28:
507:
523:
304:
and district Police force of 1,786 men. On 1 August 1919, the Levy and
Gendarmerie Orders were published in which the control of the Levies, and the duties of the Inspecting Officer of the Levies, who were limited to inspection and administration, were defined. This put the Levies under the control of three different people: the Inspecting Officer, the Political Officer of the Area, and the Local Administrative Commandant. The budget was dealt with by the Inspecting Officer, except in the Northern Iraqi Provinces of
673:
Levies received full pay up to and including 2 May. Those who were to be discharged on that day received pay and a ration allowance for 28 days terminal leave; plus a civilian clothing allowance and a free railway pass to their homes. Those Levies receiving vocational training had their current rates of pay and allowances continue until the end of their training.
672:
The
British offered financial compensation, vocational training, and resettlement in civilian life to members of the RAF Levies. Those members with 15 or more years of service were pensioned off. Those with less than 15 years were given a gratuity of one month pay for each year of service. Also, the
492:
Following abortive negotiations through
Assyrian officers, British troops were brought in from Egypt to take over the guard and garrison duties of the Levies. Assyrian civilian and religious leaders issued a statement urging all ranks of the Levies to continue in "loyal and obedient service" until a
211:
was recruited first from the Arabs who had joined the Iraqi Levies and later from the general Arab population (Beth-Kamala). Eventually the Levies enlisted mainly
Assyrian soldiers with British officers. The unit initially defended the northern frontiers of the Province of Mosul when Turkey claimed
303:
In 1919 the force changed names twice, first to the
Militia and then in July to the Iraq Levies when Iraq became a British Mandate. On 12 August 1919, the force became known as the "Arab and Kurdish Levies." Also in 1919 the Iraq Levies were split into a strike force of 3,075 men, based in Baquba,
488:
On 1 June 1932 the Levies presented a signed memorial to their commanding officer stating that "all the men had decided to cease serving as from 1st July." The reason was
Britain had "failed adequately to ensure the future of the Assyrian nation after the termination of their mandate over Iraq."
476:
In 1920 During Iraqi revolt the Arabs alongside kurdish and turkmen tribes attacked assyrian refugee camps where assyrian forces managed to defeat the rebels where
Assyrians were excellent fighters having great experience in battle because they successfully fought against ottomans and Kurds and
420:, and those serving could not re-engage. A 1922 treaty between Great Britain and Iraq allowed for the continued existence of the Levies as "local forces of the Imperial garrison" and specified that its members were "members of the British Forces who are inhabitants of Iraq".
589:
By 1942, the Iraq Levies consisted of a
Headquarters, a Depot, Specialist Assyrian companies, 40 service companies and the 1st Parachute Company, which consisted of 75% Assyrian and 25% Kurd. The new Iraq Levies Disciplinary Code was based largely on the Indian Army Act.
632:
took over command of the Levies and Army personnel were gradually replaced by RAF personnel. During
October 1946 the Levies battalions were redesignated as wings and squadrons to conform to the RAF Regiment procedure. In December the Kurdish Squadrons in Cyprus and the
228:
where
Assyrians helped fight off Nazis in the Balkans helping Greeks and partisans free the Balkans and Assyrians force also helped liberate Italy against the fascists and Nazis. The force thereafter grew and survived until it was disbanded when control of
27:
223:
where Assyrians defeated a large force of 15.000 Iraqi nazis with British air bombings in multiple battles where Assyrians also defeated other Nazi Arabs in syria and Lebanon campaign and were also used in other theatres of the
472:
As the Assyrian force became more disciplined they rendered excellent service; during the Arab rebellion of the 1920s they displayed, under conditions of the greatest trial, steadfast loyalty to their British officers.
1542:
569:, then a British mandate, combined with the Habbaniya units to force the rebel forces to retreat to Baghdad. The Levies then recruited an additional 11,000 men, mostly Assyrians, but also some Kurds and
497:
could be responded to. The effect of this intervention was to calm concern amongst the majority of Levies, who resumed their former duties. Two hundred and fifty men were however discharged from service.
385:
during World War I. Now that an Iraqi Army was to be formed, the Arabs and other Muslim peoples were required to join it rather than to go to the Levies. It was decided to enlist ethnic
457:
By 1928 the Levies had become entirely Assyrian. The Marsh Arab battalion became the 7th Battalion of the Iraqi Army. The force then expanded rapidly and became known as "Shabanas", a
354:(province) and in Kurdistan, previously held by the Imperial Garrison, and generally to fill the gap until such time as the Iraq National Army is trained to undertake these duties."
