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new architectural style. The forms and conventions of
Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.
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Architecture is what is causing the style to lose its status. There are scholars that also believe that the distinguishing features of the
Islamic Architecture style were not necessarily found within the architecture, but were rather environmental markers, such as the sounds of prayer, the city around it, the events that occurred there. The example given is that we can only truly know that a building is a mosque by what happens there, rather than by visual cues. Specific features that are notably related to Islamic Architecture – the Mihrab, the Minaret, and the Gate – are seen in multiple locations and do not always serve the same use, and symbolism for being Islamic in nature is seen to be demonstrated more culturally than it is architecturally. Islamic Architecture is also sometimes referred to as a 'hidden architecture', one that doesn't necessarily show the physical traits of the style, rather it is something that is experienced.
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4351:("bond of cohesion", or "family loyalty"), strictly separated from the "outside". In general, the morphology of an Islamic city is granting—or denying—access according to the basic concept of hierarchical degrees of privacy. The inhabitants move from public space to the living quarters of their tribe, and onwards to their family home. Within a family house, there are again to be found common and separate spaces, the latter, and most private, usually reserved for women and children. In the end, only the family heads have free and unlimited access to all rooms and areas of their private home, as opposed to the more European concept of interconnecting different spaces for free and easy access. The hierarchy of privacy thus guides and structures the entire social life in a city, from the ruler to the commoner, from the town to the house.
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that express an
Islamic architect's motives with their structures. Due to the wide geographic range of the Islamic religion, there is a large variation between thousands of existing mosques with little consistency between them. Lastly, since it is against the Islamic faith to idolize earthly beings, any depictions of earthly beings lack religious connection. These characteristics combine to make it difficult for historians to form symbolic connections from architecture in Islamic places of worship. Some authors have attempted to ascribe mystical or mathematical symbolisms to various aspects Islamic architecture. However, while these symbolic meanings may be plausible for certain specific buildings, they are not necessarily applicable to the rest of Islamic architecture.
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peninsula. In western scholarship, a traditional assumption was that the Arabs of the early 7th century, at the time of
Muhammad, were nomadic pastoralists who did not have strong architectural traditions. Thanks to more recent studies and archeological investigations, this view has since been revised and is now considered obsolete. According to scholar Beatrice Saint Laurent, early academic investigations into the history of Islamic monumental architecture led to the "flawed view that saw the roots of an Early Islamic monumental architecture and art solely in the traditions of the conquered regions". Scholars now agree that a rich architectural tradition also preceded the appearance of Islam in Arabia and the first Islamic monuments.
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generations. It is, of course, true that the vast peninsula has not been as well investigated as it should be and that surprises may well await archeologists in the future. At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's
Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.
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2616:), the central medallion of the apex and the ribs of the dome became separate structural elements: the ribs are more pronounced and connect to the central medallion, which also stands out more pronouncedly, so that the entire construction gives the impression as if ribs and medallion are separate from, and underpin, the proper shell of the dome. Elaborately decorated ceilings and dome interiors draw influence from Near Eastern and Mediterranean architectural decoration while also serving as explicit and symbolic representations of the heavens. These dome shaped architectural features could be seen at the early Islamic palaces such as Qusayr ῾amra (c.712–15) and Khirbat al-mafjar (c.724–43).
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8314:. A difference to note is the appearance of mosques without domes, as in the past mosques for the most part all had them, but these new dome-less mosques seem to follow a function over form design, and are created by those not of the Islamic faith, in most cases. The influence of Islam still pervades the style of creation itself, and provides a 'conceptual framework', for the making of a building that exemplifies the styles and beliefs of Islam. It has also been influenced by the now meeting of many different cultures, such as European styles meeting Islamic styles, leading to Islamic architects incorporating features of other architectural and cultural styles.
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Islamic facilities were inserted into the existing urban fabric after the conquest. In the case of
Damascus and Aleppo, for example, the cities were largely of Roman-Byzantine heritage and their topography changed slowly. The Islamic presence was signaled at first only by the presence of a mosque (and, in Damascus, the royal palace). This transformation, which resulted in what is often regarded as the traditional "Islamic" city, occurred over a long period and was shaped by multiple social and economic causes that varied according to region and period. The arrival of Islamic rule was only one stage in a process that had already begun by the 6th century.
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8229:, off the coast of Tanzania, hosts the remains of multiple historic mosques and palaces. The Great Mosque is most impressive, the largest in East Africa before the 19th century. It was built and modified in multiple phases, with the oldest surviving section dating possibly to the 11th century, to which was later added a courtyard with porticos of coral stone columns and a side chamber with the largest historic dome on the East African coast (5 meters in diameter). The courtyard is the only known medieval example of its kind in the region, though it was rebuilt and covered with domes and barrel vaults in the 15th century.
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3763:, which doubled as a place for prayer. The first confirmed minarets in the form of towers date from the early 9th century under Abbasid rule and they did not become a standard feature of mosques until the 11th century. These first minaret towers were placed in the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall. Among them, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, dating from 836, is one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world and the oldest in North Africa. It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters.
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2526:, located several bays before the mihrab. In sections which now supporting these domes, additional supporting structures were needed to bear the thrust of the cupolas. The architects solved this problem by the construction of intersecting arches. The domes themselves are built with eight intersecting stone ribs. Rather than meeting in the centre of the dome, the ribs intersect one another off-center, leaving the central space to be occupied by a smaller cupola. For the domes in front of the mihrab, the ribs form an eight-pointed star and an octagonal cupola in the centre. For the dome over the
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4577:. The four-iwan plan revolutionised the form and function of the mosques in the region and introduced new types of buildings involving madrasas and caravanserais which spread through Iran, Anatolia, and Syria. Large caravanserais were built as a way to foster trade and assert Seljuk authority in the countryside. They typically consisted of a building with a fortified exterior appearance, monumental entrance portal, and interior courtyard surrounded by various halls, including iwans. Some notable examples, only partly preserved, are the caravanserais of
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commercial needs of the new
Islamic polity, a transformation that set a trajectory for medieval cities throughout the Middle East (and perhaps even Europe of the early Middle Ages). Thus an Arabian concept of urbanism lies at the foundation of the early Islamic city; the existence of a distinctive 'Islamic city' from the beginnings of Islam begins to take form with specific archaeological characteristics. This hypothesis is derived from 'Aqaba and other urban plans and can be tested on other sites in Arabia and the Levant.
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the entrance, as people move deeper into the building more significant religious areas are revealed. Hierarchy is also present because certain
Islamic architects are tasked to design specifically for the presence of royalty, although in Islamic belief all Muslims in the mosque are equal. Designated locations had been carefully chosen in the mosque to highlight an individual's position in society. This emphasis could be made by being within view to all attendees, by being placed in the focal point of artistry, or with a
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Islamic city was the south
Arabian city, such as Sana’a, to which type Mecca and Fustat belonged. Two urban types based on social organization have been proposed by Walter Dostal. The first is called the San'a-formation, developed from a market center and inhabited by groups of the same tribe with social differentiation based on his "farmer-craftsman" technological specializations. The second urban type is the Tarim-formation, in which quarter organization reflects the social structure of a multi-tribal settlement.
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11694:, p. 84: "It was decisive for the future that the Umayyad caliphs were to some extent aware of their own cultural history." "The glory of the Himyarite kings (singular tubbaʿ ) was remembered, according to the Kitab al-Tijan fi muluk Himyar (The Book of Crowns on the Kings of Himyar) by Ibn Hisham (d. c. 833), as the "immediate predecessor and pattern of the Umayyads" (Retsö 2005–2006: 232). Perhaps their palaces were distant forerunners of the Umayyad palaces of Syria, such as that at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi"
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7526:(normally marks the entrance to the most sacred precincts), balai nobat (a tower supposedly used to store royal musical instruments) and the sacred pyramidal roof was used for Islamic architecture. For centuries, Malay-Indonesian mosques lacked domes or minarets, both considered of Middle Eastern origin. Malay-Indonesian original mosques feature multi-layered pyramidal roofs and no minaret. Prayer is called by striking a prayer's drum known as
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Islamic empire was moved to Syria immediately after the end of this period, the contribution of the building traditions of these two cities, and of pre-Islamic Arabia in general, to the development of
Islamic architecture was limited. Only the Ka῾ba, the pre-Islamic sanctuary at Mecca that became the focus for Muslim prayer and pilgrimage, and the combined residence and mosque that the Prophet built in Medina seem to have made any impact.
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2098:. Later-period vaults were erected using pre-formed lateral ribs modelled from gypsum, which served as a temporal formwork to guide and center the vault. These ribs, which were left in the structure afterwards, do not carry any load. The ribs were cast in advance on strips of cloth, the impression of which can still be seen in the ribs today. Similar structures are known from Sasanian architecture, for example from the palace of
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in the 8th century the mosque was repeatedly expanded to include a large flat-roofed prayer hall supported by columns (a hypostyle hall) with a central courtyard. It became one of the main models for the early mosques built elsewhere. Scholars generally agree that aside from Muhammad's mosque/house, the architecture of the Arabian Peninsula seems to have had only a limited role in the formulation of later Islamic architecture.
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architecture was the earliest expression of Islamic art on a grand scale and the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus reproduced the hypostyle model at a monumental scale. Moreover, the Umayyads did not come from a cultural void and were aware of their own Arabian cultural history. Some scholars suggest they sought to continue the pre-Islamic Arabian architectural tradition of building tall palaces to symbolize the ruler's power.
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4306:" Islamic town is based on cultural and sociological concepts which differ from those of European cities. In both cultures, a distinction is made between the areas used by the rulers and their government and administration, public places of everyday common life, and the areas of private life. While the structures and concepts of European towns originated from a sociological struggle to gain basic rights of freedom—or
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8722:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period."
2226:(both completed around 1404) were notable in their use of large double-shelled domes. These domes were composed of an inner shell which was visible from the interior and a larger outer shell, visible from the exterior and often of a slightly different shape. The Gur-i Amir Mausoleum's dome, the oldest one to have survived to the present day, features an exterior ribbed profile with a band of
5091:, or seven-colour style of tile burning, a process that enabled them to apply more colours to each tile, creating richer patterns, sweeter to the eye. The colours that the Persians favoured were golden, white and turquoise patterns on a dark- blue background. The extensive inscription bands of calligraphy and arabesque on most of the major buildings where carefully planned and executed by
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meaning. Others have sought to explain all Islamic architecture with principles of geometric harmonization derived from mathematical treatises and the careful measurement of buildings. Although this may work in individual cases, such as the shrine of Ahmad Yasavi in Turkestan (see §VI, A, 2 below), these principles cannot be ascribed indiscriminately to all buildings at all times.
8027:(established in the 14th-15th centuries and rebuilt in the 16th century, with later additions), had a tapering minaret and a prayer hall with rows of arches. The presence of tapering minarets may also reflect cultural contacts with M'zab region to the north, while decoration found at Timbuktu may reflect contacts with Berber communities in what is now Mauritania.
1595:), from which later empires in the region would also emerge and contribute to its artistic evolution. The original Great Mosque of Cordoba was noted for its unique hypostyle hall with rows of double-tiered, two-coloured, arches, which were repeated and maintained in later extensions of the building. The mosque was expanded multiple times, with the expansion by
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second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. Domes also transitioned from wooden or brick structures, sometimes of bulbous shape, to pointed stone domes with complex geometric or arabesque motifs carved into their outer surfaces. The peak of this stone dome architecture was achieved under the reign of Qaytbay in the late 15th century.
3570:) is the direction in which Mecca is from any given location, towards which Muslims face during prayers. Within Islamic architecture it is a major component of both the features and the orientation of the building itself. Mosques and religious structures are built to have one side aligned with this direction, usually marked by a visual feature called a
8138:, which was previously established in the 14th century but demolished in the early 19th century, was rebuilt in 1906–1907 under the direction of Ismaila Traoré and with guidance from French engineers. Now the largest earthen building in sub-Saharan Africa, it served as a model for the new style and for other mosques in the region, including the
7976:. Here, a mosque has been discovered which consisted of a courtyard, a prayer hall, and a square minaret, built in dry stone covered in red mud used as plaster. On both the exterior and interior of the mosque, this plaster was painted with floral, geometric, and epigraphic motifs. A similar stone mosque from the same period has been found at
1138:, who were clients of the Byzantines and protected their eastern borders. These two Arab dynasties were significant patrons of architecture in their respective regions. Their architecture is not well understood due to the scarcity of identifiable remains today, but they borrowed and adapted the architecture of their Byzantine and Sasanian
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Umayyad patrons recruited craftsmen from across the empire and architects were allowed, or even encouraged, to mix elements from different artistic traditions and to disregard traditional conventions and restraints. Partly as a result of this, Umayyad architecture is distinguished by the extent and variety of decoration, including
6913:), stone, or a combination of both, with timber used for roofs and floors. While these structures are repaired and restored over time, this architectural style has remained generally unchanged for hundreds of years. The old city of Sanaa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site today, contains many examples. Some villages and towns, such as
3209:. This apparently near-simultaneous development in distant regions of the Islamic world has led to multiple scholarly theories about their origin and spread, with one current theory proposing that they originated in one region at least a century earlier and then spread from there. Some of the earliest surviving examples preserved
8065:). The eastern or Hausa style is generally more plain on the exterior of buildings, but is characterized by diverse interior decoration and the much greater use of wood. Mosques often have prayer halls with pillars supporting flat or slightly domed roofs of wood and mud. An exceptional example is the 19th-century Great Mosque of
10725:, "Balconies in Islamic Architecture" "Wooden balconies projecting at upper levels and constructed with latticed screens to ensure privacy but allow air circulation were a feature of Islamic domestic architecture in many countries, and specific types developed in particular areas over time, such as the wooden screen known as
1929:). The use of this space included the aesthetic effects of plants and water, the penetration of natural light, allowing breezes and air circulation into the structure during summer heat, as a cooler space with water and shade, and as a protected and proscribed place where the women of the house need not be covered in the
8640:, p. 295: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important."
1386:, and both were influential in the design of later mosques elsewhere. The Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque are also notable for their extensive program of mosaic decoration that drew on late Antique motifs and craftsmanship. However, mosaic decoration eventually fell out of fashion in Islamic architecture.
5151:-like elements on its courtyard façade. The city walls of Diyarbakir also feature several towers built by the Artuqids and decorated with a mix of calligraphic inscriptions and figurative images of animals and mythological creatures carved in stone. One of the culminations of later Artuqid architecture is the
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Ghumdān castle in South Arabia and the structures of Khawarnaq and Sadīr in North Arabia, buildings whose fame may have exceeded their architectural merit—Arabia does not seem to have possessed an important architectural tradition and was not a significant source for the development of Islamic architecture.
6593:) also has distinctive mosques and houses that are completely whitewashed, but built in rammed earth. Its structures also make frequent use of domes and barrel vaults. Unlike Jerba, the distinctive minarets here are tall and have a square base, tapering towards the end and crowned with "horn"-like corners.
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Because Islam originated in western Arabia, scholars have looked to the architecture of that region for clues to understanding the earliest Islamic architecture. Overall, the results have been disappointing, for with the exception of the simple structure of the Kaʿba and a few other sites—such as the
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There are several aspects of Islamic architecture that to modern knowledge lack a symbolic religious meaning, but there are connections that do exist. A repeated and significant motif in mosques is calligraphy. Calligraphy plays a huge role in delivering religious connections through artistic design.
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All of these buildings show the influence of Islam over them, but also the movements of things like minimalism which are rising to popularity in the architectural field. Designers that use the aspects of both modern styles and the Islamic styles found a way to have the Western-inspired modernism with
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as the centerpiece of his new capital. The distinct feature of Persian domes, which separates them from those domes created in the Christian world or the Ottoman and Mughal empires, was the colorful tiles, with which they covered the exterior of their domes, as they would on the interior. These domes
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alignments of mosques built in different periods and locations do not all point to the same place. This is due to discrepancies in the calculations of the Islamic scientists in the past who determined where Mecca was from their individual locations. Scholars note that these differences come about for
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developed a specific form of monumental, representative building: wide central domes with huge diameters were erected on top of a centre-plan building. Despite their enormous weight, the domes appear virtually weightless. Some of the most elaborate domed buildings have been constructed by the Ottoman
2018:
Some scholars refer to the early hypostyle mosque with courtyard as the "Arab plan" or "Arab-type" mosque. Such mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties; subsequently, however, the simplicity of this type of plan limited the opportunities for further development, and as
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inscriptions, and rich stucco decoration featuring vine scrolls and acanthus leaves that draw from the earlier styles of Samarra. Another important architectural trend to arise in the 10th to 11th centuries is the development of mausolea, which took on monumental forms for the first time. One type of
11540:
J. Allan's revised edition of K.A.C. Creswell's A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture first characterized pre-Islamic Arabian architecture as consisting largely of mud huts, a point that he later revoked. Other colleagues were quick to join the criticism of this controversial, wide-spread but
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Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the
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A key feature of the mosque is the mihrab, a universal part of any Islamic place of worship. The mihrab is easily identifiable through a receding wall and a gable overhead often consisting of intricate patterns. Upon entering, the most crucial religious function the architecture of the mosque serves
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Islamic architecture varies vastly across the world. Specifically, some mosques have different goals and intentions than others. These intentions often highlighted religious and social hierarchies within the mosque. Mosques are designed to have the least significant portions of the layout closest to
8006:
As Islamization progressed across the region, more variations developed in mosque architecture, including the adoption of traditional local forms not previously associated with Islamic architecture. Under Songhai influence, minarets took on a more pyramidal appearance and became stepped or tiered on
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Yemeni architecture can be characterized as "conservative", as it combines both pre-Islamic and Islamic features. In Antiquity, Yemen was home to several wealthy city-states and an indigenous tradition of South Arabian architecture. By the 5th century AD, there is evidence that the indigenous styles
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is a hall that is walled on three sides and open on one side. It is typically covered by a vault although this can vary. This feature was present in Sasanian architecture, though its exact origins are older and still debated. It was later incorporated into Islamic architecture. Its usage became more
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was changed to face towards Mecca in 624, a similar portico was added on the south side, facing towards that city. Muhammad and his family lived in separate rooms attached to the mosque, and Muhammad himself was buried in one of these rooms upon his death in 632. Over the rest of the 7th century and
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Altogether, the Arabian past seems to have played a relatively small role in the development of Islamic art, especially if forms are considered exclusively. Its importance was greater in the collective memories it created and in the Arabic vocabulary for visual identification it provided for future
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s), actually grew in number during the Ottoman period. In modern times, from the late 19th century onwards, a "neo-Mamluk" style was also used, partly as a nationalist response against Ottoman and European styles, in an effort to promote local "Egyptian" styles (though the architects were sometimes
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Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings. Patrons, including
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in the 11th century, which conquered all of Iran and other extensive territories in Central Asia and the Middle East. The most important religious monument from the Great Seljuk period is the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, which was expanded and modified by various Seljuk patrons in the late 11th century
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Some authors have found hidden mystical meanings in all the components of Islamic architecture, such as color, light and shade, and particular geometric shapes. Mysticism was an important element in Islamic society, but its practice was by no means universal, and all buildings do not have mystical
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in Mogadishu, dated to 1269, is the most architecturally sophisticated mosque in East Africa. It consists of a courtyard leading to a square hypostyle prayer of nine bays, with a dome over the central bay which resembles the conical domes of Anatolian Seljuk architecture. The mihrab is carved from
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The original mosque in Malaysia had a basic architectural style and structure: with four pillars for the foundation and palm fronds for the roof. In Malacca, the architectural design is a cross between local Malay, Indian and Chinese architecture. Traditionally, the minaret resembles a pagoda with
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was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period and continued to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes as Islam become incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Two of the Hindu features adopted into
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archipelago from the 12th century onwards, and especially during the 15th century as the Sultanate of Malacca dominated the region. The introduction of Islam was slow and gradual. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition but saw the appropriation of existing
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in the late 16th century. Major mosques built by Mughal emperors and their family include the Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque) in Delhi, the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, and other mosques of similar form which were often built near or within other imperial complexes. Even the Mughal nobility were able to
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were being influenced by Byzantine and Late Antique Mediterranean art. Yemen was Islamized in the 7th century, but few buildings from the early Islamic period have been preserved intact today. It is only from the 10th century onward that distinctive Islamic architectural styles can be documented.
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agreements that also served the secondary purpose of ensuring some form of income or property for the patrons' descendants. The cruciform or four-iwan floor plan was adopted for madrasas and became more common for new monumental complexes than the traditional hypostyle mosque, although the vaulted
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The origin of the minaret and its initial functions are not clearly known and have long been a topic of scholarly discussion. The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. The early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer
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to worshippers. It also acquired ritual and ceremonial importance over time, and its shape was even used as a symbol on some coinage. The very first mosques did not have mihrabs; the first known concave mihrab niche was the one added to the Prophet's Mosque in Medina by Caliph al-Walid I in 706 or
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One of the hallmarks of Persian gardens is the four-part garden laid out with axial paths that intersect at the garden's centre. This highly structured geometrical scheme, called the chahar bagh, became a powerful metaphor for the organization and domestication of the landscape, itself a symbol of
1158:. The culture and architecture of the Lakhmids and Ghassanids probably played a subsequent role in transmitting and filtering the architectural traditions of the Sasanian and the Byzantine/Roman worlds to the later Arab Islamic dynasties who established their political centers in the same regions.
