52:
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Southeast
Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters (2,600 ft) in the north to about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in the south. Traditionally,
51:
1845:
Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024).
1060:(c. 38kya) periods respectively. Ancient and modern populations in the Iranian plateau have a similar genetic component to the Ancient West Eurasian lineage which stayed in the 'population hub' (WEC2), but also display some ancestry from
1415:
region and along the slopes of the Elburz and Zagros mountains. 200 varieties of fish live in the
Persian Gulf. Thirty species of the most important commercial fish Sturgeon is found in the Caspian Sea.
393:
is the
Iranian Plateau. It is a geologically well-studied area because of general interest in continental collision zones, and because of Iran's long history of research in
2027:
1203:
1198:
1376:. Deer, hedgehogs, foxes, and 22 species of rodents are found in semidesert, and palm squirrels and Asiatic black bears live in Baluchistan.
558:
The
Iranian Plateau in geology refers to a geographical area north of the great folded mountain belts resulting from the collision of the
339:(in South Western Pakistan) covering an area of some 3,700,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). In spite of being called a
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1705:
2020:
2243:
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converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the
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in North East the
Iranian Plateau extends for close to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). It encompasses a large part of
2258:
2218:
2013:
2005:
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2248:
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1969:
Sialk III and the
Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan. The Coherence of the Cultures of the Central Iranian Plateau,
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1614:
928:
814:
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859:
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286:. The Zagros form the plateau's western boundary, and its eastern slopes may also be included in the term. The
1500:, which were hard to grow until European settlement brought irrigation improvements. Other vegetables include
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sources, may have been located in the
Central Iranian Plateau. In classical antiquity the region was known as
2273:
1052:' and 'Ancient West Eurasians' at c. 50,000 years ago, and from where they expanded in two waves during the
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to the north and the Main Zagros Thrust; the suture zone between the northward moving
Arabian
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1048:, serving as 'population hub' for 'Common Eurasians', where they subsequently diverged into '
336:
1274:
are also found, though the latter two are rare. As of 1920, poplar was harvested for making
1113:) began to be used in reference to the state (rather than as an ethnic designator) from the
1859:
1848:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal"
1787:
1356:. These animals are mostly found in the wooded mountains of the plateau. The shores of the
671:
and flows the length of
Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian Plateau.
8:
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This article is about the physiographical region. For the
Persian cultural sphere, see
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594:
386:
120:
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The archaeological evidence of the second millennium B.C. on the Persian plateau
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1994:
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The Iranian Plateau from Paleolithic Times to the Rise of the Achaemenid Empire
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1477:
1313:
1155:
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1061:
994:
889:
620:, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
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275:
224:
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93:
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is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters (5,072 ft).
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566:. In this definition, the Iranian Plateau does not cover southwestern Iran.
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The Iranian Plateau harvests trees for making doors, ploughs, and baskets.
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20:
1777:, University of Texas College of Liberal Arts (retrieved 10 February 2007)
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The headwaters of major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing
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were used for decorative purposes. Flower wise, the plateau can grow
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The Iranian plateau may have played a major role in the expansion of
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Geographically, the Iranian Plateau only covers western Pakistan (
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Archaeological sites and cultures of the Iranian Plateau include:
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204:
42:
1959:
Petrov, M. P. Iran: Fiziko-geograficheskii ocherk. Moscow, 1955.
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1844:
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or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The
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at 7,492 metres (24,580 ft), and its lowest point is the
2149:
1650:
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The plateau's mountain ranges can be divided into five major
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116:
112:
1950:
Zarubezhnaia Aziia: Fizicheskaia geografiia. Moscow, 1956.
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1235:
56:
Topographic map of the Iranian Plateau, connected to the
624:, at 5,137 meters (16,854 ft) the highest point in
1079:stretched across the Zagros mountains, connecting
2200:
1922:. London: Macmillan and Company. pp. 75–76.
773:Kuh-e Siah Khvani 3,314 m (10,873 ft)
1716:
1587:were also seen in the plateau area as of 1920.
2021:
1750:A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific
161:3,700,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi)
604:The Northwestern Iranian Plateau, where the
718:
698:
659:. Several small streams that flow into the
359:, Iran, at below 300 metres (980 ft).
2028:
2014:
1743:
738:
282:, and some of the previous territories of
1887:
1083:and the Iranian Plateau. The kingdoms of
760:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1464:were commonly seen in the 20th century.
