Islam in Egypt - Knowledge

1497: 1453: 2465:, one of the main government owned national newspapers in Egypt, estimated the percentage between 10% – 15% (2017). QScience Connect in 2013 using 2008 data estimated that 5.1% of Egyptians between the ages of 15 and 59 were Copts. The Pew Foundation estimates 5.1% for Christians in 2010. The CIA Fact Book estimates 10% (2012) while the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs states in 1997, "Estimates of the size of Egypt's Christian population vary from the low government figures of 6 to 7 million to the 12 million reported by some Christian leaders. The actual numbers may be in the 9 to 9.5 million range, out of an Egyptian population of more than 60 million" which yields an estimate of about 10–20% then. Several sources give 10–20%. The British Foreign Office gives a figure of 9%. The Christian Post in 2004 quotes the U.S. Copt Association as reporting 15% of the population as native Christian. 2387:

of Muslims have no inheritance rights. A sole female heir receives half her parents' estate; the balance goes to designated male relatives. A sole male heir inherits all his parents' property. Male Muslim heirs face strong social pressure to provide for all family members who require assistance; however, this assistance is not always provided. In January 2000, the Parliament passed a new Personal Status Law that made it easier for a Muslim woman to obtain a divorce without her husband's consent, provided that she is willing to forgo alimony and the return of her dowry. However, an earlier provision of the draft law that would have made it easier for a woman to travel without her husband's consent, was rejected. Although later in 2000, after a court ruling, Egyptian women were given the right to apply for a passport and travel without the husband's consent.

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Islamists temporarily waned in the aftermath of Sadat's assassination in 1981, but the election of nine members of the Muslim Brotherhood to the People's Assembly in 1984 revived Islamists' prospects. In 1985 the People's Assembly voted to initiate a procedure for the gradual application of the Shari'a, beginning with an indefinite education period to prepare the population for the legal changes; the next step would be to amend all existing laws to exclude any provisions that conflict with the Shari'a. Moves to reform the legal code received support from many Muslims who wanted to purify society and reject Western legal codes forced on Egypt in the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2009, the

2228:, and Western "Crusader-minded" Christianity as their main enemies, which were responsible for the decadence that led to foreign domination and defeat by Zionists. They were intolerant of people who did not share their worldview. Islamists tended to be hostile toward the orthodox ulama, especially the scholars at Al Azhar who frequently criticized the Islamists' extreme religious interpretations. Islamists believed that the established social and political order had tainted the ulama, who had come to represent stumbling blocks to the new Islamic order. In addition, Islamists condemned the orthodox as "pulpit parrots" committed to a formalist practice of Islam but not to its spirit. 1717:, a ceremony for helping women placate spirits who are believed to have possessed them. Women specially trained by their mothers or other women in zar lore organize the ceremonies. A zar organizer holds weekly meetings and employs music and dance to induce ecstatic trances in possessed women. Wealthy women sometimes pay to have private zars conducted in their homes; these zars are more elaborate than public ones, last for several days, and sometimes involve efforts to exorcise spirits. However, while once common, the zar is rarely practiced today, under fire for its perception as a religious heresy. 2142: 1674: 2232:

classes. Most activists were university students or recent graduates; they included rural-urban migrants and urban middle-class youth whose fathers were middle-level government employees or professionals. Their fields of study—medicine, engineering, military science, and pharmacy—were among the most highly competitive and prestigious disciplines in the university system. The rank-and- file members of Islamist groups have come from the middle class, the lower-middle class, and the urban working class.

6588: 4994: 6598: 5004: 2271: 2413: 6608: 2399: 1222: 2338: 6618: 1391: 2104:, the Muslim Brotherhood acquired a reputation as a radical group prepared to use violence to achieve its religious goals. The group was implicated in several assassinations, including the murder of one prime minister. The Brotherhood had contacts with the Free Officers before the 1952 Revolution and supported most of their initial policies. The Brotherhood, however, soon came into conflict with 4138: 2203:

high defense expenditures but the populace's spiritual failures—laxness, secularism, and corruption. The solution was a return to the simplicity, hard work, and self-reliance of earlier Muslim life. The Islamists created their own alternative network of social and economic institutions through which members could work, study, and receive medical treatment in an Islamic environment.

1759:, or disciples, whom they initiated into the tarika. Gradually the murids formed orders, also known as turuq, which were loyal to the Sheikh or his successors (also called sheikhs). In Egypt there are 74 Sufi orders (tarikas), each headed by its own sheikh. Overseeing them is the Supreme Council for Sufi Orders and the president of Egypt is directly in charge of Sufi affairs. 2375:

church repairs; however, Christians report that local permits still are subject to security authorities' approval. The approval process for church construction continued to be time-consuming and insufficiently responsive to the wishes of the Christian community. As a result of these restrictions, some communities use private buildings and apartments for religious services.

1774:) the Sufi orders organize, is perhaps twice that (and includes women and children). The moulids are a major manifestation of Sufi Islam in Egypt, and are held in honor of holy men and women (In Egypt the term Moulid is not reserved for Muslim festivals and may be in honor of Christian, and until recently Jewish holy men). Sufi Muslim moulids not only venerate the prophet 2195:), the president and other top administrators—who were Islamists—supported Gama'at Islamiya demands to end mixed-sex classes and to reduce total female enrollment. Public opinion in Egypt supported political Islam to some extent, one poll in the mid-1980s found 96% of Egyptian Muslims favoring the application of the 1480:, sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him. In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out, and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government. Eventually the power loss of the Abbasids in Baghdad has led for general upon general to take over rule of Egypt, yet being under Abbasid allegiance, the 1639:, are employees of the Egyptian state who "recognize the regime’s primacy, support its stability, and legitimize its policies". Radical Islamists viewed them as puppets of the status quo. To maintain their influence in the country, the ulama espoused more conservative stances. After 1974, for example, many 2378:

According to a 1995 law, the application of family law, including marriage, divorce, alimony, child custody, inheritance, and burial, is based on an individual's religion. In the practice of family law, the State recognizes only the three "heavenly religions": Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Muslim

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Numbers vary widely. The 1996 census, the last for which public info on religion exists has 5.6% of the population as Christian (down from 8.3% in 1927). However the census may be undercounting Christians. The government Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (2008) of around 16,500 women aged 15 to

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in Egypt. Roughly twelve percent of Egyptians, when asked about their religious affiliation, answered that they were "just a Muslim" or "just Muslim". Their lack of identifying with a particular sect was noteworthy. Besides Kosovo, Egypt has had the largest positive net change of Muslims identifying

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Estimates of the number of Sufis in Egypt include at least a third of the adult male Muslim population in Egypt, being members of a Sufi order; fifteen million of the country's roughly 80 million citizens "claim" Sufism "as a practice", still others say that while 15 million are registered as Sufis,

