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Islam in American Samoa

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290:. The first President of RISEAP, Tunku Abdul Rahman, stated their mission to encourage Muslims to continue their religious pursuits in the Pacific nations where they are minorities. The Pacific Island countries are traditionally “collectivity-oriented” and have similar customs and practices to some religious groupings. Muslims in the South Pacific have been involved in educating activities, engaging with the communities and instructing people in Islam. This influence has seen the creation of the Islamic Institute of the South Pacific in Fiji. Islam is also often associated with the establishment of social and public health organisations in the region. 732:. In the South Pacific countries, the average scores of laws and policies used to restrict religious freedom as well as government favouritism shown towards religious groups increased over 20% in the decade between 2007 and 2017. The region is relatively high in this category, measuring 5.0 compared with the global average of 4.7. It was also reported that 86% of countries in the Asia-Pacific region in 2017 reported events of “harassment or intimidation of religious groups by governments” and over half the countries in the region have experienced some type of “communal tension” between religious groupings. 648: 340: 59: 48: 677:, the only other Pacific Island on the list. Their addition was linked to the nation's large Muslim population, with approximately 80,000 adherents on the island. The extension of the ban to other South Pacific nations was justified as some Fijian Muslim adherents have travelled to and studied at Islamic institutions in typically Muslim countries. However, after strong protest from Fijians as well as oppositional media coverage across the territory, the island was removed from the list in early 2003. 159: 557: 217: 583: 299: 518: 385: 451: 1287: 544: 635: 411: 596: 505: 398: 360:
members who coordinated the attack, Bali was chosen because it was often frequented by American citizens, thus it was believed that the American Samoan status as a US territory linked the nation to further retaliation from extremists. The widespread ban of several Muslim nations was therefore claimed to have been implemented for the safety of the citizens. However, the scale of the ban has led to some drawing comparisons to US President
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The actions of American Samoa were officially condemned by the Islamic Human Rights Commission, claiming the ban violates international law and calling for the government to rescind the ban and issue a formal apology to individuals affected. No known action has been made toward rescinding the bans as
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This ban was also supported by a number of neighbouring South Pacific actors including the secretary general of the Samoa Council of Churches, who called for the nation of Samoa to “bring in a blanket ban on Islam”. Samoan Reverend Motu similarly claimed that Islam posed a threat to the future of his
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It is widely believed that this sweeping action by American Samoan officials was prompted by the Bali bombing, an explosion which killed 202 people, organized and carried out by a terrorist organisation named Jemaah Islamiya and occurring two months prior to the decision in October 2002. According to
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This decision was enforced after Governor Tauese Sunia claimed that a credible security threat was made, speculating that American Samoa could be targeted for terrorist activities because of its status as a US territory. The action to ban these nations was put in place because officials claimed they
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and the Regional Islamic Dawah Council of Southeast Asia and the Pacific (RISEAP), which formed in 1980 and aimed to coordinate their Islamic missionary activities, “training individuals for Islamic social work” and establishing mosques and Islamic centres around the South Pacific. American Samoa is
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released a policy review identifying the increased threat of terrorism in South Pacific nations such as American Samoa. The review suggested a number of states were susceptible to terrorist activities and could be “potential havens for terrorist groups” and Islamic extremism, particularly due to
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denomination of Islam. The islands are dominated by the Christian faith, with 98.3% of the population being Christian adherents. However, it is estimated that 0.03% of the American Samoan population are Muslim adherents, the population almost doubling between the years 1990 to 2020 from 12 to 23
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word traditionally meaning to invite individuals and communities to come "back to God", however in the 20th century it has become the foundation for a number of social, political and cultural activities worldwide. The growing globalisation of the world has also “facilitated interest in religious
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Samoan Prime Minister Tuilaepa Malielegaoi advocated the duty of the government in legislating to avoid such religious tensions through means such as the ban instated by American Samoan officials. Furthermore, Mohammed Daniel Stanley, an American Samoan convert to Islam, came out in support of
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expatriate workers from government programs. The region received their first native convert in 1985, although Muslim adherents still remain a minority in American Samoan society today. While the population is small, the spread of Islam has been a significant part of the Island’s history.
