179:
347:
77:
36:
1217:, intransitive verb sentence structure is often used, with no object attached. There must be a stative or active verb to have an intransitive sentence. A stative verb has a person or an object that is directly influenced by a verb. An active verb has the direct action performed by the subject. The
762:, the passive voice (where the object of a transitive verb becomes the subject of an intransitive verb) does not make sense, because the noun associated with the intransitive verb is marked as the object, not as the subject. Instead, these often have an
739:
Intransitive verbs can be rephrased as passive constructs in some languages. In
English, intransitive verbs can be used in the passive voice when a prepositional phrase is included, as in, "The houses were lived in by millions of people."
1253:
is able to express the agent, and the receiving person or thing that the agent is performing the action of the verb to is expressed by a singular noun phrase that lack a preposition, or unmarked noun phrase, the verb is then considered
814:), which was formerly marked by the absolutive, is deleted to form the antipassive voice (or is marked in a different way, in the same way that in the English passive voice can still be specified as the agent of the action using
736:
It cannot be continued with a direct object to be taken by "was hugged". For example, it would be ungrammatical to write "Mary was hugged her daughter" to show that Mary and her daughter shared a hug.
755:, a sentence such as "The children sleep" can be made passive to remove the subject and becomes, "They are slept." However, no addition like "... by the children" is possible in such cases.
856:. English is rather flexible as regards verb valency, and so it has a high number of ambitransitive verbs; other languages are more rigid and require explicit valency changing operations (
999:
does not and can not contain one. The action is not reflexive (as in (4a) and (4b)) because it is not performed by the subject; it just happens to it. Therefore, this is not the same as
912:
of the action, i.e. it is the thing affected by the action, not the one that performs it. In fact, the patient is the same in both sentences, and sentence (2) is an example of implicit
2003:
1330:
Tsujimura, N., ed. by
Natalia Gagarina and I. Gülzow (2007). The acquisition of verbs and their grammar : the effect of particular languages. Dordrecht : Springer. p. 106.
667:
In general, intransitive verbs often involve weather terms, involuntary processes, states, bodily functions, motion, action processes, cognition, sensation, and emotion.
1025:) are not of the alternating type; the subject is always the agent of the action, and the object is simply optional. A few verbs are of both types at once, like
774:
like
English, this promotion is nonsensical because intransitive verbs do not entail objects, they entail subjects. So, the subject of a transitive verb ("I" in
1239:
Every verbal sentence must have that structure, which contains a singular noun phrase, without a preposition, called an unmarked noun phrase. Only if a
375:
1044:
Some languages like
Japanese have different forms of certain verbs to show transitivity. For example, there are two forms of the verb "to start":
705:
In this sentence, "hugged" is a transitive verb with "Mary" as its object. The sentence can be made passive with the direct object "Mary" as the
1226:
1222:
1440:
679:
of a verb is related to transitivity. Where the transitivity of a verb only considers the objects, the valency of a verb considers all the
541:, may entail objects but do not always require one. Such a verb may be used as intransitive in one sentence, and as transitive in another.
844:
In many languages, there are "ambitransitive" verbs, which can occur either in a transitive or intransitive sense. For example, English
1003:, where an intransitive verb phrase appears, but there is an implicit agent (which can be made explicit using a complement phrase):
686:
It is possible to change the contextually indicated sense of a verb from transitive to intransitive, and in so doing to change the
1201:
is ordinarily intransitive, but one can say, "He slept a troubled sleep", meaning roughly "He slept, and his sleep was troubled."
697:, a transitive verb in the active voice becomes intransitive in the passive voice. For example, consider the following sentence:
141:
368:
113:
1335:
908:
of the action, i.e. the performer of the action of breaking the cup. In (2), the verb is intransitive and the subject is the
1236:, the noun phrases used with verbs are required when verbs are placed in groups. Verbs are divided into two major groups.
1268:
991:
Sentences (3a) and (3b) show
Romance pseudo-reflexive phrases, corresponding to English alternating intransitives. As in
120:
408:, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs are typically considered within a class apart from
771:
94:
49:
1090:
when the subject is not an agent; that is, it does not actively initiate the action of the verb (e.g. "die", "fall").
873:
for which the alignment of the syntactic arguments to the semantic roles is exchanged. An example of this is the verb
2301:
361:
241:
225:
160:
63:
1433:
759:
127:
724:
The passive-voice construction does not indicate an object. The passivized sentence could be continued with the
2275:
98:
109:
2093:
770:
of a transitive verb is promoted to the "object" of the corresponding intransitive verb. In the context of a
24:
2085:
1785:
1604:
1501:
1426:
1471:
1293:
191:
1246:
The agent is what speakers of the language call the person who is performing the action of the verb.
