Penal laws (Ireland)

1978:

compelled Catholic bishops to quit the kingdom, and binding those who had assisted at Mass to identify the celebrant. In addition, Catholics might now own a horse worth £5, and, with the consent of their local Protestant bishop, open their own schools. In February 1791 elections to the Committee from the counties and from the five Dublin parishes brought a dramatic change in its composition. The gentry and bishops were now outnumbered by representatives of those Burke described as the "new race of Catholics": the emergent Catholic mercantile and professional middle class. Stirred by news of

48: 6266: 4627: 4638: 4615: 1408:, "a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance, as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man." Burke long counselled kinder relations by London with its American and Irish cousins, fearing that the punitive spirit fostered by the British was destroying English character, and would spur violent revolt. 1233: 4648: 2025:, were met with contempt. In response the Committee organised a country-wide election, open all male communicants in each parish, to a national convention. The Committee's insistence that it did not intend to "disturb" or "weaken" the establishment in Ireland of the Protestant religion or the security of the Protestant crown, did not reassure the authorities, who saw the hand of the United Irishmen. The 1857:, ad-hoc groups of the remaining Catholic nobility and merchants worked towards repeal of the penal laws and an accommodation within the Hanoverian system. These were based locally on county lines. An earlier attempt in 1727 had met with strong opposition from the Jacobite movement, which resisted any negotiations with the Hanoverians, being usurpers. By 1760 eminent Catholics such as 2212:

landlords and magistrates—to secure the confidence of the people. Typically, it was local priest collected the "Catholic rent" of a penny a month, a rate that opened the Association to the poorest tenants. This enabled O'Connell to mount "monster" rallies (crowds of over 100,000) that stayed the hands of authorities, and emboldened larger enfranchised tenants (the

2208:, was unyielding in his opposition. Refusing any instruction from Rome as to "the manner of their emancipation", O'Connell declared that Irish Catholics should be content to "remain for ever without emancipation" rather than allow the king and his ministers "to interfere" with the Pope's appointment of their senior clergy. 2280:

The law does nothing for us. We must save ourselves. We have a little land which we need for ourselves and our families to live on, and they drive us out of it. To whom should we address ourselves?... Emancipation has done nothing for us. Mr. O'Connell and the rich Catholics go to Parliament. We die

2040:

in France, the democratic exercise also caused alarm in the Catholic hierarchy. At the opening the Convention, assembled in the Tailor's Hall in Back Lane, Dublin, in December 1792, Keogh was careful to place two prelates seated on either side of the chairmen. But the petition, as finally approved

1748:– Catholic inheritances of land were to be equally subdivided between all an owner's sons with the exception that if the eldest son and heir converted to Protestantism that he would become the one and only tenant of estate and portions for other children not to exceed one third of the estate. This " 2211:

For O'Connell any compromising of the independence of the Catholic clergy was potentially fatal to a strategy of campaign, organised from 1823 in the Catholic Association, that relied on the local priest—in most districts of the country, the sole figure, with standing independent of the Protestant

1935:

In conversation on the Popery laws, I expressed my surprise at their severity; he said they were severe in the letter, but never executed. .. His Lordship did justice to the merits of the Roman Catholics, by observing that they were in general a very sober, honest and industrious people. This ..

1612:

2. ... provided also, that no person whatsoever shall have or enjoy the benefit of this article, that shall neglect or refuse to take the oath of allegiance, made by act of parliament in England, in the first year of the reign of their present majesties, when thereunto required. 9. The oath to be

1594:

The Roman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the laws of Ireland, or as they did enjoy in the reign of king Charles the second: and their majesties, as soon as their affairs will permit them to summon a parliament in this

3850: 1977:

allowed Catholics, on taking a modified oath that abjured the temporal, but not the spiritual, authority of the Pope, to purchase land and join the army. A further measure followed in 1782: the Irish Parliament, acknowledging the tolerated practice of the Catholic faith, repealed the laws that

1599:

The quid pro quo to attain these privileges involved swearing an oath of loyalty to William and Mary. Many Catholics found this oath repugnant when the Papacy started to support the Jacobites in 1693. A small number of Catholic landlords had sworn this loyalty oath in 1691–3 and their families

2236:—the requirement that MPs acknowledge the King as "Supreme Governor" of the Church and thus forswear the Roman communion. Fearful of the widespread disturbances that might follow from continuing to insist on the letter of the oath, the government finally relented. With the Prime Minister, the 2076:

which continued to bar Catholics from parliament, from the judicial bench and from the higher offices of state, when all else was conceded, seemed petty, and was "interpreted by the newly politicised Catholic populace as final proof that the existing government was their natural enemy"

1973:, who in 1764 had drafted a critical commentary on the penal laws that was widely circulated at Westminster, the pro-government policy appeared to pay dividends. The Irish Act of 1774 allowed any subject of George III "of whatever persuasion to testify their allegiance to him", and the 2255:

Perhaps trying to rationalise the sacrifice of his freeholders, O'Connell wrote privately in March 1829 that the new ten-pound franchise might actually "give more power to Catholics by concentrating it in more reliable and less democratically dangerous hands". The Young Irelander

1759:: forfeiting all property estates and legacy to the monarch of the time and remaining in prison at the monarch's pleasure. In addition, forfeiting the monarch's protection. No injury however atrocious could have any action brought against it or any reparation for such. 2175:—to admit Catholics to Parliament—and permit an erosion of the Protestant monopoly on position and influence. An opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. 1431:' was planned by a group of English Catholics, who were disappointed in their hopes that James would relieve laws against Catholics. This provided a further impetus and justification for restrictive laws on Catholics in Ireland, Scotland and England. In 1607 the 1637:

was sung in thanksgiving at the Vatican. But from 1693 the Papacy changed its policy and supported James against William, and William's policy also moved from a degree of toleration for Catholics to greater hostility. By then, King James was based in France at

2065:. Catholics were admitted to the parliamentary franchise on the same limited and idiosyncratic terms as Protestants. They could take degrees on Trinity College, be called as barristers and serve as army officers and, under the terms of the accompanying 2301:

levy. In its stead, he accepted the Tithe Commutation Act, which offered some reductions and debt forgiveness while incorporating the charge in the rents landlords remained free to set at will. The obligation remained until the disestablishment by the

1471:

was Catholic) was supported by Irish Catholic landlords on the understanding that the laws would be reformed, but once the tax was passed, Charles' viceroy refused two of the 51 Graces, and subsequent bills were blocked by the Catholic majority in the

1949:

In 1773, Kenmare convened a meeting of prominent Catholics in Dublin, representatives of the surviving Catholic gentry and senior bishops. While pleading for penal laws relief, their Catholic Committee foreswore any intention of overturning the

2155:. They believed that reduced to minority within a united kingdom, the Catholics could be safely relieved of their remaining disabilities and the country pacified. But they were unable overcome opposition in England, including that of the King, 1791:

Historians disagree on how rigorously these laws were enforced. The consensus view is that enforcement depended on the attitudes of local magistrates bringing or hearing particular cases; some of whom were rigorous, others more liberal.

1982:

and dissatisfied with the lack of progress since 1782, they demanded an immediate repeal of the remaining penal laws. This caused a split in the Committee with Kenmare leading a withdrawal of the more cautious gentry and bishops.

1811:

marched on London in 1745. Their submission was the effect of "the habit of daily enduring insult and oppression" and of a "brokenness of heart". The systematic discrimination and exclusion from favour kept their "natural chiefs"

1499:. They were also banned from living in towns for a short period. Catholic clergy were expelled from the country and were liable to instant execution when found. Many recusants had to worship in secret at gathering places (such as 2263:

In a pattern that had been intensifying from the 1820s as landlords cleared land to meet the growing livestock demand from England, tenants had been banding together to oppose evictions, and to attack tithe and process servers.

1784:'No person of the popish religion shall publicly or in private houses teach school, or instruct youth in learning within this realm' upon pain of a £20 fine and three months in prison for every such offence. Repealed in 1782. 2163:

that Stewart pushed through a resisting Dublin parliament. A separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, but representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to Westminster constituted as the Parliament of the

1674:, who were drawn from his most fervent supporters. These aspects provided the political basis for the new laws passed for several decades after 1695. Interdicts faced by Catholics and Dissenters under the penal laws were: 2247:

Entry to parliament did not come without a price. Bringing the Irish franchise into line with England's, the 1829 Act raised the property threshold for voting in county seats five-fold to ten pounds, disenfranchising the

1459:. Catholic services, however, were generally tacitly tolerated as long as they were conducted in private. Catholic priests were also tolerated, but bishops were forced to operate clandestinely. In 1634 the issue of the 1454:

were altered to give plantation settlers a majority. In addition, Catholics in all three Kingdoms had to pay 'recusant fines' for non-attendance at Anglican services. Catholic churches were transferred to the Anglican

1219: 1604:

earlier in 1691, specifically provided that the Catholic gentry of counties Galway and Mayo were protected from the property restrictions, though they would be excluded from direct involvement in politics.