1131:Prehistoric archaeological sites in Iran
589:. It also includes smaller parts of the
2201:
1645:. It does not cover eastern Pakistan (
1492:are also grown. Other edibles include
1242:forests. Oak forests are found around
235:. The plateau is situated between the
2009:
1915:
1904:
1761:
925:Zargun 3,578 m (11,739 ft)
327:that are situated to the west of the
307:From the Caspian in the northwest to
1312:are common, which are both used for
961:
270:As a historical region, it includes
1068:via contact events starting in the
13:
686:
683:are the main crops of the region.
367:In geology, the plateau region of
14:
2285:
1975:
628:, is located in the Anti-Taurus.
300:as spanning "the region from the
1615:List of Iranian four-thousanders
413:
335:(in North Western Pakistan) and
50:
1953:
1944:
1926:
1838:
1717:Robert H. Dyson (2 June 1968).
296:" explicitly and characterizes
1934:"Iran - Plant and animal life"
1820:
1800:
1780:
1737:
1723:. Cambridge University Press.
1710:
1699:
1672:
1627:
1567:. The barley is fed mainly to
1124:
892:3,941 m (12,930 ft)
856:4,755 m (15,600 ft)
1:
2043:and their political geography
1692:
1665:, thus bringing it under the
1324:The plateau is abundant with
811:2,920 m (9,580 ft)
749:4,500 m (14,800 ft)
732:4,409 m (14,465 ft)
712:5,610 m (18,410 ft)
616:. The region is known as the
182:7,492 m (24,580 ft)
174:2,000 km (1,200 mi)
2244:Geography of the Middle East
1757:. pp. 7, 284, 287, 288.
1661:), which is situated on the
1472:are common in warmer areas.
1364:house aquatic birds such as
404:
227:, and is wedged between the
7:
1641:, as it is situated on the
1598:
1234:The plateau has historical
1173:Zayandeh River Civilization
667:begins in the highlands of
10:
2290:
1872:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7
1605:Biosphere reserves of Iran
1535:The plateau also produces
1419:
1148:Central Iranian Plateau ("
1128:
1033:
1023:
1019:
371:primarily formed from the
362:
223:. It makes up part of the
18:
16:Geological feature in Asia
2259:Landforms of Turkmenistan
2219:Landforms of Central Asia
2163:
2140:
2117:
2094:
2071:
2048:
1995:"Central Iranian Plateau"
1773:24 September 2018 at the
1144:Indus Valley civilization
1054:Initial Upper Paleolithic
569:The plateau extends from
412:
304:to the Iranian Plateau".
178:
170:
165:
157:
152:
142:
100:
77:
49:
40:
30:
2249:Landforms of Afghanistan
1620:
1319:
1229:
719:Southwest Iranian Ranges
699:Northwest Iranian Ranges
655:before flowing into the
643:, and the south-flowing
577:(Persia) all the way to
571:East Azerbaijan Province
64:in the west, and to the
2264:Physiographic provinces
2254:Landforms of Azerbaijan
2224:Landforms of South Asia
1813:Encyclopædia Britannica
1793:Encyclopædia Britannica
1575:is grown and made into
1411:), and vipers live the
1107:(whence Modern Persian
1046:Out of Africa migration
739:Central Iranian Plateau
289:Encyclopædia Britannica
2239:Geography of Kurdistan
2229:Landforms of West Asia
1971:Iran 19, 1981, 141–46.
1655:Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1403:, racers, rat snakes (
1066:Ancient East Eurasians
1050:Ancient East Eurasians
761:Eastern Iranian Ranges
591:Republic of Azerbaijan
311:in the southeast and
263:to the south, and the
255:to the northwest, the
207:spanning parts of the
179:Highest elevation
1916:Sykes, Percy (1921).