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Egypt's largely uneducated urban and rural lower classes are intensely devoted to Islam, but they usually lack a thorough knowledge of the religion. Even village religious leaders usually have only a rudimentary knowledge of Islam. The typical village imam or prayer leader has at most a few years of

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Egyptian Muslims believe that Islam defines one's relationship to God, to other Muslims, and to non-Muslims. Some devout Muslims believe that there can be no dichotomy between the sacred and the secular. Many Muslims say that Egypt's governments have been secularist and even anti-religious since the

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Under Islamic law, non-Muslim males must convert to Islam to marry Muslim women. Christian and Jewish women need not convert to marry Muslim men. Muslim women are prohibited from marrying Christian men. Muslim female heirs receive half the amount of a male heir's inheritance, while Christian widows

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university administrators opposed these goals. In 1979 Sadat sought to diminish the influence of the associations through a law that transferred most of the authority of the student unions to professors and administrators. During the 1980s, however, Islamists gradually penetrated college faculties.

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amnestied the leaders and permitted them to resume some of their activities. But by that time, the Brotherhood was divided into at least three factions. The more militant faction was committed to a policy of political opposition to the government. A second faction advocated peaceful withdrawal from

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generally rejected the version of Islam practiced by illiterate religious preachers and peasants in the countryside. Most upper- and upper-middle-class Muslims believed either that religious expression was a private matter for each individual or that Islam should play a more dominant role in public

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is the primary source of legislation; religious practices that conflict with the official interpretation of Shari'a are prohibited. However, since the Government does not consider the practice of Christianity or Judaism to conflict with Shari'a, for the most part members of the non-Muslim minority

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As of 1989, the Islamists sought to make Egypt a community of the faithful based on their vision of an Islamic social order. They rejected conventional, secularist social analyses of Egypt's socioeconomic problems. They maintained, for example, that the causes of poverty were not overpopulation or

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The Muslim Brotherhood's reemergence as a political force coincided with the proliferation of Islamic groups. Some of these groups espoused the violent overthrow of the government while others espoused living a devout life of rigorous observance of religious practices. It is impossible to list all

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ulama, who had acquiesced to family planning initiatives in the 1960s, openly criticized government efforts at population control. The ulama also supported moves to reform the country's legal code to conform to Islamic teaching. They remained, nonetheless, comparatively moderate; they were largely

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decree still in force requires non-Muslims to obtain a presidential decree to build a place of worship. In addition Interior Ministry regulations issued in 1934 specify a set of 10 conditions that the Government must consider prior to issuance of a presidential decree permitting construction of a

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by a Muslim a capital offense and proposing traditional Islamic punishments for crimes, such as stoning for adultery and amputation of a hand for theft. In 1980 Egypt supported a referendum that proposed a constitutional amendment to make the Shari'a "the sole source of law." The influence of the

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student members and some teachers at the school protested, stating that the 1970s era clothing worn by the actresses was indecent and would not allow filming unless the clothing was changed. Gaby Khoury, the head of the film company, stated that engineering department head Sherif Hammad "insisted

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has brought on an increase in anti-Shia rhetoric by Sunnis, harassment and arrest, and in at least one case bloodshed. In June 2013 a mob of several hundred, including Muslim brotherhood members, attacked a house in the village of Abu Musallim near Cairo, dragging four Shia worshipers through the

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The social origins of Islamists changed after the 1952 Revolution. In the 1940s and early 1950s, the Muslim Brotherhood had appealed primarily to urban civil servants and white and blue-collar workers. After the early 1970s, the Islamic revival attracted followers from a broad spectrum of social

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issued a decree making the repair of all places of worship subject to a 1976 civil construction code. The decree is significant symbolically because it places churches closer to an equal footing with mosques before the law. The practical impact of the decree has been to facilitate significantly

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the state imposed tighter controls on mosques. The Awqaf Ministry command the mosques be locked between prayer times and took control of donation boxes. In September 2013 it declared that only imams who had graduated from Al Azhar University (estimated at 58,000) would be allowed to hold Friday

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with the preaching of the apolitical Salafis. It has also benefited from some of the $ 70 billion spent by Saudi Arabia to promote "Wahhabi" ideology worldwide through mosques, schools and books, that is similar or "virtually identical to Salafi beliefs and with which Sufis have had difficulty

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Popular Islam is based mostly on oral tradition. Imams with virtually no formal education commonly memorize the entire Qur'an and recite appropriate verses on religious occasions. They also tell religious stories at village festivals and commemorations marking an individual's rites of passage.

2178:) as a counterbalance to leftist influence among students. The Gama'at Islamiya spread quite rapidly on campuses and won up to one-third of all student union elections. These victories provided a platform from which the associations campaigned for Islamic dress, the veiling of women, and the 2003:

sermons. This effectively banned an estimated 53,000 imams from preaching in mosques, although it is not clear if this edict can be enforced. In 2015, the Egyptian Ministry of Religious Endowments initiated a campaign to remove any books authored by Salafi scholars from all mosques in Egypt.

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was the main cause for the growth of religiously inspired political activism. Muslims tended to view the humiliating experience as the culmination of 150 years of foreign intrusion and an affront to their vision of a true Islamic community. Islamic tradition rejected the idea of non-Muslims

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Various Islamist groups espoused different means for achieving their political agenda. All Islamists, however, were concerned with Islam's role in the complex and changing society of Egypt in the late twentieth century. A common focus of their political efforts has been to incorporate the

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as the "most important or pervasive Islamic force in the country" with an influence "many times more than that of organized political Islam." With "no history of violence, no organizational structure, no manifestos and no obvious political ambitions", they were tolerated by the

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By the beginning of the 21st century, only the Gama'at Islamiya leaders who were in prison after the assassination of Sadat were released after several books they wrote and interviews showed that they revised their points of view and changed the radical tone of their speeches.

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dominating Muslim society. Such a state of affairs discredited Muslim rulers who permitted it to persist. It was, therefore, incumbent on believers to end the domination and restore the true supremacy of Islam. As part of their Sunni creed, the most radical activists adopted

2073: 1610:, who assumed power in Egypt in the early 1800s, nationalized all land, including hundreds of thousands of hectares of land belonging to Al Azhar Mosque, putting the funding of that institution under state control. This put an end to the political independence of the Ulama. 1782:, the second son of the fourth Caliph Ali whose moulid in Cairo can draws crowds of more than a million people), but founders of Sufi orders, down to dozens of lesser-known sheikhs celebrated mostly in remote rural communities. The largest moulid in Egypt takes place in 1766:, a ceremony at which music, body movements, and chants induce a state of ecstatic trance in the disciples. Since the early 1970s, there has been a revival of interest in Sufism. Egypt's contemporary Sufis tend to be young, college-educated men in professional careers. 2041:

became more unpopular with educated women, including devout Muslims, in the early 20th century as the British authorities discouraged it and as women sought to gain modern positions of power. The hijab became more popular in the 1970s, with women choosing to adopt it.