142:
encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according to local materials and techniques,
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Maintaining a sociological hierarchy within a mosque would typically represent a recognition by a higher being aware of a delegation of power. This hierarchy does exist but not with any sort of religious message as Hillenbrand points out, "in neither case is this hierarchy employed for especially
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Islamic architecture is a neglected subject within historical studies of world architecture. Many scholars that study historical architecture often gloss over, if not completely ignore Islamic structures. This is caused by multiple elements, one being that there are little historic literary works
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Urban design and the tradition of Islamic styled architecture have begun to combine to form a new 'neo-Islamic' style, where the efficiency of the urban style meshes with the spirituality and aesthetic characteristics of Islamic styles. Islamic Architecture in itself is a style that showcases the
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networks. While the Islamic architecture of this region shares a certain style, a wide variety of materials and local styles are evident across this wide geographic range. In the more arid western Sahara and northern Sahel regions, stone predominates as a building material and is often associated
7176:(1374–75), the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent, though partially ruined today. Built of stone demolished from temples, it featured a monumental ribbed barrel vault over the central nave, the first such giant vault used anywhere in the subcontinent. The mosque was modeled on the imperial
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and Edirne also contain a concentration of Ottoman monuments. Ottoman architecture is also found across the empire's provinces, ranging from Eastern Europe to the Middle East to North Africa. Major religious monuments, such as those sponsored by sultan and his family, were typically architectural
4996:
is marked by its grand scale, prominent double-shelled domes, extensive use of ceramic tiles on the outside, and elaborate geometric vaulting on the inside. It drew on the previous developments of Ilkhanid architecture and refined them, developing an imperial style that was influential beyond its
4865:
Starting in the 10th century and especially during the period of Seljuk domination, the eastern Islamic world – including Iran and Central Asia – generally shared a common architectural style. This style was characterized by the prominent use of brick as both construction material and decoration,
3583:
itself, the fact that the geographic coordinates of the past do not line up with the coordinates of today, and that the determination of this direction was more an astronomical calculation, rather than a mathematical one. Early mosques were constructed according to either the calculations of what
2237:
The "non-radial rib vault", an architectural form of ribbed vaults with a superimposed spherical dome, is the characteristic architectural vault form of the Islamic East. From its beginnings in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, this form of vault was used in a sequence of important buildings up to the
1264:
and Byzantine art was still widely evident because political power and patronage was centered in Syria, a former Roman/Byzantine province. Some former Ghassanid structures also appear to have been reused and modified during this period. However, a significant amount of experimentation occurred as
11370:
Especially significant is the identification of a major Arab Islamic contribution to the urban history of Syria-Palestine that originated in pre-Islamic practices in the Arabian Peninsula. The towns were, accordingly, not the product of a solitary lineal process carried forward from late antique
5847:
4448:
References on Islamic architecture generally agree that pre-Islamic architecture in the Arabian Peninsula had only limited influence on the development of Islamic architecture, at least by comparison with the influences of existing architectural traditions in the conquered territories beyond the
4421:
In particular, the regions of the newly conquered Byzantine Empire (Southwestern Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and the Maghreb) supplied architects, masons, mosaicists and other craftsmen to the new Islamic rulers. These artisans were trained in Byzantine architecture and decorative arts, and continued
4236:
More often than founding new cities, the new Islamic rulers took over existing towns. Most of the new Arab settlers nonetheless settled into previously existing urban centers throughout the conquered territories. These cities were transformed according to the needs of the new Islamic society and
3204:
is a three-dimensional sculpted motif created by the geometric subdivision of a vaulting structure into miniature, superimposed pointed-arch substructures or niches, also known as "honeycomb" or "stalactite" vaults. They can be made from different materials like stone, brick, wood or stucco. The
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windows. Capitals, the upper part or crowing feature of a column, serve as a transition piece and are often decoratively carved. They range greatly in design and shape in Islamic Architecture. Early Islamic buildings in Iran featured "Persian" type capitals which included designs of bulls heads,
11559:
This perspective led to a flawed view that saw the roots of an Early Islamic monumental architecture and art solely in the traditions of the conquered regions, notably the Byzantium and Sasanian Iran. Thankfully this picture is changing with recent studies in textual re-evaluation, history, art
8911:
During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632) and the rule of his immediate successors (632–61), the caliphs Abu Bakr, ῾Umar, ῾Uthman and ῾Ali, the political center of the Islamic world remained in western Arabia, in the cities of Mecca and Medina. However, because the capital of the new
8707:
At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the
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were evident in these trends. Minarets, which were also elaborate, usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. Late mamluk minarets, for example, most typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the
2521:
was initially built with a system of double-arched arcades supporting the flat timberwork ceiling. The columns of the arcades are connected by horseshoe arches which support brick pillars, which are in turn interconnected by semicircular arches. This arcade system was copied during the mosque's
11333:
The Muslim conquest initiated a conscious attempt to recreate specific morphological features that constituted an urban pattern characteristic of western and south-western Arabian culture. The institutional components of this south Arabian city were adapted to the religious, administrative and
8172:
East African architecture lacks some features typical of Islamic architecture, such as the construction of hammams. Historic mosques were generally rectangular in plan, lacked courtyards, and featured side rooms. Along the East African coast, common construction materials included coral stone,
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in Sivas) or a central court covered by a dome (e.g. the Karatay and Ince Minareli madrasas in Konya). Monumental caravanserais were also built along trade routes, typically with a fortified exterior appearance, a tall entrance portal decorated with carved stone, and an interior courtyard that
4293:
whose Arabian traditions contributed to the urban development of the early Islamic cities. Outside Arabia, the early military encampments of Kufa, Basra, Fustat, and Kairouan were rapidly transformed into permanent foundations and planned cities. One of the traditions contributing to the early
3766:
Minarets have had various forms (in general round, squared, spiral or octagonal) depending on the period and architectural tradition. The number of minarets by mosques is not fixed; originally one minaret would accompany each mosque, but some architectural styles can include multiple minarets.
2603:
domes, and thus are not visible from within the building. In the dome of the Hagia Sophia, the ribs and shell of the dome unite in a central medallion at the apex of the dome, the upper ends of the ribs being integrated into the shell; shell and ribs form one single structural entity. In later
8347:
There are some who also debate whether Islamic Architecture can truly be called a style, as the religious aspect is seen as separate and having no bearing on the architectural style, while on the other side people also argue that the newfound trend and divergence from the style of old Islamic
7887:
have a gabled roof and a minaret placed in the center of the mosque, above the roof, rather than at the side or corner of the building. Examples of such mosques survive from the 18th and 19th centuries and were restored in modern times. This style is also found among the wooden mosques of the
6889:
The Ayyubids introduced domed mosque types as well as Sunni-syle madrasas to the region, but none of their buildings in Yemen have survived. The Rasulids who followed them (13th–15th centuries) were prolific patrons of architecture and perpetuated these new building types, influenced by their
5713:
After the Ottoman conquest of 1517, new Ottoman-style buildings were introduced, however the Mamluk style continued to be repeated or combined with Ottoman elements in many subsequent monuments. Some building types from the late Mamluk period, such as sabil-kuttabs (a combination of sabil and
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inscriptions. The geometric or floral, interlaced forms, taken together, constitute an infinitely repeated pattern that extends beyond the visible material world. Figural motifs, such as animals, humans, and imaginary creatures, have a rich tradition in Islamic art, though they generally more
6865:
rule consisted of a large cubic chamber with one entrance, which had antecedents in the pre-Islamic temple architecture of the region. Another type consisted of a rectangular chamber with a transverse orientation, with multiple entrances and supporting columns inside, sometimes preceded by a
2926:
The importance of the written word in Islam ensured that epigraphic or calligraphic decoration played a prominent role in architecture. Epigraphic decoration can also indicate further political or religious messages through the selection of a textual program of inscriptions. For example, the
1479:
palace, and became widely used in some regions at later periods. Samarra also saw the appearance of new decorative styles, particularly in stucco and plasterwork, which rendered the earlier vegetal motifs of late antique traditions into more abstract and stylized forms, as exemplified by the
4452:
The major architectural contribution that took place in Arabia during the early Islamic period was the development of a distinctive Muslim mosque. The hypostyle mosque constructed by Muhammad in Medina served as a model for early mosque design throughout the Islamic world. Umayyad religious
8073:
arches and a roof of shallow domes. The western or "Sudan" style is characterized by more elaborate and decorated exterior façades whose compositions emphasize verticality. They have tapering buttresses with cone-shaped summits, mosques have a large tower over the mihrab, and wooden stakes
1273:, non-figural decoration and more abstract scenes became highly favoured, especially in religious architecture. The Umayyad period thus played a crucial role in transforming and enriching existing architectural traditions during the formation of early Islamic society's visual culture.
5759:
4325:) and private living spaces rather coexist alongside each other. The buildings tend to be more inwardly oriented, and are separated from the surrounding "outside" either by walls or by the hierarchical ordering of the streets, or both. Streets tend to lead from public main roads to
7980:. Both mosques are dated generally between the 9th and 14th centuries. At Kumbi Saleh, locals lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the king's section of the city, surrounded by a great enclosure. Traders lived in stone houses in a section which possessed 12 mosques (as described by
7064:, which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in black marble to complement the Mecca-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. Another slightly later imperial mausoleum is the
1966:
s usually feature a central pool or fountain to aid with ablutions, sometimes sheltered under an open domed pavilion. Historically, because of the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard also served to accommodate larger numbers of worshippers during Friday
8295:
In modern times, the architecture of Islamic buildings, not just religious ones, has gone through some changes. The new architectural style doesn't stick with the same fundamental aspects that were seen in the past, but mosques for the most part still feature the same parts—the
4927:. The Ilkhanate period provided several innovations to dome-building that eventually enabled the Persians to construct much taller structures. These changes later paved the way for Safavid architecture. The pinnacle of Ilkhanate architecture was reached with the construction of
4253:
The antique concept of the architecture of a metropolis is based on a structure of main and smaller roads running through the entire city, and dividing it into quarters. The streets are oriented towards public buildings like a palace, temple, or a public square. Two main roads,
11426:
Die orientalische Stadt im islamischen Vorderasien und Nordafrika: Städtische Bausubstanz und räumliche Ordnung, Wirtschaftsleben und soziale Organisation. = The Oriental town in the Islamic Near East and North Africa. Urban building and spatial order, economic life and social
3685:
6129:(bathhouse), a cemetery with the founder's mausoleum, and eight madrasas along with their annexes. The buildings were arranged in a regular, partly symmetrical layout with the monumental mosque at its center, although not all the structures have survived to the present day.
5350:
Decoration in Anatolian Seljuk architecture was concentrated on entrance portals, windows, and mihrabs. Stone-carving was one of the most accomplished techniques, with motifs ranging from earlier Iranian stucco motifs to local Byzantine and Armenian motifs. The madrasas of
1733:. It is around this period that many of the distinctive features of subsequent Iranian and Central Asian architecture first emerged, including the use of baked brick for both construction and decoration, the use of glazed tile for surface decoration, and the development of
5179:, built many more madrasas, fortifications, hammams, and other charitable buildings in the cities of Syria. Unlike Seljuk and Iranian madrasas, the Syrian madrasas are smaller and more diverse in their layouts, adapted to the dense urban fabric of cities like Damascus and
6870:, origiinally commissioned by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid (r. 705–15) and reconstructed at later times, was one of the few mosques of this type in the region. The mosque's decoration reflects Yemeni techniques of carved and painted wood, carved stone, and carved stucco.
1526:
While the origins of the minaret are uncertain, it is believed that the first true minarets appeared in this period. Several of the Abbasid mosques built in the early ninth century had minaret towers which stood at the northern ends of the building, opposite the central
8496:
Deeper meanings in Islamic architecture often take form as functional purposes. For example, mosques are built around the idea that it should not just be a place of mesmerizing aesthetics, but a place where the aesthetics' fluidity guide the person into proper worship.
4240:
The principle of arranging buildings is known as "horizontal spread". Residencies and public buildings as well as private housing tend to be laid out separately, and are not directly related to each other architectonically. Archaeological excavations at the city of
1370:. Despite the religious and historical importance of the Dome of the Rock, its layout did not frequently serve as a model for major Islamic monuments after it. In hypostyle mosques, the Umayyads introduced the tradition of making the "nave" or aisle in front of the
8425:
5197:
1447:
and architecture during this time. During the Abbasid Caliphate's golden years in the 8th and 9th centuries, its great power and unity allowed architectural fashions and innovations to spread quickly to other areas of the Islamic world under its influence.
3290:
5863:
5174:
or Bimaristan of Nur al-Din, which was highly influential in the Islamic world and is notable for the muqarnas vaulting of its entrance portal and a muqarnas dome of Mesopotamian influence over the vestibule. The Zengids and their successors, the Kurdish
2138:
in the 10th century. Iwans were used in a variety of ways and arranged in varying positions in relation to the rest of the building. They are found in many types of buildings including mosques, madrasas, palaces, and caravanserais. A common layout is the
3155:
7171:
ornamentation. One feature in the sultanate was the relative absence of minarets. Many small and medium-sized medieval mosques, with multiple domes and artistic niche mihrabs, were constructed throughout the region. The grand mosque of Bengal was the
8708:
Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.
4190:). This policy continued up to the Umayyad period. Like frontier colonies, these towns served as bases for further conquests. Initially, they appear to have been modest settlements consisting of an agglomeration of tents, perhaps similar to ancient
2943:
and to proclaim the triumph of Islam over Christianity and Judaism. Additionally, foundation inscriptions on buildings commonly indicate its founder or patron, the date of its construction, the name of the reigning sovereign, and other information.
1309:
in 707. It seems to have represented the place where the Prophet stood when leading prayer. This almost immediately became a standard feature of all mosques. Several major early monuments of Islamic architecture built under the Umayyads include the
5217:
6496:
with relatively few changes, while in Algeria and Tunisia it became blended with Ottoman architecture after the Ottoman conquest of the region in the 16th century. Much later, particularly in the 19th century, the Moorish style was frequently
4696:
4329:
byroads and onwards into more private plots, and then end there. There are no, or very few, internal connections between different quarters of the city. In order to move from one quarter to the next, one has to go back to the main road again.
8181:. in the Somali coastal towns, local architecture reflected a certain degree of influence from Islamic architecture in other regions. New buildings were often built on the ruins of older structures, a practice that continued for centuries.
8339:
the classical cultural aspects of Islamic architecture. This concept though brings up the controversy of the identity of the Islamic community, of the traditional Islamic community, within a space that doesn't follow the way they knew it.
8240:
at Kilwa, dating possibly to the 13th century, which has an imposing entrance and multiple sections arranged around internal courtyards. Starting in the early 19th century, the Omanis introduced a new type of palace with multiple stories.
2522:
subsequent expansions, but the expansion by al-Hakam II after 961 also introduced a series of ornate ribbed domes. Three domes span the vaults in front of the mihrab wall while another one covers an area now known by its Spanish name, the
7634:
7534:
is a great example of Malay-Indonesian architecture. Malay-Indonesian mosque architecture also features strong influence from the Middle Eastern architecture styles. This style of architecture can be found on the design of mosques in
11679:
Seldom emphasized however, is that the Umayyads did not come from a cultural void... They also cultivated a genuine culture with deep roots in the pre-Islamic heritage of the vast area they shared with other Arabs inside and outside
4680:
7112:
under Shah Jahan. In the later Mughal period some local governors became semi-autonomous, prompting them to build their own monuments and embellish their own regional capitals with highly-creative local styles of architecture. The
4194:. They were established outside existing non-Muslim cities. They were often unfortified and the residents were organized according to tribal origins. Rather than maintaining their original purpose to serve as a military base, many
7934:
with Berber cultures. In the southern Sahel and savannah regions mud-brick and rammed earth are the main material and is now associated with the most monumental examples of West African Islamic architecture. In some places, like
1063:
structure built in unbaked brick, with a rectangular, almost square, floor plan measuring about 53 by 56 meters. A shaded portico supported by palm trunks stood on the north side of the courtyard, in the direction of prayer (the
7436:
1330:
compound, also in Jerusalem, was also rebuilt by al-Walid I, replacing an earlier simple structure built around 670. A number of palaces from this period have also partially survived or have been excavated in modern times. The
5252:
2031:
follows two distinct architectural styles: While Umayyad architecture in the west continues Syrian traditions of the sixth and seventh century, eastern Islamic architecture was mainly influenced by Sasanian styles and forms.
11293:
Anjar: spätantik oder frühislamisch? = Anjar: Late antique or early Islamic? In: Karin Bartl, Abd al-Razzaq Moaz (Eds.): Residences, castles, settlements. Transformation processes from late antiquity to early Islam in Bilad
7167:, which flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. It incorporated influences from Persia, Byzantium and North India, which were with blended indigenous Bengali elements, such as curved roofs, corner towers and complex
5778:
1161:
When the early Arab-Muslim conquests spread out from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century and advanced across the Middle East and North Africa, new garrison cities were established in the conquered territories, such as
8133:
During the French colonial occupation of the Sahel, French engineers and architects had a role in popularizing a "Neo-Sudanese" style based on local traditional architecture but emphasizing symmetry and monumentality. The
3380:
screen which projects from the side of a building and which protected privacy by allowed those inside to look outside without being visible from outside. Another type of lattice screen, not restricted to balconies, is the
8469:
Calligraphy, in a mosque setting, is specifically used to reference excerpts from both the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings. These references are one of the few religious connections architects include within their work.
5693:
iwans of the early period were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later period. The decoration of monuments also became more elaborate over time, with stone-carving and colored marble paneling and mosaics (including
3058:
6526:
In addition to the general Moorish style, some styles and structures in North Africa are distinctively associated with areas that have maintained strong Berber populations and cultures, including but not limited to the
3135:
3014:
5369:
striped marble also appears on some entrance portals in Konya. Anatolian architecture innovated further in the use of tile revetments to cover entire surfaces independently of other forms of decoration, as seen in the
5087:
soon numbered dozens in Isfahan, and the distinct, blue-colored shape came to dominate the skyline of the city. This distinct style of architecture was perfected during the Safavid period, which saw the advent of the
3350:
2214:
of the squinches were split up into further subdivisions or systems of niches, resulting in a complex interplay of supporting structures forming an ornamental spatial pattern which hides the weight of the structure.
11452:
Die Stadt als Haus. In: Hofhaus und Paradiesgarten. Architektur und Lebensformen in der islamischen Welt = The town seen as a house. In: Atrium house and paradise garden. Architecture and way of life in the Islamic
6768:
1948:) is the formal courtyard found in almost every mosque in Islamic architecture. The courtyards are open to the sky and surrounded on all sides by structures with halls and rooms, and often a shaded semi-open arcade
2462:
4757:
4573:
and early 12th century. Two major and innovative domed chambers were added to it in the late 11th century. Four large iwans were then erected around the courtyard around the early 12th century, giving rise to the
3824:
2635:(eight pillars with four diagonal semi-domes, 1567/8–1574/5). In the history of architecture, the structure of the Selimiye Mosque has no precedent. All elements of the building are subordinate to its great dome.
4432:
Mesopotamia and Persia, despite adopting elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style, retained their independent architectural traditions, which derived from Sasanian architecture and its predecessors.
2966:
1682:, which was completed in 879. It was strongly influenced by Abbasid architecture in Samarra and remains one of the most notable and best-preserved examples of 9th-century architecture from the Abbasid Caliphate.
4499:. Among the most remarkable monuments of these two dynasties are a number of ornate brick towers and minarets that have survived as stand-alone structures and whose exact functions are unclear. They include the
3621:
evolved to become the usual focus of architectural decoration in the building. The details of its shape and materials varied from region to region. In congregational mosques, the mihrab was usually flanked by a
2994:
6373:". Scholars sometimes use "Western Islamic architecture" or "architecture of the Islamic west" as a more precise term for this subject. This architectural style developed primarily in Al-Andalus (present-day
3462:
5330:
The Anatolian Seljuks ruled a territory that was multi-ethnic and only newly settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from other cultures such as Iranian,
6908:
Yemen is also notable for its historic tower-houses, built on two or more floors. These houses vary in form and materials from region to region. They are typically built of mud (rammed earth or sun-dried
8109:
roof which protects from the rain. This type of roof was an existing feature of the traditional circular huts inhabited by the locals, re-adapted to cover new rectangular mosques when the mostly Muslim
5460:
5335:, and local Byzantine architecture. In contrast with Seljuk constructions further east, Anatolian architecture was largely built of stone. The golden age of their Anatolian empire, with its capital at
4601:) in 1139. More innovative, however, was the introduction of mausoleums with a square or polygonal floor plan, which later became a common form of monumental tombs. Early examples of this are the two
8840:
With the partial and possibly controversial exception of Muhammad's house, it is a question largely of moods and attitudes; forms and motifs came almost exclusively from the lands conquered by Islam.
6599:
5476:
4282:. Donald Whitcomb argues that the early Muslim conquests initiated a conscious attempt to recreate specific morphological features characteristic of earlier western and southwestern Arabian cities.
5343:. The Mongol Ilkhanids then ruled eastern Anatolia indirectly through Seljuk vassals until 1308, when they took direct control. Smaller principalities and local emirates, known collectively as the
3034:
7827:
built their mosques in a combination of eastern and western styles. The mosques are set in walled courtyards entered through archways and they feature flared roofs, miniature domes, and minarets.
7254:
5103:
would become the tallest in the city when it was finished in 1629. It was built as a double-shelled dome, with 14 m spanning between the two layers, and resting on an octagonal dome chamber.
1507:
built by al-Mutawakkil measured 256 by 139 metres (840 by 456 ft), had a flat wooden roof supported by columns, and was decorated with marble panels and glass mosaics. The prayer hall of the
7348:
3330:
3119:
7215:
5882:
8461:, Islamic art tends to not depict living beings because it is viewed as a conflict with the Qur'an. From an Islamic viewpoint, anything created by God is under his order and thus should not be
6788:
7032:, mostly built between about 1560 and 1720. Early Mughal architecture developed from existing Indo-Islamic architecture but also followed the model of Timurid architecture, due in part to the
5831:
2978:
7892:, whose mosque architecture was influenced by the Kazan (Volga) Tatars. Another type of mosque, with a domed roof and a minaret standing above the entrance, appeared in the mid-19th century.
6585:
in Tunisia has a traditional mosque architecture featuring low-lying structures built in stone and covered in whitewash. Their prayer halls are domed and they have short, round minarets. The
4475:
began moving into the Middle East from the 8th century onward and, after converting to Islam, became major political and military forces in the region. The first major Turkic dynasty was the
11574:, p. 84: "The foundations of the "new" Islamic art were painting, sculpture, and above all architecture, and all of these were well established in the cultural life of the peninsula."
6748:
5674:), were especially prolific. While Cairo was the main center of patronage, Mamluk architecture also appears in other cities of their realm such as Damascus, Jerusalem, Aleppo, and Medina.
4440:(Levant region) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. In this region, late antique, or Christian, architectural traditions merged with the pre-Islamic Arabian heritage of the conquerors.
7383:
5815:
5523:
4881:, or caravanserai) for travellers and their animals, generally displayed utilitarian rather than ornamental architecture, with rubble masonry, strong fortifications, and minimal comfort.
