374:, a Dutch microscopist, supported an effort to work for a 'modern' science over blind belief in the work of ancient philosophers. He worked—like Redi—to disprove spontaneous generation using experimental techniques. Swammerdam also made a number of advancements in the study of anatomy and physiology. In the field of entomology, he conducted a number of dissections of insects and made detailed observations of the internal structures of these specimens. Swammerdam also worked on a classification of insects based on life histories; he managed to contribute to the literature proving that an egg, larva, pupa, and adult are indeed the same individual.
1789:
310:
starting in the late 16th century, invertebrate zoology saw growth in the number of publications made and improvement in the experimental practices associated with the field. (Insects are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. They play important roles in ecosystems, including
356:. Redi managed to prove that flies did not spontaneously arise from rotting meat. He conducted controlled experiments and detailed observation of the fly life cycle in order to do so. Redi also worked in the description and illustration of parasites for both plants and animals.
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was published; this work included information on both insects and intestinal worms. However, the tenth edition is considered the true starting point for the modern classification scheme for living things today. Linnaeus' universal system of classification made a system based on
382:
In the 18th century, the study of invertebrates focused on the naming of species that were relevant to economic pursuits, such as agricultural pests. Entomology was changing in big ways very quickly, as many naturalists and zoologists were working with hexapods.
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determined that worms were the cause of some diseases. He also declared that worms do not spontaneously form within the animal or human gut; de Bois-Regard stated that there must be some kind of 'seed' which enters the body and contains the worm in some form.
322:, which was published in numerous editions from 1551 to 1587. Though it was a work more generally addressing zoology in the large sense, it did contain information on insect life. Much of the information came from older works; Gessner restated the work of
497:
was published; inside, Hennig redefined the goals of systematic schemes for classifying living things. He proposed that the focus be on evolutionary relationships over similar morphological features. He also defined
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and may live up to 100 years. With a leg span of that can reach four feet, it has the longest span of any arthropod. They are typically found in the
Pacific waters near Japan on the bottom of the continental
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on Earth. However, because it was based only on very few characters, the system developed by
Linnaeus was an artificial one. The book also included descriptions of the organisms named inside of it.
477:; all of these concepts influenced Darwin's theory of evolution. Unfortunately, a firm popular belief in the immutability of species was a major hurdle in the acceptance of the theory.
363:, a Swiss physician, worked to differentiate between two types of tape worm. He also wrote descriptions of both the worms he observed and the effects these worms had on their hosts.
462:—who was also working on the theory of evolution—were informed by the careful study of insects. In addition, Darwin collected many species of invertebrate during his time aboard
370:'s ideas about the value of experimentation in the sciences came a shift toward true experimental efforts in the biological sciences, including invertebrate zoology.
341:, who worked out of the Royal Society in England, conducted observation of insects—including some of their larval forms—and other invertebrates, such as ticks. His
859:
Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus
Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine".
586:. They can grow to a length of about 45–50 feet long. They developed large eyes, the largest of any animal, to be able to detect small amounts of
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Classification in the twentieth century shifted toward a focus on evolutionary relationships over morphological description. The development of
352:, an Italian physician and naturalist, used a microscope for observation of invertebrates, but is known for his work in disproving the theory of
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Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The
Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)".
257:
These divisions are sometimes further divided into more specific specialties. For example, within arachnology, acarology is the study of
821:
Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the
Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s".
731:
Egerton, Frank N. (2005-01-01). "A History of the
Ecological Sciences, Part 17: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology during the 1600s".
409:. He found that these worms came from eggs. In addition, Vallisneri worked to elucidate the reproduction of insects, specifically the
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can reach up to 190 feet long, and they may have a bell diameter of almost 7 feet. These animals are usually found in cold northern
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NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between
Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"".
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comparison, he was apparently aware of the practice, which is considered important to today's systematic research.
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948:, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
345:, published in 1665, included illustrations and written descriptions of the things he saw under the microscope.
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and included his ideas about hierarchical classification. Though Hennig did not include information on
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in 1599 came a new way of observing the small creatures that fall under the umbrella of invertebrate.
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Beier, Max. "The Early
Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In
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Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan
Swammerdam (1637–1680)".
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Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four
Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance".
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Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification".
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pollination, natural enemies, saprophytes, and biological information transfer.)
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1007:"Japanese Spider Crab - Macrocheira kaempferi - Details - Encyclopedia of Life"
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Other men were also conducting research into pests and parasites at this time.