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In December 2002, action was taken to ban nationals from 23 countries from entering American Samoa without explicit approval from Fiti Sunia, the territory’s attorney general’s office. Those banned from American Samoa were mainly Arab nations, including a number in the
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have claimed that the closing of the island’s American consulate was prompted by a terrorist alert, in which two “unidentified men of ‘middle eastern appearance’” were taking photos of the consulate, although these claims have not been officially confirmed.
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The religion still influences life in American Samoa, with the establishment of public education and health groups as well as a range of community activities by native converts and Muslim organizations with the aim of teaching the natives about Islam.
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and identified as Muslim nations, or were home to a large number of Muslim adherents. The ban has received opposition from human rights groups along with those on the list as well as neighboring islands, mainly over issues of religious freedom.
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population with 22.6%. The spread of Christianity to the South Pacific brought about a number of social programs including the acquisition of literacy to many communities and has had a substantial intellectual impact on the South Pacific.
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has been conducted in the South Pacific since the 1970s and has resulted in a “small but steady stream of local converts” due to the conditions of an increasingly globalised world. The first convert joined Islam in 1985 in neighboring
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It is estimated that there are about half a million Muslims in Oceania, equating to about 1.4% of the total population of the continent. Within the Asia-Pacific Muslim population, it is estimated that about 12-15% of adherents are
241:, are an example of this early influence, having first arrived in American Samoa in 1926. The majority of Christians in American Samoa remain Protestants, encompassing 42.7% of the total population, however there is also large 199:, the government imposed a strict ban on residents of 23 nations from entering their territory without explicit permission from the island’s attorney general’s office. Most of the countries banned were either located in the 1500: 922:
Barker, J. (1996). Winds of Change: Rapidly Growing Religious Groups in the Pacific Islands (Book Review) . The Contemporary Pacific, 8(1), 234–236. Centre for Pacific Islands studies & University of HawaI’I
352:. As a part of this regulation, any visitor to the islands with a Middle Eastern appearance or Muslim sounding name received thorough examination before arrival and could be refused entry altogether. 1219: 1272: 735:
Several Christian groups have also attempted to influence the government and the populace in general to support restricting the practice of Islam in the territory or even ban it outright.
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A large majority of pacific islanders are Christians as the Christian belief was welcomed into the region in the mid 20th century and has been deeply entrenched in the Pacific since. The
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to American Samoa, and the potential for an outbreak of religious wars globally. The risk of terrorism has remained a concern of the South Pacific, the regional body, the
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their close proximity to Australia and connection as a territory of the United States. However, the threat level posed in the Pacific is still “recognised as low”.
2473: 2194: 1177: 2009: 937: 2179: 1604: 323:, a nation with over 3.45 million Muslims in 2017. The religious diversity of this nation is an influencing factor on the American Samoan Muslim population. 2564: 2513: 1796: 2440: 254:
Although Islam arrived in the region more recently, it has similarly impacted the social and cultural lives of many people in the South Pacific.
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Particularly after the 2002 ban of a number of Muslim nations from American Samoa, a number of sources started questioning issues to do with
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Scott Flower (2015). "Conversion to Islam in Papua New Guinea: Preserving Traditional Culture against Modernity's Cargo-Cult Mentality".
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nation, identifying as a region founded by God, however, has become more religiously diverse since the mid-20th century. The religion of
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In a number of the larger South Pacific states, Muslims are supported by regional bodies and organisations including the
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not presently a member of the RISEAP, however the organisation partners with neighbouring countries such as
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Yabaki, Rev Akulia (2004). "The Impact of Tradition and Religion on Women's Lives in the South Pacific".
266: 2219: 47: 1783: 1699: 1487: 320: 2174: 2109: 790: 364:’s threat to impose bans on Muslims entering the United States at an election rally in December 2015. 2544: 2478: 2463: 2435: 2392: 2286: 2254: 1666: 1574: 1435: 1395: 1382: 1220:"Bannings and Deportations in the Pacific: racial and religious profiling in Fiji and American Samoa" 1139: 1120: 2044: 195:
Claiming that as result of increased terrorist activities globally in the early 2000s, specifically
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did not have the supplies to manage and enforce “anything less sweeping and make it effective”.
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country, pressing the Samoan government to entirely prohibit the religion on the island.
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A study of where American Samoan residents were born showed that 6.3% of the population
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alternatives” such as Islam in many South Pacific nations including American Samoa.
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American Samoa Department of Commerce; U. S. Department of the Interior (2006).
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and consisting of seven main islands. American Samoa is a predominantly
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Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee (2010).