1634:
After its initial apogee of power, the Abbasid Caliphate became partly fragmented into regional states in the 9th century which were formally obedient to the caliphs in Baghdad but were
3084:
4735:
2619:
Mimar Sinan solved the structural issues of the Hagia Sophia dome by constructing a system of centrally symmetric pillars with flanking semi-domes, as exemplified by the design of the
11352:
This is a reminder that the new masters of Syria and Palestine were not cameleers and pastoralists of nomadic origin. They were city dwellers of Mecca, Medina, Tayma, Ta'if and Duma.
7005:
in the region during the 14th and 15th centuries resulted in the emergence of a more distinctive Indo-Islamic style around this time, as exemplified by the monuments built under the
6894:
after 1538, Rasulid-style architecture continued to be the local norm in Sunni-controlled areas, but elements of Ottoman architecture began to be introduced in the late 16th century.
6365:
The architectural style which developed in the westernmost territories of the historic Muslim world is often referred to as "Moorish architecture". The term "Moorish" comes from the
5936:
5648:. Despite their often tumultuous and violent internal politics, the Mamluk sultans were prolific patrons of architecture and contributed enormously to the repertoire of monuments in
3100:
2310:
8142:
built by the French administration in 1935. Other 20th-century and more recent mosques in West Africa have tended to replicate a more generic style similar to that of modern Egypt.
6682:
5951:
11973:
8323:
values, and the culture of Islam, but in modern times sticking to tradition is falling out of practice, so a combination style formed. Examples showing this are places such as the
7235:
6318:
20682:
7293:
6256:
3306:
2537:
in Toledo was constructed with a similar, eight-ribbed dome, surrounded by eight other ribbed domes of varying design. Similar domes are also seen in the mosque building of the
7593:
which can be read as the Saka equivalent of 1454 CE. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture which is apparent in the gates or drum towers. The
13947:
Michell, George and Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,
7009:
and other local states. Among other features, this style made increased use of arches, vaulted spaces, domes, and water features, while also integrating them with indigenous
6539:
regions of Algeria, and southern Tunisia. They do not form one single style but rather a diverse variety of local vernacular styles. In Morocco, the largely Berber-inhabited
5559:
4716:
2067:
period. They were mainly used to cover houses and cisterns. The architectural form of covering diaphragm arches with barrel vaults, however, was likely newly introduced from
8232:
Apart from mosques, the most common type of historic building to have survived, even if only partially, are palaces. Monumental palaces have been excavated at Shanga and at
2591:. The brickwork-and-mortar ribs and the spherical shell of the central dome of the Hagia Sophia were built simultaneously, as a self-supporting structure without any wooden
6921:), others were encircled by a high mud-brick wall (e.g. Shibam), and some were built so that the houses themselves formed an outer wall along the perimeter (e.g. Khawlan).
7658:
4785:
7326:
5496:
2533:
The ribbed domes of the Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba served as models for later mosque buildings in the Islamic West of Al-Andalus and the Maghreb. At around 1000 AD, the
6803:
5636:
The Mamluks were a military corps recruited from slaves that served under the Ayyubid dynasty and eventually took over from that dynasty in 1250, ruling over Egypt, the
11706:, p. 98 "the palace of Muawiya...shows that the early Umayyad palaces continued the pre-Islamic Arabian tradition of tall palaces to signifying the ruler's power."
6240:
5147:, founded in the 7th century but rebuilt under the Seljuks and the Artuqids in the 12th century. It is similar in form to the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus and has ornate
3233:. From the 12th century onward its usage became common across the Islamic world and different local styles developed over time. In addition to serving as squinches and
3773:
2395:(completed around 1571–72), including its double-shelled dome, suggests that its architects were familiar with Timurid monuments in Samarqand. The central dome of the
1591:
in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). This style of architecture established in Al-Andalus was also largely shared with the architecture of western North Africa (the
1178:
format. In other cities, especially in Syria, new mosques were established by converting or occupying parts of existing churches in existing cities, as for example in
7395:
6644:
5607:
5440:
3171:
19923:
7079:
The Mughals also built monumental palaces and mosques. A famous example of the charbagh style of Mughal garden is the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, where the domeless
5697:) replacing stucco as the most dominant architectural decoration. Monumental decorated entrance portals became common compared to earlier periods, often carved with
4908:(in present-day Turkmenistan), has preserved several structures from the Khwarazmian period (late 12th and early 13th century), including the so-called Mausoleum of
4436:
The transition process between late Antiquity, or post-classical, and Islamic architecture is exemplified by archaeologic findings in North Syria and Palestine, the
3411:
term applied to a balcony or lookout pavilion in Andalusi palaces like the Alhambra. Balconies also became an architectural element inside some mosques, such as the
2218:
The tradition of double-shelled brick domes in Iran has been traced back to the 11th century. At the beginning of the 15th century, major Timurid monuments like the
1607:, a new capital and monumental palace-city in the 10th century, also created an important complex of royal architecture and patronage. Smaller monuments such as the
1427:(750–1513) was particularly influenced by Sasanian architecture, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. Other influences such as ancient
11661:
It is clear that many subsequent mosques, including the early great Umayyad mosque of Damascus that was first to reproduce the Prophet's model at a monumental scale
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As in other regions, Chinese Islamic architecture reflects local architecture in its style. Some Chinese mosques, especially in eastern China, resemble traditional
6171:
5921:
5797:
4631:
After the decline of the Great Seljuks in the late 12th century various Turkic dynasties formed smaller states and empires. A branch of the Seljuk dynasty ruled a
4333:
Within a city quarter, byroads lead towards individual building complexes or clusters of houses. The individual house is frequently also oriented towards an inner
8212:
marble from northern India. It also features the oldest known minaret in East Africa, a feature which did not become common in the region until the 19th century.
7685:
18506:
18484:
11553:
St. Laurent, B (2020). "From Arabia to Bilad al-Sham: : Muawiya's Development of an Infrastructure and Monumental Architecture of Early Umayyad Statehood".
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is one of the surviving examples from this period. The last Ottoman period saw more influences from Western Europe, brought in by architects such those from the
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6191:
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15072:
2939:), and the role of Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", which have been interpreted as an attempt to announce the rejection of the Christian concept of the
9817:
Petruccioli, Attilio. "House and Fabric in the Islamic Mediterranean City". In Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, Andre (eds.).
5163:(1148 and 1170–1172), of which only the original minaret was preserved up to modern times. (The minaret and the rebuilt mosque were recently destroyed in the
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in Arabic) became important centers of architectural development that had a long-term influence in the wider region. One of the most notable monuments is the
16255:
6736:
5902:
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The minaret is a tower that traditionally accompanies a mosque building. Its formal function is to provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer, or
3650:
2837:
1747:, one of the oldest surviving congregational mosques in Iran, contains some of the best-preserved features from this period, including decorative brickwork,
11317:
Whitcomb, Donald (2007). "An Urban Structure for the Early Islamic City: An archaeological hypothesis". In Bennison, Amira K.; Gascoigne, Alison L. (eds.).
7559:. Today, with increasing Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Malay-Indonesian mosques are developing a more standard, international style, with a dome and minaret.
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14226:
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in Egypt followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials, but also developed its own features. The first Fatimid congregational mosque in Cairo was
13633:
Finster, Barbara (2009). "Arabian Peninsula, art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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sultans and high-ranking emirs, typically set out to build mausoleums for themselves but attached to them various charitable structures such as madrasas,
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Anatolian Seljuk mosques included more conservative hypostyle constructions alongside less traditional floor plans. An important hypostyle example is the
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calligraphic inscriptions adorning the Dome of the Rock include quotations from the Qur'an that reference the miracle of Jesus and his human nature (e.g.
19704:
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In: Proceedings of the second international congress on construction history Vol. I. Queens' College, Cambridge University 29.03.–02.04.2006, S. 195–220
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Balconies are a common feature of Islamic domestic architecture due to the warm climates in most countries. One of the mosque recognizable types is the
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in present-day Kenya, where a succession of mosques on one site were built and rebuilt from the 9th to 14th centuries. Other early mosques include the
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original borders, such as in the early Ottoman Empire to the west and the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent. The monuments erected by Timur and
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political links with Egypt. During the same period, the Zaydi imams in northern Yemen were buried in richly-decorated domed tombs. With the advent of
6713:
5347:, progressively emerged. Despite this decline, the Seljuk tradition of architecture largely persisted and continued to evolve under these new rulers.
1102:. These two empires both cultivated their own major architectural traditions. Occupying the borderlands between these two empires – in the desert and
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In the earthen (mud) architecture of the region, scholar Andrew Petersen distinguishes two main styles: a "western" style that may have its roots in
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4156:
1743:. Hypostyle mosques continued to be built and there is also evidence of multi-domed mosques, though most were modified or rebuilt in later eras. The
1523:
in what is now Afghanistan was about 20 by 20 metres (66 by 66 ft) square, with three rows of three square bays, supporting nine vaulted domes.
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Under the Seljuks, the "Iranian plan" or four-iwan plan of mosque construction, with four axial iwans, appeared for the first time. Lodging places (
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8465:. This leaves typical religious Western symbols out of the picture, and replaces them with an emphasis on complex geometrical shapes and patterns.
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6405:), and contemporary artistic currents in the Islamic Middle East to elaborate a unique style over centuries with recognizable features such as the
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the style of "Balai Nobat". An ancient cemetery also usually lies next to the mosque is where some notable preachers and missionaries are buried.
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wider than the others, dividing the prayer room along its central axis. This innovation was probably inspired by the layout of existing Christian
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1059:). It is usually described as his house, but may have been designed to serve as a community center from the beginning. It consisted of a simple
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7823:. In western China, mosques resemble those of the Middle East, with slender minarets, arches, and domed roofs. In northwest China, the Chinese
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Damascus regained some prominence after it came under Nur al-Din's control in 1154. That same year, Nur al-Din founded a hospital complex, the
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As far as later architecture is concerned, the major contribution of early Islam in Arabia was the development of a specifically Muslim masjid
9832:
6155:
20709:
19883:
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9942:
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19863:
6421:). Major centers of this artistic development included the main capitals of the empires and Muslim states in the region's history, such as
1841:(r. 1073–1094), the city walls were rebuilt in stone along with several monumental gates, three of which have survived to the present-day:
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architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements. Existing architectural features in Malay-Indonesia such as the
6663:
1531:. Among the most famous of these is the Malwiyya minaret, a stand-alone tower with a "spiral" form built for the Great Mosque of Samarra.
18526:
17057:
12153:
Asher, Catherine B. (2020). "Mughal architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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A particularly rich repertoire of Arab myths and memories, as well as architecture preceded the appearance of the first Islamic monument.
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3840:
2156:, means the entrance portal (sometimes an iwan) projecting from the façade of a building, often decorated with calligraphy bands, glazed
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of Konya (built between 1156 and 1235, with later additions). Mosques in the later Beylik period were more diverse in form, such as the
3612:
wall (the wall standing in the direction of prayer) of a mosque or other prayer space. It symbolized and indicated the direction of the
2011:. In Islamic architecture, the hypostyle hall is the main feature of the hypostyle mosque. One of the earliest hypostyle mosques is the
18039:
13819:
O'Kane, Bernard (2017). "Architecture and Court Cultures of the Fourteenth Century". In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
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gardens (symmetrically divided courtyard gardens), and elaborate geometric and arabesque motifs in wood, stucco, and tilework (notably
3741:, is made. The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night. In most modern mosques, the
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earliest monuments to make use of this feature date from the 11th century and are found in Iraq, North Africa, Iran, Central Asia, and
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2482:
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built by the Ghurids (late 12th century). Around the same time, between the late 10th century and the early 13th century, the Turkic
4314:, an Islamic town or city is fundamentally influenced by the preservation of the unity of secular and religious life throughout time.
3487:
2923:, non-figural decoration remained more dominant overall and figural motifs were generally excluded from religious buildings entirely.
19188:
18516:
18318:
18142:
17347:
16485:
11920:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2011). "Aleppo, architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
7025:(1423), the latter of which is a particularly harmonious example of Islamic and indigenous Indian elements combined in one building.
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4036:
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9285:
Milwright, Marcus (2014). "Dome of the Rock". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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facing south, as that was the direction that Muhammad was facing when he prayed in Medina, which is a city directly north of Mecca.
2443:
19242:
18538:
18092:
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17001:
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9614:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.
9237:"The Dome of the Rock in Light of the Development of Concentric Martyria in Jerusalem: Architecture and Architectural Iconography"
6077:, which had multiple elements providing various charitable services. These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a
4553:
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18494:
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2405:
14022:
Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques:The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. pp. 23–27.
11534:
Yule, Paul (2007). "'Decadence', 'Decline' and Persistence: Zafar and Himyar, Yemen Bridging the Gap between Past and Present".
7581:, although this is not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in
7274:
6135:
6051:. This period also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the
5409:(1304). Madrasas were typically centered around either a traditional open courtyard bordered by a varying number of iwans (e.g.
4200:
developed into urbanized administrative and commercial centers. In particular, this happened in the case of the Iraqi cities of
18521:
17946:
14851:
ELARABY, KADRI M.G. (1996). "Neo-Islamic Architecture and Urban Design in the Middle East: From Threshold to Adaptive Design".
13799:
13797:
13795:
7505:, the construction of the mosque was started around 1552 and was completed in 1566, one of the few oldest mosques in Indonesia.
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The decline of the Seljuks was followed by the rise of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The former Khwarazmian capital,
4044:
2733:
Gardens and water have for many centuries played an essential role in Islamic culture, and are often compared to the garden of
1435:
have also been noted. This was partly a result of the caliphate's political center shifting further east to the new capital of
170:
conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the
18726:
13863:
Vaughan, Philippa (2011). "Indian Subcontinent: from Sultanate to Mughal Empire". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
11501:
Finster, B (2009). "Arabia In Late Antiquity: An Outline Of The Cultural Situation In The Peninsula At The Time Of Muhammad".
5237:
4589:, respectively. The Seljuks also continued to build "tower tombs", an Iranian building type from earlier periods, such as the
2087:
in Syria. During the early period, the diaphragm arches are built from coarsely cut limestone slabs, without using supporting
1362:
The Dome of the Rock has a centralized floor plan with an octagonal layout. This was most likely modeled on earlier Byzantine
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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In the newly-conquered areas of the early Muslim expansion, military settlements were often founded, known individually as a
4149:
4015:
43:
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Walmsley, Alan (2020). "al-Mushattā". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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2775:, comprises a rectangular irrigated space with elevated pathways, which divide the garden into four sections of equal size:
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17:
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Giese, Francine; Varela Braga, Ariane; Lahoz Kopiske, Helena; Kaufmann, Katrin; Castro Royo, Laura; Keller, Sarah (2016).
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5323:
4870:, glazed tile decoration on the outside of buildings, the privileged use of domes and vaulting, and the increasing use of
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in the region. Both the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Great Mosque of Damascus feature a hypostyle hall in this fashion, with a
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11994:
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5410:
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Hillenbrand, Robert (1999a). "Anjar and early Islamic urbanism". In Brogiolo, Gian Pietro; Perkins, Bryan Ward (eds.).
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in Cairo, which was built earlier in the 1350s and appears to have copied this same design from the Iranian tradition.
15899:
Open access, online resource on architecture and art of Muslim societies, globally and throughout history to our times
15847:
Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2015). "Evolution Of Abstract Vegetal Ornaments on Islamic Architecture".
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and built monuments in northern India in the 12th and 13th centuries. The most notable monument of this period is the
2514:
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in the 9th century, which is now a major archeological site that has provided numerous insights into the evolution of
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15073:"Glossary of Terms | Lecture Notes | Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures | Architecture | MIT OpenCourseWare"
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7846:, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, it follows traditional
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courtyard. The hypostyle mosque with courtyard, common elsewhere, was comparatively rare in early Islamic Yemen. The
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and the tallest masonry dome ever erected. The thin, double-shelled dome was reinforced by arches between the layers.
4006:
13371:
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7044:. Mughal architecture's most prominent examples are the series of imperial mausolea, which started with the pivotal
6303:
4495:, of uncertain ethnic origin, replaced them as the major power in the region from northern India to the edge of the
2264:, the ribs were hidden behind additional architectural elements in later periods, as exemplified in the dome of the
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11779:
Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
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In a Muslim city, palaces and residences as well as public places like charitable or religious complexes (mosques,
4142:
3909:
2083:. The earliest known example for barrel vaults resting on diaphragm arches from Umayyad architecture is known from
463:
325:
14260:"Identity of the architecture of mosques in Russia in the late XX-early XXI century (as exemplified by Tatarstan)"
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portentous ends." Hierarchy exists in the church in different forms, but is meant for purely functional purposes.
2391:. Many monumental Mughal domes were also double-shelled and derived from the Iranian tradition. The design of the
20153:
19084:
18427:
17905:
16970:
11871:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands.".
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Umayyad arches, vaults & domes: Merging and re-creation. Contributions to early Islamic construction history.
8122:, built in 1850 (with later restorations). Many others are attested in the same region overlapping with southern
7942:, both building materials are used together, with stone constructions either covered or bound with a mud plaster.
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who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetrical except for Shah Jahan's
6402:
5838:
5822:
5164:
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4266:) cross each other at right angles in the center of the city. A few cities were founded during the early Islamic
3985:
3918:
3676:
14234:
12301:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".
3574:. The layout of some Muslim cities may have also been influenced by this orientation. In practice, however, the
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While Istanbul was the main site of imperial patronage for most of the empire's history, the early capitals of
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5160:
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Iran and Central Asia were conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, which led to the establishment of the
4656:
3995:
3970:
2374:
1701:
In Iran and Central Asia, a number of other local and regional dynasties held sway prior to the arrival of the
13420:
11478:
Residences, castles, settlements. Transformation processes from late antiquity to early Islam in Bilad al-Sham
11065:
2687:
2059:
with lintelled ceilings made of wood or stone beams, or, alternatively, with barrel vaults, were known in the
1499:
Abbasid mosques all followed the courtyard plan with hypostyle halls. The earliest was the mosque that Caliph
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around its drum. However, domes of this shape and style were likely constructed earlier, as evidenced by the
2195:
provides an overview over the experiments Islamic architects conducted with complicated vaulting structures.
1005:
17279:
15421:
Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus".
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in Guinea, first built in 1850, a hybrid of traditional mosque and local hut architecture (photo circa 1900)
7001:
temples and the complex became a prototype for many mosques built in the region afterwards. The progress of
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5144:
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in Ottoman mosques, a separate and protected space where the sultan could perform his prayers (similar to a
3001:
2587:, they found a variety of Byzantine Christian churches, the largest and most prominent amongst them was the
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Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).
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elements. In the northwestern part of the subcontinent, some notable examples from this period include the
6502:
5957:
5742:
5734:
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2055:
structures, Umayyad period buildings show a mixture of ancient Roman and Persian architectural traditions.
1666:
in much of their current forms, as well as for building numerous other structures in the region. In Egypt,
1269:, wall painting, sculpture and carved reliefs. While figural scenes were notably present in monuments like
752:
350:
144:
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founded in 1082, has twelve slender ribs, the shell between the ribs is filled with filigree stucco work.
2545:. The architectural form of the ribbed dome was further developed in the Maghreb: the central dome of the
2202:, which is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an
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Market building at Jarash. Commercial transformation at the Tetrakionion in the 6th to 9th centuries C.E.
8927:
Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
8691:
Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
8276:
8105:, mosques were built with a traditional rectangular or square layout, but then covered by a huge conical
6458:
6198:
5874:
5854:
5095:, who was appointed head of the royal library and Master calligrapher at the Shah's court in 1598, while
3892:
163:
13455:, 6 (1989), document A264, published online on December 1, 2012, accessed on April 10, 2020. URL :
9032:
Yāsamīn Zahrān. (2009). The Lakhmids of Hira: Sons of the Water of Heaven. Stacey International. p. 179.
5363:
is distinguished by some of the most eclectic and extravagant stone-carving in the region. Syrian-style
4357:
4228:), and a market were likely the first major constructions to appear, located at the center of the town.
1980:, i.e., an open hall supported by columns, is considered to be derived from architectural traditions of
1705:
in the 11th century. By the 10th century, central Iran and the Abbasid heartland of Iraq were under the
1142:. Some of their buildings are known from archeology or historical texts, such as the Lakhmid palaces of
736:
19771:
19756:
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19220:
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9587:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
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5359:(c. 1265) in Konya are among the most notable examples, while the Great Mosque and Hospital complex of
4849:
4001:
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1827:
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1367:
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Historical Society of Ghana. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, The Society, 1957, p. 81
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4337:, and enclosed by walls, which mostly are unadorned, unlike European outward-oriented, representative
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13372:"Resplendence of al-Andalus: Exchange and Transfer Processes in Mudéjar and Neo-Moorish Architecture"
12811:
Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt
12527:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; B. Anatolia".
12184:
Blake, Stephen P.; Half the World, The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590–1722, pp. 143–144
11981:
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7355:
6958:
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5985:
4467:
4132:
3398:
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2865:
2469:
2261:
1620:
320:
11584:
Khoury, N (1993). "The Dome of the Rock, the Kaʿba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments".
10791:
King, David (Aug 1, 1995). "The Orientation of Medieval Islamic Religious Architecture and Cities".
10584:"The Visual Construction of the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus through the Great Mosque of Cordoba"
10384:
9993:
8135:
7910:
1697:(10th century), built entirely of brick, is one of the oldest monumental tombs in the Islamic world.
20704:
20125:
18940:
18818:
18422:
18128:
16980:
16263:
16189:
13839:
12470:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; C. Anatolia".
10526:
9874:
8324:
7839:
7804:
7241:
7014:
6450:
5942:
5893:
5803:
5686:, or mosques. The revenues and expenses of these charitable complexes were governed by inalienable
4726:
3914:
3864:
3780:
2985:
2715:
2424:
1881:
1651:
1280:
998:
687:
283:. The present-day building is the result of many reconstructions and expansions up to modern times.
97:
9939:
7751:
4375:
1451:
20428:
20118:
19761:
19642:
19536:
19410:
19079:
18836:
18731:
18651:
18635:
16338:
16038:
15896:
13589:
Finster, Barbara (1992). "An Outline of the History of Islamic Religious Architecture in Yemen".
