385:, a Dutch microscopist, supported an effort to work for a 'modern' science over blind belief in the work of ancient philosophers. He worked—like Redi—to disprove spontaneous generation using experimental techniques. Swammerdam also made a number of advancements in the study of anatomy and physiology. In the field of entomology, he conducted a number of dissections of insects and made detailed observations of the internal structures of these specimens. Swammerdam also worked on a classification of insects based on life histories; he managed to contribute to the literature proving that an egg, larva, pupa, and adult are indeed the same individual.
1800:
321:
starting in the late 16th century, invertebrate zoology saw growth in the number of publications made and improvement in the experimental practices associated with the field. (Insects are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. They play important roles in ecosystems, including
367:. Redi managed to prove that flies did not spontaneously arise from rotting meat. He conducted controlled experiments and detailed observation of the fly life cycle in order to do so. Redi also worked in the description and illustration of parasites for both plants and animals.
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was published; this work included information on both insects and intestinal worms. However, the tenth edition is considered the true starting point for the modern classification scheme for living things today. Linnaeus' universal system of classification made a system based on
393:
In the 18th century, the study of invertebrates focused on the naming of species that were relevant to economic pursuits, such as agricultural pests. Entomology was changing in big ways very quickly, as many naturalists and zoologists were working with hexapods.
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determined that worms were the cause of some diseases. He also declared that worms do not spontaneously form within the animal or human gut; de Bois-Regard stated that there must be some kind of 'seed' which enters the body and contains the worm in some form.
333:, which was published in numerous editions from 1551 to 1587. Though it was a work more generally addressing zoology in the large sense, it did contain information on insect life. Much of the information came from older works; Gessner restated the work of
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was published; inside, Hennig redefined the goals of systematic schemes for classifying living things. He proposed that the focus be on evolutionary relationships over similar morphological features. He also defined
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and may live up to 100 years. With a leg span of that can reach four feet, it has the longest span of any arthropod. They are typically found in the
Pacific waters near Japan on the bottom of the continental
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on Earth. However, because it was based only on very few characters, the system developed by
Linnaeus was an artificial one. The book also included descriptions of the organisms named inside of it.
488:; all of these concepts influenced Darwin's theory of evolution. Unfortunately, a firm popular belief in the immutability of species was a major hurdle in the acceptance of the theory.
374:, a Swiss physician, worked to differentiate between two types of tape worm. He also wrote descriptions of both the worms he observed and the effects these worms had on their hosts.
473:—who was also working on the theory of evolution—were informed by the careful study of insects. In addition, Darwin collected many species of invertebrate during his time aboard
381:'s ideas about the value of experimentation in the sciences came a shift toward true experimental efforts in the biological sciences, including invertebrate zoology.
352:, who worked out of the Royal Society in England, conducted observation of insects—including some of their larval forms—and other invertebrates, such as ticks. His
870:
Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus
Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine".
597:. They can grow to a length of about 45–50 feet long. They developed large eyes, the largest of any animal, to be able to detect small amounts of
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Classification in the twentieth century shifted toward a focus on evolutionary relationships over morphological description. The development of
363:, an Italian physician and naturalist, used a microscope for observation of invertebrates, but is known for his work in disproving the theory of
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Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The
Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)".
268:
These divisions are sometimes further divided into more specific specialties. For example, within arachnology, acarology is the study of
832:
Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the
Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s".
742:
Egerton, Frank N. (2005-01-01). "A History of the
Ecological Sciences, Part 17: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology during the 1600s".
420:. He found that these worms came from eggs. In addition, Vallisneri worked to elucidate the reproduction of insects, specifically the
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can reach up to 190 feet long, and they may have a bell diameter of almost 7 feet. These animals are usually found in cold northern
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NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between
Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"".
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comparison, he was apparently aware of the practice, which is considered important to today's systematic research.
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959:, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
356:, published in 1665, included illustrations and written descriptions of the things he saw under the microscope.
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and included his ideas about hierarchical classification. Though Hennig did not include information on
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in 1599 came a new way of observing the small creatures that fall under the umbrella of invertebrate.
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Beier, Max. "The Early
Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In
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Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan
Swammerdam (1637–1680)".
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Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four
Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance".
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Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification".
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pollination, natural enemies, saprophytes, and biological information transfer.)
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Other men were also conducting research into pests and parasites at this time.
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One of the major works to be published in the area of zoology was
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was published. In this book, he described his theory of
538:. The Japanese spider crab is largest known species of
500:and systematics based on this study is credited to
401:and the study of worms. A French physician named
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469:. Both the work of Darwin and his contemporary,
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116:, and because of that fact, this subdivision of
955:Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In
585:) comes from the family Architeuthidae. These
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687:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
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815:, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
601:in the dark and deep ocean where they live.