2322:

Any existing enactment by which any penalty, disadvantage, or disability is imposed on account of religious belief or on a member of any religious order as such shall ... cease to have effect in Ireland.

2021:

In the 1792 Irish Parliamentary session, further petitions in favour of a Catholic relief bill, introduced at London's behest to secure Catholic loyalty in the impending confrontation with the new

1642:, and was supported politically and financially by Louis XIV, the long-standing enemy of William and Mary. Religion eventually became an issue in defining a notable family's loyalty to the crown. 2096:

after just 6 months in post. Some former Committee members and convention delegates were content to focus their efforts elsewhere: in June 1795 they helped secure government the establishment of

1923:.. the cruel laws against the Roman Catholics of this country, remain the marks of illiberal barbarism. Why should not the industrious man have a spur to his industry, whatever be his religion..? 2088:, it saw no need to hazard further reform. In February 1795, hopes that the Oath of Supremacy might be amended were dashed when, having declared in favour of admitting Catholics to Parliament, 2116:

In calling people to arms, the United Irishmen promised complete civil and religious equality, and with this the abolition of the hated system whereby the "landlords' church" (the established

1362:

1728. Under pressure from the British government, which in its rivalry with France sought Catholic alliances abroad and Catholic loyalty at home, the laws were repealed through a series of

1261: 2104:. Others, despite the threat of excommunication by their bishops, leaned toward the United Irishmen who, despairing of representative parliamentary reform, now moved to draw the agrarian 3761:

The Irish priests in the penal times (1660–1760) [microform] : from the state papers in H. M. Record Offices, Dublin and London, the Bodleian Library, and the British Museum

3710: 1595:

kingdom, will endeavour to procure the said Roman Catholics such farther security in that particular, as may preserve them from any disturbance upon the account of their said religion.

2072:

However, these concessions were "permissive rather than obligatory and a newly awakened Protestant Ascendancy chose as often as not to withhold them". Moreover the retention of the

1904:

of 1771, 1778 and 1793. However, the long drawn-out pace of reform ensured that the question of religious discrimination dominated Irish life and was a constant source of division.

1411:

Initially, the dual monarchs of England and Ireland were cautious about applying penal laws to Ireland because they needed the support of the Catholic upper classes to put down the

6233: 2080:

France declared war on Britain and Ireland in February 1793, and while the British government could rely on the revulsion within Catholic hierarchy against the aggressive

1670:

as the legitimate King of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1766, and Catholics were obliged to support him. He also approved the appointments of all the Irish

2057:, who, persuaded by his ministers, gave audience to a delegation that included both Keogh and Tone. In April, at London's direction Dublin Castle put its weight behind 1427:

to both the English and Irish thrones as James I in 1603 and the eventual victory in the Nine Years War saw a series of coercive new laws put into force. In 1605 the '

1869:

persuaded the more liberal Protestants that they presented no political threat, and that reforms must follow. Events abroad in the 1760s, such as the outcome of the

1254: 358: 2342: 2252:" who had risked much in defying their landlords on O'Connell's behalf. The measure reduced the Catholic electorate in Ireland from 216,000 voters to just 37,000. 193: 5084: 6181: 5104: 6300: 2345:

became in April 1921 the first Catholic Lord Lieutenant of Ireland since the penal laws forbade such appointments in 1685. Because of the establishment of the

5201: 1247: 2011: 1836:. Another became Prime Minister of Spain. If he had staid in his native land, he would have been regarded as inferior by all the ignorant and worthless 993: 6186: 540: 6305: 5197: 713: 2349:

in 1922 and the altered constitutional relationship between Ireland and the United Kingdom, FitzAlan was also the last Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

898: 873: 88: 6043: 98: 1787:

Any and all rewards not paid by the crown for alerting authorities of offences to be levied upon the Catholic populace within parish and county.

3702: 1654:

sought to ensure dominance with the passing of a number of laws to restrict the religious, political and economic activities of Catholics and

5263: 123: 6215: 3878: 1816:

There were indeed Irish Roman Catholics of great ability, energy and ambition; but they were to be found every where except in Ireland, at

1320:

as the "supreme governor" of matters both spiritual and temporal, and abjured "all foreign jurisdictions powers"—by implication both the

2672: 2192:

among them, proposed that fears of Popery might be allayed if the Crown were accorded the same right exercised by continental monarchs, a

6295: 5382: 4806: 4718: 4042: 4024: 3738: 3379: 2204:) proposed that bishops be "personally acceptable to the king", the emergent leader of the popular campaign for emancipation in Ireland, 2165: 293: 103: 6229: 3043:

Keogh, Daire. (1993), "Archbishop Troy, the Catholic Church and Irish Radicalism, 1791-3", in D. Dickson, D. Keogh and K. Whelan eds.,

2970:

Keogh, Daire. (1993), "Archbishop Troy, the Catholic Church and Irish Radicalism, 1791-3", in D. Dickson, D. Keogh and K. Whelan eds.,

1765:

Ban on custody of orphans being granted to Catholics on pain of a £500 fine that was to be donated to the Blue Coat hospital in Dublin.

3780: 2053:

Appealing over the heads of the Dublin Parliament and Castle administration, in January 1793 this petition was presented to the King,

5150: 5028: 2089: 1771:

Prohibition on Catholics owning a horse valued at over £5 (to keep horses suitable for military activity out of the majority's hands)

6048: 4684: 4641: 4052: 2237: 2193: 1858: 1559:

of 1688–9 in Dublin included a complete repeal of the 1660s land settlements. These were reversed after the largely Roman Catholic

2470: 6325: 6220: 5244: 5033: 3516: 2840: 2754: 5394: 5278: 4938: 4062: 2037: 1587: 988: 928: 3841: 1803:

suggested that the Penal-Law regime helps account for the failure of Irish Roman Catholics to heed the Jacobite call when the

6196: 5227: 2516: 1367: 1031: 1575:

were grandchildren of King Charles I, and so the war ultimately decided whether Catholic or Protestant Stuarts would reign.

6310: 6098: 5481: 5367: 4651: 2148: 1390:) contained an all-purpose provision in section 5 removing any remaining sacramental tests technically still in existence. 1214: 868: 1678:

Exclusion of Catholics from most public offices (since 1607), Presbyterians were also barred from public office from 1707.

1650:

With the defeat of Catholic attempts to regain power and lands in Ireland, a ruling class which became known later as the

5436: 5349: 5306: 4057: 2030: 1882: 1862: 504: 1639: 1613:

administered to such Roman Catholics as submit to their majesties' government, shall be the oath abovesaid and no other.

6320: 6201: 5965: 5868: 5362: 5273: 5048: 4851: 4811: 4799: 4794: 4782: 4710: 4322: 3911: 3906: 3805: 3099: 2229: 1495:

barred Catholics from membership of Parliament and the major landholders had most of their lands confiscated under the

998: 2232:. His triumph, as the first Catholic to be returned in a parliamentary election since 1688, made a clear issue of the 6315: 5058: 4777: 3572: 3453: 3301: 3234: 3074: 3052: 2979: 2562: 2337:

As a result of sections 5(2) and 37(1) of the 1920 Act, Catholics once again became eligible to occupy the office of

2097: 6224: 5248: 4880: 4823: 4763: 4394: 3871: 2368:

exiled in Spain since 1681, found hiding in a trunk on a fishing boat arriving at Dungarvan port and imprisoned at

2331: 1706: 447: 17: 5861: 5488: 4934: 4389: 4334: 3999: 2286: 2137: 1796: 1488: 1443: 1055: 1018: 6290: 5493: 5389: 5063: 5043: 4998: 4696: 3686: 3604:

Murray, A.C. (1986). "Agrarian Violence and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Ireland: the Myth of Ribbonism".

3547: 3478: 2315: 2260:

believed that this was the intent: to detach propertied Catholics from the increasingly agitated rural masses.

2241: 2066: 2007: 1866: 1710: 1383: 1317: 1144: 1008: 723: 693: 148: 3471:

Peel, Priests and Politics: Sir Robert Peel's Administration and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, 1841-46

2330:, which prohibited those married to Catholics from succeeding to the throne; these were later repealed by the 1450:, constituted the government of the country, would in future be Anglicans. In 1613, the constituencies of the 5471: 5180: 5094: 2129: 1659: 1294: 1184: 946: 479: 35: 2285:"Emancipation" did not bring the promised relief from Church of Ireland tithes. Fearful of embarrassing his 6128: 5446: 5372: 5222: 5155: 5079: 4953: 4910: 4677: 4572: 4409: 4326: 4294: 3974: 1908: 1061: 688: 233: 417: 5466: 4839: 4330: 3864: 2908: 2144: 1974: 1901: 1854: 1702: 1332: 1286:) were a series of legal disabilities imposed in the seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries on the 1209: 1069: 733: 1940:

in the English House of Commons: Connivance is the relaxation of slavery, not the definition of Liberty.