1852:Nature Communications
1129:Further information:
1103:. The Middle Persian
1095:, due to the Persian
1034:Further information:
2274:Plateaus of Pakistan
2096:Hindu Kush Mountains
1768:"Old Iranian Online"
1919:A History of Persia
1864:2024NatCo..15.1882V
1755:Archibald Fullarton
1667:Indian subcontinent
1309:Cercis siliquastrum
1282:. Other trees like
1278:. Elm was used for
1075:In the Bronze Age,
940: /
907: /
871: /
826: /
788: /
323:, and the parts of
265:Indian subcontinent
171: • Length
2119:Sulaiman Mountains
1808:"Elamite language"
1683:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1639:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1097:Achaemenid dynasty
978:Hamun-e Jaz Murian
397:, particularly in
391:Eurasian continent
381:between the Turan
333:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
302:Mesopotamian plain
292:excludes "lowland
253:Caucasus Mountains
249:Armenian Highlands
247:to the north, the
205:geological feature
158: • Total
129:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
58:Armenian highlands
2196:
2195:
2050:Aladagh Mountains
1983:"Iranian Plateau"
1828:"Iranian Plateau"
1610:Geography of Iran
1142:, predecessor of
1119:Etymology of Iran
1058:Upper Paleolithic
962:Rivers and plains
944:30.267°N 67.300°E
911:28.600°N 61.133°E
875:34.033°N 69.900°E
830:33.533°N 57.233°E
792:36.283°N 59.050°E
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614:Anatolian Plateau
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2073:Alborz Mountains
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237:Zagros Mountains
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2269:Regions of Asia
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2041:Iranian Plateau
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1967:Y. Majidzadeh,
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1387:such as toads,
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1099:originating in
1062:Basal Eurasians
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2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
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1996:
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1988:
1984:
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1730:0-521-07098-8
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1288:Turkestan elm
1285:
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1098:
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1087:, known from
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:modern humans
1037:
1031:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Helmand River
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
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984:
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839:
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631:
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623:
619:
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611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:Arabian Plate
550:
544:
537:
530:
529:Dasht-e Kavir
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
461:
455:
450:
449:
443:
438:
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416:
411:
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388:
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322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
267:to the east.
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Arabian Plate
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
187:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
160:
156:
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138:
134:
130:
126:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
44:
39:
29:
26:
22:
2063:Turkmenistan
2040:
1998:
1986:
1968:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1918:
1855:
1851:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1791:
1782:
1763:
1749:
1739:
1719:
1712:
1701:
1674:
1663:Indian Plate
1629:
1534:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1378:
1362:Persian Gulf
1323:
1307:
1233:
1199:Kaftar Khoun
1178:Tappeh Sialk
1161:Konar Sandal
1134:
1117:period (see
1108:
1104:
1074:
1039:
1026:Greater Iran
1002:Sistan Basin
968:Kavir Desert
890:Kuh-e Taftan
690:
673:
657:Persian Gulf
634:
622:Mount Ararat
603:
599:Turkmenistan
585:west of the
568:
557:
494:Oshtoran-Kūh
446:
430:
419:
373:accretionary
366:
306:
287:
284:Greater Iran
269:
261:Persian Gulf
233:Indian Plate
213:Central Asia
200:
196:
194:
137:Turkmenistan
82:Central Asia
25:
21:Greater Iran
2127:Afghanistan
2104:Afghanistan
1858:(1): 1882.
1679:Balochistan
1635:Balochistan
1498:cauliflower
1413:Baluchistan
1401:salamanders
1358:Caspian Sea
1183:Paleolithic
1125:Archaeology
1081:Mesopotamia
1070:Paleolithic
1012:Farah River
983:Halil River
947: /
914: /
878: /
849:Balochistan
833: /
795: /
747:Kūh-e Hazār
665:Indus River
641:Caspian Sea
618:Anti-Taurus
587:Indus River
579:Afghanistan
549:Balochistan
536:Dasht-e Lut
442:Mesopotamia
337:Balochistan
329:Indus River
321:Afghanistan
313:Pakhtunkhwa
309:Balochistan
241:Caspian Sea
133:Baluchistan
105:Afghanistan
72:in the east
2203:Categories
2081:Azerbaijan
1745:James Bell
1693:References
1577:sesame oil
1510:artichokes
1470:pistachios
1458:mulberries
1450:nectarines
1381:amphibians
1342:wild boars
1328:including
1166:Tepe Yahya
1044:after the
973:Lut Desert
693:subregions
637:Aras River
454:Hindu Kush
353:Lut Desert
349:Hindu Kush
217:South Asia
166:Dimensions
109:Azerbaijan
86:South Asia
66:Hindu Kush
1880:2041-1723
1581:Mushrooms
1530:eggplants
1514:cucumbers
1393:tortoises
1089:cuneiform
990:Gavkhouni
769:Kopet Dag
661:Black Sea
645:Euphrates
562:with the
478:Kopet Dag
405:Geography
376:Gondwanan
319:, all of
294:Khuzestan
245:Köpet Dag
221:West Asia
90:West Asia
70:Himalayas
2132:Pakistan
2109:Pakistan
1898:38528002
1889:10963722
1771:Archived
1747:(1832).