649:
The RAF Levies continued its escort and guard duties into 1954; when it consisted of 1,200 Assyrians, 400 Kurds, and 400 Arabs. The RAF Levies were disbanded on 2 May 1955, and
250:
331:), a Hospital (also in Habbaniya), and numerous numbered field companies. Some of the field companies were later organized into battalions for mobile operations.
416:
in a generally Arab/Kurdish Muslim population. In July 1922 Orders were issued in which no more Arabs were to be enlisted as they were required to join the new
849:
769:
485:
In 1931 Levies and Iraqi army units were patrolling Barzan district. Government troops implied government control, which Shaykh Ahmad still wanted to avoid.
1122:
545:
encamped on the overlooking plateau. The siege was lifted by the units based at Habbaniya, including pilots from the training school, a battalion of the
1547:
1019:
856:
661:
were handed back to the Iraqi Government, although the RAF remained at Habbaniya until May 1959. Of 515 Assyrians, 195 volunteered for service in the
981:
798:
762:
974:
967:
669:
were relieved by guards from the Iraqi Army. A minor and passing event but it did signify the end of an era as now the Levies had ceased to exist.
577:"They had dug trenches and were determined on destroying the Assyrians and taking their properties and possessions. Assyrians painfully remembered
953:
920:
883:
869:
843:
836:
810:
776:
755:
164:
1522:
913:
804:
988:
The King has been graciously pleased to approve that the following be Mentioned in recognition of distinguished services in the Middle East:-
960:
863:
946:
926:
904:
876:
816:
585:
and the surrounding villages and pledged 'Never Again!' They remembered the raping and pillaging of defenseless Assyrian villagers."
506:
423:
By 1923 the ethnic composition of the Iraq Levies was 50% Assyrian, with a large minority of Kurds, plus an attached battalion of
1163:
1384:
1359:
1329:
1308:
1264:
1205:
1146:
1537:
593:
By 1943 the Iraq Levies strength stood at 166 British officers controlling 44 companies; 22 Assyrian, five Mixed Assyrian/
1517:
1007:
784:
747:
127:
266:
1452:
1527:
1512:
1287:
212:
the province and massed its army across the frontiers. After 1928 the prime role of the Levies was to guard the
628:
In 1945, after the Second World War, the Levies were reduced to 60 British officers and 1,900 other ranks. The
550:
313:
1532:
1035:
546:
382:
538:
740:
401:
245:
The Iraq Levies traced their history to the Arab Scouts organized in 1915 by Major J. I. Eadie, of the
131:
531:
526:
New recruits, still wearing their own clothes, are drilled at Habbaniya during the Second World War.
1127:
1102:
1055:
939:
340:
110:
106:
396:
were prized for their discipline, loyalty, bravery and fighting skills by the British, and were
316:, where Political Officers dealt with it. Later the Levies came under their own OC Iraq Levies.
522:
1039:
610:
535:
123:
8:
724:
602:
344:
246:
702:
uniforms, though with RAF rank insignia after 1943. The most distinctive feature was a
698:
Throughout most of their history the Levies wore standard British tropical service and
566:
183:) were the first Iraqi military force established by the British in British controlled
991:"... Lincoln Regiment - Capt. H. J. C. Thomas, MBE (64588), attached Iraq Levies ..."
1380:
1355:
1325:
1260:
1254:
1201:
1174:
1072:- Awarded to parachute company personnel that served in Albania, Italy and/or Greece.
1023:
650:
494:
409:
1349:
1229:
1082:
792:
706:
with brim turned back in the Australian style, worn with a white plume for parade.
458:
225:
148:
1107:
1050:
Three different World War Two Medals were awarded to members of the Iraq Levies.
578:
466:
443:
405:
397:
393:
386:
374:
286:
220:
213:
196:
188:
119:
1409:
1062:
896:
828:
720:
436:
192:
156:
1483:
1506:
1087:
666:
654:
328:
278:
230:
204:
187:. The Iraq Levies originated in a local armed scout force raised during the
1458:
1345:
1097:
699:
634:
629:
515:
447:
114:
1404:
1092:
728:
658:
598:
553:, and the RAF's Iraq Levies. The subsequent arrival of a relief column (
462:
451:
424:
324:
269:
in southern and central Iraq. By 1918 the Arab Scouts increased to 5,467
258:
234:
152:
1295:
1256:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
625:. In 1943/1944 the Iraq Levies were renamed the Royal Air Force Levies.