8378:
7284:
7189:
6462:
6454:
6025:
5340:
3752:
3337:
2833:
2693:
2628:
2546:
2192:
2123:
1504:
1492:
1335:
appears for the first time in Umayyad architecture, later to evolve to its most advanced form in
1315:
85:
18692:
11560:
history and archaeology that reveal strong traditions of architecture in the pre-Islamic period.
8236:
which date from before 1000 CE. The largest pre-19th-century palace along the coastal region is
6610:
3391:
and is made of perforated stone. Other examples of balconies and related structures include the
3213:
are tripartite squinches used as transitional elements for domes and semi-domes, such as at the
2530:, the ribs leave a central square space between them, with an octagonal cupola added over this.
2509:
Ribbed dome in front of the mihrab in the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, added in the 10th century
1603:
domes, which were imitated and elaborated in later monuments in the region. The construction of
1577:
20719:
20560:
20456:
19837:
19497:
19420:
19400:
19337:
18966:
18756:
18704:
18669:
18303:
16527:
16079:
11177:
9879:
8237:
7502:
7261:
7022:
6398:
6088:
5989:
5550:
5530:
5148:
4687:
3403:
2584:
2211:
1519:
wall. Both of the Samarra mosques have spiral minarets, the only examples in Iraq. A mosque at
1249:
1233:
1083:
777:
677:
167:
155:
20618:
17398:
17173:
15998:
15213:
14985:
14631:
6142:
5582:
5418:
5112:
3696:
2624:
1580:
1573:
953:
143:
local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes
20600:
20574:
20422:
20401:
20243:
20160:
19988:
19943:
19869:
19820:
19627:
19509:
19492:
19487:
19354:
18846:
18751:
18719:
18699:
18005:
17485:
16733:
16136:
16094:
16074:
15870:
15309:
15234:
15142:
15019:
13906:
13777:, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 3. Iran, Central Asia and India.
10136:
8220:
8189:
8139:
7816:
7700:
7389:
The Red Fort in Delhi, built between 1639 and 1648 as the citadel of Shah Jahan's new capital
7010:
6867:
6824:
6719:
6704:
6493:
6162:
5613:
5356:
5332:
5243:
5171:
5100:
5052:
5042:
4867:
4381:
4334:
3162:
2910:, including mathematically complicated, elaborate geometric patterns, floral motifs like the
2825:
2301:
1819:
1512:
1480:
so-called "beveled" style. These decorative techniques quickly spread to other regions where
1253:
1237:
1171:
712:
702:
365:
54:
15631:
15357:
14275:
10012:
8823:
7799:
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6213:
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5318:
3126:
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1570:
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20396:
20277:
19890:
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19482:
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19359:
19327:
19002:
18901:
18896:
18861:
18796:
18791:
18786:
18781:
18394:
18245:
17968:
17932:
17778:
17618:
17593:
17274:
17269:
17259:
17249:
17244:
17234:
17188:
17168:
17122:
17079:
16833:
16131:
16126:
16116:
16101:
16084:
16069:
16059:
16008:
15988:
14271:
13456:
11137:
Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, V: Art and Technology throughout the Ages
10938:
10800:
10463:
8373:
8363:
8151:
7847:
7139:
in the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent also developed their local Indo-Islamic
6918:
6688:
Giralda tower in Seville: former Almohad minaret (12th century) converted into a Christian
6360:
6309:
6096:
6036:
5993:
5975:
5908:
5769:
5566:
5427:
5083:
5056:
4993:
4974:
4909:
4839:
4791:
4610:
2572:
2561:
2265:
2231:
2068:
2052:
2028:
1799:
1757:
1744:
1588:
1420:
1405:
1395:
1294:
1257:
1207:
732:
649:
360:
340:
335:
330:
229:
159:
15930:
14878:
ALSAYYAD, NEZAR (1996). "Islamic Architecture and Urbanism: Middle Eastern Perspectives".
6385:
including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (part of the Maghreb). It blended influences from
6294:
5258:
4245:, the Gerasa of Antiquity, have revealed how the Umayyads have transformed the city plan.
3356:
Muqarnas in the entrance portal of the Madrasa of 'Abd al-'Aziz in Bukhara (17th century,
271:
8:
20750:
20675:
20414:
20045:
19664:
19593:
19551:
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19384:
19369:
19275:
19153:
19052:
18981:
18918:
18891:
18851:
18340:
18177:
17732:
17689:
17603:
17239:
17218:
17091:
16849:
16691:
16621:
16593:
16532:
16425:
16106:
16089:
16064:
16043:
15910:
14284:
14259:
14178:
14172:
14147:
14141:
13995:
10128:
8526:
8208:
8185:
8165:
8155:
7930:
7757:
7729:
7692:
7531:
7105:
7029:
6962:
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6934:
6262:
6247:
6182:
6044:
5738:
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5184:
4821:
4776:
4508:
4079:
3926:
3831:
3469:
3413:
3178:
3142:
3090:
Calligraphic inscriptions and arabesques carved in stucco in the Alhambra (14th century,
2915:
2845:
2784:
A Charbagh from Achaemenid time has been identified in the archaeological excavations at
2719:
2679:
2605:
2565:
2246:
four intersecting ribs, at times redoubled and intersected to form an eight-pointed star;
2075:
before the arrival of the Umayyads. However, this form was well known in Iran from early
1912:
1846:
1794:. In 970, the Fatimids moved their center of power to Egypt and founded another capital,
1679:
1565:
After the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 by the Abbasids, a new branch of the
1459:(9th century), Iraq, exemplifying the "beveled" style that employed more abstract motifs.
1052:
747:
706:
398:
345:
276:
175:
119:
20066:
11657:
Cosmology and architecture in premodern islam an architectural reading of mystical ideas
10804:
10441:
5787:
in Cairo (built in 1284–85). It included a mausoleum, a madrasa, and a highly important
5402:
4884:
1899:
Residences and other secular buildings typically contain a central private courtyard or
1866:
1806:, founded at the same time as the city (970), which became the spiritual center for the
1599:(r. 961–976) introducing important aesthetic innovations such as interlacing arches and
1467:, and painted wall decoration, were continued and elaborated in the Abbasid period. The
1154:), and a Ghassanid audience hall incorporated into the later Umayyad rural residence at
20755:
20612:
20442:
20238:
20228:
20081:
19953:
19808:
19374:
19317:
18935:
18414:
18308:
18192:
18045:
17707:
17697:
17541:
17495:
17198:
16018:
15438:
15007:
14919:
14887:
14860:
14815:
14289:
13606:
13394:
11985:
11601:
11144:
10972:
10816:
10395:
9264:
8272:
8200:(rebuilt in the 18th century over 12th foundations), and three 13th-century mosques in
8097:
More hybrid styles also arose further south and on the edge of Islamized areas. In the
8054:
7703:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7226:
6978:
6794:
6759:
6755:
6574:
5927:
5295:
5152:
5022:
5013:, while most of the major monuments from Timur's reign are in Samarkand, including the
4928:
4897:
4652:
4488:
4087:
3887:
3847:
3712:
3357:
3321:
3313:
3277:
3226:
3214:
3091:
3071:
3041:
2920:
2609:
2600:
2360:
2297:
2277:
2223:
2005:
1989:
1650:) were notable patrons of architecture themselves, responsible for rebuilding both the
1111:
797:
792:
762:
757:
722:
692:
682:
663:
408:
151:
19948:
14910:
Al-Jasmi, Abdullah; Mitias, Michael H. (2004). "Does an Islamic Architecture Exist?".
12338:
11510:
11089:
8509:
is necessary for proper Islamic worship, and is revealed through architectural means.
5447:
5382:
200:
were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include
20476:
20450:
20332:
19993:
19531:
19524:
19332:
19072:
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18986:
18930:
18255:
18250:
18222:
17679:
17674:
17656:
16788:
16200:
15806:
15792:
15770:
15751:
15719:
15698:
15677:
15656:
15637:
15616:
15595:
15576:
15566:
15545:
15526:
15507:
15488:
15478:
15455:
15407:
15384:
15363:
15342:
15315:
15294:
15275:
15265:
15240:
15219:
15198:
15179:
15148:
15044:
15011:
14834:
14718:
14691:
14637:
14293:
14206:
14182:
14151:
14023:
13948:
13868:
13638:
13475:
13350:
13328:
13308:
13244:
13219:
13107:
13074:
13013:
13003:
12910:
12846:
12814:
12532:
12475:
12405:
12380:
12306:
12266:
12158:
12053:
12004:
11925:
11876:
11784:
11514:
11481:
11456:
11430:
11322:
11297:
11260:
11183:
10958:
10942:
10820:
10630:
10605:
10513:
10420:
10206:
10061:
9915:
9885:
9797:
9760:
9729:
9590:
9290:
9256:
9079:
8932:
8900:
8870:
8860:
8829:
8696:
8667:
8601:
7949:
7889:
7594:
7374:
7299:
7280:
7185:
7136:
7101:
6986:
6673:
6654:
6606:
5750:
5653:
5344:
5134:
5079:
4917:
4858:
4644:
4586:
4267:
3975:
3075:
2857:
2762:
2738:
2599:, the ribs of the dome vault are fully integrated into the shell, similar to Western
2412:
2392:
2012:
2001:
1920:
1916:
1787:
1775:
1690:
1659:
1487:
1476:
1468:
1424:
1340:
1245:
1217:
1091:
1034:
807:
772:
767:
742:
727:
717:
672:
654:
506:
20464:
20007:
18109:
13398:
12617:
12593:
12581:
12418:
11989:
11852:
11797:
11748:
7777:
7268:(1423), which prominently combines Islamic and indigenous Indian architectural forms
6422:
6232:
5394:
4748:, south of present-day Tehran, Iran, built in 1139 as the tomb of the Seljuk sultan
4542:(1141), and several Qarakhanid mausoleums with monumental façades, such as those in
3258:
3110:
2183:
Because of its long history of building and re-building, spanning the time from the
1685:
20626:
20317:
20267:
20213:
20168:
20097:
19897:
19677:
19451:
19067:
18357:
18280:
17956:
17952:
17792:
17664:
17631:
17551:
17342:
16945:
16753:
16631:
16475:
16465:
16388:
16195:
15906:
15861:
15856:
15833:
15430:
14997:
14279:
13902:
13598:
13386:
12284:
12282:
11726:
11724:
11593:
11506:
10808:
10595:
10096:
9248:
8433:
8215:
8193:
8102:
8024:
8012:
7737:
7582:
7164:
7080:
6939:
6878:
6858:
6669:
6466:
6278:
6056:
5683:
5467:
5375:
5034:
4690:(prior to its destruction in 2013), built circa 1090 during the Great Seljuk period
4671:
4632:
4602:
4094:
3882:
3408:
3146:
3025:
2907:
2901:
2612:(formerly the Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes) or the Pantokrator Monastery (today
2147:
2118:
2095:
2084:
1604:
1508:
1475:, is first attested during the Abbasid period in monuments at Samarra, such as the
1351:
1311:
1095:
1026:
812:
787:
782:
697:
629:
590:
501:
487:
458:
237:
171:
135:
20322:
20147:
20133:
15926:
Tehranimages. Contemporary photos taken in some of the oldest districts of Tehran.
15290:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
12072:
7991:
7906:
6797:
in Tunis (17th century): an example of Ottoman influence blended with local styles
6558:
2765:, who shows the Greek his "Paradise at Sardis". The classical form of the Persian
1767:
433:
20760:
20488:
20377:
20292:
20272:
20223:
19813:
19719:
19694:
19632:
19047:
19027:
18591:
18207:
18151:
17983:
17864:
17859:
17854:
17669:
17505:
17472:
17389:
16920:
16738:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16450:
16210:
15937:
15800:
15796:
15713:
15692:
15610:
15589:
15560:
15501:
15471:
15378:
15338:
The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture
15336:
15288:
15169:
15144:
The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries
14308:
13101:
11846:
11823:
10961:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I".
10055:
10019:
10000:
9946:
9630:
9315:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
8403:
7812:
7442:
7420:
7065:
7045:
7033:
7006:
6974:
6862:
6650:
6528:
5784:
5371:
5277:
5188:
5176:
5099:
oversaw the construction projects. Reaching 53 meters in height, the dome of the
5075:
5064:
4998:
4722:
4703:
4582:
4500:
4423:
4307:
4118:
3872:
3815:
3445:
3049:
2829:
2766:
2623:(four pillars with two flanking shield walls and two semi-domes, 1550–1557), the
2450:
2380:
2249:
the omission of a transition zone between the vault and the supporting structure;
2099:
2076:
2044:
1908:
1811:
1803:
1718:
1667:
1566:
1456:
1440:
1270:
1229:
1099:
934:
802:
388:
299:
20282:
12869:
12545:
12442:
12356:
12279:
12214:
11901:
11721:
8621:
8619:
8617:
4935:, Iran, which measures 50 m in height and 25 m in diameter, making it
4341:. Thus, the spatial structure of a Muslim city essentially reflects the ancient
2387:
domes, and even more so than Persian domes, domes in South Asia tend to be more
1190:, although small shelters may have been constructed on the roofs to protect the
20327:
20302:
20248:
20233:
20189:
20060:
20052:
19933:
19652:
19280:
19007:
18743:
18586:
18444:
18202:
18182:
17836:
17722:
17598:
17500:
17457:
17452:
16894:
16889:
16778:
16680:
16568:
16537:
16215:
16205:
15838:
15821:
15503:
The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
14040:
12839:""Jeux de miroir": Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism"
11977:
10812:
10291:
10023:
9035:
8555:
8408:
8383:
8307:
8226:
8114:
settled the region in the 18th century. A good example is the Friday mosque of
8070:
7995:
7876:
7672:
7314:
7092:
7037:
6914:
6727:
6488:
in Spain, which made use of Moorish techniques and designs and adapted them to
6406:
6040:
5981:
5702:
5048:
4967:
4764:
4636:
4574:
4528:
4504:
4492:
4472:
4414:
Early Islamic architecture was influenced by two different ancient traditions:
4363:
4275:
4101:
3795:
3222:
2932:
2813:
2758:
2706:
2384:
2140:
2056:
1950:
1838:
1815:
1779:
1753:
1714:
1702:
1631:) demonstrate the prevalence of the same stylistic elements across the region.
1332:
1319:
1221:
1107:
634:
448:
383:
291:
197:
17367:
12083:
11816:
10369:
9252:
9193:
6779:
6485:
4568:
More significant was the arrival of the Seljuk Turks and the formation of the
1346:
20795:
20745:
20724:
20661:
20513:
20307:
20218:
20039:
19999:
19983:
19904:
19876:
19744:
19734:
19659:
19647:
19237:
19170:
19143:
18913:
18404:
18197:
17849:
17737:
17608:
17588:
17490:
16573:
16558:
15580:
15279:
12162:
11264:
10926:
10609:
9889:
9260:
8874:
8614:
8458:
8388:
8368:
8333:
8265:
8253:
8098:
8085:
8030:
8008:
7985:
7604:) which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate (
7497:
7462:
7200:
7125:
7114:
6506:
6484:
of Al-Andalus the legacy of Moorish architecture was still carried on in the
6411:
6048:
5807:
5649:
4905:
4889:
4741:
4590:
4569:
4558:
4437:
4113:
3692:
3106:
2956:
2948:
2789:
2613:
2188:
2135:
2103:
2072:
1900:
1710:
1655:
1612:
1439:, in present-day Iraq. The Abbasids also built other capital cities, such as
958:
948:
880:
850:
821:
604:
576:
473:
418:
249:
15492:
13017:
12131:
11253:"From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria"
10643:
8643:
5262:
5122:
4527:. These include a great congregational mosque in Bukhara, of which only the
1756:(circa 1006–7), while the other main type was the domed square, such as the
20537:
20436:
20287:
20198:
20193:
20091:
20012:
19928:
19847:
19751:
19724:
19689:
19622:
19435:
19415:
19290:
18576:
18097:
17972:
17742:
17445:
17435:
17427:
17264:
17104:
16859:
16121:
13390:
11642:
Power, Patronage, and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad Elites
11402:
Dostal, Walter (1984). "'Towards a Model of Cultural Evolution in Arabia".
8540:
8413:
8393:
8233:
8127:
8038:
7973:
7884:
7880:
7868:
7859:
7843:
7831:
7830:
The first Chinese mosque was established in the seventh century during the
7743:
7696:
7645:
7600:
7519:
7490:
7180:
style of Persia. Another exceptional example which survives in present-day
7173:
7057:
7002:
6973:
dating to 725 have been uncovered. The Ghurids laid the foundations of the
6891:
6835:
6829:
6554:
6489:
6430:
6382:
6116:
6009:
5721:
5096:
5068:
5018:
4942:
4893:
4806:
4625:
4578:
4367:
4274:. An example of a city planned according to such concepts was excavated at
3980:
3931:
3660:
3474:
2664:
2588:
2489:
2253:
2239:
1842:
1823:
1771:
1675:
1624:
1472:
1432:
1323:
1119:
986:
885:
875:
438:
355:
241:
139:
18604:
16225:
15890:
15002:
10867:
7652:, features a multi-layered roof typical of Indonesian mosque architecture.
6625:
6035:
Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by the
5374:(1251–1252) in Konya and evidenced by the mosaic tiles recovered from the
2538:
2019:
a result, these mosques gradually fell out of popularity in some regions.
1305:
reportedly appeared at Muhammad's mosque in Medina when it was rebuilt by
20586:
20359:
20297:
20208:
20203:
19803:
19766:
19379:
19227:
18945:
18923:
18270:
18159:
17814:
17623:
17412:
17406:
17394:
17145:
16706:
16440:
16420:
13537:
8358:
8111:
8058:
7965:
7922:
7552:
7510:
7061:
6557:
and decorated with local geometric motifs, as with the famous example of
6513:
6510:
6481:
6217:
6013:
6001:
5870:
5422:
sometimes contained a cubic prayer room elevated in the center (e.g. the
5386:
5092:
5026:
5001:
are found across the region but concentrated especially in Samarkand and
4562:
4512:
4496:
4484:
4311:
4303:
4222:
in North Africa. Basic facilities like a mosque, a governor's residence (
4060:
3500:
3424:
3377:
3206:
2817:
2805:
2742:
2596:
2577:
2473:
2272:, until they finally disappeared completely behind the double shell of a
1981:
1850:
1726:
1596:
1558:
1444:
1415:) in Iraq, one of the earliest surviving examples of Abbasid architecture
1115:
1087:
619:
614:
609:
599:
468:
374:
17332:
14923:
14891:
14864:
14819:
13806:, Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 3. India.
10600:
9268:
9236:
7203:
during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Mughals also copied the Bengali
6810:
6590:
6492:
patrons. In North Africa, the medieval Moorish style was perpetuated in
5617:
1276:
1260:
introduced new combinations of these styles. The reuse of elements from
65:
20407:
20312:
20262:
19842:
19637:
19247:
19232:
18103:
17462:
17317:
17302:
16904:
16864:
16675:
16410:
16323:
16259:
15943:
15442:
15138:
13610:
13264:
13050:
13048:
12661:
11605:
10934:
10727:
8565:
8398:
8115:
8090:
7969:
7953:
7824:
7625:
7590:
7446:
7401:
7229:
in Delhi, begun in the 1190s and expanded in the 13th to 14th centuries
7222:
7181:
7168:
7152:
7069:
7053:
6982:
6689:
6540:
6347:
6111:
5961:
5788:
5746:
5483:
5423:
5339:, was in the early 13th century. Seljuk authority declined after their
5156:
5014:
5010:
4959:
4932:
4772:
4547:
4476:
4422:
building and decorating in Byzantine style, which had developed out of
4326:
4322:
4285:
The Arab elite of the early Islam were city dwellers of Mecca, Medina,
4271:
4270:, the outlines of which were based on the Ancient Roman concept of the
3748:
3525:
3440:
3372:
3234:
3218:
3021:
2947:
These decorative motifs are expressed in a range of mediums, including
2881:
2797:
2785:
2648:
2550:
2518:
2399:
likewise features a bulbous profile and a double-shelled construction.
2388:
2317:
2219:
2064:
1616:
1336:
1306:
1139:
1135:
963:
925:
915:
624:
261:
131:
19562:
18087:
17011:
16925:
16763:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13752:
13732:
13495:
13369:
11252:
10976:
10905:, Chapter 1: The History of Scholarship and the Nature of the Problem.
10481:
8204:. Ruins of early mosques and other structures are also found at Gedi.
6265:, Istanbul (mid-18th century), an example of the Ottoman Baroque style
6073:
5360:
20371:
19958:
19938:
19607:
19456:
18961:
18464:
18167:
18065:
17800:
17402:
16696:
16654:
16636:
16405:
16328:
16273:
16220:
15308:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
14712:
14685:
14544:
14085:
13978:
13976:
13703:
Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; C. Central Islamic lands; 2. Yemen
8288:
8257:
8201:
8178:
8160:
8106:
7977:
7957:
7668:
7649:
7598:
Islam in the palace is the two types of gateways - the split portal (
7548:
7540:
7523:
7514:
7359:
7336:
7332:
7265:
7148:
7144:
7088:
7073:
7049:
6944:
6520:
6434:
6060:
5126:
5030:
5025:. After Timur, one of the most important patrons of architecture was
4955:
4924:
4913:
4745:
4594:
4524:
4347:
4262:
3579:
a multitude of reasons, such as some misunderstanding the meaning of
2960:
while Mediterranean structures displayed a more classical influence.
2936:
2911:
2861:
2849:
2431:
2396:
2321:
2260:
While intersecting pairs of ribs from the main decorative feature of
2107:
2088:
1997:
1977:
1892:
1790:
rose to power in Ifriqiya, where it built a new fortified capital at
1639:
1600:
1500:
1363:
1355:
1175:
1143:
1071:
1060:
943:
920:
860:
536:
526:
179:
15434:
13602:
13045:
12048:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Kunya-Urgench".
11597:
10583:
9792:
Edwards, Brian; Sibley, Magda; Land, Peter; Hakmi, Mohammad (2006).