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Tauese Fiti Sunia - 56th Governor of American Samoa (1997-2003)
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was first brought to American Samoa in the mid-1980s by
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Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
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In the early 2000s, there was a fear of a spread of
1305: 1259: 1090: 302:Total Muslim adherents in American Samoa 1990-2020 224: 1084: 1184: 976:The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 926: 896: 2531: 1301: 1299: 1297: 935: 1347: 1140:"American Samoa, banning Muslims, bans Fijians" 890:"American Samoa bans nations from 23 countries" 808: 806: 804: 802: 800: 789:Association of Religion Data Archives (2020). 2323: 1333: 1294: 1200:"The Pacific islanders who want to ban Islam" 828:Bouma, G; Ling, R; Pratt, D (2010). "Samoa". 36:Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory 16:Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory 1238:"Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State" 973: 797: 2565:Islam in insular areas of the United States 680: 220:Religious population of American Samos 2015 2330: 2316: 1340: 1326: 1123:"Population and housing in American Samoa" 1142:. Pacific Business News. 23 December 2002 1034: 1032: 1023:"Muslim population in Oceania: 1950-2020" 1218:Islamic Human Rights Commission (2003). 1038: 992: 982:. University of California Press: 55–82. 938:"Oceanic Religions: Missionary Movement" 857: 714: 338: 330: 297: 293: 215: 157: 1613: 1250: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1197: 1178:"The 12 October 2002 Bali bombing plot" 1105: 1020: 812: 375: 311:, the majority instead adhering to the 2532: 1093:"Mapping the global Muslim population" 1075: 1029: 951:Oxford Islamic Studies Online (2020). 685: 249: 77:Religious population of American Samoa 2311: 1797:Congregational Christian Church in AS 1792:Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker 1641: 1321: 1235: 700:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 2337: 1206: 212:American Samoan religious background 1285: 1175: 343:American Samoa Legislature Building 13: 1253:"Muslim cleric expelled from Fiji" 1161:National Museum Australia (2002). 14: 2581: 1401:2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami 724:Restrictions on religious freedom 755:Territories of the United States 659: 646: 633: 620: 607: 594: 581: 568: 555: 542: 529: 516: 503: 490: 475: 462: 449: 435: 422: 409: 396: 383: 225:Background as a Christian nation 57: 46: 2550:Anti-Islam sentiment in Oceania 1279: 1244: 1169: 1154: 1132: 1114: 1099: 1069: 1051: 967: 673:The ban included the island of 369:Islamic Human Rights Commission 326: 321:migrated from the United States 2358:Federated States of Micronesia 1045:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 999:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 957:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 944: 916: 908:Sydney Morning Herald (2007). 888:Sydney Morning Herald (2002). 821: 173:territory of the United States 1: 1774:Feleti Barstow Public Library 770: 2560:Fiji–United States relations 1306:Pew Research Centre (2019). 1091:Pew Research Centre (2009). 838:10.1007/978-90-481-3389-5_23 367:Furthermore, members of the 7: 1600:LBJ Tropical Medical Center 860:"History of Islam in Samoa" 738: 267:Islamic missionary activity 10: 2586: 2570:Religion in American Samoa 2540:Politics of American Samoa 1047:. Oxford University Press. 1021:Kettani, Houssain (2010). 