1379:(3rd rev. and updated ed.). London, UK: I.B. Tauris. p. 178.
1069:
703:
662:
542:
417:
282:
208:
160:
1497:
681:
Levy officer ranks were derived from ancient Assyrian military ranks:
1112:
428:
378:
343:
the mission of the Levies was defined "...to relieve the British and
309:
262:
33:
1543:
Military units and formations in Mandatory Palestine in World War II
561:
432:
366:
295:
At its height, an estimated 40,000 Assyrians served in the Levies.
254:
1038:
for Iraq was established in 1924 and was awarded to the Levies by
1487:
1428:
614:
555:
370:
351:
289:
1351:
Blood, Tears and Folly : An objective look at World War II
1010:
awarded for over fifteen years service in the Assyrian Levies.
622:
606:
594:
582:
570:
511:
320:
305:
265:, for duty under the Intelligence Department as bodyguard for
1492:
1065:- Awarded to Levies after six months service in World War II.
1058:- Awarded to Levies after 28 days of service in World War II.
618:
362:
358:
348:
274:
270:
200:
909:
638:
219:
The Levies distinguished themselves in May 1941 during the
184:
32:
Three members of the RAF Levies arrive at Liverpool aboard
1001:
261:. He recruited forty mounted Arabs from the tribes around
319:
The Levies consisted of a Headquarters (first located in
207:
who lived in the north of the country, while the nascent
1029:
1200:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 59.
653:
was present along with members of the government, as
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1405:"Britain, Iraq and the Assyrians: The Nine Demands"
1324:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
477:others like Persians and azaris during world war 1
1493:A comprehensive website on the Assyrian RAF Levies
1022:with Clasp were awarded in 1922 for operations in
442:In July 1928 the Levies were transferred from the
1273:
357:Up to 1921 the Levies had consisted primarily of
1504:
1429:"The biography of brave Assyrians in Habbanyia"
1322:Arabs at War: Military effectiveness, 1948โ1991
1013:
709:
1042:for operations in Iraq between 1924 and 1936.
734:
1446:
1444:
1442:
743:were awarded to officers of the Iraq Levies.
1398:
1396:
609:. The Parachute Company was attached to the
1439:
1288:"Chronological History of the Iraq Levies"
1234:. London: Royal United Service Institution
1191:
1189:
1187:
933:
676:
665:. At 0800 hours on 3 May 1955, the Levy's
1402:
1393:
1374:
1158:
1156:
1154:
727:to eight Assyrian members in 1917 during
1344:
1259:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1195:
1008:Medals for Long Service and Good Conduct
899:was awarded to the following personnel;
831:was awarded to the following personnel;
714:
521:
505:
450:and its headquarters was transferred to
1450:
1319:
1184:
1045:
1002:Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct
835:The original Military Cross awarded to
377:had fought independently alongside the
1548:IraqโUnited Kingdom military relations
1505:
1403:Stavridis, Stavros T. (8 March 2004).
1227:
1151:
601:. Eleven Assyrian companies served in
465:. Its primary duty was now to protect
347:Troops in Iraq, take over outposts in
1523:Military units and formations of Iraq
1354:. New York, New York: HarperCollins.
1309:40,000 Assyrians fought in the Levies
1252:
1214:
1147:40,000 Assyrians fought in the Levies
1030:General Service Medal with Iraq Clasp
1457:. ATOUR Publications. Archived from
938:Six members of the Iraq Levies were
195:, the force was composed mostly of
13:
14:
1559:
1498:RAF Habbaniya Association website
1477:
1320:Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2002).
1164:"ุขุบุง ุจุทุฑุณ: ุณูุญุงุฑูุจ ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุดุฑูู"
890:
822:
1451:Solomon, Solomon (Sawa) (1996).
26:
1421:
1368:
298:
128:Simko Shikak revolt (1918โ1922)
1338:
1313:
1302:
1246:
1140:
551:No. 1 Armoured Car Company RAF
1:
1377:A Modern History of the Kurds
1133:
549:flown in at the last moment,
541:the base was besieged by the
461:word meaning a semi-military
414:ethnic and religious minority
1198:The Tragedy of the Assyrians
1014:King George Medal with Clasp
741:Orders of the British Empire
723:recommended and awarded the
710:Medals awarded to the Levies
383:Assyrian war of independence
237:was handed to Iraq in 1957.