1794:, a thirteenth-century Sufi leader. According to the Egyptian Ministry of Awqaf (Islamic charity), there are officially more than forty such annual commemorations, and the Sufi Council in Egypt lists eighty other festivals for lesser-known founders of Sufi orders. 2367:

church. These conditions include the location of the proposed site, the religious composition of the surrounding community, and the proximity of other churches. The Ottoman decree also requires the President to approve permits for the repair of church facilities.

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Predestination plays an important role in popular Islam. This concept includes the belief that everything that happens in life is the will of God and the belief that trying to avoid misfortune is useless and invites worse affliction. Revelations from God in the

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or Religious Endowments, oversees mosques in Egypt. There are more than 110,000 mosques registered with the state in Egypt. The ministry assigns ulama to registered mosques, which critics complain inevitably involves favoritism and political connections.

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In the early 20th century, Egyptian Islam was a complex and diverse religion. Although Muslims agreed on the faith's basic tenets, the country's various social groups and classes applied Islam differently in their daily lives. The literate theologians of

2383:(Islamic law). Christian families are subject to canon law, and Jewish families are subject to Jewish law. In cases of family law disputes involving a marriage between a Christian woman and a Muslim man, the courts apply the Personal Status Law. 1437:. Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on 8 November 641. Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by 2173:

Disruptive social changes and Sadat's relative tolerance toward political parties contributed to the rapid growth of Islamic groups in the 1970s. On university campuses, for example, Sadat initially viewed the rise of Islamic associations

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has denounced the Ahmadis and Ahmadis have been hounded by police along with other Muslim groups deemed to be deviant under Egypt's defamation laws. On 15 March 2010, nine Ahmadis were detained due to their adherence to the movement.

1903:, Quraniyoon, or Ahl al-Quran, are also present in Egypt. During the early 20th century, the ideas of Egyptian Quranists like Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi (1881–1920) are thought to have grown out of Salafism – specifically a rejection of 3129: 1724:

who "maintains a disciplined focus on the lives, issues and problems of the upper middle classes"; espouses "living a comfortable life"; talks to youth about "getting closer to God" without changing one's lifestyle; promotes

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The Constitution provides for freedom of belief and the practice of religion; however, the Government places restrictions on this right. According to the Constitution, Islam is the official state religion, and

4004: 4959: 3667:... when the Brotherhood controlled the state media it simply put its allies in high positions. Many imams had given a similar description of Morsi's administration of the Ministry of Religious Endowments. 2022:

government, critics alleged the Muslim Brotherhood put "its allies in high positions". And under the post-coup government the new Awqaf minister is reportedly "quietly purging all Brotherhood appointees".

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Orthodox ulama or "the religious establishment" found themselves in a difficult position during the wave of Islamic activism that swept through Egypt in the 1970s and 1980s. Most Ulama, including those of

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most Salafis considered participation in politics to be "religiously forbidden", however since then Salafis have shown themselves to be not only tolerant of political participation but very adept. In the

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the Islamic groups that emerged in the late 1970s because many of them had diffuse structures and some of the more militant groups were underground. Egypt's defeat and loss of territory in the June 1967

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while "joking about dating and flirting". The young "sheikhs" deliver their sermons over the Internet, on private satellite channels and in sports clubs, away from the control of Al-Azhar and the state.

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period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under

1626:, just as the appointment of any other state official. In time,the school became responsible for assigning imams to all major mosques, and all these imams were required to be graduates of the school. 3738:

Record Number: 17587021. "and teachers were against it, because of the clothing worn by the actresses," he said. The series, adapted from the novel "Zaat" by Egyptian author Sonallah Ibrahim, takes"

1340:. Traditionally, political divisions in the country were based on religious divisions. During the 19th and 20th centuries, successive governments made extensive efforts to limit the role of the 1821:, is a hereditary Sufi shaykh from Upper Egypt who has recently expressed his support for the formation of a world Sufi league; the current Grand Mufti of Egypt and senior al-Azhar scholar 3146: 1956:

movement in Egypt, which numbers up to 50,000 adherents in the country, was established in 1922 but has seen an increase in hostility and government repression as of the 21st century. The

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regime and ignored by the news media. The Salafi movement benefited from government support the 1990s when the government hoped to "combat and undermine" the violence of the Jihadi Salafi

1290:. Due to the lack of a religious census, owing to the alleged undercounting of non-Muslim minorities in Egyptian censuses, the actual percentage of Muslims is unknown; the percentage of 19: 3075: 1742:, an Islamic mystical tradition. It has been called the "default setting" of Muslim religious life in Egypt although many Sufis are thought to have voted for the Muslim Brotherhood 4071: 3581:"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013. 2920: 2355:

worship without legal harassment and may maintain links with coreligionists in other countries. Members of other religions that are not recognized by the Government, such as the

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loyal to the government and condemned the violence of radical Islamist groups. Outside of the state-mosques are more than 40,000 independent mosques throughout Egypt.

2108:. The government accused the Brotherhood of complicity in an alleged 1954 plot to assassinate the president and imprisoned many of the group's leaders. In the 1970s, 3960: 4933: 4582: 1933:

While almost all of Egypt's Muslims are Sunni, there are a small number of Shia. (Estimates of their number range from 800,000 to "at most" three million.) The

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Egypt's Islamic religious establishment is strongly Sufi in character. Adherence to a Sufi order has long been standard for both professors and students in the

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that the filming should stop and that we would be reimbursed ... explaining that he was not able to guarantee the protection of the materials or the artists."

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was repulsed. From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country. The Arabs founded the capital of Egypt called

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also has another title, Dar al-Iftaa, a part of the Ministry of Justice. While his rulings are nonbinding, they are "influential." His office issues 5,000

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There are more than 45 million citizens 35 years old or younger. The Influence of digital/youth culture is found in preachers such as the very popular

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military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies. The mid-14th-century

6654: 5239: 3143: 1445:, which was later burned down during the Crusades. Cairo was later built in the year 986 to grow to become the largest and richest city in the 3518:

Lawrence, Bruce B. (2013; p.302), 'Citizen Ahmad among the Believers: Salvation Contextualized in Indonesia and Egypt' in Khalil, M. H. (ed.)