1687:

Catholics barred from holding firearms or serving in the armed forces, rescinded by Militia Act of 1793.

683: 6171: 5810: 5476: 5170: 4588: 4419: 4350: 3994: 2341:, the British monarch's representative in Ireland. Within months of the enactment of this legislation, 2338: 2249: 2213: 2093: 2026: 2003: 1959: 1290: 1164: 422: 412: 1544: 1305:

by further concentrating property and public office in the hands of those who, as communicants of the

5878: 5734: 5454: 5268: 5190: 5175: 5160: 5008: 4943: 4905: 4895: 4885: 4745: 4580: 4047: 4009: 4003: 3939: 3901: 1951: 1800: 1618: 1564: 1399: 1387: 484: 326: 83: 56: 5896: 1781:

When allowed, new Catholic churches were to be built from wood, not stone, and away from main roads.

6123: 5253: 4867: 4313: 4013: 2294: 2152: 2140: 1507:

signed a letter in support of the Pope and protesting the loss of their 'due liberties'. Seventeen

1496: 1416: 1379: 913: 738: 637: 373: 128: 93: 4137: 1954:. They also demonstrated their loyalty by helping to recruit the soldiers in Ireland to fight for 1697:

from 1652; rescinded 1662–1691; renewed 1691–1829; also applying to the successive parliaments of

6191: 6140: 5856: 5608: 5357: 5217: 5023: 4968: 4958: 4925: 4758: 4670: 4508: 4340: 4019: 3984: 2133: 1480: 617: 2778:"The Dublin Society of United Irishmen and the Politics of the Carey-Drennan Dispute, 1792–1794" 1896:

as legitimate, and so the main political basis for the laws was removed and the slow process of

368: 6211: 6088: 5714: 5234: 5089: 4978: 4929: 4557: 4374: 4369: 4307: 4067: 3989: 3964: 3954: 3759: 3742: 2680: 2327: 2225: 1732: 1626: 1568: 1540: 1508: 1492: 1451: 1447: 1074: 1048: 1003: 678: 607: 273: 168: 4201: 3373: 1722:

Exclusion from the legal professions and the judiciary; repealed (respectively) 1793 and 1829.

5873: 5844: 5377: 4619: 4541: 4359: 4299: 3949: 3821: 3019: 2720: 2578: 2303: 2265: 2172: 2085: 2022: 1897: 1808: 1775: 1698: 1694: 1651: 1524: 1520: 1420: 1351: 1302: 1298: 744: 643: 253: 3115: 1419:(1594–1603). In addition, a significant section of the Catholic aristocracy was composed of 1370:

take the Oath of Supremacy, was removed in 1829, after Ireland had been incorporated by the

6243: 6010: 5781: 5758: 5543: 5429: 5283: 5258: 5127: 4920: 4499: 4363: 4303: 4082: 3968: 1912: 1878: 1817: 1804: 1716: 1528: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1436: 1424: 1363: 1359: 567: 546: 399: 333: 3508: 2457: 903: 784: 764: 363: 8: 6118: 6020: 5916: 5804: 5649: 5339: 5329: 5239: 4915: 4772: 4753: 4707: 4549: 4429: 4404: 4399: 4379: 4209: 4161: 3978: 3929: 3401:

MacDonagh, Oliver (1975). "The Politicization of the Irish Catholic Bishops, 1800–1850".

2205: 2105: 2062: 1870: 1825: 1630: 1600:

remained protected. Previous Jacobite garrison surrenders, particularly the agreement at

1552: 1548: 1484: 1432: 1204: 1013: 833: 612: 499: 494: 489: 31: 5945: 2496: 728: 474: 6145: 6078: 6073: 6000: 5983: 5901: 5588: 5583: 5516: 5145: 5013: 4963: 4900: 4875: 4871: 4789: 4733: 4564: 4470: 4345: 4193: 4087: 3959: 3944: 3887: 3629: 3621: 3426: 3418: 3354: 3346: 3274: 3207: 3153: 2993: 2953: 2891: 2813: 2805: 2160: 2010:("Dissenter") friends in Belfast, in the midst of the town's enthusiasm for the French 1841: 1725: 1671: 1655: 1579: 1572: 1556: 1371: 1343: 1306: 1287: 1237: 878: 673: 469: 458: 452: 2832: 2746: 2364:

Another example from 1713 is the elderly Father Connor Reynolds "of Jamestown" in the

2002:, another Protestant but a known democrat. In Dublin Tone was a leading member of the 1911:

in the late 1770s also deplored the penal laws as being contrary to the spirit of the

1503:) in the countryside. In 1666 forty nine Catholics from hiding places in the woods in 1423:, who had traditionally been loyal to English rule in Ireland. However, the ascent of 6176: 6106: 5826: 5688: 5553: 5459: 5409: 5324: 5185: 5099: 4463: 4355: 3682: 3633: 3568: 3543: 3474: 3449: 3430: 3358: 3338: 3297: 3266: 3230: 3199: 3095: 3070: 3048: 2975: 2945: 2883: 2817: 2797: 2558: 2512: 2233: 2117: 2073: 1995: 1979: 1955: 1833: 1739: 1690: 1583: 1456: 1313: 1309: 814: 751: 718: 623: 572: 286: 203: 198: 5682: 5419: 1446:. This meant that the Irish Privy Council and the Lords Justice who, along with the 6035: 6015: 5836: 5791: 5165: 4846: 4828: 4715: 4525: 4225: 4145: 3838: 3613: 3410: 3330: 3191: 2937: 2875: 2789: 2643: 2504: 2346: 1893: 1504: 1435:

seeking Catholic help in Europe for a further revolt set the scene for a wholesale

794: 789: 758: 630: 464: 313: 213: 161: 64: 2293:

in England), in 1838 O'Connell rejected the call of the Protestant tenant-righter

6135: 6063: 6058: 5888: 5766: 5693: 5334: 5018: 4993: 4517: 3845: 3823:

Several Special Cases on the Laws Against the Further Growth of Popery in Ireland

3801: 2434: 2156: 1468: 1329: 1099: 848: 820: 809: 582: 188: 141: 69: 3802:"Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery commonly known as the Penal Laws" 2508: 1762:

Ban on Catholics buying land under a lease of more than 31 years; repealed 1778.

923: 30:

This article is about the penal laws in Ireland. For wider insular context, see

6270: 6166: 6005: 5993: 5771: 4834: 4818: 4768: 4631: 4491: 4455: 4273: 3934: 3617: 2365: 2224:

In 1828, O'Connell defeated a member of the British cabinet in a parliamentary

1928: 1428: 1375: 1347: 1279: 1124: 964: 918: 908: 777: 522: 208: 4241: 3414: 3334: 2793: 1919:(1780), that was sponsored by many landlords, Young mentioned the laws twice: 1719:

1728, exclusion from the parliamentary franchise until the Relief Act of 1793;

1442:

From 1607, Catholics were barred from holding public office or serving in the

6284: 5821: 5654: 5528: 5003: 4988: 3342: 3270: 3203: 2949: 2887: 2801: 2695: 2189: 2058: 1874: 1829: 1663: 977: 838: 804: 5975: 5911: 5906: 5816: 5799: 5624: 5563: 5053: 5038: 4414: 4265: 4217: 4177: 3587: 2668: 2257: 2015: 1991: 1970: 1937: 1405: 1094: 1043: 843: 653: 577: 562: 406: 393: 226: 181: 116: 4169: 2216:) to vote for pro-Emancipation candidates in defiance of their landlords. 1962:

in the 1770s and, later, by supporting the authorities as they suppressed

47: 6112: 6025: 5724: 5668: 5629: 4890: 4483: 4475: 4318: 4129: 3473:. Wotton-under-Edge, England: Clarendon Press – Oxford University Press. 2673:"Edmund Burke and Trinity College: lifetime ties and later commemoration" 2298: 2290: 2197: 2081: 1821: 1778:

1704, but seminary priests and Bishops were not able to do so until 1778.

1738:

On a death by a Catholic, his legatee could benefit by conversion to the

1366:

beginning in 1771. The last significant disability, the requirement that

1137: 1087: 1038: 891: 799: 587: 557: 552: 517: 338: 3625: 3278: 3254: 3211: 3179: 3157: 3141: 2957: 2925: 2895: 2863: 6206: 5729: 5639: 5603: 5593: 5399: 4596: 4439: 4384: 4257: 4233: 4153: 4077: 3422: 3350: 3318: 2809: 2777: 2171:

It took the Union thirty years to deliver on the promise of completing

2054: 1999: 1987: 1756: 1745: 1560: 1355: 827: 648: 427: 5850: 1944: 6238: 5959: 5743: 5598: 5573: 5548: 4973: 4447: 4249: 3856: 3741:. New England Historic Genealogical Society in Boston. Archived from 3195: 3184:

Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society

2941: 2879: 2495:

McGrath, Charles Ivar (2021), Costello, Kevin; Howlin, Niamh (eds.),

2369: 2273: 2269: 2125: 1963: 1885:

by Europe's Catholic monarchs, all seemed to confirm their position.