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was published. In this book, he described his theory of
527:. The Japanese spider crab is largest known species of
489:and systematics based on this study is credited to
390:and the study of worms. A French physician named
823:The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
458:. Both the work of Darwin and his contemporary,
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105:, and because of that fact, this subdivision of
944:Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In
574:) comes from the family Architeuthidae. These
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676:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
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804:, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
590:in the dark and deep ocean where they live.
555:waters and in the Northern portions of the
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473:, geographic distribution of species, and
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289:are all those invertebrates that exist in
1096:Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
961:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
386:Work was also being done in the realm of
98:Invertebrates represent 97% of all named
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493:, a German entomologist. In 1966, his
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366:Following the publication of
392:Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard
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82:and many additional phyla.
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495:Phylogenetic Systematics
448:On the Origin of Species
19:is the subdiscipline of
1220:Biological anthropology
959:Bugs and the Victorians
378:18th and 19th centuries
84:Single-celled organisms
582:and the largest known
354:spontaneous generation
1749:Alfred Russel Wallace
1659:Water vascular system
946:History of Entomology
933:History of Entomology
794:History of Entomology
537:lion's mane jellyfish
521:Macrocheira kaempferi
510:Notable invertebrates
460:Alfred Russel Wallace
429:binomial nomenclature
265:; within entomology,
66:, numerous different
1819:Subfields of zoology
1610:Cellular respiration
1061:Encyclopedia of Life
1036:Encyclopedia of Life
1011:Encyclopedia of Life
517:Japanese spider crab
287:Marine invertebrates
27:, animals without a
17:Invertebrate zoology
1775:Timeline of zoology
1704:Karl Ernst von Baer
1605:Respiratory pigment
1480:Mineralized tissues
655:on 15 November 2016
625:1988Sci...241.1441M
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308:early modern period
1590:Respiratory system
1578:General physiology
1475:Connective tissues
973:Systematic Biology
873:10.1002/tax.581005
397:Antonio Vallisneri
320:Historia animalium
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1539:Fish anatomy
1534:Bird anatomy
1394:Ambulacraria
1340:Paleozoology
1335:Parasitology
1254:Batrachology
1235:Ethnozoology
1230:Cnidariology
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339:Robert Hooke
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180:Cnidariology
169:, and other
97:
94:Subdivisions
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1770:Post-Darwin
1647:Capillaries
1585:Respiration
1345:Planktology
1330:Ornithology
1314:Primatology
1270:Ichthyology
1250:Herpetology
1225:Bryozoology
1203:Myrmecology
1198:Melittology
1179:Carcinology
1169:Arachnology
570:(Mollusca:
568:giant squid
539:(Cnidaria:
285:and so on.
279:myrmecology
271:butterflies
267:lepidoptery
237:cephalopods
154:crustaceans
150:Carcinology
128:Arachnology
60:echinoderms
1808:Categories
1765:Pre-Darwin
1739:Thomas Say
1696:Zoologists
1670:By species
1409:Arthropoda
1374:Ctenophora
1320:Nematology
1304:Felinology
1284:Teuthology
1279:Conchology
1275:Malacology
1184:Entomology
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595:References
580:cephalopod
525:arthropods
407:Neoascaris
335:Microscope
233:Teuthology
223:Limacology
213:Conchology
199:Malacology
167:millipedes
163:centipedes
141:Entomology
134:and other
118:arthropods
80:arthropods
37:amphibians
1595:Breathing
1447:Histology
1309:Hippology
1290:Mammalogy
1259:Ophiology
1173:Acarology
1090:Wikibooks
843:2327-6096
768:Endeavour
549:tentacles
545:jellyfish
500:monophyly
464:HMS
452:evolution
442:In 1859,
328:Aristotle
171:myriapods
136:arachnids
64:tunicates
1793:Category
1637:Arteries
1522:Elephant
1497:Anatomy
1424:Annelida
1419:Mollusca
1399:Chordata
1384:Cnidaria
1379:Placozoa
1369:Porifera
1299:Cynology
1294:Cetology
1240:Ethology
1153:Branches
881:27756820
715:42622433
688:25004198
649:17790039
557:Atlantic
547:. Their
504:outgroup
203:mollusks
184:Cnidaria
88:protists
76:molluscs
41:reptiles
29:backbone
1758:History
1455:Tissues
1144:Outline
1133:Zoology
993:2413462
919:1220406
641:1702670
621:Bibcode
613:Science
584:mollusc
475:mimicry
402:Ascaris
306:In the
297:History
145:insects
132:spiders
107:zoology
103:species
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1642:Veins
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1088:~ at
989:JSTOR
915:JSTOR
899:Taxon
877:JSTOR
861:Taxon
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711:JSTOR
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637:JSTOR
576:squid
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263:ticks
259:mites
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