1001:. Oxford University Press. 995:"Pacific Region, Islam in" 2449: 2426: 2345: 1885: 1842: 1814: 1782: 1744: 1665: 1573: 1486: 1411: 1381: 1359: 1198:Samuels, Gabriel (2016). 1106:Mohamed, Besheer (2018). 936:Encyclopedia.com (2002). 151: 141: 131: 121: 111: 101: 91: 81: 76: 42: 33: 21: 2504:Northern Mariana Islands 1565:Political party strength 1553:House of Representatives 1501:Delegates to US Congress 858:Terdiman, Moshe (2011). 832:. Springer Netherlands. 681:Reaction to the 2002 ban 2469:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1251:Panichi, James (2003). 1039:Esposito, John (2003). 993:Esposito, John (2003). 813:Stanley, David (2004). 1078:Pacific Women's Bureau 344: 336: 303: 221: 163: 2452:and other territories 2090:(Maia and Leusoaliʻi) 1236:Wyeth, Grant (2016). 715:Opposition to the ban 696:Pacific Islands Forum 342: 334: 301: 294:The Muslim population 237:community within the 219: 171:is an unincorporated 161: 2555:2002 in American law 963:on December 4, 2013. 654:United Arab Emirates 376:The countries banned 239:Protestant tradition 1526:Lieutenant Governor 686:Support for the ban 250:The spread of Islam 177:South East of Samoa 1583:Telecommunications 1463:Rainmaker Mountain 1373:seat of government 765:2002 Bali bombings 720:of November 2020. 707:Sunia’s decision. 345: 337: 304: 279:Fiji Muslim League 222: 164: 162:American Samoa map 2527: 2526: 2519:Wallis and Futuna 2427:Associated states 2339:Islam in Oceania 2305: 2304: 2258: 2135:Malaeloa/Aitulagi 2091: 2058: 1810: 1809: 1757:Community College 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1605:Per capita income 817:. Moon Handbooks. 730:religious freedom 231:Assemblies of God 156: 155: 132:- Other Christian 72: 71: 2577: 2545:Islam in Oceania 2509:Pitcairn Islands 2479:French Polynesia 2464:Christmas Island 2393:Papua New Guinea 2373:Marshall Islands 2346:Sovereign states 2332: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2252: 2089: 2052: 1829:Western District 1824:Eastern District 1742: 1741: 1639: 1638: 1611: 1610: 1374: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1003: 1002: 990: 984: 983: 971: 965: 964: 959:. Archived from 948: 942: 941: 933: 924: 920: 914: 913: 905: 894: 893: 885: 864: 863: 855: 842: 841: 825: 819: 818: 810: 795: 794: 791:"American Samoa" 786: 745:Islam in Oceania 665: 663: 662: 652: 650: 649: 639: 637: 636: 626: 624: 623: 613: 611: 610: 600: 598: 597: 587: 585: 584: 574: 572: 571: 561: 559: 558: 548: 546: 545: 535: 533: 532: 522: 520: 519: 509: 507: 506: 496: 494: 493: 481: 479: 478: 468: 466: 465: 455: 453: 452: 441: 439: 438: 428: 426: 425: 415: 413: 412: 402: 400: 399: 389: 387: 386: 197:the Bali bombing 74: 73: 61: 50: 19: 18: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2451: 2445: 2428: 2422: 2403:Solomon Islands 2341: 2336: 2306: 2301: 2140:Malaeola/Itūʻau 1881: 1838: 1834:Manuʻa District 1806: 1778: 1740: 1653: 1637: 1623:Pago Pago Int'l 1609: 1588:Internet domain 1569: 1543:Law enforcement 1482: 1458:Superfund sites 1446:Protected areas 1407: 1377: 1372: 1355: 1346: 1316: 1315: 1304: 1295: 1284: 1280: 1269: 1260: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1227: 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Retrieved 1134: 1116: 1101: 1086: 1077: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 998: 988: 979: 975: 969: 961:the original 956: 946: 918: 829: 823: 814: 734: 727: 718: 709: 705: 689: 672: 589:Saudi Arabia 445:(until 2003) 366: 362:Donald Trump 358: 354: 346: 327:The 2002 ban 318: 305: 276: 265: 253: 228: 206: 194: 166: 165: 102:- Protestant 92:Christianity 26: 2383:New Zealand 2282:Utumea West 2277:Utumea East 1867:Ofu‑Olosega 1680:LGBT rights 1548:Legislature 1366:(capital), 563:Philippines 524:North Korea 391:Afghanistan 350:Middle East 316:adherents. 