9754:
Saracen Strongholds 1100–1500: The Central and Eastern Islamic Lands
9303:
8050:
7302:
in Delhi, the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb (1560–1570)
6543:
valleys and oases of the Atlas and the south are marked by numerous
5398:
5074:
The renaissance in Persian mosque and dome building came during the
4338:
2972:
Carved marble capital from Caliphal period of Córdoba (10th century)
2505:
531:
20184:
19786:
19684:
19612:
19425:
19364:
19297:
18070:
17844:
17727:
17717:
17480:
17337:
16665:
16626:
16563:
16506:
16480:
16445:
16343:
16164:
15039:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
14806:
OMER, SPAHIC (2008). "Towards Understanding Islamic Architecture".
13963:
13961:
13749:
13578:
Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands; 4. Yemen
12119:
12029:
11889:
11760:
11736:
11709:
11455:(in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. pp. 244–255.
9139:
8895:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
8662:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
8479:
8462:
8261:
8197:
8174:
8082:
used for scaffolding but possibly also for some symbolic purpose.
7999:
7981:
7935:
7835:
7621:
7556:
7544:
7205:
7177:
7084:
6994:
6970:
6910:
6897:
6629:
6586:
6570:
6536:
6498:
6474:
6426:
6378:
6331:
6021:
5281:
5208:
4978:
4947:
4640:
4286:
4219:
3760:
3520:
3504:
3419:
3393:
3317:
3254:
3196:
3182:
3005:
2928:
2877:
2873:
2771:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2734:
2727:
2711:
2592:
2542:
2227:
2184:
2157:
1993:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1671:
1643:
1549:
1375:
1179:
1127:
1123:
1030:
551:
443:
233:
192:
123:
18120:
16828:
16174:
13973:
13929:
13265:"moor | Origin and meaning of moor by Online Etymology Dictionary"
12760:
12688:
12493:
12491:
12339:"Iraq begins rebuilding of Mosul landmark Great Mosque of al-Nuri"
7199:). Later, a provincial style influenced by North India evolved in
7091:
are huge castle-like fortified palaces, and the abandoned city of
6532:
3735:
2627:(eight pillars with four diagonal semi-domes, 1561–1563), and the
895:
561:
20086:
19825:
19739:
19617:
19302:
18559:
18377:
18372:
17768:
17747:
17327:
16975:
16798:
16783:
16773:
16758:
16611:
16455:
16353:
16283:
16230:
15673:
Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar
15562:
The architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700
14714:
Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning
14687:
Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning
14309:"The architecture of the wooden mosques of the Lithuanian Tatars"
14063:
14061:
13919:
13917:
13886:
13884:
13197:
13195:
12211:
Hattstein M., Delius P.; Islam, Art and Architecture; pp. 513–514
9609:
8549:
8249:
8123:
8062:
7939:
7872:
7586:
7466:
7405:
7163:
region developed a distinct regional style under the independent
7156:
7129:
6998:
6470:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6417:
6386:
5997:
5912:
5679:
5664:
5598:
5507:
5487:
5431:
5414:
5406:
5060:
5038:
4951:
4768:
4749:
4539:
4520:
4385:
4345:
tradition of living in a family group or tribe, held together by
4318:
4279:
3811:
3726:
3608:
The mihrab is a niche or alcove, typically concave, set into the
3529:
3273:
3238:
2940:
2885:
2793:
2379:
The use of domes in South Asia started with the establishment of
2300:
of pre-Islamic Persia. Squinches are one of the most significant
2293:
2203:
2199:
1985:
1885:
1877:
1807:
1761:
1740:
1694:
1647:
1628:
1592:
1436:
1327:
1191:
1187:
910:
900:
870:
845:
840:
644:
571:
478:
225:
205:
187:
89:
20683:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
15307:
14018:
14016:
13958:
12678:
12676:
12623:
12599:
12587:
12551:
12448:
12424:
12362:
12288:
12220:
11907:
11858:
11803:
11754:
11730:
11659:. State University of New York Press, Albany. pp. 194–195.
10102:
10037:
10035:
10033:
9636:
9392:
9321:
9210:
9041:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8649:
6969:
in the 8th century, where remains of a congregational mosque at
6873:
6813:: an example of local architecture in the M'zab region (Algeria)
6326:
2955:, tilework, paint, glass mosaics, marble or stone paneling, and
1463:
Features from the late Umayyad period, such as vaulting, carved
19791:
18581:
18569:
18564:
18328:
18235:
17820:
17752:
17702:
17572:
17567:
17546:
17531:
17322:
16935:
16884:
16874:
16869:
16854:
16822:
16793:
16768:
16743:
16670:
16616:
16542:
16490:
16470:
16358:
16348:
16333:
16318:
15400:
Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung
15195:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
13099:
12748:
12605:
12503:
12488:
12430:
12375:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Damascus".
12319:
12226:
11938:
11232:
11208:
11196:
11012:
11010:
10884:
10832:
10830:
9612:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
8560:
8437:
8342:
8119:
7864:
7820:
7536:
7486:
7245:
7160:
7109:
7018:
6990:
6901:
6582:
6553:(fortified villages), typically flat-roofed structures made of
6544:
6366:
6126:
6121:
6105:
6029:
5716:
5706:
5637:
5390:
5299:
5180:
5130:
4707:
4606:
4598:
4557:
Dome in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Iran, added in 1088–89 by
4480:
4242:
4215:
4191:
3949:
3939:
3656:
3624:
3603:
3478:
3341:
3066:
3045:
2869:
2809:
2801:
2723:
2632:
2493:
2454:
2273:
2207:
2092:
2060:
2040:
1835:
1791:
1569:
succeeded in taking control of Al-Andalus in 756, creating the
1464:
1428:
1289:
1266:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1103:
1043:
1038:
968:
890:
855:
639:
566:
556:
546:
541:
516:
453:
423:
403:
280:
245:
221:
217:
213:
201:
105:
101:
17114:
17086:
15612:
The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment
14410:
14121:
14058:
13914:
13881:
13192:
12999:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 12
11157:
11106:
10995:
10655:
10548:
Islamic art in the Metropolitan Museum: The Historical Context
9419:
8822:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).
8802:
8800:
8520:
6008:
was a mixture of native Turkish tradition and influences from
5231:(before its destruction in 2017), dating from the 12th century
4674:, mausoleums of Seljuk princes, built in 1068 and 1093 in Iran
3161:
Arabesque and calligraphic decoration on tile-covered dome of
2919:
stylized than naturalistic. However, because of the religious
1826:(1125) with its richly-decorated street façade, and the domed
19776:
18437:
18367:
18350:
17810:
17773:
17712:
17526:
17440:
17297:
16950:
16930:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16521:
16511:
16460:
16415:
16400:
16394:
16368:
16363:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16278:
16159:
15914:
15849:
International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR
14731:
14566:
14564:
14427:
14425:
14013:
13780:
13070:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 3
12673:
12261:. In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.).
11475:
10417:
The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire
10030:
8949:
8284:
8066:
7964:
The earliest mosques discovered in sub-Saharan Africa are at
7926:
7917:(c. 1907), a large mud-brick building in "Neo-Sudanese" style
7527:
7318:
7100:
build relatively major monuments, as with the example of the
7096:
7041:
6966:
6846:
6723:
6634:
6374:
6370:
6354:
6146:
6067:
5749:, and numerous private and public buildings such as those of
5641:
5451:
5365:
5352:
5336:
5228:
5118:
5002:
4982:
4825:
4543:
4342:
4290:
4256:
4205:
4176:
3628:(pulpit), and some historical mosques also included a nearby
3555:
3533:
3453:
3449:
2889:
2500:
2416:
2173:
2080:
2035:
2008:
2004:
in Rome. The Roman type of building has developed out of the
1959:
1930:
1925:
1795:
1748:
1663:
1520:
1225:
1195:
1126:, who were clients of the Sasanians and had their capital at
1066:
1048:
830:
581:
521:
511:
496:
428:
393:
127:
81:
14767:
14755:
14398:
14386:
14109:
13125:
13123:
12886:
12724:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12263:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
12017:
11849:- Rabah Saoud, Professor Salim Al-Hassani, Husamaldin Tayeh.
11621:
11007:
10827:
10738:
8978:
7159:(1656). In the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, the
5207:, founded in the 7th century and rebuilt by the Seljuks and
5082:, in 1598 initiated the reconstruction of Isfahan, with the
2984:
Vegetal arabesques and inscriptions carved in stucco in the
19798:
19781:
18362:
18345:
18265:
18260:
17536:
17312:
17307:
16940:
16899:
16685:
16659:
16516:
16435:
16251:
15477:(Casebound ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
15174:. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4.
14960:
14958:
14956:
14954:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14946:
14667:
14665:
14515:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14507:
14505:
14503:
14195:
14097:
11350:. Arab Institute for Research and Publishing. p. 102.
11220:
11130:"The Misr of Ayla: New Evidence for the Early Islamic City"
10983:
10328:. Paris: Ernest Leroux. pp. 100–117, 178–188, 192–214.
10323:
10308:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10129:"ARCHITECTURE iii. Sasanian Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
10108:
10086:
10084:
9698:
9466:
9464:
9380:
9327:
9166:
9014:
8797:
8280:
8053:(present-day Mali), and an "eastern" style associated with
8020:
7914:
7072:(1678) which was commissioned by the sixth Mughal emperor,
6948:
6882:
6578:
6549:
6517:
6369:
designation of the Muslim inhabitants of these regions as "
6079:
5688:
4854:
4802:
4621:
4609:(northern Iran), which have octagonal forms, and the large
4461:
4456:
4201:
3961:
3541:
3495:
3383:
3281:
3230:
2853:
2841:
2821:
2435:
2269:
2130:
1955:
1940:
1872:
1810:
branch of Islam. Other notable monuments include the large
1379:
1183:
1167:
1131:
905:
865:
413:
209:
93:
15089:
14786:
14784:
14782:
14610:
14608:
14595:
14593:
14591:
14576:
14561:
14422:
14073:
12789:
12787:
12712:
12565:"Kubadabad Palace - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum"
12202:
Canby, Sheila R.; Shah Abbas, The Remaking of Iran, p. 36.
12193:
Canby, Sheila R.; Shah Abbas, The Remaking of Iran, p. 30.
11644:. New York, NY : Oxford University Press. p. 52.
9957:
9955:
9873:
Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
9156:
9154:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
8990:
8966:
6457:, the palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra (near Cordoba), the
6449:. Among the best-known monuments from these areas are the
5825:(built between 1356 and 1361), the largest Mamluk monument
5265:, built by Artuqid sultan Nasir al-Din Mahmud in 1208–1209
5005:, the main capitals. One of the earliest monuments is the
1515:
on rectangular brick piers running at right angles to the
1029:
began with the formation of Islam under the leadership of
18661:
15735:
Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City
13155:
13153:
13140:
13138:
13120:
12923:
12644:
10352:
10350:
10298:. Paris: Librairie de la société anonyme. pp. 67–69.
10162:
9183:
9181:
8821:
8184:
The oldest known mosques in the region were excavated at
8016:
7377:
in Lahore (1635), notable for its tile-decorated surfaces
4710:(in present-day Afghanistan), from the early 12th century
1587:, built in 785–786, marks the earliest major monument of
835:
15909:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from an
15769:(7th ed.). The American University in Cairo Press.
15236:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
14943:
14938:
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MALAY WORLD
14743:
14662:
14650:
14500:
14476:
14264:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
13542:
Riberana: digital library of the heritage of Ribera Alta
13457:
http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582
13035:
13033:
12947:
12634:
12632:
11345:
10750:
10243:
10081:
9476:
9461:
9370:
9368:
6742:
Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes (14th century, Marinid period)
6577:, typically built with loose stone bound by a mortar of
5996:
architecture along with architectural traditions of the
5155:
in Mardin, dating from 1385. In Mosul, the Zengid ruler
3747:
is made directly from the prayer hall and broadcast via
3000:
Figural imagery of lion and bull in carved stone at the
1037:. The first mosque was a structure built by Muhammad in
15903:
Fatimid-era Ayyubid Wall of Cairo Digital Media Archive
15653:
The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India
15544:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
14779:
14605:
14588:
14525:
14488:
14464:
13814:
13812:
12969:, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.
12935:
12784:
12772:
12736:
12700:
12265:. Fitzroy & Dearborn Publishers. pp. 190–193.
12238:
11034:
11022:
10908:
10150:
9952:
9849:
9488:
9151:
9092:
8327:, the Islamic Cultural Center and Museum of Tolerance,
6857:
One type of mosque attested during the early period of
2906:
As a common feature, Islamic architecture makes use of
27:
Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam
15041:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
13150:
13135:
12813:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 39–41.
12529:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
12472:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
12377:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
12303:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
12050:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
11974:"Sald̲j̲ūḳids; VI. Art and architecture; 1. In Persia"
11873:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
11840:
Muslim Architecture Under Seljuk Patronage (1038-1327)
11677:. Anthropology and Aesthetics, 43, 78–94. p. 80.
10704:
10381:
Muqarnas IV: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
10347:
10260:
10219:
10057:
Die iranischen Feuerheiligtümer = Iranian Fire temples
9791:
9618:
9566:
9178:
9002:
8897:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
8664:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
7925:, Muslim merchants played a vital role in the western
6099:, built between 1463 and 1470, which also included: a
5565:
Stone-carved decoration in the entrance portal of the
4409:
3241:, portals, mihrabs, windows, arches, and entire domes.
2210:
dome, was already known in Sasanian architecture. The
96:); bottom: interior side view of the main dome of the
15356:
Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
13827:
13327:
López Guzmán, Rafael. Arquitectura mudéjar. Cátedra.
13182:
13180:
13030:
12629:
9365:
9026:
8452:
7028:
The best known style of Indo-Islamic architecture is
5652:, their capital. Some long-reigning sultans, such as
4248:
2151:
279:, standing on the site of Muhammad's first mosque in
255:
15746:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
13809:
12841:. In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Barry Flood, Finbarr (eds.).
11046:
9500:
8516:
7867:
architecture has evolved through the periods of the
7095:, 26 miles (42 km) west of Agra, was built for
6561:. Likewise, southern Tunisia is dotted with hilltop
6012:. One of the best representatives of this period is
5138:
5106:
4310:—from political or religious authorities during the
4231:
4223:
4209:
4195:
4185:
3742:
3733:
3644:
Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th century)
2571:
Based on the model of pre-existing Byzantine domes,
1907:("middle of the house") in Arabic. The tradition of
15820:Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2013).
15420:
14835:
Contemporary Islamic Architecture in the Arab World
14258:Nadyrova, Khanifa G.; Nadyrova, Dilyara A. (2020).
13093:
11833:
11626:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 5.
11505:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 61–114.
11066:"Qantara - Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"
10272:
10231:
9309:
7408:(1656), another example built by a Deccan sultanate
6473:(Seville), and the fortified palace-complex of the
4977:and city planning also reached an apogee under the
3663:
at the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan (early 14th century)
3145:in Nawabganj district of Bangladesh (15th century,
3040:Polychrome marble mosaic work on the mihrab of the
2335:
Non-radial rib vault in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
2102:. Umayyad-period vaults of this type were found in
2079:times, as exemplified in the Parthian buildings of
1366:in the region that had a similar form, such as the
1051:, which corresponds to the site of the present-day
20580:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
15718:. Vol. 2 (Part 2). Harvard University Press.
15470:
13177:
12982:, Vol. 1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (
11480:. Rahden/Germany: Marie Leidorf GmbH. p. XV.
8828:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 7.
8420:
7248:(circa 1335–1340), built under the Tughluq dynasty
6917:, were built around a fortified citadel (e.g. the
6330:, a residence constructed along the shores of the
5945:(1744), which combines Mamluk and Ottoman elements
4515:. This period is regarded as a "classical" age of
20715:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
15846:
15819:
15802:Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture
15732:
15473:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning
15197:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
13413:"Why Moorish? Synagogues and the Moorish Revival"
13290:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
13201:
13100:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (21 May 2010).
11366:Early Islamic Syria: An Archaeological Assessment
10629:. Harvard University Press. pp. 91–95, 119.
9216:
8443:
8351:
8007:three levels, as exemplified by the tower of the
7493:One of the oldest surviving mosques in Indonesia.
6516:and also, notably, as a recurring choice for new
5930:(1505), example of an urban caravanserai in Cairo
3632:(a protected space for the ruler during prayers).
2178:
1834:of elaborately-carved stucco. Under the powerful
1146:and al-Sadir in al-Hira, a Ghassanid church with
20793:
15608:
15192:
15038:
14257:
13054:
12766:
12754:
12694:
12682:
12526:
12469:
12374:
12300:
12047:
11870:
11296:. Rahden: Marie Leidorf GmbH. pp. 229–242.
10200:
9721:
8894:
8661:
8331:, the concept for The Vanishing Mosque, and the
7573:The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the
5486:caravanserai, built in 1229 on the road between
5307:
1678:) and a new congregational mosque, known as the
1576:and reaching the apogee of its power during the
1086:of the 7th century, the two major powers in the
15940:Islamic Art And Architecture designs worldwide.
15767:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
15609:Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Boss, Mathias (2011).
15450:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
15449:
15109:"Question 7: Why To Face The Qibla In Prayers?"
14545:"Archnet > Site > Friday Mosque at Zaria"
13853:, Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; D. India.
13451:L. Golvin, « Architecture berbère »,
13165:
12967:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
12611:
12509:
12497:
12436:
12325:
12232:
12125:
12035:
11944:
11895:
11766:
11742:
11715:
11622:Ettinghausen, R; Grabar, O; Jenkins-Madina, M.
11429:(in German) (2nd ed.). Mainz: Von Zabern.
10661:
9398:
8960:
5620:(1297), an example of a wooden hypostyle mosque
4888:Mausoleum of Fakhr al-Din Razi or Il-Arslan in
4399:Figure-ground diagram of a European town (1819)
2848:. Large Paradise gardens are also found at the
2191:, and its excellent state of conservation, the
1895:are found in secular and religious structures.
18056:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
15650:
15355:
14909:
14127:
14067:
13935:
13923:
13890:
13786:
12836:
12624:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12600:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12588:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12552:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12449:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12425:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12363:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12289:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12221:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
12175:Savory, Roger; Iran under the Safavids, p. 155
12137:
11908:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
11859:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
11804:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
11755:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
11731:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
11691:
11571:
11476:Karin Bartl; Abd al-Razzaq Moaz, eds. (2009).
10470:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, p.39
10103:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
9725:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
9637:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
9322:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
9211:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
9042:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
8984:
8734:, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern".
8719:
8650:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
7209:roof tradition for mausoleums in North India.
6393:) culture in North Africa, pre-Islamic Spain (
4169:
20710:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
19884:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
19578:
18620:
18136:
17130:
15959:
15875:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
15024:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
13218:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 20.
11830:, Online Edition. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
11639:
11383:Mez, A (1922). "Die Renaissance des Islams".
6346:Traditional Ottoman domestic architecture in
6281:of Abdülhamid I, Istanbul (late 18th century)
5873:, built between 1415 and 1420 for the nearby
4861:, one of the oldest preserved mosques in Iran
4828:, Kyrgyzstan, second half of the 12th century
4491:. In the second half of the 12th century the
4150:
3759:from the doorway or the roof of the house of
1988:). This type of building originated from the
1006:
150:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by
19864:List of works designed with the golden ratio
15931:10,000+ Architectural collections worldwide
15737:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
15715:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century
15694:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century
15520:
15499:
15397:
14164:
14133:
13349:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
12837:Avcıoğlu, Nebahat; Volait, Mercedes (2017).
12023:
11238:
11226:
11214:
11202:
11163:
11112:
10254:
10201:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992).
10041:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9704:
8666:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78.
8343:Debates on status as a style of architecture
8301:
6904:, an example of a historic fortified village
6840:
6006:classical architecture of the Ottoman Empire
5806:(built in 1318 and modified in 1335) at the
4550:) from the second half of the 12th century.
3565:
3020:Stone carving in the entrance portal of the
2242:architecture. Its main characteristics are:
2015:in Iran, dating back to the eighth century.
1954:. A mosque courtyard is used for performing
18634:
15748:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
15468:
15359:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
15215:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800
15095:
14986:"Symbols and Signs in Islamic Architecture"
14983:
14964:
14306:
13941:
13821:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
13694:
13692:
12989:
12843:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
11971:
11809:
11552:
11179:Studies in Islamic History and Institutions
10951:
10890:
10767:
10765:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10551:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 3–4.
9994:Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq
9914:. Milan: Electaarchitecture. pp. 7–9.
9868:
9866:
9864:
9794:Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future
7317:, a palatial complex begun in the 1560s by
6989:. The mosque's initial construction reused
5733:Europeans). Examples of this style are the
5117:Under Zengid and Artuqid rule, cities like
4655:ruled over Iran and Central Asia until the
4635:(also known as the Anatolian Seljuks), the
3272:Early example of basic tripartite muqarnas
1933:clothing traditionally necessary in public.
1118:and northern Arabia – were two Arab tribal
166:architecture and all other lands which the
19585:
19571:
18627:
18613:
18143:
18129:
18040:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
17137:
17123:
15966:
15952:
15733:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010).
15233:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009).
15232:
15212:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
15211:
14832:
14636:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 102.
14455:
14451:
14449:
14377:
14373:
14371:
14339:
14335:
14333:
14331:
14329:
14307:Chervonnaya, Svetlana Mikhailovna (2014).
14115:
14103:
14091:
13982:
13967:
13850:
13818:
13803:
13774:
13762:
13716:
13712:
13710:
13698:
13680:
13676:
13674:
13662:
13658:
13656:
13654:
13628:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13620:
13573:
13569:
13567:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13559:
13557:
13521:
13171:
12929:
12730:
12667:
12655:
12110:
12106:
12104:
11995:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
11956:
11778:
11703:
11149:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10851:
10847:
10845:
10771:
10722:
10695:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10673:
10649:
10566:
10532:
10400:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10356:
10338:
10180:
10168:
10114:
10090:
10053:
9987:
9978:
9689:
9674:
9648:
9482:
9470:
9452:
9437:
9410:
9356:
9130:
9058:
8788:
8746:
8731:
8625:
7358:(1628–30), added by Shah Jahan inside the
6985:, which were begun in the 1190s by Sultan
6355:Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa
5964:, built in the 1940s in a neo-Mamluk style
4519:, with many constructions taking place in
4157:
4143:
3423:). A similar feature is also found in the
3225:(1006–1007) in northeastern Iran, and the
3113:in Istanbul (16th century, Ottoman period)
2501:Ribbed domes in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb
2036:Umayyad diaphragm arches and barrel vaults
1752:mausoleum was the tomb tower, such as the
1358:(late 7th century, with later renovations)
1013:
999:
19924:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
15860:
15837:
15822:"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns"
15744:"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate"
15404:Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread
15264:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
15001:
14629:
14369:
14367:
14365:
14363:
14361:
14359:
14357:
14355:
14353:
14351:
14283:
14177:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp.