2195:
1695:
748:
313:
2007:
1516:
87:
1770:
1065:
In
Japanese, the form of the verb indicates the number of arguments the sentence needs to have.
2141:
1968:
1877:
248:
200:
134:
55:
2212:
2103:
2098:
2075:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1837:
1630:
1466:
1389:
1298:
1288:
1175:
This distinction may in some cases be reflected in the grammar, where for instance different
687:
676:
297:
270:
2217:
2151:
1983:
1940:
1842:
1705:
1665:
1214:
1210:
425:
401:
333:
196:
1370:
683:
that correspond to a verb, including both the subject of the verb and all of the objects.
8:
1998:
1978:
1625:
1349:
839:
810:. Thus in this example, the ergative is promoted to the absolutive, and the agent (i.e.,
538:
1418:
2164:
2131:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2017:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1710:
1640:
1635:
1233:
351:
337:
2121:
2047:
2022:
1945:
1810:
1755:
1685:
1331:
1283:
1074:
864:
morphology, etc.) to transform a verb from intransitive to transitive or vice versa.
857:
763:
706:
325:
309:
282:
263:
2159:
2052:
2032:
1882:
1847:
1765:
1560:
1197:—objects formed from the same roots as the verbs themselves; for example, the verb
955:
935:
787:
286:
2067:
1988:
1950:
1935:
1815:
1805:
1720:
1715:
1655:
1521:
1491:
1393:
1318:
1273:
1078:
827:
803:
752:
725:
476:
405:
259:
1193:
In many languages, including
English, some or all intransitive verbs can entail
1083:
Especially in some languages, it makes sense to classify intransitive verbs as:
2249:
2207:
2169:
2071:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1675:
1670:
1650:
1645:
1574:
1449:
1188:
1176:
996:
943:
744:
413:
397:
329:
20:
19:"Intransitive" redirects here. For intransitive relations in mathematics, see
2295:
2174:
2126:
1993:
1973:
1852:
1750:
1700:
1680:
1660:
1000:
869:
795:
751:
that lets an intransitive verb without a prepositional phrase be passive. In
694:
680:
305:
2263:
2237:
2227:
2200:
2062:
1795:
1760:
1735:
1690:
1511:
913:
290:
178:
1920:
1730:
1609:
1570:
1535:
1526:
823:
806:, and so by analogy the antipassive construction more closely resembles
2280:
2179:
2136:
2113:
2037:
1872:
1775:
1745:
1740:
1594:
1589:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1218:
409:
2270:
2232:
2012:
1829:
1584:
1530:
1506:
861:
278:
76:
2259:
2254:
346:
1093:
Unaccusative verbs are typically used to show action or movement.
2244:
1960:
1565:
1481:
389:
1229:
is used if the verb is unaccusative or by discourse pragmatics.
1221:
that is most commonly associated with intransitive sentences is
2222:
1907:
1599:
1579:
1411:. New Zealand: Office of Tokelau Affairs. p. Introduction.
947:
404:. That lack of an object distinguishes intransitive verbs from
1388:(PhD in Linguistics thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
1386:
Preverbal particles in
Pingelapese: A language of Micronesia
467:"I wonder how long it will be until I see you again after I
1545:
1458:
1278:
1243:-phrase precedes the predicate, that rule may be ignored.
1448:
904:
In (1), the verb is transitive, and the subject is the
782:
the subject of the intransitive passive construction (
424:
In the following sentences, verbs are used without a
1319:
Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists
1068:
923:
Other alternating intransitive verbs in
English are
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1249:If a noun phrase that starts with the preposition
848:is ambitransitive, since it is grammatical to say
2293:
942:, because they are signaled in the same way as
786:). But in an ergative–absolutive language like
995:, they are inherently without an agent; their
670:
1434:
1127:I was in a car accident and the other person
400:, whose context does not entail a transitive
369:
1257:All other verbs are considered intransitive.
822:—for example, Dyirbal puts the agent in the
1311:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1441:
1427:
376:
362:
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Verb that does not entail a direct object
1321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
980:("She looked at herself in the mirror.")
1383:
2294:
1406:
1347:
830:retains the agent in the absolutive).
533:and it was incredibly annoying to me."
1422:
1350:"Basic English Syntax with Exercised"
1179:may be used for the two categories.
