
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Oskar Kaufmann
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Philip Johnson
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Muzharul Islam
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Walter Gropius
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Bohuslav Fuchs
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Max Abramovitz
3904:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3834:Vincent Scully
3826:Robert Venturi
3807:
3804:
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3797:
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3632:
3619:
3617:Place de Ville
3614:
3608:
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3591:
3586:
3584:Michael Manser
3580:
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3452:Montreal Metro
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3316:
3310:
3309:
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3296:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3268:
3263:
3262:Stanley Roscoe
3259:
3258:
3255:
3239:
3234:
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3211:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
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2941:
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2925:
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2921:
2918:
2915:
2898:Oscar Niemeyer
2879:Vladimir Kaspé
2848:Pritzker Prize
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2752:Robert Campeau
2748:Place de Ville
2662:Place de Ville
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2588:
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2581:Walter Gropius
2577:
2576:
2573:
2557:
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2548:
2547:
2544:
2528:
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2451:
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2440:
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2421:Weizmann House
2418:
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2408:
2398:
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2387:
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2366:
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2342:Genia Averbuch
2338:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2315:Edvin Engström
2312:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2290:
2287:Oscar Stonorov
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:Czech Republic
2263:
2258:
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2251:
2248:
2235:
2230:
2224:
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2220:
2207:
2206:Schminke House
2204:
2198:
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2178:
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2168:
2165:
2153:
2150:
2144:
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2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2098:
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2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2052:Walter Gropius
1957:Patrick Geddes
1937:Genia Averbuch
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1841:
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1510:Richard Neutra
1500:
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1481:
1479:
1473:
1466:
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1455:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1429:
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1423:Bauhaus School
1421:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1348:
1347:Karl Schneider
1344:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1296:
1294:Richard Neutra
1290:
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1089:
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1064:
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1057:
1054:
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1039:Barcelona Expo
1031:
1030:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1001:
998:
988:
984:
983:
980:
967:
965:Bauhaus School
961:
960:
957:
944:
939:
937:Walter Gropius
933:
932:
929:
916:
911:
905:
904:
901:
888:
881:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
851:
848:
829:
828:
827:
826:
816:
808:
805:
800:Philip Johnson
792:Alfred H. Barr
784:
781:
723:
720:
632:Louis Sullivan
587:Walter Gropius
576:Philip Johnson
572:Richard Neutra
511:
508:
473:constructivism
397:
394:
366:social housing
340:Rooted in the
315:Philip Johnson
313:and architect
214:western Europe
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
170:
163:
162:
152:
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132:
125:
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110:
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102:
92:
85:
84:
83:
72:
65:
64:
60:Richard Neutra
54:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8070:
8059:
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7971:San Francisco
7969:
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7964:
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7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:New York City
7944:
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7866:
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7853:
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7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7820:Shotgun house
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
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7761:
7758:
7756:
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7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7735:Dogtrot house
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7725:Cowboy church
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
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7680:
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7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7583:Tudor Revival
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:Mayan Revival
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
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7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
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7431:
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7424:
7421:
7419:
7418:Second Empire
7416:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7385:Greek Revival
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
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7327:
7326:
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7307:
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7297:
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7283:
7277:
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7270:
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7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7118:New Classical
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Structuralism
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:Functionalism
7004:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