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Lawrence, Bruce B. (2013; p.297), 'Citizen Ahmad among the Believers: Salvation Contextualized in Indonesia and Egypt' in Khalil, M. H. (ed.)

5861: 4517: 4287: 3265: 2191:, which was the scene of some of the most intense clashes between Islamists and their opponents (including security forces, secularists, and 1324:, almost all of Egypt's educational, legal, public health, and social welfare issues were in the hands of religious functionaries. Under the 130: 3814: 3748: 3072: 2624: 1865: 1713:

of Egypt's Islamic society, men and women often practice their religion in different ways. A specifically female religious custom is the

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2018 Wave V survey it was reported that, 90.4% said they were Muslim, 9.6% said they were Christian, and 0.1% said they had no religion.

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into the country's legal code. In deference to their increasing influence, the Ministry of Justice in 1977 published a draft law making

1365:, beginning in 1961. These policies permitted department heads to be drawn from outside the ranks of the traditionally-trained orthodox 5487: 5455: 1798: 1250: 3591: 2898:

el-Sayed El-Aswad Religion and Folk Cosmology: Scenarios of the Visible and Invisible in Rural Egypt Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002

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made Egypt their centre and Cairo their capital. Egypt flourished and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the

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Muslims. Salafi and other Islamists believe Sufi tombs are unIslamic and have sometimes sabotaged or vandalized tombs and moulids.

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life. Islamic religious revival movements, whose appeal cut across class lines, were present in most cities and in many villages.

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Popular Islam ranges from informal prayer sessions or Qur'an study to organized cults or orders. Because of the pervasive sexual

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schooling; his scholarly work was limited to reading prayers and sermons prepared by others and to learning passages from the

292: 6565: 4272: 4181: 3534: 3477: 2691: 1173: 115: 3623: 6389: 6043: 5987: 5943: 5756: 5430: 5420: 5380: 4969: 4633: 2015: 1305:, stated that around 11% of Egyptians identified themselves as not religious. While in the same 2018 Wave survey, 47.2% of 1123: 6237: 1876:

received 27.8% of votes cast or 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested, second-place after the Muslim Brotherhood's

6647: 6048: 5788: 5674: 4081: 3859: 6501: 6432: 6311: 5933: 5810: 5477: 5358: 5285: 5273: 5234: 4292: 2959:"Sufism has become the "default setting" for Muslim life in Egypt, in the words of a recent Carnegie Endowment report". 1790:

in Mecca. As many as three million Egyptians and other Arabs gather there every October to celebrate the life of Sayid

1317: 135: 3793: 2551: 1614:, traditionally independent endowments for mosques and Islamic schools, became a ministry of the government. In 1961, 1309:

said they were religious, 39.8% said they were somewhat religious and 10.4% said they were not religious. In the same

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early 1920s. Politically organized Muslims who seek to purge the country of its secular policies are referred to as "

619: 2300: 6169: 5832: 5555: 3685:...there are reports that the new minister, Mohammed Mukhtar Gomaa, is quietly purging all Brotherhood appointees. 2711: 3648: 3183: 6528: 6496: 6249: 5975: 5385: 5105: 4928: 4076: 3883: 3330: 2292: 874: 719: 4049: 3725: 3411: 1999: 6640: 6097: 5891: 5854: 3245: 3166: 2296: 2088:

Islamic political activism has a lengthy history in Egypt. Several Islamic political groups started soon after

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in public life, and religious institutions were increasingly brought under closer levels of state control.

814: 654: 3103: 2737: 1813:. Although al-Azhar is not monolithic, its identity has been strongly associated with Sufism. The current 6706: 6611: 6523: 6365: 6107: 5997: 5820: 5615: 5482: 5425: 5321: 5196: 4543: 4147: 3989: 3307: 3021: 2504: 2011: 1843: 1350: 1071: 889: 3494: 1755:("path") developed by an inspired founder, or sheikh. These sheikhs gradually gathered about themselves 6898: 6852: 6716: 6711: 6518: 6323: 6220: 6203: 6186: 6127: 5953: 5908: 5839: 5778: 5751: 5395: 5254: 5033: 4718: 4307: 4202: 1336:(i.e., Muslim religious scholars) were reinforced, in an effective continuation of the policies of the 819: 432: 150: 2791: 2117:

based upon Islamic values and law. The dominant moderate group advocated cooperation with the regime.

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and committed themselves to battling unbelievers and impious Muslims. During the 1970s and 1980s,

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or Religious Endowments. He also made the appointment of the grand sheikh the prerogative of the

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Critics have complained that the actions of Awqaf reflect the government that controls them.

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poll by the "National Center for SOcial and Criminal Research" quoted in Robin, Wright,

3355: 1433:. This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a Byzantine army at the 282: 6807: 6782: 6777: 6343: 6254: 6154: 6021: 5849: 5815: 5768: 5746: 5642: 5544: 5415: 5302: 5249: 4974: 4853: 4848: 4728: 4397: 4124: 2976: 2960: 2105: 2093: 2060: 2045:

In 2012, Misr International films was producing a television series based on the novel

1947: 1623: 1615: 1473: 1298: 1113: 1024: 959: 829: 774: 744: 659: 584: 579: 559: 447: 437: 240: 2655: 6822: 6694: 6671: 6597: 6491: 6291: 6198: 6149: 6102: 6087: 6002: 5918: 5805: 5703: 5684: 5517: 5191: 5186: 5117: 5100: 5083: 5003: 4918: 4868: 4823: 4803: 4793: 4693: 4497: 4472: 4322: 4317: 4297: 4262: 4247: 4177: 3933:"Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators" 3797: 3473: 2899: 2816: 2687: 2525: 2441: 2332: 1551: 1520: 1485: 1158: 1143: 1086: 1046: 1041: 1009: 879: 809: 784: 759: 714: 699: 669: 604: 554: 534: 529: 524: 412: 357: 332: 165: 160: 140: 105: 90: 6353: 3453:

Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background

6817: 6749: 6452: 6409: 6379: 6227: 6009: 5938: 5880: 5595: 5590: 5570: 5492: 5307: 5208: 5139: 5122: 5063: 4893: 4808: 4788: 4673: 4663: 4569: 4482: 4452: 4437: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4367: 4362: 4312: 4257: 4232: 3940: 3730: 3703: 2669: 2431: 2188: 2114: 2052: 1934: 1571: 1457: 1414: 1337: 1208: 1106: 1076: 1066: 1014: 974: 934: 929: 924: 914: 904: 899: 894: 884: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 824: 764: 739: 724: 679: 629: 539: 514: 392: 382: 342: 312: 297: 277: 267: 250: 245: 210: 205: 155: 100: 75: 43: 6264: 1421:

to the country. In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent to Egypt by the second