235:Pentecostal 201:Middle East 2534:Categories 2082:Fatumafuti 2040:Faganeanea 1872:Rose Atoll 1767:Samoana HS 1533:High Court 1521:First Lady 1511:Government 1146:8 February 771:References 175:, located 112:- Catholic 2353:Australia 2287:Vailoatai 2255:Ottoville 2210:Pavaʻiaʻi 2205:Pago Pago 2105:Lalomoana 2025:Fagaʻitua 1816:Districts 1745:Education 1538:Judiciary 1506:Elections 1413:Geography 1363:Pago Pago 1349:Territory 457:Indonesia 181:Christian 2368:Kiribati 2262:Taputimu 2235:Siʻufaga 2230:Seʻetaga 2220:Saʻilele 2150:Mapusaga 2130:Malaeimi 2115:Leloaloa 2100:ʻIliʻili 2072:Faleāsao 2067:Faʻilolo 2050:Fagatogo 2035:Fagamalo 2030:Fagaliʻi 2020:Fagaʻalu 1945:ʻAmanave 1887:Villages 1784:Religion 1762:Leone HS 1734:Template 1700:Football 1615:Airports 1516:Governor 1488:Politics 1451:Template 1431:Reptiles 1368:Fagatogo 1059:"RISEAP" 739:See also 550:Pakistan 243:Catholic 152:Source: 2514:Tokelau 2418:Vanuatu 2292:Vaitogi 2245:Taulaga 2190:Olosega 2175:Nuʻuuli 2160:Masefau 2155:Masausi 2145:Mālōatā 2110:Lauliʻi 2087:Fitiuta 2077:Faleniu 2055:Malaloa 1990:ʻAuʻasi 1970:Aʻoloau 1940:Amaluia 1920:Alaufau 1910:Agugulu 1852:Tutuila 1844:Islands 1707:Symbols 1667:Culture 1628:Fitiuta 1575:Economy 1436:Geology 1426:Mammals 1396:History 1065:. 2020. 953:"Dawah" 641:Tunisia 602:Somalia 511:Morocco 417:Bahrain 404:Algeria 2489:Hawaii 2413:Tuvalu 2272:Utulei 2250:Tāfuna 2225:Satala 2195:Onenoa 2170:Mesepa 2165:Matuʻu 2095:Fūtiga 2062:Faiava 2045:Fagasā 2000:Aunuʻu 1955:Āmouli 1935:Amalau 1930:Ālōfau 1857:Aunuʻu 1712:Anthem 1695:Sports 1690:People 1642:Closed 1558:Senate 1383:Topics 1063:RISEAP 923:press. 664:  651:  638:  625:  612:  599:  586:  573:  560:  547:  534:  521:  508:  495:  480:  467:  454:  440:  427:  414:  401:  388:  260:Arabic 258:is an 189:Muslim 2408:Tonga 2398:Samoa 2388:Palau 2378:Nauru 2297:Vatia 2215:Poloa 2200:Pagai 2120:Leone 2015:Etena 2010:Avaio 1995:Aʻumi 1980:Atuʻu 1975:Asili 1950:Amaua 1925:Ālega 1905:Āfono 1895:Aʻasu 1802:Islam 1685:Music 1421:Birds 1126:(PDF) 667:Yemen 628:Syria 615:Sudan 576:Qatar 498:Libya 313:Sunni 288:Samoa 256:Dawah 185:Islam 137:22.6% 117:27.3% 107:41.7% 97:96.9% 82:Islam 2484:Guam 2441:Niue 2363:Fiji 2267:Tula 2240:Sili 2125:Lumā 2005:Auto 1985:ʻAūa 1965:ʻAoa 1960:Ānua 1915:Alao 1900:Afao 1862:Taʻū 1722:Seal 1717:Flag 1148:2023 675:Fiji 537:Oman 483:Iraq 470:Iran 443:Fiji 430:Cuba 309:Shia 286:and 284:Fiji 233:, a 147:0.9% 127:5.3% 87:1.3% 64:Seal 53:Flag 2185:Ofu 2180:Nua 1649:Tau 1633:Ofu 1351:of 834:doi 2536:: 1296:^ 1261:^ 1228:^ 1208:^ 1186:^ 1061:. 1043:. 1031:^ 1007:^ 997:. 980:18 978:. 955:. 928:^ 898:^ 868:^ 846:^ 799:^ 779:^ 2331:e 2324:t 2317:v 2257:) 2253:( 2057:) 2053:( 1376:) 1370:( 1341:e 1334:t 1327:v 1310:. 1290:. 1275:. 1255:. 1240:. 1222:. 1202:. 1180:. 1165:. 1150:. 1128:. 1110:. 1095:. 1080:. 1025:. 940:. 912:. 892:. 862:. 840:. 836:: 793:.

Index

Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory
Flag of American Samoa
Flag
Official seal of American Samoa
Seal

American Samoa
territory of the United States
South East of Samoa
Christian
Islam
Muslim
the Bali bombing
Middle East

Assemblies of God
Pentecostal
Protestant tradition
Catholic
Dawah
Arabic
Islamic missionary activity
Western Samoa
Fiji Muslim League
Fiji
Samoa

Shia
Sunni
migrated from the United States

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