1599:See also
1522:radishes
1506:tomatoes
1494:potatoes
1454:cherries
1438:apricots
1385:reptiles
1366:seagulls
1360:and the
1354:mouflons
1350:gazelles
1330:leopards
1326:wildlife
1304:Hawthorn
1214:Delazian
1194:Sefid-Ab
1140:Mehrgarh
1115:Sassanid
710:Damavand
651:join in
630:Lake Van
583:Pakistan
508:Shir-Kūh
501:Zard-Kūh
488:S Zagros
483:N Zagros
389:and the
383:platform
379:terranes
325:Pakistan
259:and the
251:and the
243:and the
231:and the
209:Caucasus
125:Pakistan
78:Location
68:and the
62:Anatolia
2173:Armenia
2039:of the
1860:Bibcode
1589:Caraway
1565:tobacco
1561:lucerne
1526:lettuce
1518:spinach
1502:cabbage
1478:oranges
1466:Almonds
1462:peaches
1420:Economy
1397:lizards
1296:jasmine
1280:ploughs
1272:cypress
1223:Masileh
1020:History
935:67°18′E
932:30°16′N
899:28°36′N
866:69°54′E
854:Sikaram
821:57°14′E
818:33°32′N
780:36°17′N
522:Hazaran
460:Sabalan
433:Persian
422:Caspian
395:geology
363:Geology
347:in the
341:plateau
272:Parthia
143:Geology
135:), and
101:Part of
43:Plateau
2188:Turkey
2155:Turkey
1896:
1886:
1878:
1727:
1657:, and
1647:Punjab
1573:Sesame
1569:horses
1563:, and
1557:cotton
1545:millet
1541:barley
1528:, and
1488:, and
1482:grapes
1460:, and
1442:quince
1434:apples
1372:, and
1352:, and
1338:hyenas
1298:, and
1284:acacia
1270:, and
1264:walnut
1260:willow
1244:Shiraz
1240:poplar
1189:Niasar
1185:sites
1093:Persia
1085:Aratta
902:61°8′E
863:34°2′N
783:59°3′E
725:Zagros
705:Alborz
681:barley
649:Tigris
626:Turkey
606:Pontic
597:, and
473:Alborz
357:Kerman
345:Noshaq
280:Persis
219:, and
186:Noshaq
184: (
2150:Syria
1651:Sindh
1621:Notes
1585:manna
1553:opium
1549:beans
1537:wheat
1490:limes
1486:melon
1474:Dates
1446:plums
1430:Pears
1426:Fruit
1405:Ptyas
1389:frogs
1374:geese
1370:ducks
1334:bears
1320:Fauna
1300:roses
1292:lilac
1276:doors
1248:Aspen
1230:Flora
1219:Tabas
1209:Mirak
677:wheat
669:Tibet
543:Hamun
515:Barez
467:Urmia
448:Indus
387:plate
276:Media
203:is a
2183:Iraq
2178:Iran
2086:Iran
2058:Iran
1894:PMID
1876:ISSN
1725:ISBN
1681:and
1583:and
1496:and
1468:and
1383:and
1346:ibex
1306:and
1268:pine
1238:and
1110:Irān
1105:Erān
1101:Fars
1077:Elam
1064:and
1028:and
730:Dena
679:and
653:Iraq
647:and
608:and
581:and
575:Iran
435:Gulf
369:Iran
317:Iran
298:Elam
195:The
153:Area
117:Iraq
113:Iran
60:and
1884:PMC
1868:doi
1256:ash
1252:elm
1236:oak
1152:")
1121:).
695::
424:Sea
199:or
131:) (
123:),
2205::
1997:.
1985:.
1936:.
1906:^
1892:.
1882:.
1874:.
1866:.
1856:15
1854:.
1850:.
1830:.
1810:.
1790:.
1753:.
1653:,
1649:,
1637:,
1595:.
1579:.
1571:.
1559:,
1555:,
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1532:.
1524:,
1520:,
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1452:,
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1399:,
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1391:,
1368:,
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1340:,
1336:,
1332:,
1316:.
1302:.
1294:,
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1258:,
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1246:.
1072:.
601:.
593:,
401:.
331:,
278:,
274:,
215:,
211:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
88:,
84:,
2029:e
2022:t
2015:v
2001:.
1989:.
1940:.
1900:.
1870::
1862::
1834:.
1816:.
1733:.
1685:.
1669:.
188:)
127:(
119:(
96:)
23:.
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