6842: 6837: 6812: 6442: 6259: 6210: 6112: 5928: 5664: 5647: 5278: 5203: 4938: 4873: 4838: 4773: 4753: 4743: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4492: 4487: 4427: 4382: 4342: 4237: 4218: 3519: 3467: 3436: 3252: 3232: 3170: 3150: 3079: 2869: 2179: 2097: 2007: 1835: 1806: 1791: 1710: 1695: 1640: 1587: 1583: 1524: 1501: 1481: 1461: 1422: 1203: 1056: 1036: 1019: 1004: 999: 979: 949: 944: 919: 909: 842: 779: 769: 749: 689: 684: 674: 609: 594: 499: 472: 462: 422: 407: 402: 352: 347: 287: 225: 185: 80: 68: 6867: 6754: 6591: 6545: 6399: 6122: 5923: 5435: 5363: 5222: 5156: 4979: 4898: 4858: 4833: 4813: 4748: 4723: 4698: 4467: 4417: 4372: 4357: 4337: 4327: 4242: 2363: 2032: 1908: 1818: 1446: 1310: 1302: 1287: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1091: 1051: 969: 939: 754: 694: 634: 589: 569: 544: 519: 482: 467: 442: 417: 327: 272: 215: 200: 180: 170: 85: 1673: 6887: 6761: 6474: 6462: 6457: 6137: 5227: 4997: 4818: 4783: 4738: 4733: 4642: 4477: 4387: 4277: 4142: 2579:"Understanding Unbelief in Egypt - Understanding Unbelief - Research at Kent" 2371: 2162: 2154: 2019: 1873: 1869: 1848: 1555: 1532: 1509: 1430: 1138: 1133: 789: 709: 549: 509: 457: 452: 370: 337: 230: 120: 3945: 3932: 3293:"Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil" 1543:

killed about 40% of the country's population. In the late 10th century, the

1515:

Muslim rulers remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, with

6601: 6191: 5600: 5259: 2418: 2404: 2101: 2096:(Al Ikhwan al Muslimun, also known as the Brotherhood), founded in 1928 by 2047: 1916: 1567: 1559: 1325: 1226: 1770:"the true figure is likely to be higher". Participation at the festivals ( 6862: 6787: 5620: 5351: 5341: 5134: 5007: 4130:

Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East—The Egyptian Experience

3769:

See drop-down essay on "Colonialism and the Rise of Egyptian Nationalism"

2370:

In December 1999, in response to strong criticism of the Ottoman decree,

2246: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2089: 1860: 1540: 1536: 1438: 1418: 1279: 6632: 2769: 2707: 1749:

Sufism exists in a number of forms, most of which represent an original

1353:, the new government assumed responsibility for appointing officials to 5669: 5627: 3649:

Muslim Village: "Egypt bans Salafi books from mosques" by ABU HUDHAYFAH

2863:

Establishment Ulama and Radical Islam in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan

2380: 2351: 2237: 2211: 2166: 1721: 1691: 1544: 1283: 3226:"Speakout: Muslims must both denounce, renounce their violent hadiths" 3215:

Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought By Daniel W. Brown p 41

1570:, which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the 6744: 6508: 5980: 3246:

Endangered Salman: From London to Cairo, free speech is under assault

2218: 2215: 2146: 2134:

perpetrated a number of violent acts, including the assassination of

1953: 1900: 1822: 1687: 1667: 1659: 1547: 1488:(935–969) were among the most successful to defy the Abbasid Caliph. 1306: 1271: 3931:

Mohamoud, Yousra; Cuadros, Diego; Abu-Raddad, Laith (26 June 2013).

3163: 2270: 5181: 4005:"Egypt's Coptic Christians: Caught Between Renewal and Persecution" 3906:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo" 3735: 3131:

Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution

3117:

Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution

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Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution

2462: 2461:

49 showed about 5% of the respondents were Christian. According to

2241: 2131: 1775: 1703: 1321: 22: 4187: 18: 6792: 4141:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3521:

Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others

3469:

Women Under Islam: Gender Justice and the Politics of Islamic Law

3438:

Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others

2521:

Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others

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society and the creation, to the extent possible, of a separate,

2092:

ended. The most well-known Islamic political organization is the

1779: 1762:

The devotions of many Sufi orders center on various forms of the

1751: 1477: 1468: 1358: 1275: 57: 4611: 4080:. UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 August 2008. Archived from 2645:

See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"

2379:

families are subject to the Personal Status Law, which draws on

2337: 32:, connected to a mosque built around 971, is considered by some 5213: 5171: 5018: 2222: 2196: 2150: 1904: 1896: 1884: 1839: 1771: 1739: 1528: 1442: 1407: 1390: 1354: 36:

Muslims as one of the world's highest Sunni Muslim authorities.

3290: 1714: 5244: 5049: 2342: 2250: 2192: 2158: 2127: 2081: 2077: 2038: 1783: 1763: 1756: 1726: 1586:. The Fatimid palace in Cairo had two parts. It stood in the 1578:

exist in Cairo today, the most defining examples include the

1563: 1516: 1410: 1331: 1267: 1263: 33: 29: 26: 2072: 1938:

street before lynching them. Eight other Shia were injured.

5657: 3898: 3266:"Pilgrimage to Karbala Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam" 1787: 1699: 1611: 1426: 3557:"Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group" 1562:. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to 4097:"Thousands Protest Egypt's Neglect of Coptic Persecution" 3930: 2812:

Egypt's Political Economy: Power Relations in Development

2679:

Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350

3596:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

2493: 3385:"Egypt: Lynching of Shia Follows Months of Hate Speech" 3679:

Hessler, Peter (7 October 2013). "Keeping the Faith".

3661:

Hessler, Peter (7 October 2013). "Keeping the Faith".

3073:

What is Salafism and should we be worried?| First Post

2517: 4176:

by R.M. Chopra, 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi.

4031:"The Copts and Their Political Implications in Egypt" 3819:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

3753:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

3535:"Rights group demands release of Ahmadiyya detainees" 3356:"Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo" 2629:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

1786:, which draws an even larger number of pilgrims than 1738:

A primarily male spiritual manifestation of Islam is

1491: 4023: 3804:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. 3291:

Col. (ret.) Dr. Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012).