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6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6942:Expressionism
6940:
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6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Liberty style
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:Neo-Manueline
6825:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6800:Monumentalism
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Mediterranean
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
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6742:
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6738:
6737:
6734:
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6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
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6657:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6644:
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6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Romano-Gothic
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:Ancient Roman
6369:
6367:
6366:Ancient Greek
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6221:
6218:
6213:
6212:New Classical
6210:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6157:
6156:Postmodernism
6154:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6140:Structuralism
6138:
6133:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6101:
6098:
6095:(1930s–1950s)
6093:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6050:
6047:(1920s–1970s)
6045:
6044:Functionalism
6042:
6037:
6034:
6031:(1920s–1930s)
6029:
6026:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5978:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5964:Expressionism
5962:
5959:(1890s–1920s)
5957:
5954:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:Structuralism
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Postmodernism
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:New Classical
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Monumentalism
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Functionalism
5788:
5786:
5785:Expressionism
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5549:
5535:on 2020-01-06
5534:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5461:on 2016-08-10
5457:
5450:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5242:0-19-503028-1
5238:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5207:0-393-31518-5
5204:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5118:
5112:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5079:0-262-70085-9
5076:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5056:0-7649-3243-8
5052:
5048:
5041:
5039:
5024:
5020:
5014:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4751:
4737:
4736:The Art Story
4733:
4727:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4664:
4663:The Art Story
4660:
4654:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4619:9780500203958
4615:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4594:84-239-5482-X
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4569:84-8156-404-4
4565:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4544:1-884446-00-0
4540:
4536:
4529:
4515:
4514:The Art Story
4511:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4408:
4406:9783836510530
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Michael Scott
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Eero Saarinen
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
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4190:
4188:
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4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
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4168:
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4163:
4160:
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4150:
4148:
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4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
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4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Roger Johnson
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Arne Jacobsen
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Henry N. Cobb
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Marcel Breuer
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Welton Becket
3915:
3913:
3912:Luis Barragán
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3844:postmodernism
3841:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
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3520:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Arne Jacobsen
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:Old City Hall
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:Alas Building
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:Victoria City
3103:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Michael Scott
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:New York City
3021:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:Luis Barragán
2849:
2845:
2844:Juan O'Gorman
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
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2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:New York City
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2629:
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2621:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:Gropius House
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
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2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:
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2550:
2549:
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2280:
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2274:
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2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:, Netherlands
2246:
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2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Hans Scharoun
2200:
2199:
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2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
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2159:
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2130:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:Labworth Café
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:Marcel Breuer
2053:
2048:
2046:
2045:functionalism
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:functionalist
2005:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:functionalism
1895:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1842:
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1837:
1835:
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1800:
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1725:
1723:
1720:
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1715:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:Villa Cavrois
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1662:, Netherlands