7:
1538:1919 establishments in Iraq
1228:Browne, J. Gilbert (1932).
1076:
735:Order of the British Empire
605:and another four served in
402:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
1564:
1518:British colonial regiments
1484:Assyrian battle of Albania
1375:MacDowall, David (2004) .
1231:The Iraqi Levies 1915โ1932
240:
132:Simko Shikak revolt (1926)
1253:Nisan, Mordechai (1991).
1196:Stafford, R. S. (2006) .
694:Rab Khamshi: leader of 50
688:Rab Tremma: leader of 200
547:King's Own Royal Regiment
493:national petition to the
142:
137:
102:
94:
86:
78:
68:
60:
52:
44:
25:
20:
1528:Military history of Iraq
1513:History of the Assyrians
1128:Aden Protectorate Levies
685:Rab Khaila: force leader
644:
597:, ten Kurdish, and four
501:
480:
381:and Allied Forces in an
334:
1118:For similar units see:
1103:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
940:Mentioned in Dispatches
934:Mentioned in Dispatches
691:Rab Emma: leader of 100
677:Levy ranks and uniforms
534:took place. During the
251:Special Service Officer
216:bases located in Iraq.
111:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
107:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
587:
527:
519:
412:Christians, a Semitic
191:. After Iraq became a
1036:General Service Medal
980:Lance Corporal 10575
725:Cross of Saint George
715:Cross of Saint George
611:Royal Marine Commando
575:
525:
509:
1533:Iraqi revolt of 1920
1046:World War Two Medals
998:, 23 December 1941)
850:Isaac Sulaqa Gilyana
124:Ahmed Barzani revolt
1454:The Assyrian Levies
1292:Assyrian Levies.com
1056:War Medal 1939โ1945
770:Daniel Malik Ismail
613:and were active in
532:Battle of Habbaniya
514:recruits, 1942, by
247:British Indian Army
179:(also known as the
1180:on 12 August 2018.
1123:Mesopotamia Rifles
1026:in Northern Iraq.
1020:King George Medals
528:
520:
267:political officers
118: •
1386:978-1-85043-4-160
1361:978-0-06017-000-4
1331:978-0-80323-7-339
1298:on 24 April 2009.
1266:978-0-89950-564-0
1207:978-1-59333-413-0
787:were awarded to:
750:were awarded to:
637:were returned to
539:rebellion in 1941
495:League of Nations
410:Chaldean Catholic
255:Muntafiq Division
170:
169:
1555:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:. Archived from
1284:
1271:
1270:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:. Archived from
1168:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1083:RAF Iraq Command
857:Shamoon Khoshaba
793:Dawid Mar Shimun
341:Cairo Conference
249:who served as a
226:Second World War
149:Dawid Mar Shimun
90:40,000 Assyrians
30:
18:
17:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1503:
1502:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1461:on 22 July 2011
1449:
1440:
1433:Nineveh On Line
1427:
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1401:
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1387:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1332:
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1314:
1307:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1267:
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1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1108:Simele massacre
1079:
1048:
1032:
1016:
1004:
982:Menaz Gerwergis
959:Corporal 55416
936:
925:Corporal 55416
893:
825:
799:Yacouv Khoshaba
763:Shayin Giwargis
739:A total of ten
737:
717:
712:
679:
647:
530:In 1940โ41 the
504:
483:
469:bases in Iraq.
467:Royal Air Force
444:Colonial Office
406:Syriac Orthodox
398:Eastern Aramaic
389:in the Levies.