1061:"The president starts the meeting.")
852:, and it is also grammatical to say
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
1269:Transitivity (grammatical category)
1017:("The boat was sunk (by pirates).")
1015:El barco fue hundido (por piratas).
833:
479:(they entail one or more objects):
13:
1204:
1182:
1009:The cup was broken (by the child).
14:
2313:
1143:when they have an agent subject.
1069:Unaccusative and unergative verbs
1021:Other ambitransitive verbs (like
867:In some ambitransitive verbs are
45:This article has multiple issues.
1258:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1106:Do you know what time the plane
475:The following sentences contain
345:
177:
75:
34:
1371:"Unergatives and Unaccusatives"
938:, these verbs are often called
916:. This has also been termed an
589:"When he finished the race, he
580:"When he finished the race, he
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1400:
1384:Hattori, Ryoko (August 2012).
1377:
1363:
1341:
1324:
1103:at the party around 8 o'clock.
772:nominative–accusative language
1:
1304:
1153:from my position at the bank.
760:ergative–absolutive alignment
503:"When I said that, my sister
25:Intransitive (disambiguation)
954:. Compare the following (in
7:
1262:
1059:Kaichō ga kaigi o hajimeru.
671:Valency-changing operations
419:
190:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
2318:
2276:Syntax–semantics interface
1186:
1072:
1039:this magazine reads easily
987:("The cat washes itself.")
978:Ella se miró en el espejo.
837:
320:Reflexives and reciprocals
18:
2188:
2150:
2112:
2084:
1959:
1906:
1828:
1618:
1553:
1544:
1457:
1317:Payne, Thomas E. (1997).
1294:Morphosyntactic alignment
1160:six miles in the morning.
732:Mary was hugged by David.
693:In languages that have a
396:is a verb, aside from an
2302:Transitivity and valency
1696:Exceptional case-marking
1117:to this town so rapidly?
790:, "I" in the transitive
749:impersonal passive voice
743:Some languages, such as
242:Transitivity and valency
203:may contain suggestions.
188:may need to be rewritten
1407:Simona, Ropati (1986).
766:. In this context, the
659:since I last saw you!"
1502:Initial-stress-derived
1348:Konzorcium, Bolcsesz.
1052:"The meeting starts.")
647:since I last saw you."
464:since I last saw you!"
352:Linguistics portal
23:. For other uses, see
2013:Inclusive / Exclusive
1299:English passive voice
1289:Valency (linguistics)
717:This shift is called
1215:Micronesian language
1113:How did the disease
854:His son plays guitar
539:ambitransitive verbs
334:Reciprocal (grammar)
95:improve this article
1893:Relative subsective
1786:Regular / Irregular
1631:Andative / Venitive
1467:Abstract / Concrete
971:El barco se hundió.
840:Ambitransitive verb
820:I was hugged by him
784:I was hugged by him
707:grammatical subject
537:Some verbs, called
110:"Intransitive verb"
1452:and their features
1450:Lexical categories
1409:Tokelau Dictionary
1284:Ditransitive verbs
1050:Kaigi ga hajimaru.
973:("The boat sank.")
966:("The cup broke.")
964:La taza se rompió.
802:would involve the
794:would involve the
758:In languages with
701:David hugged Mary.
338:Reciprocal pronoun
314:Impersonal passive
2289:
2288:
2094:Casally modulated
1999:Formal / Informal
1888:Pure intersective
1838:Anti-intersective
1824:
1823:
1771:Preterite-present
1336:978-1-4020-4336-9
1163:The icecube tray
1075:Unaccusative verb
1035:I read a magazine
936:Romance languages
798:, but the "I" in
764:antipassive voice
663:
662:
526:"He continuously
394:intransitive verb
386:
385:
326:Reflexive pronoun
264:Ditransitive verb
256:Intransitive verb
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
192:quality standards
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
2309:
1868:Non-intersective
1551:
1550:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1274:Transitive verbs
1131:out of no where.
1057:(8) 会長が会議を始める。 (
985:El gato se lava.
940:pseudo-reflexive
898:
889:
885:
834:Ambitransitivity
713:Mary was hugged.
546:
545:
477:transitive verbs
406:transitive verbs
378:
371:
364:
350:
349:
238:
237:
231:
224:
213:
210:
204:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2184:
2146:
2108:
2080:
2008:Gender-specific
1955:
1902:
1820:
1706:Germanic strong
1614:
1540:
1453:
1447:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1265:
1207:
1205:Other languages
1195:cognate objects
1191:
1185:
1183:Cognate objects
1177:auxiliary verbs
1081:
1079:Unergative verb
1073:Main articles:
1071:
944:reflexive verbs
896:
887:
883:
842:
836:
734:
721:of the object.