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:Tribune Tower
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
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1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:, Barcelona,
1458:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Fagus Factory
1433:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1378:
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1255:
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1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:New York City
1198:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1160:
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1126:
1123:
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1108:
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1103:
1100:
1095:
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1009:
1007:
999:
994:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
973:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
950:
945:
943:
942:Fagus Factory
940:
938:
930:
927:
922:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
894:
889:
886:
882:
880:
877:
876:
862:
859:
857:
847:
845:
841:
840:Terence Riley
838:According to
836:
834:
824:
823:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
766:Lewis Mumford
762:
758:
757:Irving Bowman
754:
750:
745:
741:
733:
728:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Functionalism
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
621:Marcel Breuer
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
507:
505:
500:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
477:functionalism
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
430:
425:
421:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:postmodernism
377:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
358:Western world
355:
351:
350:United States
347:
343:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
307:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
293:
287:
283:
282:
281:
275:
274:
273:Functionalism
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
249:flat surfaces
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
173:
167:
159:
155:
149:
139:
135:
129:
121:
117:
113:
107:
99:
95:
89:
79:
75:
69:
61:
57:
51:
41:
33:
19:
7956:Philadelphia
7916:Jacksonville
7805:Quiggly hole
7644:Neo-futurism
7639:Neo-eclectic
7599:Blobitecture
7452:Late-19th to
7362:Neoclassical
7357:Jeffersonian
7299:First Period
7176:Mesoamerican
7123:Contemporary
7101:2000–present
7092:Neo-futurism
7072:Blobitecture
6899:Modern Style
6815:Neoclassical
6563:Indo-Islamic
6538:Great Seljuk
6523:Vijayanagara
6417:East Slavic
6331:Mesopotamian
6235:
6220:Contemporary
6172:Neo-futurism
6164:Blobitecture
6103:(1930s–1970)
5835:Neo-Futurism
5765:Contemporary
5745:Blobitecture
5675:
5647:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5611:
5595:
5587:
5570:
5564:
5554:
5548:
5537:. Retrieved
5533:the original
5529:Hugh Pearman
5528:
5519:
5506:
5497:
5484:
5474:
5463:. Retrieved
5456:the original
5447:
5440:
5431:
5425:
5406:
5399:
5380:
5374:
5366:
5361:
5345:
5336:
5326:, retrieved
5320:
5314:
5302:
5298:
5289:
5283:
5275:
5270:
5251:
5232:
5226:
5218:
5213:
5197:
5191:
5182:
5176:
5168:
5147:
5133:
5121:. Retrieved
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5094:
5085:
5070:
5065:
5046:
5026:. Retrieved
5022:
5013:
5002:. Retrieved
5000:. 2008-12-22
4997:
4988:
4977:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4953:. Retrieved
4949:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4915:
4904:. Retrieved
4900:
4879:
4870:
4854:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4826:
4811:
4803:
4790:
4750:
4739:. Retrieved
4735:
4726:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4690:. Retrieved
4686:
4677:
4666:. Retrieved
4662:
4653:
4634:
4628:
4609:
4603:
4584:
4578:
4559:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4517:. Retrieved
4513:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:
4442:
4431:. Retrieved
4427:
4392:
4302:Lloyd Wright
4272:Jerzy Sołtan
4257:Arieh Sharon
4227:Viljo Revell
4222:Zeev Rechter
4217:Ralph Rapson
4157:Hannes Meyer
4117:Le Corbusier
4062:Marcel Janco
4042:Raymond Hood
4022:Otto Haesler
4007:Bruce Graham
4002:Landis Gores
3997:Heydar Ghiai
3884:
3882:
3871:
3868:Hugh Pearman
3865:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3732:
3645:Stelco Tower
3289:John Lautner
3136:Buenos Aires
3081:Jacksonville
2895:
2840:Diego Rivera
2817:
2790:
2773:
2769:George Baird
2761:Viljo Revell
2713:
2666:
2648:, New York,
2637:1945–present
2567:Buenos Aires
2444:Wells Coates
2394:Yehuda Lulka
2305:Philadelphia
2172:Carlos Ramos
2134:Buenos Aires
2118:Jorge Kálnay
2049:
2024:
1993:
1988:Buenos Aires
1942:
1914:Hannes Meyer
1902:Soviet Union
1886:
1873:Glass Palace
1768:Buenos Aires
1611:
1599:
1595:Antoni Gaudí
1580:
1529:Raymond Hood
1502:Lovell House
1408:Villa Savoye
1322:Otto Haesler
1299:Lovell House
1259:Philadelphia
1213:Raymond Hood
1110:Villa Savoye
1082:Le Corbusier
855:
853:
843:
837:
832:
830:
819:
810:
807:Publications
786:
778:
761:J. J. P. Oud
739:
737:
706:
687:Le Corbusier
680:
662:, or simply
659:
649:
629:
619:
599:Haus am Horn
580:
568:Le Corbusier
557:
529:Antoni Gaudí
517:Victor Horta
513:
496:
485:
466:
462:Le Corbusier
452:is a crime,
438:
434:
428:
418:
410:Villa Savoye
407:
403:architecture
399:
378:
362:
354:World War II
339:
308:
301:
297:
290:
289:
285:
278:
277:
272:
259:
255:
253:
205:
203:
187:Years active
78:Le Corbusier
74:Villa Savoye
56:Lovell House
7966:San Antonio
7941:New Orleans
7931:Los Angeles
7921:Kansas City
7855:Town square
7840:Sweat lodge
7790:Plank house
7740:Earth lodge
7558:PWA Moderne
7433:Stick style
7329:Territorial
7036:PWA Moderne
6922:Rationalism
6884:Art Nouveau
6872:Territorial
6852:Renaissance
6836:Queen Anne
6709:Elizabethan
6602:Plateresque
6597:Renaissance
6580:Sondergotik
6475:Carolingian
6421:Kievan Rus'
6135:(1953–1970)
6111:(1933–1969)
6087:(1933–1944)
6084:PWA Moderne
6071:(1910–1939)
6023:(1925–1950)
6015:(1922–1933)
6007:(1921–1929)
6004:Rondocubism
5999:(1920–1932)
5991:(1919–1933)
5983:(1917–1931)
5951:(1890–1910)
5948:Art Nouveau
5943:(1888–1911)
5915:Sustainable
5890:Rondocubism
5875:PWA Moderne
5735:Art Nouveau
4207:Frits Peutz
4187:Jacobus Oud
4177:Eliot Noyes
4102:Fazlur Khan
4047:George Howe
4012:Eileen Gray
3992:Paul Furiet
3977:Otto Eisler
3962:George Dahl
3902:Alvar Aalto
3791:Mexico City
3395:George Dahl
3294:Chemosphere
2973:Chicago, US
2906:Lúcio Costa
2871: [
2828:Mexico City
2826:(UNAM), in
2795:proclaimed
2765:Jane Jacobs
2689:Lever House
2660:Tower C of
2500:Maxwell Fry
2480:Highpoint I
2319:Södra Ängby
2228:Frits Peutz
2012:garden city
2010:style with
2002:in western
2000:Södra Ängby
1881:Frits Peutz
1779:Alvar Aalto
1770:, Argentina
1722:Eileen Gray
1620:Before 1932
1570:Alvar Aalto
1547:George Howe
1508:(garden by
1372:Alvar Aalto
1350:Kunstverein
1311:Los Angeles
1238:George Howe
1087:Villa Stein
909:Otto Eisler
879:Jacobus Oud
776:, Finland.