1853:

From 1758, before the death of the Old Pretender, who styled himself

1755:

Ban on converting from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism on pain of

1749: 1658:. Harsher laws were introduced for political reasons during the long 1536: 1531:

in 1660, in terms of worship and property-owning, but also the first

1500: 1336: 957: 5924: 5644: 4121: 1795:

As a continuing reminder of their defeat in the Williamite War, the

6150: 6083: 5748: 5634: 5578: 4983: 3146:

Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia

2201: 2101: 1889: 1667: 1622: 1532: 1232: 1104: 2334:(between 1920 and 2013 there was no Catholic heir to the throne). 2045:, with no implication that their sanction was sought or obtained. 1487:

from 1642 with Papal support, that was eventually put down in the

6068: 6053: 5952: 5739: 5719: 4693: 4662: 4185: 4105: 1634: 981: 941: 666: 533: 2540:

The History of England from the Accession of Jame II, Volume III

2183: 5938: 5931: 5776: 5709: 5568: 4113: 2372: 2041:

and signed by the delegates, was presented to the bishops as a

1837: 1774:

Roman Catholic lay priests had to register to preach under the

1684:

Presbyterian marriages were not legally recognised by the state

1601: 1197: 1177: 1157: 1117: 706: 386: 351: 5988: 5558: 3509:"The Peel Web-Wellington's speeches on Catholic Emancipation" 3045:

The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion,

2972:

The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion,

2121: 1412: 861: 600: 440: 306: 266: 246: 2108:

with them toward a French-assisted republican insurrection.

1662:

that ended in 1714. James Stuart, the son of James II, the "

1543:

from France in 1685, and took his policy from the hard-line

3114:

Patrick Weston Joyce (1910) An Installment on Emancipation

2503:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–48, 2178: 2159:. Provision for Catholic emancipation was dropped from the 2111: 1325: 1321: 2497:"The Penal Laws: Origins, Purpose, Enforcement and Impact" 1539:

of France increased Protestant paranoia in Europe when he

5676: 3661: 3378:. Glasgow: Cameron, Ferguson & Company. p. 418. 359:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

3255:"George III, Pitt, and the Irish Catholics, 1801 – 1805" 2596: 1990:, the Committee signalled a new departure by dismissing 1900:

began, with the repeal of some of the penal laws by the

194:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

5105:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3069:. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press. pp. 236–237. 2696:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: English Post-Reformation Oaths" 2200:

itself (then in a silent alliance with Britain against

1888:

On the death of the Old Pretender in January 1766, the

3781:"Background to the Statutes; Religion: The Penal Laws" 3446:

The Catholic Emancipation Crisis in Ireland, 1823–1829

2151:

moved to incorporate Ireland in a united kingdom with

3567:(Second ed.). London: Longman. pp. 22, 24. 2557:. Dublin: Four Courts. pp. 241–243 and 358–363. 4835:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2994:"McCormick, Richard | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 2623: 2542:. London: Longman, Green & Co. pp. 286–287. 1731:

Bar to Catholics and Protestant Dissenters entering

1681:

Ban on intermarriage with Protestants; repealed 1778

3594:, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1914, pp. xxxiv–xxxvi 2833:"McKenna, Theobald | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 2747:"Braughall, Thomas | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 2415: 1945:

The Catholic Committee and the Back Lane Parliament

1629:'s alliance against France, and on the news of the 994:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