715:
703:
673:
605:when it's hot."
457:when it's hot."
422:
414:defective verbs
382:
344:
336:
332:
328:
312:
308:
289:
285:
281:
262:
260:Transitive verb
258:
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
208:
205:
195:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2252:
2250:Procedure word
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Complementizer
2205:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:Gender-neutral
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Bound variable
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Ambitransitive
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1376:
1362:
1340:
1323:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1206:
1203:
1189:Cognate object
1187:Main article:
1184:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1149:I am going to
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1019:
1018:
1011:
997:deep structure
989:
988:
981:
974:
967:
902:
901:
892:
870:ergative verbs
838:Main article:
835:
832:
808:*was hugged me
730:
711:
699:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
650:
648:
640:
639:
629:
627:
619:
618:
608:
606:
598:
597:
587:
585:
577:
576:
566:
564:
556:
555:
552:
550:
535:
534:
524:
511:
501:
491:
473:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
421:
418:
398:auxiliary verb
384:
383:
381:
380:
373:
366:
358:
355:
354:
341:
340:
330:Reflexive verb
322:
321:
317:
316:
302:
301:
294:
293:
275:
274:
267:
266:
252:
251:
245:
244:
234:
233:
216:
215:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
21:Intransitivity
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Interrogative
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Interrogative
2130:
2128:
2127:Demonstrative
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2076:Prepositional
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Strong / Weak
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Interrogative
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Demonstrative
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Prepositional
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Interrogative
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Demonstrative
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
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1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
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1754:
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1749:
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1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Germanic weak
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Frequentative
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Autocausative
1639:
1637:
1636:Anticausative
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Transgressive
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1124:on the train.
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:(7) 会議が始まる。 (
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:passive voice
998:
994:
993:The cup broke
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
921:
919:
918:anticausative
915:
911:
907:
900:
893:
891:
880:
879:
878:
876:
872:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:His son plays
847:
841:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:ergative case
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
722:
720:
714:
710:
708:
702:
698:
696:
695:passive voice
691:
689:
684:
682:
678:
668:
658:
655:
651:
649:
646:
642:
641:
637:
634:
630:
628:
625:
621:
620:
616:
613:
609:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
592:
588:
586:
583:
579:
578:
574:
573:cats and dogs
571:
567:
565:
562:
558:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
540:
532:
529:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
509:
506:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
480:
478:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
430:
429:
427:
426:direct object
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
359:
357:
356:
353:
348:
343:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
230:
227:
212:
202:
198:
193:
189:
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
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165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2264:Pro-sentence
2238:Onomatopoeia
2228:Interjection
2201:Measure word
1984:Distributive
1878:Postpositive
1858:Intersective
1811:Unaccusative
1756:Performative
1726:Intransitive
1725:
1686:Ditransitive
1512:Noun adjunct
1408:
1402:
1385:
1379:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1343:
1326:
1313:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1227:verb-subject
1223:subject-verb
1208:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1174:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1088:unaccusative
1087:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1008:
992:
990:
984:
977:
970:
963:
951:
946:, using the
939:
933:
928:
924:
922:
917:
914:middle voice
909:
905:
903:
895:
882:
877:in English.
874:
868:
866:
853:
849:
845:
843:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:I was hugged
799:
791:
783:
779:
775:
767:
757:
742:
738:
735:
731:
723:
718:
716:
712:
709:as follows:
704:
700:
692:
685:
674:
666:
656:
653:
644:
635:
632:
623:
614:
611:
602:
593:
590:
581:
572:
569:
560:
549:Intransitive
536:
530:
527:
520:
517:
514:
507:
504:
497:
494:
490:last night."
487:
484:
474:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
423:
393:
387:
291:Dative shift
255:
249:Transitivity
222:
206:
197:You can help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2213:Conjunction
1979:Disjunctive
1916:Conjunctive
1863:Nominalized
1766:Predicative
1610:Verbal noun
1561:Attributive
1254:transitive.