640:Irving Gill
607:Georg Muche
595:Fagus Works
564:Jacobus Oud
553:Romanticism
537:Otto Wagner
492:Swiss Style
481:rationalism
446:historicism
412:; Wright's
374:skyscrapers
334:Jacobus Oud
303:Rationalism
245:rectilinear
226:utilitarian
208:is a major
190:1920s–1970s
158:Alvar Aalto
116:George Howe
8032:Categories
8007:California
7830:Skyscraper
7785:Moki steps
7780:Longhouses
7674:Tiny-house
7669:Shed style
7659:Postmodern
7486:Beaux-Arts
7438:Queen Anne
7390:Italianate
7367:Antebellum
7193:Portuguese
7067:Postmodern
7016:Organicism
6904:Modernisme
6889:Jugendstil
6748:Revivalism
6736:Industrial
6719:Portuguese
6493:Romanesque
6388:Achaemenid
6148:Metabolism
6060:Organicism
5940:Modernisme
5860:Organicism
5825:Modernisme
5815:Metabolism
5714:Genres of
5655:Vasileva E
5569:R. Jobst,
5539:2014-04-02
5465:2017-11-18
5390:8425215765
5328:2009-09-14
5028:2018-09-19
5004:2018-09-19
4979:2018-09-19
4955:2018-09-19
4930:8 December
4906:2018-09-17
4859:Vasileva E
4767:Vasileva E
4741:2024-08-13
4717:2024-08-09
4692:2024-08-09
4668:2024-08-13
4519:2024-08-09
4484:2024-08-08
4457:2024-08-09
4433:2024-08-09
4376:References
4237:Carl Rubin
4197:Mario Pani
4082:Louis Kahn
3895:Architects
3878:revivalist
3828:published
3717:1975–1978
3634:1967–1972
3601:Horsmonden
3249:Copenhagen
3200:1958–1959
3150:John Bland
3058:1945–1953
2956:1945–1960
2914:Architect
2896:In Brazil
2864:Mario Pani
2630:1938–1939
2603:1937–1938
2364:1934–1938
2336:1933–1939
2310:1933–1934
2233:Glaspaleis
2167:1932–1933
2113:1932–1933
2076:Architect
2030:Bata Shoes
1945:White City
1933:White City
1906:Bruno Taut
1828:1926–1930
1739:Cap Martin
1665:1926–1928
1627:Architect
1591:organicist
1589:; and the
1179:1928–1930
931:1926–1927
903:1924–1927
864:Architect
818:The book,
689:, and the
685:movement,
625:Béton Brut
510:Background
237:minimalism
222:functional
7986:St. Louis
7926:Las Vegas
7835:Sod house
7775:Log cabin
7720:Corn crib
7649:Neomodern
7624:High-tech
7619:Earthship
7604:Brutalist
7405:Victorian
7154:Dravidian
7113:Neomodern
7077:High-tech
7057:Brutalism
7050:1950–2000
6994:Stalinist
6927:Mycenaean
6915:1900–1950
6753:Byzantine
6729:Ukrainian
6714:Naryshkin
6679:Edwardian
6652:1750–1900
6623:Palladian
6618:Manueline
6611:1500–1750
6486:1000–1500
6426:Muscovite
6413:Byzantine
6361:Classical
6349:Mycenaean
6326:Neolithic
6204:Neomodern
6180:High-tech
6132:New Khmer
6116:Brutalism
6092:Stalinist
5895:Stalinist
5850:New Khmer
5840:Neomodern
5805:High-tech
5755:Bowellism
5750:Brutalism
5657:. (2016)
5123:10 August
4861:. (2021)
4769:. (2016)
4202:I. M. Pei
4182:Gyo Obata
4087:Dov Karmi
3873:The Times
3866:In 2006,
3851:Tom Wolfe
3810:In 1930,
3806:Criticism
3745:Indonesia
3575:, Germany
3467:, Canada
3440:, Canada
3339:I. M. Pei
3221:Manhattan
3140:Argentina
3111:Hong Kong
3055:, Ireland
2920:Location
2917:Building
2891:Max Cetto
2805:Venezuela
2728:Vancouver
2571:Argentina
2538:Edinburgh