2926:"The Personnel of the Catholic Convention, 1792-3" 2864:"The Personnel of the Catholic Convention, 1792-3" 2289:allies (who in government had brutally suppressed 2268:, in his visit to Ireland in 1835, recorded these 1617:At the European level, this war was a part of the 1590:in October 1691. This provided in article 1 that: 1547:. Following the flight from England to Ireland by 541:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 5198:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 2403: 2309: 2069:, most controversially of all, could carry arms. 1519:Much of this legislation was rescinded after the 1479:Catholic resentment was a factor in starting the 714:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 6282: 3142:"Catholics in Ireland and the French Revolution" 2644:"Browne, Thomas | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 1998:, as assistant secretary and replacing him with 1915:, and illogical as they were unenforced. In his 1555:in 1688, the decisions of the Catholic-majority 874:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 6044:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 1986:Under the chairmanship of the Dublin merchant, 1752:" system had previously been abolished by 1600. 1220:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 3646: 3592:Jail Journal, or five years in British Prisons 1936:brought to my mind an admirable expression of 1393: 6301:History of Christianity in the United Kingdom 4678: 3872: 3839:Laws in Ireland for the suppression of Popery 3365: 3094:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 296. 2184:Daniel O'Connell and the Catholic Association 1255: 124:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 3323:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3229:. Quercus Publishing Plc. pp. 126–127. 2358: 2194:veto on the confirmation of Catholic bishops 2036:Moved by parallels with the election to the 1848: 1645: 34:. For the Penal laws against the Welsh, see 4807:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3739:"Nicholas Mahon and 17th Century Roscommon" 3565:Ireland since 1800: conflict and conformity 2219: 2166:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2048: 1768:Ban on Catholics inheriting Protestant land 1707:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1439:by the Lowland Scots and Northern English. 294:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 104:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 6230:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4685: 4671: 3879: 3865: 3662:Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967). 3227:Castlereagh, From Enlightenment to Tyranny 2033:, called on London for additional troops. 1728:– ban on foreign education; repealed 1782. 1262: 1248: 3785:History of the Irish Parliament 1692–1800 3400: 3316: 3252: 2602: 2555:Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766 2552: 2453: 2451: 2240:, invoking the spectre of civil war, the 1563:that sided with King James then lost the 1511:from this period were beatified in 1992. 94:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 6306:Christianity and law in the 17th century 6049:Association football in Northern Ireland 4053:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 3799: 3581: 3542:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 301–302. 3443: 2902: 2537: 2112:1798 rebellion and the 1800 Act of Union 724:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 5245:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 3139: 3064: 3017: 2830: 2494: 1840:who had signed the Declaration against 27:18th-century oppressive laws in Ireland 14: 6283: 4063:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 3886: 3819: 3736: 3713:from the original on 22 September 2021 3681:. London: Quartet Books. p. 191. 3651:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 123. 3603: 3562: 3556: 3537: 3375:The life and times of Daniel O'Connell 3291: 3177: 3140:Kennedy, W. Benjamin (December 1984). 3089: 2744: 2667: 2501:Law and Religion in Ireland, 1700–1970 2448: 2409: 2394: 989:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 89:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 5514: 5304: 5125: 4731: 4666: 3860: 3851:Bills 1692–1800 with subject "Popery" 3757: 3519:from the original on 17 December 2010 3448:. New York: Praeger. pp. 14–30. 3248: 3246: 3135: 3133: 2991: 2923: 2861: 2843:from the original on 6 September 2021 2775: 2757:from the original on 6 September 2021 2641: 2629: 2614: 2421: 2388: 3506: 3497:. Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, p. 168 3468: 3371: 3092:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes 3037: 2297:for the complete elimination of the 2006:first formed in October 1791 by his 1215:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 869:Violence against Christians in India 84:Historical persecution of Christians 4647: 4058:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 3676: 3666:. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 375. 3296:. London: Allen Lane. p. 291. 3224: 3180:"The United Irishmen in Co. Tyrone" 2964: 2917: 2769: 2188:In 1808 "friends of emancipation", 2132:. Following the suppression of the 1883:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 505:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 24: 6296:History of Christianity in Ireland 5274:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 5049:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 4847:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 4692: 3806:University of Minnesota Law School 3243: 3218: 3130: 3067:The Catholics of Ulster, a History 3058: 2855: 2824: 2435:"Declaratory and Repeal Acts 1689" 1404:The penal laws were, according to 999:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 618:Persecution of Christians in China 25: 6337: 5059:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3773: 3606:Irish Economic and Social History 3382:from the original on 31 July 2021 2149:Robert Stewart (Lord Castlereagh) 6264: 5228:Tallest buildings and structures 4646: 4637: 4636: 4625: 4613: 3649:Journeys to England and Ireland 3647:de Tocqueville, Alexis. (1968). 2332:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 2012:Declaration of the Rights of Man 1608:Articles 2 and 9 required that: 1231: 448:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 46: 4000:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 3729: 3695: 3670: 3655: 3640: 3597: 3531: 3500: 3487: 3462: 3437: 3394: 3310: 3285: 3171: 3121: 3108: 3083: 3011: 2985: 2738: 2721:"THE CATHOLIC RELIEF ACT, 1782" 2713: 2688: 2661: 2635: 2608: 2579:"THE CATHOLIC RELIEF ACT, 1778" 2571: 2546: 2134:rebellion in the summer of 1798 1980:revolution and reform in France 1693:required for membership of the 1489:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1056:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 1019:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 6326:Religion in the British Empire 5064:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3912:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 3907:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 3820:Howard, Gorges Edmond (1775). 3800:Schaffer, M. Patricia (2000). 3787:. Ulster Historical Foundation 3493:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2008). 3317:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000). 3259:The Catholic Historical Review 3118:p. 867. www.libraryireland.com 2531: 2488: 2463: 2427: 2399:. Patrick Donahoe. p. 16. 2316:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2310:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2196:. Yet even when, in 1814, the 2179:Final "emancipation" 1808-1829 1386:(coming into force during the 1384:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1145:Catholic Church in North Korea 1009:Dissolution of the Monasteries 149:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 13: 1: 5126: 3319:"The Catholics and the Union" 3253:McDougall, Donald J. (1945). 2038:National Constituent Assembly 1907:Visitors from abroad such as 1867:Charles O'Conor of Belanagare 1660:War of the Spanish Succession 1463:arose; generous taxation for 1185:2021 Canadian church burnings 947:Religious violence in Nigeria 480:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 99:Eastern Catholic persecutions 36:Penal Laws against Wales 1402 6129:Northern Ireland flags issue 5305: 5080:List of conflicts in Ireland 4824:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4295:Dublin Castle administration 3679:The Most Distressful Country 3563:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999). 3372:Luby, Thomas Clarke (1870). 2381: 2343:Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent 2281:of starvation just the same. 1514: 1316:. The Oath acknowledged the 1293:and, to a lesser degree, on 1062:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 234:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 7: 6311:Anti-Catholicism in Ireland 5515: 5100:Gaelic clothing and fashion 4732: 3664:The Course of Irish History 2911:Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone 2509:10.1007/978-3-030-74373-4_2 2291:tithe and poor law protests 2145:Chief Secretary for Ireland 1975:Catholic Relief Act of 1778 1711:Catholic Relief Act of 1829 1394:Stuart and Cromwellian rule 1210:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 1070:Philadelphia nativist riots 10: 6342: 3995:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3853:Irish Legislation Database 3618:10.1177/033248938601300103 3444:Reynolds, James A (1970). 3065:Elliott, Marianne (2000). 2553:O Ciardha, Eamonn (2004). 2339:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 2250:forty-shilling freeholders 2214:forty-shilling freeholders 2004:Society of United Irishmen 1567:in 1689–91. His opponents 1397: 1165:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 734:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 423:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 29: 6321:Social history of Ireland 6260: 6159: 6097: 6034: 5974: 5887: 5835: 5790: 5757: 5702: 5667: 5617: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5510: 5445: 5348: 5317: 5313: 5300: 5210: 5138: 5134: 5121: 5072: 4860: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4703: 4620:British Empire portal 4608: 4428: 4285: 4096: 4048:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 4033: 3940:Tudor conquest of Ireland 3920: 3902:Timeline of Irish history 3894: 3826:. Dublin: Elizabeth Lynch 3758:Burke, William P (1914). 3703:"Irish Tithe Act Of 1838" 3540:Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 3415:10.1017/S0018246X00008669 3335:10.1017/S0080440100000128 3090:Bardon, Jonathan (2008). 