14146:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp.
12995:
12978:"Architecture (Muhammadan)", H. Saladin,
12465:
12463:
12461:
12459:
12457:
12003:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 959–962.
11419:
11417:
10599:
10414:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9896:
9284:
9280:
9278:
8317:
6951:(1632–1647), the most famous building of
4503:near Ghazna (early 12th century) and the
3473:(prayer space for the sultan) inside the
3237:, muqarnas was also employed to decorate
3165:in Isfahan (17th century, Safavid period)
1996:with an adjacent courtyard surrounded by
18093:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
15973:
15791:
15764:
15697:. Vol. 2 (Part 1). Dumbarton Oaks.
15669:
15629:
15587:
15558:
14877:
14790:
14773:
14761:
14749:
14737:
14671:
14656:
14614:
14599:
14582:
14570:
14531:
14519:
14494:
14482:
14470:
14431:
14416:
14404:
14392:
14170:
14139:
14079:
13689:
13517:
13515:
13302:
13292:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
13002:. Leiden : E.J. Brill. p. 60.
12953:
12941:
12892:
12793:
12778:
12742:
12718:
12706:
12638:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12244:
11363:
11316:
11127:
11016:
10964:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
10957:
10836:
10762:
10756:
10744:
10555:
10544:
10439:
10156:
10060:(in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
9961:
9877:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
9861:
9855:
9670:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9506:
9494:
9425:
9386:
9374:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9333:
9172:
9160:
9105:
9073:
8890:
8888:
8850:
8848:
8806:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8637:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8491:
8424:
8271:
8248:
8214:
8159:
8084:
8029:
7990:
7944:
7905:
7895:
7842:, whose current buildings date from the
7798:
7496:
7485:
6938:
6896:
6872:
6845:, Gate of the Yemen) in the Old City of
6828:
6758:at the Alhambra, Granada (14th century,
5317:
5047:
4941:
4883:
4853:
4833:
4552:
4462:Great Seljuks and early Turkic dynasties
4457:Regional styles (after the 10th century)
3542:Other elements of religious architecture
3365:
2753:relate the story of the Spartan general
2710:
2560:
2504:
2347:Dome of the tomb of Ahmed Sanjar in Merv
2117:
2039:
1891:In the architecture of the Muslim world
1865:
1774:in Cairo, one of the gates built by the
1766:
1684:
1538:
1534:
1503:built in Baghdad (since destroyed). The
1495:built by the Abbasids in the 9th century
1486:
1450:
1399:
1345:
1275:
1211:
270:
20470:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
19592:
18013:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
15711:
15690:
15651:Porter, Yves; Degeorge, Gérard (2009).
15043:. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
14850:
14801:
14799:
14710:
14683:
14625:
14623:
14446:
14326:
14253:
14251:
14220:
14218:
13862:
13707:
13671:
13651:
13632:
13617:
13588:
13554:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13238:
13213:
12904:
12864:
12862:
12845:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1140–1142.
12808:
12804:
12802:
12256:
12148:
12146:
12101:
11950:
11913:
11500:
11443:
11368:. Bristol Classical Press. p. 83.
11290:
11281:In: Bartl & Moaz, 2009, pp. 115–124
11250:
11175:
11123:
11121:
10842:
10716:
10682:
10581:
10374:"The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures"
10006:
9872:
9816:
9748:
9584:
9533:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9431:
9404:
9145:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9020:
9008:
8996:
8972:
8899:. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
8776:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8742:
8740:
8472:
7143:, exemplified by monuments such as the
6774:Dome of the Hall of Ambassadors in the
6216:, Istanbul (16th century), designed by
5466:Seljuk mosaic tile decoration from the
4729:(northeastern Iran), built in 1114–1115
2071:, as similar vaulting was not known in
1670:established a short-lived dynasty, the
1287:The Umayyads were the first to add the
14:
20794:
15893:(Half in English and half in Japanese)
15805:(20th ed.). Architectural Press.
15741:
15376:
15311:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
15147:. American University in Cairo Press.
15066:
15064:
15032:
14979:
14977:
14975:
14973:
14905:
14903:
14901:
14846:
14844:
14348:
14205:, 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, p. 207,
13471:Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc
13379:Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques
13287:
13159:
13144:
13066:
13039:
12832:
12830:
12454:
12041:
11919:
11672:
11583:
11449:
11414:
11401:
11319:Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World
10786:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10710:
10622:
10324:Jean Ebersoll; Adolphe Thiers (1913).
10309:Jean Ebersoll; Adolphe Thiers (1913).
10290:
10196:
10194:
10192:
9967:
9446:
9275:
9067:
8926:
8922:
8920:
8854:
8825:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
8690:
8595:
7620:Gate of Panembahan Senapati Mosque in
7052:in Agra, completed in 1648 by emperor
6924:
5943:Sabil-Kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda
3401:and Indo-Islamic architecture and the
3024:caravanserai in Turkey (13th century,
2368:
19566:
18608:
18124:
17118:
15947:
15921:Islamic Arts and Architecture website
15891:ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAM by Takeo Kamiya
15750:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326.
15539:
15334:
15286:
15259:
15167:
14224:
13833:
13512:
13344:
13281:
13186:
13129:
12515:
12399:
12368:
12152:
11864:
11772:
11624:Islamic art and architecture 650-1250
11423:
11348:The Umayyads: The rise of Islamic art
11052:
11040:
11028:
11001:
10989:
10914:
10902:
10774:, "Balconies in Islamic Architecture"
10535:, "Ornament and pattern; B. Figural".
10506:Canby, Sheila R. (October 27, 2005).
10505:
10368:
10278:
10266:
10237:
10225:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9683:
9657:
9642:
9624:
9572:
9561:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9545:
9339:
9234:
9187:
8885:
8845:
8817:
8815:
8655:
8584:
8002:(16th century with later renovations)
7929:region since the 9th century through
7341:architecture in the Deccan Sultanates
6565:and multi-story fortified granaries (
6381:between 711 and 1249) and in western
6091:in Istanbul was part of a very large
6053:First National Architectural Movement
5601:(1276), the tomb of a Seljuk princess
3427:complex (late 15th century) in Delhi.
3336:Entrance portal with muqarnas at the
2737:. The comparison originates from the
2304:contribution to Islamic architecture.
14805:
14796:
14717:. Thames & Hudson. p. 278.
14690:. Thames & Hudson. p. 278.
14620:
14248:
14215:
13582:
13467:
13461:
13434:
13405:
13347:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
13338:
13296:
12980:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
12859:
12799:
12294:
12143:
11533:
11118:
10860:
10793:Journal for the History of Astronomy
10790:
10383:. Leiden. p. 77. Archived from
10174:
9909:
9749:Nicolle, David (22 September 2009).
9538:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
9512:
9111:
9047:
8755:
8737:
6503:Neo-Moorish or Moorish Revival style
4289:and the highly urbanized society of
3546:
134:and religious styles from the early
20655:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
18150:
18020:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
15826:Frontiers of Architectural Research
15168:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992).
15137:
15061:
14990:European Review of Artistic Studies
14970:
14898:
14841:
14225:Cowen, Jill S. (July–August 1985).
13910:, Cambridge University Press, p. 29
13721:Vernacular architecture; VII. Yemen
13474:. Editions la Croisée des Chemins.
13106:. Infobase Publishing. p. 50.
12827:
12250:
11382:
10777:
10313:. Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 69.
10189:
9536:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
9222:
8917:
8684:
8302:
7481:
6841:
6609:at Madinat al-Zahra (10th century,
5705:, Ilkhanid Iran, and possibly even
5113:Ayyubid dynasty § Architecture
4896:, late 12th or early 13th century (
4410:Greco-Roman and Sasanian influences
4297:
4181:
3855:
3566:
3344:(late 16th century, Ottoman period)
3129:in Istanbul (16th century, Ottoman)
2595:. In the early Byzantine church of
1945:
1674:, and built himself a new capital (
1471:, a more sophisticated form of the
1232:in Berlin. The decoration displays
24:
20669:Making Mathematics with Needlework
17002:Influences on Western architecture
15785:
15633:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
15070:
14833:Abdelmonem, Mohamed (2003-10-22).
14630:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001).
13103:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
12115:Architecture (VI. c. 1250–c. 1500)
11654:
10479:
9710:
9542:
8812:
8631:
8552:, database of Islamic architecture
8453:Religious and societal connections
8244:
8078:) are often embedded in the walls
7023:congregational mosque of Ahmedabad
6653:in Marrakesh (early 12th century,
5890:Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay
5855:Khanqah-Mosque of Faraj ibn Barquq
5837:Projecting entrance portal of the
5280:in Aleppo (1236), built under the
4585:(12th century) in Transoxiana and
4249:Experiments with ideal city models
2476:pattern to represent the night sky
1856:
1721:, and the northeastern regions of
1174:of these cities were built in the
256:Early history (up to 10th century)
186:. New architectural elements like
25:
20823:
20495:I quattro libri dell'architettura
17921:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
15884:
15380:A History of Ottoman Architecture
13867:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 464–483.
13345:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992).
13305:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
13243:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
13241:A History of Ottoman Architecture
13216:A History of Ottoman Architecture
12259:"Diyarbakır (Diyarbakır, Turkey)"
11783:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 368–369.
11675:Dialogic Dimension of Umayyad Art
11511:10.1163/ej.9789004176881.i-864.21
11346:Museum With No Frontiers (2000).
11321:. London: Routledge. p. 24.
10296:L'art de bâtir chez les Byzantins
10203:Moorish architecture in Andalusia
8069:(present-day Nigeria), which has
7608:) which leads to the frontcourt.
7577:which is the royal mosque of the
5378:(c. 1236 or early 13th century).
5107:Post-Seljuk Syria and Mesopotamia
4232:Transformation of conquered towns
2488:The interior of the main dome of
1971:
1713:, northern Iran was ruled by the
1170:in present-day Iraq. The central
20774:
20773:
20019:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
19703:
18319:Reception in early modern Europe
18314:Contributions to Medieval Europe
17366:
17098:
17085:
16173:
15615:(2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
15193:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
15101:
14930:
14871:
14826:
14704:
14677:
14537:
14437:
14300:
14233:. pp. 30–35. Archived from
14174:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture
14143:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture
14041:"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14033:
13988:
13896:
13856:
13725:
13530:
13488:
13363:
13321:
13257:
13232:
13207:
13060:
12972:
12959:
12898:
12557:
12393:
12331:
12205:
12196:
12187:
12178:
12169:
12084:"DOMES – Encyclopaedia Iranicam"
12076:
12066:
11965:
11697:
11685:
11666:
11648:
11633:
11615:
11577:
11565:
11546:
11527:
11494:
11469:
11404:Studies in the History of Arabia
11395:
11376:
11357:
11339:
11310:
11284:
11271:
11244:
11169:
11082:
11058:
10920:
10678:Capitals in Islamic Architecture
10667:
10616:
10575:
10538:
10499:
10343:Ceilings in Islamic Architecture
10126:
9722:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992).
9679:Architecture (V. c. 900–c. 1250)
9361:Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900)
8533:
8519:
7776:
7764:
7750:
7736:
7722:
7684:
7657:
7633:
7613:
7589:. The palace complex contains a
7454:
7435:
7413:
7394:
7382:
7367:
7347:
7325:
7307:
7292:
7273:
7253:
7234:
7214:
7186:Sat Gumbaz ("Sixty-Dome") Mosque
6802:
6787:
6767:
6747:
6735:
6712:
6696:
6681:
6662:
6643:
6618:
6598:
6339:
6317:
6302:
6286:
6270:
6255:
6239:
6224:
6206:
6190:
6170:
6154:
6134:
5950:
5935:
5920:
5901:
5881:
5862:
5846:
5830:
5814:
5796:
5777:
5758:
5606:
5590:
5574:
5558:
5542:
5522:
5495:
5475:
5459:
5439:
5288:
5270:
5251:
5236:
5216:
5196:
4814:
4792:Mausoleum of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar
4784:
4756:
4734:
4715:
4695:
4679:
4664:
4392:
4374:
4356:
3839:
3834:in Istanbul (early 17th century)
3823:
3803:
3788:
3772:
3704:
3684:
3668:
3649:
3637:
3512:
3486:
3461:
3432:
3349:
3329:
3305:
3289:
3265:
3246:
3170:
3154:
3134:
3118:
3099:
3083:
3057:
3033:
3013:
2993:
2977:
2965:
2921:taboo on figural representations
2895:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2640:
2556:
2481:
2461:
2442:
2423:
2404:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2309:
2285:
2134:common and widespread under the
1818:but completed around 1013 under
1455:Panel of stucco decoration from
1382:above the space in front of the
1096:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
980:
145:different religious affiliations
64:
53:
42:
17144:
16971:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
15525:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
15398:Giese-Vögeli, Francine (2007).
14912:Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia
13823:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 610.
12870:"Neo-Mamluk Style Beyond Egypt"
12402:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide
10480:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
10473:
10457:
10433:
10408:
10362:
10332:
10317:
10302:
10284:
10120:
10047:
9928:
9825:
9810:
9785:
9742:
9603:
9578:
9310:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999
9228:
8931:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37.
8695:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37.
8421:Connections and deeper meanings
6250:, Istanbul (early 17th century)
6125:(primary school), a library, a
6103:(guesthouse for travelers), an
5853:Interior of a mausoleum in the
5839:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Barquq
5669:
5658:
5296:Zinciriye or Sultan Isa Madrasa
5153:Zinciriye or Sultan Isa Madrasa
4987:
4426:and ancient Roman architecture.
4214:, "the two forts"), as well as
3588:was approximately, or with the
1248:(661–750) combined elements of
1070:), which was initially towards
20812:Islamic architectural elements
20730:National Museum of Mathematics
20482:Regole generali d'architettura
15862:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.558
14633:Culture and Customs of Somalia
14285:10.1088/1757-899X/890/1/012023
14227:"Muslims in China: The Mosque"
13307:. Edinburgh University Press.
11640:George, A; Marsham, A (2018).
11555:Journal of Islamic Archaeology
10468:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
9135:Architecture (III. 661–c. 750)
8713:
8444:Difficulty forming connections
8352:Contemporary Muslim architects
8145:
8035:Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso
7853:
7819:roofs and minarets resembling
7509:Islam spread gradually in the
7227:Quwwat al-Islam Mosque complex
6979:Quwwat al-Islam Mosque complex
6778:(14th century): an example of
6201:, Istanbul (late 15th century)
5823:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan
4916:) and the Mausoleum of Sultan
4775:), built in 1127 as part of a
4651:) and nearby regions, and the
3677:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
2604:Byzantine buildings, like the
2375:History of domes in South Asia
2179:Domes in Iran and Central Asia
1911:was already widespread in the
1615:and the minarets added to the
1389:
1314:in Jerusalem (built by Caliph
1301:wall of the mosque. The first
1201:
13:
1:
18887:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
17229:
16235:
16054:
15521:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999b).
15335:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001).
14711:Michell, George, ed. (1978).
14684:Michell, George, ed. (1978).
13635:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
13202:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
12155:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
12140:, pp. 734, 746, 805–806.
11922:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
11176:Goitein, Shelomo Dov (2010).
10326:Les églises de Constantinople
10311:Les églises de Constantinople
9884:. Brill Academic Publishers.
9819:The City in the Islamic World
9287:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
9076:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
8857:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
8598:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
8572:
8045:1832, with later renovations)
7972:), the former capital of the
7470:
7424:
7193:
7118:
6185:in Bursa (early 15th century)
5857:(built between 1400 and 1411)
5841:(built between 1384 and 1386)
5772:in Damascus (built 1277–1281)
5581:Entrance and minarets of the
5511:
5470:(early 13th-century Anatolia)
5341:defeat by the Mongols in 1243
5314:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
5308:Anatolian Seljuks and Beyliks
5302:(1385), built by the Artuqids
4795:
4614:
4532:
4404:
3185:(17th century, Mughal period)
2988:(11th century, Seljuk period)
2276:dome, as seen in the dome of
1861:
1491:The walls and minaret of the
1409:
1186:. These early mosques had no
240:, commercial buildings (e.g.
20255:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
18555:Arab Agricultural Revolution
18078:Mathematics and architecture
17063:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
15523:Islamic art and architecture
15469:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
15171:Architecture of Mughal India
14984:Ghasemzadeh, Behnam (2013).
13737:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
13538:"CASTLE OF ALEDUA (LLOMBAI)"
13500:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
13419:. 2017-04-27. Archived from
13073:. Leiden : E.J. Brill.
13055:Ostergren & Le Boss 2011
12670:, pp. 70, 85–87, 92–93.
11972:Hillenbrand, Robert (1995).
10933:, pg. 201. Jubilee edition.
10512:. Harvard University Press.
10453:– via Gutenberg Press.
9148:, pp. 375–377, 387–389.
8577:
7902:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
7795:Chinese Islamic architecture
7771:Sultan Alaeddin Royal Mosque
7706:-like structure as a minaret
7562:
7141:Deccani architectural styles
7108:when he was governor of the
6672:in Marrakesh (12th century,
6505:which emerged in Europe and
5958:Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque
5875:Mosque of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
5743:Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque
4846:Architecture of Central Asia
4628:), which has a square base.
3798:, Afghanistan (12th century)
3298:Mausoleum of Zumurrud Khatun
3125:Stained glass window in the
3064:Complex geometric motifs in
2585:had conquered Constantinople
1293:to mosque design, a concave
7:
15765:Williams, Caroline (2018).
15670:Pradines, Stéphane (2022).
15452:Islam: Art and Architecture
15406:]. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
15287:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
15260:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013).
15239:. Oxford University Press.
14201:Schoppert, P., Damais, S.,
13865:Islam: Art and Architecture
13303:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
12612:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12531:. Oxford University Press.
12510:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12498:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12474:. Oxford University Press.
12437:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12379:. Oxford University Press.
12326:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12305:. Oxford University Press.
12233:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12126:Hattstein & Delius 2011
12052:. Oxford University Press.
12036:Hattstein & Delius 2011
11945:Hattstein & Delius 2011
11896:Hattstein & Delius 2011
11875:. Oxford University Press.
11781:Islam: Art and Architecture
11767:Hattstein & Delius 2011
11743:Hattstein & Delius 2011
11716:Hattstein & Delius 2011
10868:"Mosque | place of worship"
10662:Hattstein & Delius 2011
10571:Architecture; X. Decoration
9589:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
9399:Hattstein & Delius 2011
8961:Hattstein & Delius 2011
8929:Islam: Art and Architecture
8693:Islam: Art and Architecture
8512:
8057:that may have its roots in
7711:
7104:in Lahore (1635), built by
6569:), such as the examples in
6231:One of the chambers of the
5892:(completed in 1474) in the
5804:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad
5770:Mausoleum of Sultan Baybars
5549:Tile decoration inside the
5139:
4224:
4210:
4196:
4186:
4170:Early Muslim garrison towns
3850:in Delhi (mid-17th century)
3743:
3734:
3715:in Delhi (mid-17th century)
3190:
2256:on top of the ribbed vault.
2152:
2022:
1913:ancient Mediterranean world
1903:. This was also called the
1322:(built by al-Walid I). The
78:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
10:
20828:
19772:Islamic geometric patterns
16431:Islamic geometric patterns
15839:10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002
15588:Nuttgens, Patrick (1997).
15176:Cambridge University Press
15130:
14171:Tjahjono, Gunawan (1998).
14140:Tjahjono, Gunawan (1998).
14128:Porter & Degeorge 2009
14068:Porter & Degeorge 2009
13936:Porter & Degeorge 2009
13924:Porter & Degeorge 2009
13891:Porter & Degeorge 2009
13787:Porter & Degeorge 2009
12138:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
11692:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
11572:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
11541:obsolete teaching opinion.
11139:. Amman. pp. 277–288.
10813:10.1177/002182869502600305
10419:. London: Reaktion Books.
10054:Schippmann, Klaus (1971).
9949:, accessed 1 February 2016
9756:. Osprey Publishing, p. 12
8985:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
8720:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
8430:Islamic geometric patterns
8149:
7899:
7875:and under the rule of the
7857:
7792:
7788:
7566:
7354:Room with fountain in the
6928:
6822:
6358:
6016:, whose works include the
5973:
5969:
5663:, with interruptions) and
5629:
5446:Hypostyle interior of the
5311:
5211:in the 11th–12th centuries
5205:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir
5145:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir
5110:
4850:Architecture of Azerbaijan
4843:
4837:
4517:Central Asian architecture
4465:
4443:
3724:
3720:
3617:707. In later mosques the
3601:
3553:
3194:
3002:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir
2899:
2704:
2700:
2372:
2171:
2091:, which were connected by
1828:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
1393:
1205:
1150:decoration at Nitil (near
1082:Prior to the start of the
266:
259:
20769:
20738:
20692:
20646:
20593:A Mathematician's Apology
20553:
20506:
20389:
20352:
20345:
20177:
20030:
19976:
19967:
19914:
19856:
19712:
19701:
19600:
19475:
19444:
19393:
19258:
18995:
18954:
18829:
18742:
18660:
18642:
18547:
18507:Geography and cartography
18475:
18413:
18327:
18279:
18221:
18213:Influences on Western art
18158:
18061:Influences on Western art
18029:
17997:
17873:
17835:
17791:
17761:
17688:
17655:
17646:
17581:
17560:
17519:
17471:
17426:
17382:
17375:
17364:
17288:
17161:
17152:
17076:
17020:
16989:
16963:
16913:
16865:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
16842:
16726:
16719:
16645:
16602:
16551:
16499:
16377:
16293:
16244:
16182:
16171:
16152:
16145:
15981:
15630:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
15594:. London: Phaidon Press.
15591:The Story of Architecture
15565:. Yale University Press.
15559:McKenzie, Judith (2007).
15314:. Yale University Press.
15293:. Yale University Press.
15218:. Yale University Press.