566:waters and in the Northern portions of the
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484:, geographic distribution of species, and
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300:are all those invertebrates that exist in
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397:Work was also being done in the realm of
109:Invertebrates represent 97% of all named
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504:, a German entomologist. In 1966, his
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377:Following the publication of
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459:On the Origin of Species
30:is the subdiscipline of
1231:Biological anthropology
970:Bugs and the Victorians
389:18th and 19th centuries
95:Single-celled organisms
593:and the largest known
365:spontaneous generation
1760:Alfred Russel Wallace
1670:Water vascular system
957:History of Entomology
944:History of Entomology
805:History of Entomology
548:lion's mane jellyfish
532:Macrocheira kaempferi
521:Notable invertebrates
471:Alfred Russel Wallace
440:binomial nomenclature
276:; within entomology,
77:, numerous different
1830:Subfields of zoology
1621:Cellular respiration
1072:Encyclopedia of Life
1047:Encyclopedia of Life
1022:Encyclopedia of Life
528:Japanese spider crab
298:Marine invertebrates
38:, animals without a
28:Invertebrate zoology
18:Invertebrate Zoology
1786:Timeline of zoology
1715:Karl Ernst von Baer
1616:Respiratory pigment
1491:Mineralized tissues
666:on 15 November 2016
636:1988Sci...241.1441M
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319:early modern period
1601:Respiratory system
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331:Historia animalium
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1611:Gas exchange
1550:Fish anatomy
1545:Bird anatomy
1405:Ambulacraria
1351:Paleozoology
1346:Parasitology
1265:Batrachology
1246:Ethnozoology
1241:Cnidariology
1105:
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1071:
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664:the original
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502:Willi Hennig
495:
492:20th century
476:
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372:Felix Plater
369:
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354:Micrographia
350:Robert Hooke
343:
324:
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191:Cnidariology
180:, and other
108:
105:Subdivisions
64:
27:
26:
1781:Post-Darwin
1658:Capillaries
1596:Respiration
1356:Planktology
1341:Ornithology
1325:Primatology
1281:Ichthyology
1261:Herpetology
1236:Bryozoology
1214:Myrmecology
1209:Melittology
1190:Carcinology
1180:Arachnology
581:(Mollusca:
579:giant squid
550:(Cnidaria:
296:and so on.
290:myrmecology
282:butterflies
278:lepidoptery
248:cephalopods
165:crustaceans
161:Carcinology
139:Arachnology
71:echinoderms
1819:Categories
1776:Pre-Darwin
1750:Thomas Say
1707:Zoologists
1681:By species
1420:Arthropoda
1385:Ctenophora
1331:Nematology
1315:Felinology
1295:Teuthology
1290:Conchology
1286:Malacology
1195:Entomology
720:: 82–107.
606:References
591:cephalopod
536:arthropods
418:Neoascaris
346:Microscope
244:Teuthology
234:Limacology
224:Conchology
210:Malacology
178:millipedes
174:centipedes
152:Entomology
145:and other
129:arthropods
91:arthropods
48:amphibians
1606:Breathing
1458:Histology
1320:Hippology
1301:Mammalogy
1270:Ophiology
1184:Acarology
1101:Wikibooks
854:2327-6096
779:Endeavour
560:tentacles
556:jellyfish
511:monophyly
475:HMS
463:evolution
453:In 1859,
339:Aristotle
182:myriapods
147:arachnids
75:tunicates
1804:Category
1648:Arteries
1533:Elephant
1508:Anatomy
1435:Annelida
1430:Mollusca
1410:Chordata
1395:Cnidaria
1390:Placozoa
1380:Porifera
1310:Cynology
1305:Cetology
1251:Ethology
1164:Branches
892:27756820
726:42622433
699:25004198
660:17790039
568:Atlantic
558:. Their
515:outgroup
214:mollusks
195:Cnidaria
99:protists
87:molluscs
52:reptiles
40:backbone
1769:History
1466:Tissues
1155:Outline
1144:Zoology
1004:2413462
930:1220406
652:1702670
632:Bibcode
624:Science
595:mollusc
486:mimicry
413:Ascaris
317:In the
308:History
156:insects
143:spiders
118:zoology
114:species
67:sponges
60:mammals
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1373:groups
1371:Animal
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564:Arctic
543:shelf.
477:Beagle
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111:animal
1665:Heart
1653:Veins
1638:Lymph
1633:Blood
1523:Human
1099:~ at
1000:JSTOR
926:JSTOR
910:Taxon
888:JSTOR
872:Taxon
760:JSTOR
722:JSTOR
695:JSTOR
648:JSTOR
587:squid
286:moths
274:ticks
270:mites
238:slugs
83:worms
79:phyla
56:birds
1079:2017
1054:2017
1029:2017
850:ISSN
672:2014
656:PMID
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