1225:. However,
1211:Pingelapese
824:dative case
631:"He's been
622:"He's been
554:Transitive
410:modal verbs
310:Antipassive
287:Benefactive
283:Applicative
2281:Yes and no
2196:Classifier
2180:Possessive
2142:Quantifier
2137:Possessive
2114:Determiner
2086:Adposition
2058:Resumptive
2043:Reciprocal
2038:Possessive
2018:Indefinite
1946:Pronominal
1898:Subsective
1873:Possessive
1843:Collateral
1816:Unergative
1806:Transitive
1721:Inchoative
1716:Impersonal
1656:Catenative
1595:Participle
1590:Infinitive
1522:Relational
1492:Collective
1472:Adjectival
1394:1267150306
1305:References
1219:word order
1156:I have to
1146:Examples:
1141:unergative
1096:Examples:
1029:: compare
804:absolutive
747:, have an
638:all day."
636:barbershop
612:evaporates
603:evaporates
591:vomited up
455:evaporates
300:decreasing
273:increasing
209:April 2019
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2271:Prop-word
2233:Ideophone
2160:Discourse
2099:Inflected
2048:Reflexive
2023:Intensive
1830:Adjective
1801:Stretched
1791:Separable
1781:Reflexive
1676:Denominal
1671:Defective
1651:Captative
1646:Auxiliary
1585:Gerundive
1575:Nonfinite
1497:Countable
1234:Tokelauan
950:particle
862:causative
792:I hug him
776:I hug him
719:promotion
681:arguments
626:all day."
594:his lunch
521:a present
279:Causative
201:talk page
56:talk page
2296:Category
2260:Pro-verb
2255:Pro-form
2152:Particle
2104:Stranded
2053:Relative
2033:Personal
1951:Relative
1936:Locative
1926:Genitive
1751:Negative
1681:Deponent
1661:Compound
1390:ProQuest
1355:March 5,
1263:See also
1129:appeared
1108:departed
652:"You've
643:"You've
498:promises
460:"You've
446:"My dog
432:"Rivers
420:Examples
151:May 2014
2245:Preverb
2122:Article
2068:Subject
1961:Pronoun
1796:Stative
1761:Phrasal
1736:Lexical
1691:Dynamic
1666:Copular
1566:Converb
1482:Animacy
1101:arrived
956:Spanish
934:In the
910:patient
897:The cup
888:the cup
788:Dyirbal
768:subject
688:valency
677:valency
657:a beard
633:singing
624:singing
601:"Water
582:vomited
570:raining
568:"It is
561:raining
559:"It is
531:his pen
528:clicked
513:"Santa
505:smacked
493:"She's
488:a movie
485:watched
453:"Water
441:sneezed
390:grammar
306:Passive
298:Valence
271:Valence
135:scholar
2223:Coverb
2218:Copula
2072:Object
1989:Donkey
1908:Adverb
1883:Proper
1848:Common
1731:Labile
1600:Supine
1580:Gerund
1571:Finite
1536:Verbal
1527:Strong
1517:Proper
1392:
1334:
1167:solid.
1151:resign
1115:spread
1037:, and
1031:I read
948:clitic
925:change
899:broke.
886:broke
828:Basque
826:, and
816:by him
753:German
610:"Heat
495:making
402:object
199:. The
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2189:Other
2170:Modal
1994:Dummy
1746:Modal
1741:Light
1619:Types
1554:Forms
1477:Agent
1279:Verbs
1199:sleep
1165:froze
983:(4b)
976:(4a)
969:(3b)
962:(3a)
906:agent
875:break
858:voice
778:) is
745:Dutch
726:agent
654:grown
645:grown
615:water
462:grown
392:, an
142:JSTOR
128:books
2175:Noun
1921:Flat
1776:Pure
1546:Verb
1531:Weak
1507:Mass
1487:Bare
1459:Noun
1357:2017
1332:ISBN
1213:, a
1077:and
1027:read
1013:(6)
1007:(5)
929:sink
927:and
894:(2)
881:(1)
846:play
780:also
675:The
515:gave
483:"We
469:move
434:flow
412:and
114:news
1232:In
1209:In
1158:run
1122:sat
1023:eat
958:):
818:in
812:him
617:."
596:."
575:."
448:ran
439:"I
388:In
97:by
2298::
2262:/
2074:/
2070:/
2006:/
1573:/
1529:/
1241:ko
1120:I
1099:I
1041:.
1033:,
952:se
931:.
920:.
884:He
860:,
728::
690:.
584:."
563:."
523:."
518:me
510:."
508:me
500:."
471:."
450:."
443:."
436:."
428::
416:.
59:.
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
1396:.
1373:.
1359:.
1338:.
1251:e
1110:?
890:.
377:e
370:t
363:v
229:)
223:(
211:)
207:(
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
27:.
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