2831:Ceretta, Manuela (2009). 2794:10.1017/S0018246X00014710 2397:Fenian Heroes and Martyrs 1964:Whiteboy agrarian protest 1849:Catholic relief 1771–1800 1832:,. One in exile became a 1666:", was recognised by the 1646:Ascendancy rule 1691–1778 1619:War of the Grand Alliance 1565:Williamite war in Ireland 1483:and the establishment of 1400:European wars of religion 1388:Irish War of Independence 327:European wars of religion 6316:Legal history of Ireland 4314:Privy Council of Ireland 3844:15 December 2007 at the 3513:A Web of English History 3294:Modern Ireland 1600–1972 3178:McEvoy, Brendan (1960). 3047:Dublin: Lilliput Press, 3024:donsdublin.wordpress.com 2974:Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2913:, JW Boyd, Belfast, 1898 2352: 2326:This did not affect the 2295:William Sharman Crawford 2220:1829 Catholic Relief Act 2090:Earl William Fitzwilliam 2049:1793 Catholic Relief Act 1125:Murder of Andrea Santoro 638:Ad Apostolorum principis 374:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 129:Diocletianic Persecution 6221:Prostitution (Republic) 4341:Court of Castle Chamber 4020:Irish Rebellion of 1798 4010:Williamite–Jacobite War 3985:Irish Rebellion of 1641 3737:Hanley, Gerald (1961). 3507:Bloy, Marjorie (2011). 3055:, (pp. 124–134) p. 131. 2982:, (pp. 124–134) p. 129. 2788:(1): (89–111), 96–100. 2776:Durey, Michael (1994). 2538:Macaulay, Lord (1864). 1578:The war ended with the 1527:(1660–1685), under the 1481:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1358:1704 and 1709, and the 1295:Protestant "Dissenters" 1291:Roman Catholic majority 929:1989 murders of Jesuits 5090:List of Irish kingdoms 4375:Trinity College Dublin 4370:Grand Lodge of Ireland 4308:Irish House of Commons 4266:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 4068:Act of Settlement 1662 3990:Irish Confederate Wars 3965:Plantations of Ireland 3955:Reformation in Ireland 3403:The Historical Journal 3292:Foster, R. F. (1988). 3127:Elliott (2000), p. 239 3020:"back lane parliament" 2782:The Historical Journal 2681:Trinity College Dublin 2328:Act of Settlement 1701 2283: 2098:St. Patrick's seminary 2061:in the passage of the 1877:(1766), the emerging " 1846: 1733:Trinity College Dublin 1615: 1597: 1551:caused by the English 1541:expelled the Huguenots 1535:became law from 1673. 1521:Restoration in Ireland 1493:Act of Settlement 1652 1452:Irish House of Commons 1448:Lord Deputy of Ireland 1342:The laws included the 1335:" in the court of the 1283: 1238:Catholicism portal 1075:Ursuline Convent riots 1004:Irish Catholic Martyrs 899:Four U.S. missionaries 608:Martyr Saints of China 274:Maspero demonstrations 169:Massacre of the Latins 6291:Penal Laws in Ireland 6197:Mass media (Republic) 6141:National coat of arms 5029:IRA Northern Campaign 4300:Parliament of Ireland 3950:Surrender and regrant 3538:Foster, R.F. (1988). 3018:Cameron, Don (2014). 2992:Woods, C. J. (2009). 2924:Woods, C. J. (2003). 2862:Woods, C. J. (2003). 2745:Hurley, Mary (2009). 2642:Quinn, James (2009). 2619:. London. p. 59. 2395:Savage, John (1869). 2304:Irish Church Act 1869 2278: 2266:Alexis De Tocqueville 2173:Catholic emancipation 1952:Williamite Settlement 1898:Catholic emancipation 1814: 1695:Parliament of Ireland 1656:Protestant Dissenters 1652:Protestant Ascendancy 1610: 1592: 1497:Adventurers' Act 1640 1368:Members of Parliament 1352:Registration Act 1704 1303:Protestant Ascendancy 745:In Poloniae annalibus 694:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 644:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 254:Christianity in Sudan 6119:County coats of arms 6011:List of Irish people 5085:List of Irish tribes 4935:Cromwellian conquest 4921:Plantation of Ulster 4852:Ireland (since 1922) 4304:Irish House of Lords 4083:Constitution of 1782 3677:Kee, Robert (1976). 3469:Kerr, Donal (1984). 2930:Archivium Hibernicum 2868:Archivium Hibernicum 2314:Section 5(2) of the 2244:became law in 1829. 1913:Age of Enlightenment 1902:Catholic Relief Acts 1879:Age of Enlightenment 1717:Disenfranchising Act 1529:Declaration of Breda 1474:Irish House of Lords 1437:Plantation of Ulster 1425:James VI of Scotland 1360:Disenfranchising Act 1312:, subscribed to the 568:Bernhard Lichtenberg 547:Mit brennender Sorge 485:José María of Manila 418:José Sánchez del Río 400:Iniquis afflictisque 369:Martyrs of Compiègne 6234:in Northern Ireland 6225:in Northern Ireland 5966:Legendary creatures 5879:Traditional singing 5715:Saint Patrick's Day 5350:Republic of Ireland 5279:Tourist attractions 5264:ROI–UK border 5249:of Northern Ireland 5202:in Northern Ireland 5034:IRA Border Campaign 5009:War of Independence 4979:Second Great Famine 4964:Act of Union (1800) 4916:Flight of the Earls 4773:Lordship of Ireland 4708:Republic of Ireland 4380:Order of St Patrick 4202:Mac William Íochtar 3979:Flight of the Earls 3930:Lordship of Ireland 2909:Milligan, Alice L, 2725:members.pcug.org.au 2583:members.pcug.org.au 2242:Catholic Relief Act 2063:Catholic Relief Act 2014:and its defence by 2000:Theobald Wolfe Tone 1931:, Young commented: 1873:, the death of the 1824:, in the armies of 1631:Battle of the Boyne 1553:Glorious Revolution 1485:Confederate Ireland 1433:Flight of the Earls 1301:, they secured the 1205:Martyrs of Pratulin 914:Ignacio Martín-Baró 613:Auguste Chapdelaine 500:522 Spanish Martyrs 495:498 Spanish Martyrs 490:233 Spanish Martyrs 32:Penal law (British) 6271:Ireland portal 5589:Skirts and kidneys 5095:List of High Kings 5014:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4954:First Great Famine 4939:Settlement of 1652 4911:Tyrone's Rebellion 4901:Desmond Rebellions 4790:Kingdom of Ireland 4632:Ireland portal 4410:Catholic Committee 4346:Peerage of Ireland 4154:Clann Aodha Buidhe 4088:Acts of Union 1800 3960:Desmond Rebellions 3888:Kingdom of Ireland 3745:on 18 January 2017 3225:Bew, John (2011). 2615:Young, A. (1780). 2458:Treaty of Limerick 2238:Duke of Wellington 2106:Catholic Defenders 1929:Chief Baron Foster 1894:Hanoverian dynasty 1842:Transubstantiation 1726:Education Act 1695 1672:Catholic hierarchy 1580:Treaty of Limerick 1557:Patriot Parliament 1372:1800 Acts of Union 1344:Education Act 1695 879:Devasahayam Pillai 674:Vietnamese Martyrs 470:Martyrs of Daimiel 459:Dilectissima Nobis 142:Neo-Persian Empire 6278: 6277: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 5663: 5662: 5554:Bacon and cabbage 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5373:Foreign relations 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5223:Notable buildings 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 4660: 4659: 4356:Church of Ireland 4218:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 3329:: (243–258) 258. 3190:(1): (1–32), 19. 2936:: (26–76) 26–27. 2874:: (26–76) 26–27. 2518:978-3-030-74372-7 2234:Oath of Supremacy 2128:of Catholics and 2118:Church of Ireland 2074:Oath of Supremacy 1960:American Colonies 1834:Marshal of France 1740:Church of Ireland 1691:Oath of Supremacy 1457:Church of Ireland 1415:rebellion in the 1314:Oath of Supremacy 1310:Church of Ireland 1297:. Enacted by the 1272: 1271: 904:Ignacio Ellacuría 815:Aloysius Stepinac 785:József Mindszenty 765:Jerzy Popiełuszko 752:Gloriosam Reginam 719:Maksymilian Kolbe 679:Andrew of Phú Yên 624:Ad Sinarum gentem 573:Max Josef Metzger 364:War in the Vendée 334:Thirty Years' War 287:Islamic terrorism 204:Assyrian genocide 199:Armenian genocide 16:(Redirected from 6333: 6269: 6268: 6267: 5946:Tuatha Dé Danann 5534: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5512: 5511: 5447:Northern Ireland 5425: 5415: 5405: 5315: 5314: 5302: 5301: 5136: 5135: 5123: 5122: 4999:Home Rule crisis 4829:Northern Ireland 4742: 4741: 4729: 4728: 4716:Northern Ireland 4687: 4680: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4526:Richard Cromwell 4522: 4514: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4468: 4460: 4459:(1553; disputed) 4452: 4444: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4110: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3768: 3766: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3707:encyclopedia.com 3699: 3693: 3692: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3601: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3196:10.2307/29740719 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3137: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2942:10.2307/25484204 2921: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2880:10.2307/25484204 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2376: 2362: 2347:Irish Free State 2206:Daniel O'Connell 2092:was recalled as 2082:anti-clericalism 2031:Lord Westmorland 1871:Seven Years' War 1859:Lord Trimlestown 1776:Registration Act 1735:; repealed 1793. 1509:Catholic martyrs 1505:county Roscommon 1491:in 1649–53. The 1299:Irish Parliament 1274:In Ireland, the 1264: 1257: 1250: 1236: 1235: 795:Severian Baranyk 790:Eugene Bossilkov 759:Invicti athletae 729:Stefan Wyszyński 684:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 631:Cupimus Imprimis 475:Bartolomé Blanco 465:Martyrs of Turon 314:Martyrs of Japan 214:Kosheh massacres 189:Muslim conquests 162:Byzantine Empire 50: 43: 42: 21: 18:Irish Penal Laws 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6265: 6263: 6248: 6216:outside Ireland 6187:Historic houses 6155: 6136:Irish Wolfhound 6107:Brighid's Cross 6093: 6064:Gaelic handball 6059:Gaelic football 6030: 6001:Hiberno-Normans 5970: 5883: 5831: 5786: 5767:Hiberno-English 5753: 5698: 5659: 5613: 5519: 5498: 5441: 5423: 5413: 5403: 5344: 5335:Ulster loyalism 5309: 5288: 5206: 5130: 5109: 5068: 4994:Dublin lock-out 4930:Confederate War 4881:Norman invasion 4868:Battles of Tara 4856: 4812:1801–1923 4800:1691–1800 4795:1536–1691 4783:1169–1536 4736: 4723: 4699: 4691: 4661: 4656: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4518:Oliver Cromwell 4512: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4432: 4424: 4420:United Irishmen 4287: 4281: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4035: 4029: 3975:Nine Years' War 3922: 3916: 3890: 3885: 3846:Wayback Machine 3829: 3827: 3810: 3808: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3748: 3746: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3671: 3660: 3656: 3645: 3641: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3442: 3438: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3290: 3286: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3223: 3219: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3063: 3059: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2990: 2986: 2969: 2965: 2922: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2829: 2825: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2617:Tour in Ireland 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2551: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2471:"irish-society" 2469: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2424:, pp. 173. 