2394: 1366: 1341: 1329: 1278:. The majority of Egyptian Muslims are adherents of 3466:Jones-Pauly, Christina; Tuqan, Abir Dajani (2011). 3063:

by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MaacMillan, 2008, p.85

2359:, may experience personal and collective hardship. 1449:, and one of the biggest and richest in the world. 1398:

mosque in Cairo, recognized as the oldest in Africa

3094:by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.221 1895:Non-sectarian Muslims who reject the authority of 3835:See drop-down essay on "Rise of Islamic Activism" 3255:, The Weekly Standard, Retrieved 28 February 2013 3144:Sufis to form popular committees to protect tombs 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 1880:. Al‑Nour party itself won 111 of the 127 seats. 6885: 4050:"EGYPT: Attacks Raise Fear of Religious Discord" 3465: 3235:, Rocky Mountain News, Retrieved 25 January 2013 2921:"The Sufis' Choice: Egypt's Political Wild Card" 3524:, pp.288–312. New York: Oxford University Press 3441:, pp.288–312. New York: Oxford University Press 3331:"Egypt: Attack on Shia Comes at Dangerous Time" 3082:| by Venetia Rainey| LAST UPDATED 20 APRIL 2011 3055: 3053: 3051: 4088: 3857: 2752: 2682:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2260: 2067: 6648: 5034: 4627: 4203: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3696: 2881: 2879: 2877: 1244: 3726:Islamists halt filming of Egyptian TV series 3328: 3106:Jonathan Brown| Carnegie Paper|December 2011 3048: 3045:| Baher Ibrahim| guardian.co.uk| 10 May 2010 2927:. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 2844:. carnegie endowment for international peace 1964: 1907:. Notable Egyptian Quranists include Sidqi, 4174:Sufism: Origin, Growth, Eclipse, Resurgence 3978: 3807: 3741: 3305: 2299:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6655: 6641: 5041: 5027: 4634: 4620: 4210: 4196: 4064: 3990:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 3870: 3697:O'Donnell, Erin (September–October 2011). 3492: 3085: 2874: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2668: 2662: 2617: 2552:An Independent Voice for Egypt’s al-Azhar? 2518:Mohammad Hassan Khalil (31 January 2013). 2505:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 2018:and dismissed at his overthrow. Under the 1799:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1402:In the 7th century, Egypt was invaded and 1286:. Since 1980, Islam has served as Egypt's 1251: 1237: 6662: 4035:Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3944: 3884:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 3672: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2919:Deasy, Kristin (September–October 2012). 2319:Learn how and when to remove this message 4009:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 3924: 3409: 3322: 3310:. Cairo. Inter Press Service News Agency 2970: 2968: 2914: 2912: 2770:country studies Egypt Contemporary Islam 2524:. Oxford University Press. p. 297. 2336: 2140: 2071: 1672: 1495: 1451: 1389: 1328:, the public and political roles of the 17: 3996: 3953: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3678: 3660: 3495:"Insult laws: Elusive and longstanding" 3299: 3036: 2789: 2774: 1834:An estimated 5–6 million Egyptians are 1825:is also a highly respected Sufi master. 6886: 4047: 3621: 3610: 3379: 3377: 3350: 3348: 2998: 2815:. American University in Cairo Press. 2792:"Letter from Egypt, Keeping the Faith" 2454: 2059:was scheduled to occur that year, but 1652: 1361:. Likewise, it mandated the reform of 6636: 6067: 5878: 5701: 5542: 5061: 5022: 4615: 4191: 3097: 2965: 2918: 2909: 2829: 2808: 2802: 2604:"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer" 2565:"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer" 2010:, Minister of Awqaf from 1995 to the 1866:2011–12 Egypt parliamentary elections 6617: 4094: 3772: 3200:Egyptian Quranist Detained, Released 3011: 2714:from the original on 17 January 2013 2297:adding citations to reliable sources 2264: 1985: 1797:According to a report issued by the 1508:, the sixth caliph, as renovated by 6607: 4217: 4041: 3881: 3374: 3345: 3258: 1413:. When they defeated the armies of 1282:, while a small minority adhere to 13: 4167: 4002: 3858:Michael Gerson (23 October 2009). 3654: 3622:Symank, Markus (21 October 2013). 3592:"Religious Identity Among Muslims" 3456:Oxford University Press, 2003 p.24 3391:. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2013 3043:Salafi intolerance threatens Sufis 2571: 2341:Historical and ancient mosques in 1969:There are a significant amount of 1602: 1492:The Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks 1404:conquered by the Islamic caliphate 1318:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 14: 6910: 5988:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 4641: 4118: 4095:Chan, Kenneth (7 December 2004). 3986:"Egypt from "The World Factbook"" 3882:Suh, Michael (15 February 2011). 2974: 2835: 2790:Hessler, Peter (7 October 2013). 2501:"Egypt from "The World Factbook"" 1379: 6771:Minorities and Foreign nationals 6616: 6606: 6596: 6587: 6586: 5845:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 5048: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4518:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4288:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4136: 4128:interview with Caryle Murphy on 4011:. No. October/November 1997 3410:Whitaker, Brian (31 July 2007). 3272:. PBS, Wide Angle. 26 March 2007 3184:Egypt to further probe Quranists 3173:, 19.org, Retrieved 6 July 2013. 2838:"Egypt's al-Azhar Steps Forward" 2411: 2397: 2269: 1883:Sufi Islam is a sore point with 1838:. Scholar Tarek Osman describes 1220: 805:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 131:Democratic Republic of the Congo 50: 6329:Identification card controversy 4077:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 3851: 3838: 3718: 3690: 3642: 3584: 3575: 3549: 3527: 3512: 3493:Sarah Carr (19 November 2012). 3486: 3459: 3444: 3429: 3403: 3308:"Spring Brings Worse for Shias" 3284: 3238: 3218: 3209: 3193: 3176: 3156: 3137: 3123: 3109: 3066: 3014:"The Battle for Egyptian Islam" 2953: 2892: 2856: 2726: 2700: 2648: 5235:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 4960:British Indian Ocean Territory 4048:Morrow, Adam (24 April 2006). 3961:"Religions in Egypt | PEW-GRF" 3012:Hill, Jess (7 February 2012). 2596: 2557: 2545: 2511: 2479: 1590:area on Bin El-Qasryn street. 1: 5543: 3734:. Thursday, 9 February 2012. 3559:. 14 May 2010. Archived from 3412:"A green light to oppression" 3329:Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). 3306:Cam McGrath (26 April 2013). 2472: 1778:and his descendants (such as 5862:Twin towns and sister cities 5702: 5374:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 2977:"Salafis and Sufis in Egypt" 2809:Farah, Nadia Ramsis (2009). 1941: 1417:in Egypt, the Arabs brought 1270:, with approximately 90% of 1266:is the dominant religion in 7: 6390:Vehicle registration plates 6068: 6044:Water supply and sanitation 5879: 5062: 3860:"The Grand Mufti's mission" 3794:Islamic Political Movements 3472:. I.B.Tauris. p. 416. 