13417:Museum at Eldridge Street
13239:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
13214:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
12996:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1995).
12257:Huebner, Jeff W. (1995).
11291:Finster, Barbara (2009).
11128:Whitcomb, Donald (1995).
10522:– via Google Books.
10440:Xenephon (January 1998).
10415:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005).
9728:. BRILL. pp. 58–75.
9534:Marçais, Georges (1954).
9253:10.1163/22118993_02701003
8089:The "circular" mosque of
7968:(in present-day southern
7956:(13th century), built of
7665:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
7076:, in memory of his wife.
7048:. The most famous is the
6959:Indo-Islamic architecture
6931:Indo-Islamic architecture
6818:
6377:between 711 and 1492 and
6297:, Istanbul (19th century)
5928:Wikala of Sultan al-Ghuri
5888:Carved stone dome of the
5785:Complex of Sultan Qalawun
5625:
5533:in Konya (c. 1251), with
5426:southwest of Aksaray and
5389:congregational mosque in
5017:(Timur's mausoleum), the
5007:sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi
4981:, the dynasty founded by
4538:), the nearby Minaret of
4468:Great Seljuk architecture
4302:The architecture of the "
4133:Islamization of knowledge
4016:Science in medieval times
3699:, Istanbul (16th century)
3595:
3389:Indo-Islamic architecture
3320:, Granada (14th century,
3070:(mosaic tilework) at the
2986:Friday Mosque of Ardestan
2908:specific ornamental forms
2470:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
2449:The bulbous domes of the
2411:View of the main dome at
1786:In the 10th century, the
1583:in the 10th century. The
1557:, added to the mosque by
1484:played a prominent role.
35:
20705:The Bridges Organization
16981:Museum with No Frontiers
13955:, p. 14 & pp. 77–80.
13496:"Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou"
13288:Parker, Richard (1981).
12569:islamicart.museumwnf.org
11815:O'Kane, Bernard (1995).
11450:Bianca, Stefano (2001).
11090:"Minaret | architecture"
10582:Capilla, Susana (2018).
10545:Komaroff, Linda (1992).
10379:. In Oleg Grabar (ed.).
9796:. Taylor & Francis.
8325:Marrakesh Menara Airport
7640:The Grand Mosque of the
7242:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
6589:region of Algeria (e.g.
6531:regions of Morocco, the
6514:interest in the "Orient"
6451:Great Mosque of Kairouan
6109:(charitable kitchen), a
6055:, by architects such as
5980:The architecture of the
5646:Ottoman conquest of 1517
5203:Courtyard façade of the
4950:is an ensemble of three
3830:Ottoman minarets of the
3781:Great Mosque of Kairouan
3141:Terracotta arabesque of
2472:has tiles arranged in a
2167:
2113:
2063:since the classical and
1984:Persian assembly halls (
1882:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1830:(1133), notable for its
1652:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1320:Great Mosque of Damascus
1281:Great Mosque of Damascus
1041:in 622, right after his
138:to the present day. The
20567:The Grammar of Ornament
20519:Nature's Harmonic Unity
20429:De prospectiva pingendi
18652:History of construction
18636:History of architecture
17092:Architecture portal
15742:Tabbaa, Yasser (2017).
15712:Shahîd, Irfan (1995b).
15691:Shahîd, Irfan (1995a).
15429:. Boston: Brill: 1–15.
15006:(inactive 2024-04-25).
14276:2020MS&E..890a2023N
12984:Charles Scribner's Sons
12965:"Seljuk architecture",
12905:Raymond, André (1993).
12809:Sanders, Paula (2008).
11135:. In Bisheh, G. (ed.).
11094:Encyclopedia Britannica
11004:, p. xvii, 64, 72.
10872:Encyclopedia Britannica
8379:Abdulhusein M. Thariani
8192:(described below), the
7960:with a flat wooden roof
7461:The Asfi Mosque of the
7132:is an example of this.
6463:Great Mosque of Tlemcen
6455:Great Mosque of Cordoba
5988:, with influences from
5984:developed from earlier
5529:Entrance portal of the
5324:Great Mosque of Divriği
5033:, who commissioned the
4208:(which became known as
3755:system on the minaret.
3679:in Cairo (14th century)
3278:Duvazdah Imam Mausoleum
3257:quarter vault from the
3227:Duvazdah Imam Mausoleum
3177:Painted ceiling in the
2834:South Khorasan Province
2694:Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
2647:Schematic drawing of a
2549:, a masterpiece of the
2547:Great Mosque of Tlemcen
2528:Capilla de Villaviciosa
2524:Capilla de Villaviciosa
2515:Great Mosque of Córdoba
2193:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
2124:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
1962:for rest or gathering.
1923:houses (e.g. the Roman
1654:(originally founded by
1585:Great Mosque of Córdoba
1555:Great Mosque of Córdoba
1505:Great Mosque of Samarra
1493:Great Mosque of Samarra
20720:Institute For Figuring
20632:The 'Life' of a Carpet
20457:A Treatise on Painting
18647:Architectural timeline
18051:Indo-Saracenic Revival
16997:Indo-Saracenic Revival
16397:(multicoloured ashlar)
15865:(inactive 2024-04-24).
14456:Bloom & Blair 2009
14378:Bloom & Blair 2009
14340:Bloom & Blair 2009
14116:Bloom & Blair 2009
14104:Bloom & Blair 2009
14092:Bloom & Blair 2009
13983:Bloom & Blair 2009
13968:Bloom & Blair 2009
13851:Bloom & Blair 2009
13804:Bloom & Blair 2009
13775:Bloom & Blair 2009
13763:Bloom & Blair 2009
13717:Bloom & Blair 2009
13699:Bloom & Blair 2009
13681:Bloom & Blair 2009
13663:Bloom & Blair 2009
13574:Bloom & Blair 2009
13522:Bloom & Blair 2009
13391:10.1515/asia-2016-0499
13172:Bloom & Blair 2009
12930:Blair & Bloom 1995
12731:Blair & Bloom 1995
12668:Blair & Bloom 1995
12656:Blair & Bloom 1995
12111:Bloom & Blair 2009
11957:Bloom & Blair 2009
11704:Bloom & Blair 2009
11251:Kennedy, Hugh (1985).
11182:. Brill. p. 159.
10852:Bloom & Blair 2009
10772:Bloom & Blair 2009
10723:Bloom & Blair 2009
10696:Bloom & Blair 2009
10674:Bloom & Blair 2009
10650:Bloom & Blair 2009
10567:Bloom & Blair 2009
10533:Bloom & Blair 2009
10357:Blair & Bloom 1995
10339:Bloom & Blair 2009
10181:Bloom & Blair 2009
10169:Blair & Bloom 1995
10115:Blair & Bloom 1995
10091:Blair & Bloom 1995
9979:Bloom & Blair 2009
9910:Hoag, John D. (2004).
9882:Online, Second Edition
9880:Encyclopaedia of Islam
9752:David Nicolle (2009),
9690:Bloom & Blair 2009
9675:Bloom & Blair 2009
9649:Bloom & Blair 2009
9585:Kennedy, Hugh (2004).
9483:Bloom & Blair 2009
9471:Bloom & Blair 2009
9457:Stucco and plasterwork
9453:Bloom & Blair 2009
9438:Bloom & Blair 2009
9428:, pp. 24–25, 251.
9411:Bloom & Blair 2009
9357:Bloom & Blair 2009
9131:Bloom & Blair 2009
9059:Bloom & Blair 2009
8789:Bloom & Blair 2009
8747:Bloom & Blair 2009
8732:Bloom & Blair 2009
8626:Bloom & Blair 2009
8440:
8318:Urban design and Islam
8292:
8269:
8223:
8169:
8136:Great Mosque of Djenné
8094:
8046:
8013:Askia al-Hajj Muhammad
8003:
7961:
7918:
7911:Great Mosque of Djenné
7808:
7506:
7503:Great Mosque of Banten
7494:
7339:(1591), an example of
7056:in memory of his wife
6955:
6905:
6886:
6850:
6293:Entrance gates of the
6071:complexes, known as a
5735:Museum of Islamic Arts
5701:. Influences from the
5504:Çifte Minareli Medrese
5411:Çifte Minareli Medrese
5327:
5244:Hospital of Nur al-Din
5071:
4971:
4966:(left) dates from the
4912:(possibly the tomb of
4901:
4862:
4688:Great Mosque of Aleppo
4597:(south of present-day
4565:
4419:Greco-Roman tradition:
3814:(15th century) at the
3300:(before 1202, Abbasid)
3276:under the dome of the
3074:in Fez (14th century,
2820:), Dowlatabad Garden (
2782:
2730:
2568:
2510:
2126:
2048:
2027:In Islamic buildings,
1888:
1814:(founded in 990 under
1783:
1698:
1562:
1496:
1460:
1416:
1368:Church of the Kathisma
1359:
1284:
1250:Byzantine architecture
1241:
1172:congregational mosques
284:
168:early Muslim conquests
130:. It encompasses both
20601:George David Birkhoff
20575:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
20443:De divina proportione
20423:Piero della Francesca
20402:Leon Battista Alberti
19989:Piero della Francesca
19628:Hyperboloid structure
19189:America and Australia
18809:Medieval Scandinavian
18490:Alchemy and chemistry
18006:Empire of the Sultans
16734:Congregational mosque
16192:(four-arch structure)
15540:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
15377:Freely, John (2011).
15003:10.37334/eras.v4i3.86
14419:, pp. 37, 53–55.
13468:Naji, Salima (2009).
13067:Grabar, Oleg (1985).
12767:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
12755:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
12695:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
12683:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
12400:Burns, Ross (2009) .
11828:Encyclopaedia Iranica
11503:The Qurʾan in Context
11424:Wirth, Eugen (2001).
10623:Grabar, Oleg (2006).
10509:Islamic Art in Detail
10137:Encyclopaedia Iranica
10133:www.iranicaonline.org
9934:Ignacio Arce (2006):
8492:Structural intentions
8428:
8277:Museum of Islamic Art
8275:
8252:
8221:Great Mosque of Kilwa
8218:
8190:Great Mosque of Kilwa
8163:
8150:Further information:
8140:Grand Mosque of Mopti
8088:
8033:
7994:
7948:
7909:
7896:Sahel and West Africa
7840:Great Mosque of Xi'an
7805:Great Mosque of Xi'an
7802:
7575:Great Mosque of Demak
7530:. The minaret of the
7500:
7489:
7083:is also located. The
6942:
6900:
6892:Ottoman rule in Yemen
6876:
6868:Great Mosque of Sanaa
6832:
6825:Architecture of Yemen
6494:Moroccan architecture
6165:(end of 14th century)
6163:Grand Mosque of Bursa
5567:Ince Minareli Medrese
5454:(12th-13th centuries)
5357:Ince Minareli Medrese
5321:
5261:in the city walls of
5051:
4945:
4887:
4857:
4834:Iran and Central Asia
4779:congregational mosque
4659:of the 13th century.
4633:Sultanate in Anatolia
4605:(1068 and 1093) near
4556:
4466:Further information:
4382:Figure-ground diagram
4192:Roman legionary camps
3387:, which is common to
3366:Balconies and screens
3312:Muqarnas dome in the
3296:Muqarnas dome in the
2846:UNESCO World Heritage
2824:), Abbasabad Garden (
2777:
2714:
2663:Central domes of the
2564:
2508:
2121:
2043:
1869:
1770:
1745:Jameh Mosque of Na'in
1688:
1542:
1535:Early regional styles
1490:
1454:
1403:
1349:
1279:
1254:Sasanian architecture
1224:, from a palace near
1215:
1084:Arab-Muslim conquests
1053:Mosque of the Prophet
1033:in early 7th-century
277:Mosque of the Prophet
274:
262:Mosque § History
20802:Islamic architecture
20526:Frederik Macody Lund
20397:Filippo Brunelleschi
20278:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
20140:La condition humaine
19431:Critical regionalism
17969:Arab World Institute
17779:Ottoman illumination
17058:Ottoman architecture
17048:Moorish architecture
17043:Islamic architecture
17038:Iranian architecture
16461:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
16315:(or müezzin mahfili)
15975:Islamic architecture
15917:research partnership
15542:Ottoman Architecture
14740:, pp. 190, 192.
13733:"Old City of Sana'a"
13453:Encyclopédie berbère
11364:Walmsley, A (2007).
10992:, p. 23-30, 46.
10939:Stacey International
10626:The Dome of the Rock
10482:"The Persian Garden"
10464:D. Fairchild Ruggles
9912:Islamic architecture
9235:Avner, Rina (2010).
9023:, pp. 391, 402.
8473:Status and hierarchy
8374:Kamran Afshar Naderi
8364:Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil
8329:Masjid Permata Qolbu
8152:Swahili architecture
8126:, western Mali, and
8023:). In Timbuktu, the
7848:Chinese architecture
7583:Sultanate of Cirebon
7011:Indian architectural
6877:Central dome of the
6361:Moorish architecture
6310:Istanbul High School
6087:). For example, the
6037:Baroque architecture
5976:Ottoman architecture
5720:) and multi-storied
5537:and ablaq decoration
5084:Naqsh-e Jahan Square
5057:Naqsh-e Jahan Square
5021:necropolis, and the
5015:Gur-e Amir Mausoleum
4994:Timurid architecture
4975:Iranian architecture
4840:Iranian architecture
4645:Northern Mesopotomia
4603:Kharraqan Mausoleums
3944:(Islamic monotheism)
3910:Early social changes
3905:Early historiography
3691:Ottoman mihrab with
2780:political territory.
2573:Ottoman architecture
2535:Bab al-Mardum Mosque
2318:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum
2266:Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
2232:Sultaniyya Mausoleum
2220:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum
2069:Iranian architecture
1800:Fatimid architecture
1758:Tomb of the Samanids
1646:(roughly modern-day
1609:Bab al-Mardum Mosque
1589:Moorish architecture
1421:Abbasid architecture
1396:Abbasid architecture
1258:Umayyad architecture
1208:Umayyad architecture
120:architectural styles
116:Islamic architecture
31:Islamic architecture
18:Islamic Architecture
20751:Mathematical beauty
20676:Rhythm of Structure
20619:Gödel, Escher, Bach
20415:De re aedificatoria
20046:The Ancient of Days
19665:Projective geometry
19594:Mathematics and art
19370:Stripped Classicism
19345:International style
19328:Rationalist-Fascist
18977:Portuguese Colonial
18727:Pre-Islamic Persian
18400:Early social change
18299:Early social change
17095: •
17082: •
17068:Yemeni architecture
17053:Mughal architecture
17033:Berber architecture
17028:Arabic architecture
16692:Salsabil (fountain)
16426:Islamic calligraphy
15911:Aga Khan Foundation
15362:. Wiley Blackwell.
14936:Nawawi, N. (2009).
14776:, pp. 249–250.
14764:, pp. 74, 151.
14407:, pp. 306–307.
14395:, pp. 306–308.
13057:, pp. 215–216.
12895:, pp. 172–173.
12427:, pp. 225–227.
12128:, pp. 416–417.
11070:www.qantara-med.org
10839:, pp. 186–187.
10805:1995JHA....26..253K
10747:, pp. 177–178.
10601:10.3390/arts7030036
10105:, pp. 268–269.
9389:, pp. 249–251.
9336:, pp. 365–367.
9175:, pp. 295–296.
8999:, pp. 277–280.
8975:, pp. 401–403.
8809:, pp. 195–197.
8527:Architecture portal
8209:Fakhr al-Din Mosque
8166:Fakhr al-Din Mosque
8156:Somali architecture
7984:), one centered on
7931:trans-Saharan trade
7879:. Many traditional
7758:Kampung Hulu Mosque
7730:Masjid Kampung Laut
7693:Menara Kudus Mosque
7532:Menara Kudus Mosque
7030:Mughal architecture
7015:Tomb of Rukn-i Alam
6963:Indian subcontinent
6953:Mughal architecture
6935:Mughal architecture
6925:Indian subcontinent
6707:(12th-13th century)
6501:or emulated in the
6482:Christian conquests
6263:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
6248:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
6149:(late 14th century)
6045:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
6000:and other parts of
5986:Seljuk architecture
5632:Mamluk architecture
4929:Uljaytu's mausoleum
4704:Tower of Mas'ud III
4686:The minaret of the
4611:Mausoleum of Sanjar
4581:(c. 1068–1080) and
4570:Great Seljuk Empire
4501:Tower of Mas'ud III
3832:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
3783:(early 9th century)
3697:Rüstem Pasha Mosque
3314:Palace of the Lions
3179:Mahabat Khan Mosque
3143:Khania Dighi Mosque
2844:, form part of the
2838:Pahlevanpour Garden
2741:. In his dialogue "
2722:paradise garden in
2680:Kalenderhane Mosque
2625:Rüstem Pasha Mosque
2606:Kalenderhane Mosque
2566:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
2383:in 1204 CE. Unlike
2369:Domes in South Asia
2262:Seljuk architecture
2212:spherical triangles
1561:(late 10th century)
1283:(early 8th century)
1092:Mediterranean world
1057:al-Masjid an-Nabawi
954:Karagöz and Hacivat
176:Islamic calligraphy
76:Top: arches of the
32:
20756:Patterns in nature
20613:Douglas Hofstadter
20239:Desmond Paul Henry
20229:Bathsheba Grossman
20161:The Swallow's Tail
20082:Giorgio de Chirico
19954:Sydney Opera House
19809:Croatian interlace
19375:Postconstructivism
19318:Streamline Moderne
18046:Aniconism in Islam
17984:Toronto (Aga Khan)
17941:Khalili Collection
17806:Geometric patterns
17214:Bahmani and Deccan
16769:Kuttab (or maktab)
15936:2020-05-07 at the
15793:Fletcher, Banister
15115:. 10 December 2012
14231:Saudi Aramco World
13938:, p. 282-285.
13667:Yemen, Republic of
13269:www.etymonline.com
13132:, p. 177-180.
12626:, p. 240-241.
12602:, p. 235-239.
12590:, p. 234-235.
12038:, p. 360-366.
11898:, p. 363-364.
11861:, p. 153-154.
11845:2022-01-28 at the
11822:2022-05-11 at the
11806:, p. 140-144.
11769:, p. 354-359.
11757:, p. 150-152.
11745:, p. 336-337.
11718:, p. 330-331.
11673:Rabbat, N (2003).
11257:Past & Present
11241:, pp. 82, 92.
11217:, pp. 75, 80.
11205:, pp. 80, 92.
11019:, p. 187-188.
10959:Creswell, K. A. C.
10893:, p. 129-137.
10018:2015-05-03 at the
9999:2011-06-29 at the
9945:2016-02-01 at the
9759:. Bloomsbury USA.
8501:to deliver is the
8441:
8293:
8270:
8224:
8170:
8095:
8055:Hausa architecture
8047:
8004:
7962:
7919:
7809:
7579:Sultanate of Demak
7569:Indonesian mosques
7507:
7495:
6956:
6906:
6887:
6851:
6809:Central mosque of
6795:Youssef Dey Mosque
6776:Alcazar of Seville
6756:Court of the Lions
6605:Reception Hall of
6575:Ksar Ouled Soltane
6214:Süleymaniye Mosque
6083:agreement (Arabic
6018:Süleymaniye Mosque
5569:in Konya (c. 1265)
5553:in Konya (c. 1251)
5428:another Sultan Han
5328:
5246:in Damascus (1154)
5072:
5035:Gawhar Shad Mosque
5023:Bibi Khanum Mosque
4972:
4902:
4898:Khwarazmian Empire
4863:
4653:Khwarazmian Empire
4566:
4489:Persianate culture
4430:Eastern tradition:
3810:Minaret of Sultan
3659:-carved mihrab of
3358:Khanate of Bukhara
3217:(977–978) in Tim (
3215:Arab-Ata Mausoleum
3127:Süleymaniye Mosque
3072:Bou Inania Madrasa
3042:Al-Firdaws Madrasa
2731:
2621:Süleymaniye Mosque
2610:Eski Imaret Mosque
2583:When the Ottomans
2569:
2511:
2298:Palace of Ardashir
2252:a central dome or
2224:Bibi Khanum Mosque
2127:
2049:
1889:
1812:Mosque of al-Hakim
1784:
1729:were ruled by the
1699:
1563:
1497:
1461:
1417:
1406:al-Ukhaidir Palace
1360:
1285:
1242:
1194:while issuing the
389:Azerbaijani carpet
285:
30:
20789:
20788:
20642:
20641:
20606:Aesthetic Measure
20477:Sebastiano Serlio
20451:Leonardo da Vinci
20341:
20340:
20333:Margaret Wertheim
19994:Leonardo da Vinci
19560:
19559:
18602:
18601:
18570:elementary school
18188:Geometric pattern
18118:
18117:
17787:
17786:
17642:
17641:
17614:Hardstone carving
17511:Chinese influence
17362:
17361:
17348:Stucco decoration
17112:
17111:
16959:
16958:
16715:
16714:
16702:Shading Umbrellas
16486:Stucco decoration
16386:For overview, see
16201:Four-centred arch
15812:978-0-7506-2267-7
15725:978-0-88402-347-0
15704:978-0-88402-284-8
15683:978-90-04-47261-7
15643:978-0-203-20387-3
15601:978-0-7148-3615-7
15572:978-0-300-11555-0
15532:978-0-500-20305-7
15513:978-90-04-10901-8
15413:978-3-7861-2550-1
15390:978-1-84564-506-9
15341:. Boston: Brill.
15321:978-0-300-08869-4
15246:978-0-19-530991-1
15225:978-0-300-06465-0
15154:978-977-424-476-6
14880:Built Environment
14853:Built Environment
14643:978-0-313-07329-8
14585:, pp. 98–99.
14573:, pp. 96–99.
14434:, pp. 51–52.
14344:Mali, Republic of
14188:978-981-3018-30-3
14094:, Fatehpur Sikri.
14082:, pp. 33–35.
14045:Iranicaonline.org
13908:The Mughal Empire
13113:978-1-4381-1025-7
13080:978-90-04-07611-2
13009:978-90-04-10314-6
12769:, pp. 80–84.
12733:, pp. 83–84.
12721:, pp. 30–31.
12697:, pp. 73–77.