337:
301:
243:
221:Anglo-Iraqi War
214:Royal Air Force
193:British Mandate
189:First World War
181:Assyrian Levies
173:
163:
159:
155:
151:
144:
130:
126:
122:
120:Anglo-Iraqi War
117:
113:
109:
98:Assyrian Levies
74:Royal Air Force
73:
40:
21:Assyrian Levies
12:
11:
5:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1545:
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1535:
1530:
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1520:
1515:
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1478:External links
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996:London Gazette
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966:Private 55994
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954:Barkhu Hormis
951:
948:
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942:
941:
928:
924:
922:
921:Nikola Dinkha
918:
915:
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902:
901:
900:
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884:Shlimon Sliwa
881:
878:
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870:Ozariu Tamraz
867:
865:
861:
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845:
844:Stepan Nissan
841:
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837:Shlimon Slivo
834:
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811:Shlimon Bukho
808:
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777:Zaia Giwargis
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1459:the original
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1296:the original
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1230:
1197:
1175:the original
1171:ููููุณ ููุฑุงุฑู
1170:
1142:
1117:
1098:RAF Regiment
1049:
1033:
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1005:
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987:
952:Rab Khamshi
937:
914:Baitu Marqus
894:
882:Rab Khamshi
875:Rab Khamshi
826:
815:Rab Khamshi
805:Odishu Natan
782:
775:Rab Khamshi
745:
738:
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700:battle dress
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635:Persian Gulf
630:RAF Regiment
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579:the massacre
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516:Cecil Beaton
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339:At the 1921
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299:Organisation
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115:World War II
72:British Army
35:
15:
1238:16 November
1093:RAF Shaibah
961:Barhku Babu
864:Baijan Peko
803:Rab Tremma
797:Rab Tremma
754:Rab Khaila
729:World War I
659:RAF Shaibah
651:King Faisal
599:Marsh Arabs
581:of 1933 in
559:), part of
463:gendarmerie
425:Marsh Arabs
314:Mosul Liwas
259:Mesopotamia
235:RAF Shaibah
177:Iraq Levies
153:Agha Petros
103:Engagements
95:Nickname(s)
1507:Categories
1134:References
1070:Italy Star
1018:Dozens of
947:Malam Odai
927:Mishu Miro
905:Warda Eshu
877:Eshu Saper
817:Eshu Hamzo
791:Rab Kaila
704:slouch hat
663:Iraqi Army
565:sent from
543:Iraqi Army
536:Rashid Ali
427:and a few
418:Iraqi Army
283:Marsh Arab
209:Iraqi Army
161:Malik Yaqo
145:commanders
138:Commanders
61:Allegiance
1465:17 August
1113:Iraqforce
1006:Over 300
945:Rab Emma
919:Corporal
903:Rab Emma
868:Rab Emma
862:Rab Emma
855:Rab Emma
848:Rab Emma
842:Rab Emma
809:Rab Emma
768:Rab Emma
761:Rab Emma
603:Palestine
567:Palestine
437:Turcomans
429:Armenians
400:speaking
394:Assyrians
387:Assyrians
379:Armenians
375:Assyrians
329:Habbaniya
310:Sulaimani
263:Nasiriyeh
197:Assyrians
82:Air force
48:1921โ1955
1348:(1993).
1077:See also
1024:Rawanduz
562:Habforce
433:Mandeans
367:Turkmens
287:Assyrian
279:Turkoman
39:in 1946.
34:SS
1488:YouTube
615:Albania
556:Kingcol
459:Turkish
452:Hinaidi
446:to the
371:Shabaks
352:Vilayat
325:Hinaidi
323:, then
290:militia
253:in the
241:History
143:Notable
53:Country
1383:
1358:
1328:
1263:
1204:
984:โ 1944
977:โ 1944
970:โ 1929
963:โ 1928
956:โ 1929
949:โ 1929
929:โ 1927
916:โ 1928
912:65347
886:โ 1926
879:โ 1928
872:โ 1926
859:โ 1928
852:โ 1928
779:โ 1926
772:โ 1922
765:โ 1926
758:โ 1926
623:Greece
607:Cyprus
595:Yizidi
583:Simele
571:Yezidi
512:Yazidi
345:Indian
321:Baquba
306:Kirkuk
69:Branch
45:Active
36:Orbita
1410:Zinda
1178:(PDF)
1167:(PDF)
783:Five
746:Five
645:1950s
619:Italy
502:1940s
481:1930s
363:Kurds
359:Arabs
349:Mosul
335:1920s
275:Kurds
271:Arabs
201:Kurds
1467:2012
1417:(2).
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1240:2016
1202:ISBN
1068:The
1061:The
1054:The
1034:The
910:CQMS
895:The
827:The
785:MBEs
748:OBEs
719:The
657:and
639:Iran
621:and
510:Two
435:and
392:The
369:and
312:and
285:and
233:and
203:and
185:Iraq
175:The
87:Size
79:Type
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1486:at
408:or
257:in
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