2390: 2261:Status of religious freedom 2068:Islamic political movements 2055:. Filming of scenes set at 2026: 2012:Egyptian Revolution of 2011 1890: 1476:, who decided to reside at 1367: 1351:Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1342: 1330: 10: 6915: 6049:Water resources management 3965:globalreligiousfutures.org 3153:| Egypt News| 9 April 2011 3104:Salafis and Sufis in Egypt 2961:Salafis and Sufis in Egypt 2554:AHMED MORSY. 13 JULY 2011. 2330: 2030: 1980:non-denominational Muslims 1976:non-denominational Muslims 1945: 1926: 1647: 1618:made Al Azhar part of the 1383: 1374: 1301:, citing a 2018 survey by 6770: 6737: 6670: 6582: 6408: 6080: 6076: 6063: 5944:Impact on the environment 5934:Entrepreneurship policies 5887: 5874: 5710: 5697: 5551: 5538: 5506: 5408: 5074: 5070: 5057: 4988: 4947: 4907: 4649: 4531: 4506: 4225: 4154:Federal Research Division 3624:"Controlling the Message" 2945:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1971:Nondenominational Muslims 1965:Nondenominational Muslims 1878:Freedom and Justice Party 1829: 1744:Freedom and Justice Party 1733: 5715:Administrative divisions 5391:2011 Egyptian revolution 5332:1952 Egyptian revolution 5128:Lighthouse of Alexandria 4709:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4273:Central African Republic 3362:. BBC News. 24 June 2013 3251:12 December 2013 at the 3231:12 December 2013 at the 3206:, Retrieved 6 July 2013. 3190:, Retrieved 6 July 2013. 3134:By John R. Bradley, p.91 3120:By John R. Bradley, p.85 3078:8 September 2011 at the 2447: 1817:(rector of the school), 1694:merged with a belief in 1629: 1386:Egypt in the Middle Ages 1174:Northern Mariana Islands 116:Central African Republic 5919:Egyptian stock exchange 4970:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3946:10.5339/connect.2013.22 2674:"The Mideast Heartland" 1922: 1429:, under the command of 1124:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6250:International rankings 5255:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 3802:Egypt: A Country Study 2708:"Egypt – Major Cities" 2583:Understanding Unbelief 2346: 2214:. Indeed, they viewed 2182:of classes by gender. 2170: 2085: 1853:al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 1827: 1682: 1523:. With the end of the 1512: 1464: 1399: 875:Bosnia and Herzegovina 37: 25:Islamic university in 6664:Demographics of Egypt 5855:Terrorism and tourism 5313:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5145:Library of Alexandria 4433:São Tomé and Príncipe 4293:Republic of the Congo 4052:. Inter Press Service 3886:. Pew Research Center 3182:Ramadan Al Sherbini, 2868:20 April 2012 at the 2710:. Countrystudies.us. 2656:"Al-Azhar University" 2437:Muslim Youth uprising 2427:Christianity in Egypt 2340: 2145:Egypt mostly colored 2144: 2075: 1803: 1676: 1506:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1499: 1455: 1393: 795:Saint Kitts and Nevis 293:São Tomé and Príncipe 136:Republic of the Congo 21: 6566:World Heritage Sites 6385:Units of measurement 5840:Proposed new capital 5586:Environmental issues 5347:United Arab Republic 5240:Muhammad Ali dynasty 4884:United Arab Emirates 4160:US State Department 4084:on 12 December 2012. 3910:english.ahram.org.eg 3699:"The Veil's Revival" 3169:19 July 2013 at the 2670:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 2293:improve this section 2057:Ain Shams University 1576:Fatimid architecture 1435:battle of Heliopolis 620:United Arab Emirates 56:World percentage of 6238:Freedom of religion 6133:Mass sexual assault 5498:Timekeeping devices 5396:2013 Rabaa massacre 5369:Egyptian–Libyan War 4911:limited recognition 4508:States with limited 3864:The Washington Post 3825:on 20 December 2011 3759:on 20 December 2011 3450:Yohanan Friedmann. 3149:29 May 2011 at the 2740:on 12 December 2007 2734:"Cairo of the Mind" 2635:on 20 December 2011 2507:. 4 September 2008. 2206:Islamists rejected 2076:Al-Azhar Mosque in 2014:, was appointed by 1998:In the wake of the 1958:Al-Azhar University 1929:Shia Islam in Egypt 1913:Ahmed Subhy Mansour 1653:Contemporary belief 1637:Al-Azhar University 1596:Al-Azhar University 1580:Al Azhar University 1519:as the seat of the 1363:Al-Azhar University 1292:Egyptian Christians 815:Trinidad and Tobago 655:Antigua and Barbuda 6428:Art (contemporary) 6108:Capital punishment 5998:Telecommunications 5675:Towns and villages 5643:Qattara Depression 5456:Muslim Brotherhood 5426:Cigarette industry 5286:British occupation 5197:Crusader invasions 5167:Rashidun Caliphate 4132:, 3 November 2002. 4101:The Christian Post 4037:. 25 October 2005. 3092:Egypt on the Brink 3059:Bradley, John R., 2887:Egypt on the brink 2463:Al-Ahram newspaper 2347: 2171: 2106:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2094:Muslim Brotherhood 2086: 2061:Muslim Brotherhood 1948:Ahmadiyya in Egypt 1690:form the basis of 1683: 1624:Egyptian president 1616:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1513: 1474:Abdallah ibn Tahir 1465: 1400: 1322:Napoleon Bonaparte 1299:University of Kent 720:Dominican Republic 38: 6899:Religion in Egypt 6881: 6880: 6755:Coptic Christians 6707:Oriental Orthodox 6630: 6629: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6502:Football stadiums 6433:Botanical gardens 6312:Catholic dioceses 6204:Gender inequality 6128:Human trafficking 6059: 6058: 5993:Tallest buildings 5954:Military industry 5870: 5869: 5811:Political parties 5764:Islamic extremism 5752:Foreign relations 5693: 5692: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5274:French occupation 5192:Fatimid Caliphate 5187:Ikhshidid dynasty 5016: 5015: 4953:other territories 4609: 4608: 4535:other territories 4308:Equatorial Guinea 4182:978-93-85083-52-5 3798:Helen Chapin Metz 3499:Egypt Independent 3479:978-1-84511-386-5 2986:. Carnegie Papers 2975:Brown, Jonathan. 2693:978-0-19-506774-3 2442:Religion in Egypt 2372:President Mubarak 2333:Religion in Egypt 2329: 2328: 2321: 2138:in October 1981. 1992:Ministry of Awqaf 1986:State involvement 1811:university system 1620:Ministry of Awqaf 1574:. Many traces of 1550:caliphate of the 1521:Fatimid Caliphate 1486:Ikhshidid dynasty 1261: 1260: 151:Equatorial Guinea 6906: 6712:Eastern Orthodox 6657: 6650: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6600: 6590: 6589: 6395:Waste management 6160:Academic grading 6078: 6077: 6065: 6064: 6037:Railway stations 6015:Cultural tourism 5914:Economic regions 5876: 5875: 5699: 5698: 5540: 5539: 5209:Mamluk Sultanate 5140:Diocese of Egypt 5123:Battle of Actium 5072: 5071: 5059: 5058: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5006: 4996: 4995: 4965:Christmas Island 4651:Sovereign states 4636: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4596: 4595:(United Kingdom) 4591:Tristan da Cunha 4587:Ascension Island 4579: 4566: 4557: 4533:Dependencies and 4226:Sovereign states 4219:Islam in Africa 4212: 4205: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4157: 4140: 4139: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3937:QScience Connect 