2504:Sun House
2370:Dov Karmi
2331:Stockholm
2219:, Germany
2138:Argentina
2122:Luna Park
2110:, England
2082:Location
2079:Building
2004:Stockholm
1918:Ernst May
1910:Mart Stam
1894:Palestine
1863:1932–1944
1853:, England
1798:, Finland
1754:House of
1660:Hilversum
1633:Location
1630:Building
1389:, Finland
1363:, Germany
1339:, Germany
1176:, Germany
1051:Barcelona
1026:, Germany
1024:Stuttgart
979:, Germany
956:, Germany
898:Rotterdam
870:Location
867:Building
790:director
716:Stuttgart
699:Taylorist
664:Modernism
533:Barcelona
427:Cover of
330:Rotterdam
298:The Style
198:Worldwide
7961:Portland
7901:Columbus
7705:Cape Cod
7700:Barabara
7461:Art Deco
7269:Builders
7166:Japanese
7144:Colonial
7132:Regional
7082:Arcology
7021:Art Deco
7011:Futurism
6954:De Stijl
6857:Romanian
6775:Egyptian
6770:Colonial
6724:Siberian
6534:Islamic
6503:Ottonian
6498:Galician
6408:Sasanian
6376:Herodian
6356:Etruscan
6223:(2000s–)
6215:(1990s–)
6207:(1990s–)
6199:(1980s–)
6191:(1980s–)
6183:(1970s–)
6175:(1960s–)
6167:(1960s–)
6159:(1960s–)
6124:Tropical
6068:Art Deco
6063:(1920s–)
6055:(1920s–)
6052:Futurism
6039:(1920s–)
5980:De Stijl
5920:Tropical
5795:Futurism
5775:De Stijl
5730:Art Deco
5576:Archived
5511:Archived
5489:Archived
5350:Archived
4324:See also
4317:Toyo Ito
3932:Max Bill
3887:(2007),
3685:, Canada
3659:, Canada
3657:Hamilton
3631:, Canada
3518:, Canada
3516:Montreal
3495:, Canada
3465:Montreal
3438:Edmonton
3426:CN Tower
3358:, Canada
3356:Montreal
3280:, Canada
3278:Hamilton
3257:1958–60
3169:, Canada
2902:Brasilia
2791:In 2000
2740:Hamilton
2736:Edmonton
2724:Montreal
2542:Scotland
2435:, Israel
2361:, Israel
2359:Tel Aviv
2333:, Sweden
2192:Portugal
2091:Ove Arup
1949:Tel Aviv
1741:, France
1713:, France
1690:, France
1583:Art Deco
1283:Evanston
1174:Chemnitz
1148:, France
1124:, France
1101:, France
885:Kiefhoek
783:Curators
749:Evanston
693:and the
683:De Stijl
585:school,
525:Brussels
450:ornament
326:Kiefhoek
300:"), and
292:De Stijl
258:and the
195:Location
7981:Spokane
7976:Seattle
7911:Houston
7906:Detroit
7896:Chicago
7891:Buffalo
7881:Atlanta
7845:Temples
7815:Saltbox
7755:I-house
7715:Chickee
7679:Usonian
7614:Dingbat
7471:Pre-war
7443:Shingle
7352:Federal
7203:Spanish
7198:Russian
7139:Chinese
6959:Bauhaus
6862:Russian
6840:Britain
6822:Moorish
6805:Baroque
6795:Mission
6741:British
6704:Petrine
6699:Maltese
6694:Italian
6684:English
6659:Baroque
6558:Ottoman
6553:Timurid
6518:Hoysala
6514:Indian
6453:Fatimid
6448:Abbasid
6443:Moorish
6438:Umayyad
6433:Islamic
6340:Aegean
6151:(1959–)
6143:(1959–)
6127:(1958–)
6079:(1930s)
5988:Bauhaus
5975:(1913–)
5967:(1910–)
5740:Bauhaus
5101:19 July
5023:Phaidon
4397:Taschen
3741:Jakarta
3683:Toronto
3544:Atlanta
3493:Toronto
3253:Denmark
3041:Busaras
2951:Chicago
2822:of the
2807:, as a
2801:Caracas
2744:Toronto
2732:Calgary
2709:Toronto
2465:England
2433:Rehovot
2245:Heerlen
2064:Bauhaus
1953:Bauhaus
1883:(1935).