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2312: 2222: 2186: 2181: 2114: 2086:French Republic 2051: 2023:French Republic 1947: 1917:Tour in Ireland 1892:recognised the 1851: 1809:Young Pretender 1648: 1621:, in which the 1517: 1469:Henrietta Maria 1402: 1396: 1318:British monarch 1268: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1200: 1190: 1189: 1180: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1110: 1109: 1100:Pedro Calungsod 1090: 1080: 1079: 1034: 1024: 1023: 984: 970: 969: 960: 950: 949: 944: 934: 933: 894: 884: 883: 864: 854: 853: 849:Theodore Romzha 821:Meminisse iuvat 810:Zynoviy Kovalyk 780: 770: 769: 709: 699: 698: 689:Trương Bửu Diệp 669: 659: 658: 603: 593: 592: 583:Erich Klausener 536: 526: 525: 520: 510: 509: 443: 433: 432: 389: 379: 378: 354: 344: 343: 329: 319: 318: 309: 299: 298: 289: 279: 278: 269: 259: 258: 249: 239: 238: 229: 219: 218: 184: 174: 173: 164: 154: 153: 144: 134: 133: 119: 109: 108: 79: 70:Catholic Church 67: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6339: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6276: 6275: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6182:Heritage Sites 6179: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6006:Irish diaspora 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5994:Gaelic Ireland 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5737: 5735:Rose of Tralee 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:List of dishes 5540: 5538: 5531: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5460:D'Hondt method 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5421:Seanad Éireann 5417: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5310: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Extreme points 5158: 5153: 5151:Climate change 5148: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5131: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4969:1803 Rebellion 4966: 4961: 4959:1798 Rebellion 4956: 4951: 4946: 4944:Williamite War 4941: 4932: 4926:1641 Rebellion 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4906:Spanish Armada 4903: 4898: 4896:Tudor conquest 4893: 4888: 4886:Bruce campaign 4883: 4878: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4832: 4831:(1921–present) 4826: 4821: 4819:Irish Republic 4816: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4778:800–1169 4769:Gaelic Ireland 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4644: 4634: 4622: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4515: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4461: 4456:Lady Jane Grey 4453: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4400:Irish Patriots 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4316: 4311: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4025:United Kingdom 4022: 4017: 4007: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3935:British Empire 3932: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3836: 3817: 3797: 3775: 3774:External links 3772: 3770: 3769: 3755: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3694: 3687: 3669: 3654: 3639: 3596: 3580: 3573: 3555: 3548: 3530: 3499: 3486: 3479: 3461: 3454: 3436: 3393: 3364: 3309: 3302: 3284: 3265:(3): 255–281. 3242: 3235: 3217: 3170: 3129: 3120: 3107: 3101:978-0717146499 3100: 3082: 3075: 3057: 3036: 3010: 2984: 2963: 2916: 2901: 2854: 2823: 2768: 2737: 2712: 2687: 2660: 2634: 2632:, p. 146. 2622: 2607: 2605:, p. 365. 2603:O Ciardha 2004 2595: 2570: 2563: 2545: 2530: 2517: 2487: 2462: 2447: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2366:County Leitrim 2356: 2354: 2351: 2324: 2323: 2311: 2308: 2221: 2218: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2138:Prime Minister 2113: 2110: 2050: 2047: 1966:in the 1780s. 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1925: 1924: 1850: 1847: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1753: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1647: 1644: 1545:Bishop Bossuet 1516: 1513: 1429:Gunpowder Plot 1417:Nine Years War 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1376:United Kingdom 1348:Banishment Act 1337:King of France 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 965:Stanley Rother 961: 956: 955: 952: 951: 945: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 926: 921: 919:Segundo Montes 916: 911: 909:Rutilio Grande 906: 901: 895: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 876: 871: 865: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Sára Salkaházi 831: 824: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 781: 778:Eastern Europe 776: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 762: 755: 748: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 710: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 670: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 634: 627: 620: 615: 610: 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 543: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 523:Titus Brandsma 521: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 455: 450: 444: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 403: 396: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 330: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 310: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 290: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 230: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 209:Greek genocide 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 145: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 120: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 77: 76: 73: 72: 61: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6338: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239:Public houses 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5495: 5494:Peace process 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5424:(upper house) 5422: 5418: 5416: 5414:(lower house) 5412: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Republicanism 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Peace process 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:The Emergency 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Easter Rising 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Fenian Rising 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Early history 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4653: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4106:Tuadhmhumhain 4104: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043:Poynings' Law 4041: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3574:9780582322547 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3455:9780837131412 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3303:0-7139-9010-4 3299: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3236:9780857381866 3232: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3076:0-7139-9464-9 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3053:0-946640-95-5 3050: 3046: 3040: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2980:0-946640-95-5 2977: 2973: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2669:Cullen, Louis 2664: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2564:1-85182-805-2 2560: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2476: 2475:irish-society 2472: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:Henry Grattan 2176: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Great Britain 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:Henry Grattan 2056: 2046: 2044: 2043:fait accompli 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996:Richard Burke 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1927:Talking with 1922: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Old Pretender 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Maria Theresa 1827: 1823: 1822:Saint Ilfonso 1819: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805:Scottish army 1802: 1801:Lord Macaulay 1798: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:Great Britain 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Old Pretender 1661: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1640:Saint Germain 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1467:(whose Queen 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Great Britain 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284:Na Péindlíthe 1281: 1277: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032:United States 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 983: 979: 978:Great Britain 974: 973: 966: 963: 962: 959: 954: 953: 948: 943: 938: 937: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 893: 888: 887: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 863: 858: 857: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:Walter Ciszek 837: 835: 832: 830: 829: 825: 823: 822: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805:Drina Martyrs 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 779: 774: 773: 766: 763: 761: 760: 756: 754: 753: 749: 747: 746: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 703: 702: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 668: 663: 662: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639: 635: 633: 632: 628: 626: 625: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 602: 597: 596: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 513: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 460: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 442: 437: 436: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408: 404: 402: 401: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388: 383: 382: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 348: 347: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 323: 322: 315: 312: 311: 308: 303: 302: 295: 292: 291: 288: 283: 282: 275: 272: 271: 268: 263: 262: 255: 252: 251: 248: 243: 242: 235: 232: 231: 228: 223: 222: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 178: 177: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 150: 147: 146: 143: 138: 137: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 113: 112: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 75: 74: 71: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6262: 6232: / 6223: / 6214: / 6192:Homelessness 6111: 6079:Road bowling 6074:Martial arts 6021:Ulster Scots 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5902:Mythological 5849: 5809: 5782:Ulster Scots 5742: / 5681: 5609:Three-in-One 5420: 5411:Dáil Éireann 5410: 5400: 5358:Constitution 5247: / 5218:Architecture 5200: / 5073:Other topics 5054:Celtic Tiger 5039:The Troubles 4948: 4937: / 4928: / 4874: / 4870: / 4771: / 4759:Protohistory 4534:Commonwealth 4533: 4509:Commonwealth 4507: 4474: 4415:Orange Order 4335:Common Pleas 4323:King's Bench 4234:Tír Chonaill 4194:Deasmhumhain 4178:Iar Connacht 4072: 3828:. Retrieved 3822: 3809:. Retrieved 3789:. Retrieved 3784: 3760: 3747:. Retrieved 3743:the original 3730:Bibliography 3717:15 September 3715:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3588:John Mitchel 3583: 3564: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3521:. Retrieved 3512: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3470: 3464: 3445: 3439: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3374: 3367: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3293: 3287: 3262: 3258: 3226: 3220: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3152:(3/4): 222. 