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3879: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3821:. Archived from 3811: 3805: 3791: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. Archived from 3745: 3739: 3731:Daily News Egypt 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3704:Harvard Magazine 3694: 3688: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3619: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3197: 3191: 3180: 3174: 3160: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3070: 3064: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3024:on 23 April 2013 3020:. Archived from 3009: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2916: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2787: 2772: 2767: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2736:. Archived from 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2631:. Archived from 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2466: 2458: 2432:Islam by country 2421: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2324: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2273: 2265: 2189:Asyut University 2176:Gama'at Islamiya 2115:parallel society 2053:Sonallah Ibrahim 1935:Syrian civil war 1572:High Middle Ages 1458:Ibn Tulun Mosque 1415:Byzantine Empire 1370: 1345: 1338:Mamluk Sultanate 1335: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1227:Islam portal 1225: 1224: 1223: 1184:Papua New Guinea 1149:Marshall Islands 1119:Christmas Island 1082:Northern Ireland 54: 44:Islam by country 40: 39: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6766: 6733: 6666: 6661: 6631: 6626: 6570: 6561:Public holidays 6551:National anthem 6404: 6317:Coptic Churches 6260:Egyptian Arabic 6170:Medical schools 6072: 6055: 5971:Nuclear program 5883: 5866: 5796:Nationality law 5789:Supreme Council 5774:Law enforcement 5706: 5689: 5665:Sinai Peninsula 5648:Red Sea Riviera 5547: 5526: 5502: 5404: 5291:1919 revolution 5279:Revolt of Cairo 5204:Ayyubid dynasty 5182:Tulunid dynasty 5066: 5053: 5047: 5017: 5012: 4984: 4952: 4943: 4924:Northern Cyprus 4910: 4903: 4645: 4640: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4577: 4564: 4555: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4221: 4216: 4170: 4168:Further reading 4149:Country Studies 4146: 4137: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4093: 4089: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4001: 3997: 3992:. 22 June 2014. 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3880: 3871: 3866:. pp. 27A. 3856: 3852: 3843: 3839: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3792: 3773: 3762: 3760: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3677: 3673: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3598:. 9 August 2012 3590: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3253:Wayback Machine 3244:Paul Marshall, 3243: 3239: 3233:Wayback Machine 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3171:Wayback Machine 3162:Aisha Y. Musa, 3161: 3157: 3151:Wayback Machine 3142: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3080:Wayback Machine 3071: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3010: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2917: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2870:Wayback Machine 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2842:7 November 2013 2834: 2830: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2788: 2775: 2768: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2638: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2335: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2290: 2274: 2263: 2098:Hassan al Banna 2070: 2035: 2029: 2008:Mahmoud Zakzouk 1988: 1967: 1950: 1944: 1931: 1925: 1893: 1844:2011 revolution 1832: 1815:Shaykh al-Azhar 1807:al-Azhar mosque 1792:Ahmad al-Badawi 1736: 1655: 1650: 1632: 1605: 1603:Islam and state 1588:Khan el-Khalili 1584:Al Hakim mosque 1525:Ayyubid dynasty 1502:Al-Hakim Mosque 1494: 1482:Tulunid dynasty 1462:Ahmad Ibn Tulun 1423:Rashidun caliph 1388: 1382: 1377: 1359:Islamic schools 1297:A study at the 1274:identifying as 1257: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1194:Solomon Islands 1109: 1099: 1098: 995:North Macedonia 845: 835: 834: 650: 640: 639: 373: 363: 362: 71: 61: 12: 11: 5: 6912: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6894:Islam in Egypt 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6497:Football clubs 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6093:Animal welfare 6090: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5976:Power stations 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Egyptian pound 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5828:Prime Minister 5825: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Northern coast 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5364:Yom Kippur War 5356: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 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4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4134: 4120: 4119:External links 4117: 4114: 4113: 4087: 4063: 4040: 4022: 3995: 3977: 3952: 3923: 3897: 3869: 3850: 3837: 3806: 3771: 3740: 3717: 3689: 3683:. p. 41. 3681:The New Yorker 3671: 3663:The New Yorker 3653: 3641: 3609: 3583: 3574: 3563:on 6 June 2014 3548: 3526: 3511: 3485: 3478: 3458: 3443: 3428: 3402: 3373: 3344: 3321: 3298: 3283: 3257: 3237: 3224:Tawfik Hamid, 3217: 3208: 3192: 3175: 3164:The Qur'anists 3155: 3136: 3122: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3065: 3047: 3035: 2997: 2964: 2952: 2908: 2891: 2885:Osman, Tarek, 2873: 2855: 2836:Morsy, Ahmed. 2828: 2821: 2801: 2796:The New Yorker 2773: 2751: 2725: 2699: 2692: 2661: 2647: 2616: 2595: 2570: 2556: 2544: 2530: 2510: 2492: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2408: 2392: 2389: 2331:Main article: 2327: 2326: 2277: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2153:Sunni) south; 2069: 2066: 2033:Niqab in Egypt 2028: 2025: 1987: 1984: 1966: 1963: 1946:Main article: 1943: 1940: 1927:Main article: 1924: 1921: 1909:Rashad Khalifa 1892: 1889: 1872:led by salafi 1831: 1828: 1819:Ahmed el-Tayeb 1735: 1732: 1681:in Suez, Egypt 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1631: 1628: 1604: 1601: 1493: 1490: 1484:(868–905) and 1447:Arab caliphate 1384:Main article: 1381: 1380:Arab caliphate 1378: 1376: 1373: 1326:Ottoman Empire 1311:Arab Barometer 1303:Arab Barometer 1288:state religion 1259: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1072:United Kingdom 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 846: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 496: 495: 490: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 374: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 259: 258: 256:Western Sahara 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 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5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5228:Ottoman Egypt 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934:South Ossetia 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 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