1877:Heerlen
1361:Hamburg
1099:Garches
1053:, Spain
1037:at the
703:Fordist
695:Bauhaus
583:Bauhaus
549:Glasgow
504:modular
247:forms,
241:modular
229:designs
8012:Hawaii
8000:States
7886:Boston
7874:Cities
7865:Wigwam
7825:Sipapu
7810:Ramada
7634:Modern
7568:Rustic
7516:Googie
7294:Creole
7276:Pueblo
7208:Somali
7188:Newari
7171:Korean
7149:Indian
7041:Googie
6947:Cubism
6932:Modern
6832:Pueblo
6810:Rococo
6780:Gothic
6689:French
6664:Andean
6638:Mughal
6575:Gothic
6548:Mamluk
6508:Norman
6344:Minoan
6100:Googie
5932:decade
5800:Googie
5618:
5414:
5387:
5239:
5205:
5077:
5053:
4925:UNESCO
4706:Tate.
4641:
4616:
4591:
4566:
4541:
4403:
3795:Mexico
3713:Poland
3709:Warsaw
3629:Ottawa
3573:Berlin
3557:et al.
3412:Dallas
3384:Boston
3167:Ottawa
3053:Dublin
3030:1950s
2836:murals
2793:UNESCO
2742:, and
2720:Ottawa
2716:Canada
2691:, the
2687:, the
2675:) and
2652:(1958)
2461:London
2188:Lisbon
1969:listed
1961:UNESCO
1939:, 1934
1727:E-1027
1442:Alfeld
1337:Kassel
1240:&
1122:Poissy
977:Dessau
954:Alfeld
638:, and
611:Dessau
603:Weimar
591:Alfeld
541:Vienna
479:, and
460:; and
388:, and
336:(1930)
8017:Texas
7951:Omaha
7936:Miami
7860:Tupiq
7800:Qargi
7765:Jacal
7760:Igloo
7745:Hogan
7695:Adobe
7664:Ranch
7264:Mound
7159:Hindu
6877:Tudor
6785:Mayan
6674:Dutch
6669:Czech
6592:Aztec
6587:Incan
5459:(PDF)
5452:(PDF)
4795:(PDF)
3799:1982
3770:1978
3750:1974
3688:1974
3662:1973
3606:1971
3578:1969
3549:1968
3521:1967
3498:1967
3470:1966
3443:1966
3417:1965
3389:1964
3361:1962
3333:1961
3308:1960
3283:1960
3226:1959
3172:1958
3144:1957
3115:1956
3086:1955
3004:1948
2976:1949
2923:Date
2875:]
2575:1936
2546:1936
2517:1935
2494:1935
2469:1934
2438:1936
2410:1935
2389:1936
2281:1933
2250:1933
2222:1933
2217:Löbau
2196:1933
2142:1932
2108:Essex
2085:Date
2016:villa
1971:as a
1856:1931
1851:Essex
1801:1930
1796:Turku
1773:1929
1744:1929
1716:1929
1711:Croix
1693:1927
1688:Paris
1636:Date
1566:Turku
1392:1930
1387:Turku
1366:1930
1342:1930
1316:1929
1288:1931
1264:1932
1232:1931
1207:1929
1151:1931
1146:Paris
1127:1930
1104:1927
1076:1930
1056:1929
1029:1927
1000:1928
982:1926
959:1911
873:Date
774:Turku
332:, by
7850:Tipi
7770:Kiva
7546:Deco
7428:Folk
7347:Adam
7181:Maya
6989:Nazi
6643:Sikh
5616:ISBN
5412:ISBN
5385:ISBN
5237:ISBN
5203:ISBN
5125:2011
5103:2016
5075:ISBN
5051:ISBN
4932:2018
4712:Tate
4639:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4401:ISBN
3603:, UK
3546:, US
3414:, US
3386:, US
3197:, US
3083:, US
3027:, US
3001:, US
2953:, US
2767:and
2627:, US
2600:, US
2307:, US
2273:Zlín
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