3149: 3145: 3123: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3039: 3027:. Retrieved 3023: 3013: 3001:. Retrieved 2997: 2987: 2971: 2966: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2845:. Retrieved 2836: 2826: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2759:. Retrieved 2750: 2740: 2728:. Retrieved 2724: 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2699: 2690: 2679: 2663: 2651:. Retrieved 2647: 2637: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2598: 2586:. Retrieved 2582: 2573: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2522:, retrieved 2500: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2474: 2465: 2438:. Retrieved 2429: 2417: 2405: 2396: 2390: 2360: 2336: 2325: 2313: 2284: 2279: 2262: 2258:John Mitchel 2254: 2246: 2230:County Clare 2223: 2210: 2187: 2170: 2161:Act of Union 2141:William Pitt 2115: 2079: 2071: 2052: 2042: 2035: 2020: 2016:Thomas Paine 2008:Presbyterian 1992:Edmund Burke 1985: 1971:Edmund Burke 1969:Assisted by 1968: 1948: 1926: 1916: 1909:Arthur Young 1906: 1887: 1863:Lord Kenmare 1852: 1815: 1794: 1790: 1649: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1593: 1577: 1518: 1478: 1441: 1413:Gaelic Irish 1410: 1406:Edmund Burke 1403: 1341: 1275: 1273: 1095:Lorenzo Ruiz 1060: 1049: 1044:Know Nothing 924:Óscar Romero 844:Pietro Leoni 826: 819: 757: 750: 743: 654:Dominic Tang 636: 629: 622: 578:Karl Leisner 563:Rupert Mayer 545: 457: 407:Acerba animi 405: 398: 394:Cristero War 227:Saudi Arabia 182:Muslim world 117:Roman Empire 65:Persecutions 40: 6212:Place names 6089:Rugby union 5984:Anglo-Irish 5869:Instruments 5725:The Twelfth 5689:Set dancing 5489:LGBT rights 5395:LGBT rights 5325:Nationalism 4891:Black Death 4652:WikiProject 4600:(1760–1800) 4592:(1727–1760) 4584:(1714–1727) 4576:(1702–1714) 4568:(1689–1694) 4561:(1689–1702) 4558:William III 4553:(1685–1691) 4545:(1660–1685) 4537:(1659–1660) 4529:(1658–1659) 4521:(1653–1658) 4513:(1649–1653) 4503:(1625–1649) 4495:(1603–1625) 4487:(1558–1603) 4484:Elizabeth I 4479:(1554–1558) 4476:jure uxoris 4467:(1553–1558) 4451:(1547–1553) 4443:(1542–1547) 4319:Four Courts 4288:and society 4250:Fear Manach 4242:Tír Eoghain 4146:Uí Díarmata 4130:Clanricarde 3945:New English 3830:24 February 3116:(1790–1793) 2847:6 September 2761:6 September 2410:Hanley 1961 2276:protesting: 2226:by-election 2120:) assessed 2067:Militia Act 1881:", and the 1627:William III 1569:William III 1421:Old English 1364:relief acts 1356:Popery Acts 1307:established 1138:North Korea 1088:Philippines 1039:James Coyle 892:El Salvador 800:Josef Beran 588:Kulturkampf 558:Alois Grimm 553:Alfred Delp 518:Netherlands 339:Reformation 6285:Categories 6113:Cláirseach 6016:Travellers 5874:Rock music 5857:Folk music 5792:Literature 5594:Soda bread 5477:Government 5404:parliament 5401:Oireachtas 5378:Government 5318:Ideologies 4949:Penal Laws 4840:since 1922 4754:Prehistory 4597:George III 4542:Charles II 4440:Henry VIII 4433:and rulers 4360:Ascendancy 4258:Uí Catháin 4162:Magh Luirg 4138:Uí Failghe 4078:Popery Act 4073:Penal Laws 4036:Parliament 4014:Wild Geese 4004:Barbadosed 3923:and events 3749:14 January 3688:070433089X 3549:0713990104 3480:0198229321 3163:20 January 3029:6 February 3003:6 February 2730:5 November 2705:5 November 2700:New Advent 2653:8 February 2630:Young 1780 2588:5 November 2480:5 November 2440:5 November 2422:Burke 1914 2157:George III 2136:, British 2130:Dissenters 2126:rack rents 2055:George III 1988:John Keogh 1938:Mr Burke's 1818:Versailles 1799:historian 1757:Praemunire 1746:Popery Act 1709:until the 1705:, and the 1625:supported 1582:agreed by 1525:Charles II 1501:Mass rocks 1444:Irish Army 1350:1697, the 1333:"Pretender 1276:penal laws 1050:The Menace 1014:Penal Laws 828:Anni sacri 649:Beda Chang 453:Red Terror 428:Miguel Pro 6244:Squatting 5960:Fomorians 5889:Mythology 5759:Languages 5744:Halloween 5720:Bealtaine 5703:Festivals 5694:Stepdance 5599:Spice Bag 5584:Irish fry 5574:Colcannon 5549:Barmbrack 5472:Education 5430:President 5368:Education 5284:Transport 5259:Provinces 5181:Mountains 5156:Coastline 5128:Geography 5019:Civil War 4974:Tithe War 4589:George II 4500:Charles I 4448:Edward VI 4405:Defenders 4385:Jacobites 4364:Recusancy 4327:Exchequer 4274:Uí Mháine 4226:Cairbrigh 4170:Airgíalla 4114:Uí Echach 4099:conquests 3791:9 October 3634:157628746 3612:: 56–73. 3431:159877081 3409:(1): 40. 3386:22 August 3359:153949973 3343:0080-4401 3271:0008-8080 3204:0488-0196 2950:0044-8745 2888:0044-8745 2818:143976314 2802:0018-246X 2382:Citations 2370:Waterford 2274:Ribbonmen 2270:Whiteboys 2124:atop the 1956:the Crown 1855:James III 1838:squireens 1750:Gavelkind 1584:Sarsfield 1561:Jacobites 1537:Louis XIV 1515:1660–1693 1465:Charles I 1288:kingdom's 958:Guatemala 6202:Monastic 6167:Calendar 6151:Shamrock 6146:Red Hand 6084:Rounders 5749:Wren Day 5683:Sean-nós 5635:Guinness 5579:Drisheen 5455:Assembly 5437:Taxation 5340:Unionism 5307:Politics 5240:Counties 4984:Land War 4876:Clontarf 4872:Glenmama 4746:Timeline 4642:Category 4581:George I 4550:James II 4430:Monarchs 4331:Chancery 4286:Politics 4034:Acts of 3842:Archived 3811:21 March 3711:Archived 3626:24337381 3517:Archived 3495:King Dan 3380:Archived 3279:25014571 3212:29740719 3158:44210866 2958:25484204 2896:25484204 2841:Archived 2755:Archived 2671:(1997). 2524:31 March 2318:stated: 2299:Anglican 2202:Napoleon 2143:and his 2102:Maynooth 1994:'s son, 1890:Holy See 1826:Frederic 1668:Holy See 1623:Holy See 1549:James II 1533:Test Act 1461:"Graces" 1328:and the 1105:Gomburza 739:Policies 78:Overview 57:a series 55:Part of 6172:Castles 6099:Symbols 6069:Hurling 6054:Camogie 5953:Firbolg 5939:Immrama 5932:Echtrai 5862:session 5845:Ballads 5822:Theatre 5811:Gaeilge 5805:Fiction 5740:Samhain 5655:Whiskey 5529:Cuisine 5517:Culture 5467:Economy 5363:Economy 5171:Islands 5146:Climate 5139:Natural 4734:History 4694:Ireland 4565:Mary II 4492:James I 4186:Umhaill 3921:General 3895:History 3523:6 April 3423:2638467 3351:3679381 2810:2640053 2094:Viceroy 2084:of the 2027:Viceroy 1958:in the 1820:and at 1812:abroad. 1807:of the 1699:England 1635:Te Deum 1573:Mary II 1374:into a 982:Ireland 942:Nigeria 667:Vietnam 534:Germany 68:of the 6177:Cinema 5976:People 5925:Aos Sí 5912:Ulster 5907:Fenian 5897:Cycles 5827:Triads 5817:Poetry 5800:Annals 5777:Shelta 5730:Lúnasa 5710:Imbolc 5645:Poitín 5625:Coffee 5618:Drinks 5569:Coddle 5235:Cities 5186:Rivers 5176:Loughs 4861:Events 4719:topics 4711:topics 4697:topics 4563:& 4471:Philip 4469:& 4464:Mary I 4395:Tories 4362:& 4277:(1611) 4269:(1607) 4261:(1607) 4253:(1607) 4245:(1607) 4237:(1607) 4229:(1606) 4221:(1605) 4213:(1603) 4210:Laigin 4205:(1602) 4197:(1596) 4189:(1593) 4181:(1589) 4173:(1585) 4165:(1585) 4157:(1574) 4149:(1574) 4141:(1550) 4133:(1544) 4125:(1543) 4122:Loígis 4117:(1543) 4109:(1543) 4097:Gaelic 3969:Ulster 3685: 3632: 3624: 3571: 3546: 3477: 3452: 3429: 3421: 3357: 3349: 3341: 3300: 3277: 3269: 3233: 3210: 3202: 3156: 3098: 3073: 3051: 2998:dib.ie 2978: 2956: 2948: 2894: 2886: 2837:dib.ie 2816: 2808: 2800: 2751:dib.ie 2648:dib.ie 2561: 2515: 2460:, 1691 2122:tithes 1602:Galway 1588:Ginkel 1382:. The 1354:, the 1346:, the 1330:Stuart 1198:Russia 1178:Canada 1158:Norway 1118:Turkey 707:Poland 413:Saints 387:Mexico 352:France 6207:Names 6160:Other 6124:Flags 6036:Sport 5989:Gaels 5917:Kings 5851:Céilí 5837:Music 5772:Irish 5669:Dance 5630:Cream 5564:Champ 5559:Boxty 5482:local 5383:local 5269:Towns 5254:Ports 5211:Human 5166:Fauna 4390:Whigs 3765:(PDF) 3630:S2CID 3622:JSTOR 3427:S2CID 3419:JSTOR 3355:S2CID 3347:JSTOR 3275:JSTOR 3208:JSTOR 3154:JSTOR 2954:JSTOR 2892:JSTOR 2814:S2CID 2806:JSTOR 2676:(PDF) 2353:Notes 2198:Curia 1378:with 1280:Irish 862:India 601:China 441:Spain 307:Japan 267:Egypt 247:Sudan 6026:Yola 5640:Mist 5604:Stew 5537:Food 5191:list 4573:Anne 4351:Army 4333:and 4306:and 3832:2020 3813:2014 3793:2013 3751:2017 3719:2020 3683:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3544:ISBN 3525:2011 3475:ISBN 3450:ISBN 3388:2020 3339:ISSN 3298:ISBN 3267:ISSN 3231:ISBN 3200:ISSN 3165:2021 3096:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3049:ISBN 3031:2022 3005:2022 2976:ISBN 2946:ISSN 2884:ISSN 2849:2021 2798:ISSN 2763:2021 2732:2018 2707:2018 2655:2022 2590:2018 2559:ISBN 2526:2023 2513:ISBN 2482:2018 2442:2018 2373:gaol 2287:Whig 2272:and 1865:and 1828:and 1797:Whig 1586:and 1571:and 1326:Rome 1322:Pope 980:and 5677:Jig 5650:Tea 5390:Law 3614:doi 3411:doi 3331:doi 3192:doi 2938:doi 2876:doi 2790:doi 2505:doi 2228:in 2100:in 1523:by 1324:in 6287:: 4329:, 4325:, 3804:. 3783:. 3767:. 3709:. 3705:. 3628:. 3620:. 3610:13 3608:. 3590:, 3515:. 3511:. 3425:. 3417:. 3407:18 3405:. 3353:. 3345:. 3337:. 3327:10 3325:. 3321:. 3273:. 3263:31 3261:. 3257:. 3245:^ 3206:. 3198:. 3186:. 3182:. 3150:84 3148:. 3144:. 3132:^ 3022:. 2996:. 2952:. 2944:. 2934:57 2932:. 2928:. 2890:. 2882:. 2872:57 2870:. 2866:. 2839:. 2835:. 2812:. 2804:. 2796:. 2786:37 2784:. 2780:. 2753:. 2749:. 2723:. 2698:. 2678:. 2646:. 2581:. 2511:, 2499:, 2473:. 2450:^ 2306:. 2168:. 2147:, 2029:, 2018:. 1861:, 1701:, 1633:a 1476:. 1339:. 1282:: 59:on 4686:e 4679:t 4672:v 4366:) 4358:( 4337:) 4321:( 4310:) 4302:( 4016:) 4012:( 4006:) 4002:( 3981:) 3977:( 3971:) 3967:( 3880:e 3873:t 3866:v 3834:. 3815:. 3795:. 3753:. 3721:. 3691:. 3636:. 3616:: 3577:. 3552:. 3527:. 3483:. 3458:. 3433:. 3413:: 3390:. 3361:. 3333:: 3306:. 3281:. 3239:. 3214:. 3194:: 3188:4 3167:. 3104:. 3079:. 3033:. 3007:. 2960:. 2940:: 2898:. 2878:: 2851:. 2820:. 2792:: 2765:. 2734:. 2709:. 2684:. 2657:. 2592:. 2567:. 2507:: 2484:. 2444:. 2412:. 2375:. 2248:" 1844:. 1742:; 1713:. 1278:( 1263:e 1256:t 1249:v 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Penal laws (Ireland)

Index