12272:978-1-884964-02-2
12088:Iranicaonline.org
12024:Hillenbrand 1999b
12010:978-90-04-09834-3
11487:978-3-89646-654-9
11462:978-3-406-48262-5
11436:978-3-8053-2709-1
11303:978-3-89646-654-9
11239:Hillenbrand 1999a
11227:Hillenbrand 1999a
11215:Hillenbrand 1999a
11203:Hillenbrand 1999a
11189:978-90-04-17931-8
11166:, pp. 79–80.
11164:Hillenbrand 1999a
11115:, pp. 59–98.
11113:Hillenbrand 1999a
10731:in Egypt and the
10636:978-0-674-02313-0
10426:978-1-86189-253-9
10269:, pp. 70–73.
10255:Giese-Vögeli 2007
10228:, pp. 69–70.
10117:, pp. 40–41.
10067:978-3-11-001879-0
10044:, pp. 66–88.
10042:Giese-Vögeli 2007
9921:978-1-904313-29-8
9735:978-90-04-09626-4
9705:Hillenbrand 1999b
9639:, pp. 31–32.
9627:, pp. 16–43.
9575:, pp. 51–81.
9401:, pp. 94–95.
9324:, pp. 25–26.
9312:, pp. 10–11.
9190:, pp. 22–24.
8628:, "Architecture".
8306:), the minarets,
8164:The 13th-century
7950:Chinguetti Mosque
7890:Lithuanian Tatars
7375:Wazir Khan Mosque
7281:Sixty Dome Mosque
7137:Deccan sultanates
7102:Wazir Khan Mosque
7087:in Delhi and the
6987:Qutb al-Din Aybak
6919:Citadel of Rada'a
6879:Ashrafiyya Mosque
6842:بَـاب ٱلْـيَـمَـن
6607:Abd ar-Rahman III
6547:(fortresses) and
6469:(Marrakesh), the
6459:Qarawiyyin Mosque
6295:Dolmabahçe Palace
6199:Bayezid II Mosque
6197:Courtyard of the
5894:Northern Cemetery
5869:Twin minarets of
5654:Al-Nasir Muhammad
5585:in Sivas (1271–2)
5482:Courtyard of the
5259:Yedi Kardeş Tower
5135:Upper Mesopotamia
5063:, Iran, built by
5043:her own mausoleum
4964:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
4910:Fakhr al-Din Razi
4859:Tarikhaneh Mosque
4479:, who ruled from
4268:Umayyad Caliphate
4167:
4166:
3919:Modern philosophy
2864:), in India; the
2788:. The gardens of
2763:Cyrus the Younger
2739:Achaemenid Empire
2468:The main dome of
2162:geometric designs
2013:Tarikhaneh Mosque
1982:Achaemenid period
1788:Fatimid Caliphate
1691:Samanid Mausoleum
1638:independent. The
1482:stucco decoration
1469:four-centred arch
1425:Abbasid Caliphate
1341:Iberian Peninsula
1246:Umayyad Caliphate
1047:(migration) from
1023:
1022:
174:of surfaces with
113:
112:
16:(Redirected from
20819:
20777:
20776:
20627:Nikos Salingaros
20350:
20349:
20318:Hiroshi Sugimoto
20268:Robert Longhurst
20214:Helaman Ferguson
20169:Crockett Johnson
20098:Circle Limit III
20067:Danseuse au café
19974:
19973:
19944:Pyramid of Khufu
19707:
19587:
19580:
19573:
19564:
19563:
19452:Deconstructivism
19211:Spanish Colonial
18972:Spanish Colonial
18872:Western Chalukya
18680:Ancient Egyptian
18629:
18622:
18615:
18606:
18605:
18477:Medieval science
18145:
18138:
18131:
18122:
18121:
17957:Majorelle Garden
17653:
17652:
17486:Hispano-Moresque
17380:
17379:
17370:
17179:Anatolian Seljuk
17159:
17158:
17139:
17132:
17125:
17116:
17115:
17105:Islam portal
17103:
17102:
17101:
17090:
17089:
16724:
16723:
16389:Islamic ornament
16268:South Asian dome
16196:Discharging arch
16177:
16150:
16149:
15994:Anatolian Seljuk
15968:
15961:
15954:
15945:
15944:
15907:creative commons
15880:
15874:
15866:
15864:
15843:
15841:
15816:
15797:Cruickshank, Dan
15780:
15761:
15738:
15729:
15708:
15687:
15666:
15647:
15626:
15605:
15584:
15555:
15536:
15517:
15496:
15476:
15465:
15446:
15417:
15394:
15373:
15352:
15331:
15329:
15328:
15304:
15283:
15256:
15254:
15253:
15229:
15208:
15189:
15164:
15162:
15161:
15124:
15123:
15121:
15120:
15105:
15099:
15096:Hillenbrand 1994
15093:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15083:
15071:Nasser, Rabbat.
15068:
15059:
15058:
15036:
15030:
15029:
15023:
15015:
15005:
14981:
14968:
14965:Hillenbrand 1994
14962:
14941:
14934:
14928:
14927:
14907:
14896:
14895:
14875:
14869:
14868:
14848:
14839:
14838:
14830:
14824:
14823:
14803:
14794:
14788:
14777:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14753:
14747:
14741:
14735:
14729:
14728:
14708:
14702:
14701:
14681:
14675:
14669:
14660:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14627:
14618:
14612:
14603:
14597:
14586:
14580:
14574:
14568:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14555:
14541:
14535:
14529:
14523:
14517:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14462:
14453:
14444:
14441:
14435:
14429:
14420:
14414:
14408:
14402:
14396:
14390:
14384:
14375:
14346:
14337:
14324:
14323:
14313:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14287:
14255:
14246:
14245:
14243:
14242:
14222:
14213:
14199:
14193:
14192:
14168:
14162:
14161:
14137:
14131:
14125:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14037:
14031:
14020:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14006:
13992:
13986:
13980:
13971:
13965:
13956:
13945:
13939:
13933:
13927:
13921:
13912:
13903:John F. Richards
13900:
13894:
13888:
13879:
13878:
13860:
13854:
13848:
13837:
13831:
13825:
13824:
13816:
13807:
13801:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13747:
13746:
13744:
13743:
13729:
13723:
13714:
13705:
13696:
13687:
13678:
13669:
13660:
13649:
13648:
13630:
13615:
13614:
13586:
13580:
13571:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13548:
13534:
13528:
13519:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13492:
13486:
13485:
13465:
13459:
13449:
13432:
13431:
13429:
13428:
13409:
13403:
13402:
13385:(4): 1307–1353.
13376:
13367:
13361:
13360:
13342:
13336:
13325:
13319:
13318:
13300:
13294:
13293:
13285:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13275:
13261:
13255:
13254:
13236:
13230:
13229:
13211:
13205:
13199:
13190:
13184:
13175:
13169:
13163:
13157:
13148:
13142:
13133:
13127:
13118:
13117:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13087:
13064:
13058:
13052:
13043:
13037:
13028:
13027:
13025:
13024:
12993:
12987:
12976:
12970:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12945:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12920:
12902:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12880:
12866:
12857:
12856:
12834:
12825:
12824:
12806:
12797:
12791:
12782:
12776:
12770:
12764:
12758:
12752:
12746:
12740:
12734:
12728:
12722:
12716:
12710:
12704:
12698:
12692:
12686:
12680:
12671:
12665:
12659:
12653:
12642:
12636:
12627:
12621:
12615:
12609:
12603:
12597:
12591:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12561:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12524:
12513:
12507:
12501:
12495:
12486:
12485:
12467:
12452:
12446:
12440:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12397:
12391:
12390:
12372:
12366:
12360:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12350:
12335:
12329:
12323:
12317:
12316:
12298:
12292:
12286:
12277:
12276:
12254:
12248:
12242:
12236:
12230:
12224:
12218:
12212:
12209:
12203:
12200:
12194:
12191:
12185:
12182:
12176:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12150:
12141:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12117:
12108:
12099:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12080:
12074:
12070:
12064:
12063:
12045:
12039:
12033:
12027:
12021:
12015:
12014:
11986:Heinrichs, W. P.
11969:
11963:
11954:
11948:
11942:
11936:
11935:
11917:
11911:
11905:
11899:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11868:
11862:
11856:
11850:
11837:
11831:
11813:
11807:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11776:
11770:
11764:
11758:
11752:
11746:
11740:
11734:
11728:
11719:
11713:
11707:
11701:
11695:
11689:
11683:
11682:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11550:
11544:
11543:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11498:
11492:
11491:
11473:
11467:
11466:
11447:
11441:
11440:
11421:
11412:
11411:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11380:
11374:
11373:
11361:
11355:
11354:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11288:
11282:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11248:
11242:
11236:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11212:
11206:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11173:
11167:
11161:
11155:
11154:
11148:
11140:
11134:
11125:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11100:
11086:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11062:
11056:
11050:
11044:
11043:, p. 73-75.
11038:
11032:
11031:, p. 73-82.
11026:
11020:
11014:
11005:
10999:
10993:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10971:(276): 134–140.
10955:
10949:
10924:
10918:
10917:, p. 29-46.
10912:
10906:
10900:
10894:
10891:Hillenbrand 1994
10888:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10878:
10864:
10858:
10849:
10840:
10834:
10825:
10824:
10788:
10775:
10769:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10742:
10736:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10702:
10693:
10680:
10671:
10665:
10659:
10653:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10620:
10614:
10613:
10603:
10579:
10573:
10564:
10553:
10552:
10542:
10536:
10530:
10524:
10523:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10477:
10471:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10412:
10406:
10405:
10399:
10391:
10389:
10378:
10366:
10360:
10354:
10345:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10288:
10282:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10198:
10187:
10178:
10172:
10166:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10051:
10045:
10039:
10028:
10010:
10004:
9991:
9985:
9976:
9965:
9959:
9950:
9932:
9926:
9925:
9907:
9894:
9893:
9870:
9859:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9843:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9789:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9769:. Archived from
9746:
9740:
9739:
9719:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9687:
9681:
9672:
9655:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9582:
9576:
9570:
9564:
9559:
9540:
9539:
9531:
9510:
9504:
9498:
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9459:
9450:
9444:
9435:
9429:
9423:
9417:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9363:
9354:
9337:
9331:
9325:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9282:
9273:
9272:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9214:
9208:
9191:
9185:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9149:
9143:
9137:
9128:
9109:
9103:
9090:
9089:
9071:
9065:
9056:
9045:
9039:
9033:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8947:
8946:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8892:
8883:
8882:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8819:
8810:
8804:
8795:
8786:
8753:
8744:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8659:
8653:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8612:
8611:
8593:
8543:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8529:
8524:
8523:
8434:Saint Petersburg
8305:
8304:
8219:Interior of the
8194:Kizimkazi Mosque
8103:Guinea Highlands
7780:
7768:
7754:
7740:
7726:
7688:
7661:
7637:
7617:
7595:Kasepuhan Palace
7482:Malay-Indonesian
7475:
7472:
7458:
7439:
7429:
7426:
7417:
7398:
7386:
7371:
7351:
7329:
7311:
7296:
7277:
7257:
7238:
7218:
7198:
7195:
7165:Bengal Sultanate
7123:
7120:
7081:Tomb of Jahangir
7036:ancestry of the
6844:
6843:
6806:
6791:
6771:
6751:
6739:
6716:
6700:
6685:
6670:Kutubiyya Mosque
6666:
6655:Almoravid period
6647:
6626:Aljaferia Palace
6622:
6602:
6581:. The island of
6467:Kutubiyya Mosque
6343:
6321:
6306:
6290:
6274:
6259:
6243:
6228:
6210:
6194:
6174:
6158:
6138:
6057:Mimar Kemaleddin
5954:
5939:
5924:
5909:Sabil of Qaytbay
5905:
5885:
5866:
5850:
5834:
5818:
5808:Citadel of Cairo
5800:
5781:
5762:
5739:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
5673:
5672: 1468–1496
5671:
5662:
5661: 1293–1341
5660:
5614:Eşrefoğlu Mosque
5610:
5597:Döner Kümbet in
5594:
5578:
5562:
5546:
5526:
5516:
5513:
5502:Interior of the
5499:
5479:
5468:Kubadabad Palace
5463:
5443:
5403:İlyas Bey Mosque
5401:(1374), and the
5376:Kubadabad Palace
5292:
5274:
5255:
5240:
5220:
5200:
5187:in Damascus and
5172:Maristan al-Nuri
5142:
5031:Sultan Shah Rukh
4991:
4990: 1370–1405
4989:
4818:
4805:(in present-day
4800:
4797:
4788:
4771:(in present-day
4760:
4738:
4725:caravanserai in
4719:
4699:
4683:
4672:Kharraqan Towers
4668:
4657:Mongol invasions
4619:
4616:
4537:
4534:
4396:
4378:
4360:
4298:Urban morphology
4227:
4213:
4199:
4189:
4183:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4104:
4097:
4095:Classical Arabic
3953:
3945:
3860:
3859:
3856:Towns and cities
3843:
3827:
3807:
3792:
3776:
3746:
3739:
3708:
3688:
3672:
3653:
3641:
3569:
3568:
3516:
3490:
3465:
3436:
3353:
3333:
3309:
3293:
3269:
3250:
3174:
3158:
3147:Bengal Sultanate
3138:
3122:
3103:
3087:
3061:
3037:
3026:Anatolian Seljuk
3017:
2997:
2981:
2969:
2914:, and elaborate
2902:Islamic ornament
2866:Shalimar Gardens
2757:'s visit to the
2716:Shalamar Gardens
2690:
2675:
2660:
2644:
2485:
2465:
2446:
2427:
2408:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2316:The dome of the
2313:
2289:
2155:
2057:Diaphragm arches
1947:
1909:courtyard houses
1876:(courtyard) and
1680:Ibn Tulun Mosque
1658:in 670) and the
1605:Madinat al-Zahra
1509:Abu Dulaf Mosque
1431:architecture in
1414:
1411:
1404:Interior of the
1352:Dome of the Rock
1312:Dome of the Rock
1130:(in present-day
1090:and the eastern
1015:
1008:
1001:
987:Islam portal
985:
984:
983:
287:
286:
248:), and military
220:(public baths),
198:multifoil arches
184:geometric motifs
136:history of Islam
126:associated with
68:
57:
46:
33:
29:
21:
20827:
20826:
20822:
20821:
20820:
20818:
20817:
20816:
20792:
20791:
20790:
20785:
20765:
20761:Sacred geometry
20734:
20700:Ars Mathematica
20688:
20638:
20549:
20502:
20489:Andrea Palladio
20385:
20378:De architectura
20337:
20293:Antoine Pevsner
20273:Jeanette McLeod
20224:Susan Goldstine
20173:
20032:
20026:
19963:
19949:Sagrada Família
19910:
19852:
19720:Algorithmic art
19708:
19699:
19695:Wallpaper group
19633:Minimal surface
19596:
19591:
19561:
19556:
19471:
19440:
19389:
19323:Totalitarianism
19313:New Objectivity
19254:
19107:Serbo-Byzantine
19102:Russo-Byzantine
18991:
18950:
18825:
18802:Islamic Persian
18738:
18656:
18638:
18633:
18603:
18598:
18543:
18471:
18460:Early sociology
18409:
18373:decision-making
18323:
18304:Early conquests
18275:
18217:
18154:
18152:Islamic studies
18149:
18119:
18114:
18083:Moorish Revival
18031:
18025:
17993:
17910:Calligraphy Art
17876:
17869:
17831:
17783:
17757:
17684:
17648:
17638:
17604:Enamelled glass
17577:
17556:
17515:
17467:
17422:
17383:Regional styles
17371:
17358:
17284:
17255:Sudano-Sahelian
17162:Regional styles
17148:
17143:
17113:
17108:
17099:
17097:
17084:
17072:
17016:
17007:Moorish Revival
16985:
16955:
16921:Albarrana tower
16909:
16838:
16825:in modern Iran)
16739:Dar al-Muwaqqit
16711:
16662:(fountain type)
16647:
16641:
16604:
16598:
16589:Reflecting pool
16584:Persian gardens
16579:Paradise garden
16547:
16524:(entrance hall)
16495:
16451:Nagash painting
16373:
16295:
16289:
16240:
16211:Lambrequin arch
16178:
16169:
16141:
16112:Sudano-Sahelian
15977:
15972:
15938:Wayback Machine
15887:
15868:
15867:
15813:
15788:
15786:Further reading
15783:
15777:
15758:
15726:
15705:
15684:
15663:
15644:
15623:
15602:
15573:
15552:
15533:
15514:
15485:
15462:
15454:. h.f.ullmann.
15435:10.2307/1523262
15414:
15391:
15370:
15349:
15326:
15324:
15322:
15301:
15272:
15251:
15249:
15247:
15226:
15205:
15186:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15133:
15128:
15127:
15118:
15116:
15107:
15106:
15102:
15094:
15090:
15081:
15079:
15069:
15062:
15051:
15037:
15033:
15017:
15016:
14982:
14971:
14963:
14944:
14935:
14931:
14908:
14899:
14876:
14872:
14849:
14842:
14831:
14827:
14808:Islamic Studies
14804:
14797:
14789:
14780:
14772:
14768:
14760:
14756:
14748:
14744:
14736:
14732:
14725:
14709:
14705:
14698:
14682:
14678:
14670:
14663:
14655:
14651:
14644:
14628:
14621:
14613:
14606:
14598:
14589:
14581:
14577:
14569:
14562:
14553:
14551:
14549:www.archnet.org
14543:
14542:
14538:
14530:
14526:
14518:
14501:
14493:
14489:
14481:
14477:
14469:
14465:
14454:
14447:
14442:
14438:
14430:
14423:
14415:
14411:
14403:
14399:
14391:
14387:
14376:
14349:
14338:
14327:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14256:
14249:
14240:
14238:
14223:
14216:
14200:
14196:
14189:
14169:
14165:
14158:
14138:
14134:
14126:
14122:
14114:
14110:
14102:
14098:
14090:
14086:
14078:
14074:
14066:
14059:
14049:
14047:
14039:
14038:
14034:
14021:
14014:
14004:
14002:
13994:
13993:
13989:
13981:
13974:
13966:
13959:
13946:
13942:
13934:
13930:
13922:
13915:
13901:
13897:
13889:
13882:
13875:
13861:
13857:
13849:
13840:
13836:, pp. 1–2.
13832:
13828:
13817:
13810:
13802:
13793:
13785:
13781:
13773:
13769:
13765:, Architecture.
13761:
13750:
13741:
13739:
13731:
13730:
13726:
13715:
13708:
13697:
13690:
13679:
13672:
13661:
13652:
13645:
13631:
13618:
13603:10.2307/1523140
13587:
13583:
13572:
13555:
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13535:
13531:
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13513:
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13364:
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13315:
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13282:
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13065:
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13038:
13031:
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12977:
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12899:
12891:
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12868:
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12785:
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12482:
12468:
12455:
12447:
12443:
12435:
12431:
12423:
12419:
12412:
12404:. I.B. Tauris.
12398:
12394:
12387:
12373:
12369:
12361:
12357:
12348:
12346:
12337:
12336:
12332:
12324:
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12081:
12077:
12071:
12067:
12060:
12046:
12042:
12034:
12030:
12022:
12018:
12011:
11978:Bosworth, C. E.
11970:
11966:
11955:
11951:
11943:
11939:
11932:
11918:
11914:
11906:
11902:
11894:
11890:
11883:
11869:
11865:
11857:
11853:
11847:Wayback Machine
11838:
11834:
11824:Wayback Machine
11814:
11810:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11777:
11773:
11765:
11761:
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11741:
11737:
11729:
11722:
11714:
11710:
11702:
11698:
11690:
11686:
11671:
11667:
11655:Akkach, Samer.
11653:
11649:
11638:
11634:
11620:
11616:
11598:10.2307/1523172
11582:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11551:
11547:
11536:Heidelberg, IWH
11532:
11528:
11521:
11499:
11495:
11488:
11474:
11470:
11463:
11448:
11444:
11437:
11422:
11415:
11400:
11396:
11381:
11377:
11371:Syria-Palestine
11362:
11358:
11344:
11340:
11329:
11315:
11311:
11304:
11289:
11285:
11276:
11272:
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11119:
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11063:
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11023:
11015:
11008:
11000:
10996:
10988:
10984:
10956:
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10925:
10921:
10913:
10909:
10901:
10897:
10889:
10885:
10876:
10874:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10850:
10843:
10835:
10828:
10789:
10778:
10770:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10743:
10739:
10721:
10717:
10709:
10705:
10694:
10683:
10672:
10668:
10660:
10656:
10648:
10644:
10637:
10621:
10617:
10580:
10576:
10565:
10556:
10543:
10539:
10531:
10527:
10520:
10504:
10500:
10490:
10488:
10478:
10474:
10462:
10458:
10448:
10446:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10413:
10409:
10393:
10392:
10387:
10376:
10367:
10363:
10355:
10348:
10337:
10333:
10322:
10318:
10307:
10303:
10292:Choisy, Auguste
10289:
10285:
10277:
10273:
10265:
10261:
10253:
10244:
10236:
10232:
10224:
10220:
10213:
10199:
10190:
10179:
10175:
10167:
10163:
10155:
10151:
10141:
10139:
10125:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10089:
10082:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10052:
10048:
10040:
10031:
10020:Wayback Machine
10011:
10007:
10001:Wayback Machine
9992:
9988:
9977:
9968:
9960:
9953:
9947:Wayback Machine
9933:
9929:
9922:
9908:
9897:
9871:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9841:
9839:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9815:
9811:
9804:
9790:
9786:
9776:
9774:
9767:
9747:
9743:
9736:
9720:
9711:
9703:
9699:
9688:
9684:
9673:
9658:
9647:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9623:
9619:
9608:
9604:
9597:
9583:
9579:
9571:
9567:
9560:
9543:
9532:
9513:
9505:
9501:
9493:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9469:
9462:
9451:
9447:
9436:
9432:
9424:
9420:
9409:
9405:
9397:
9393:
9385:
9381:
9373:
9366:
9355:
9340:
9332:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9297:
9283:
9276:
9233:
9229:
9221:
9217:
9209:
9194:
9186:
9179:
9171:
9167:
9159:
9152:
9144:
9140:
9129:
9112:
9104:
9093:
9086:
9072:
9068:
9057:
9048:
9044:, pp. 4–5.
9040:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9019:
9015:
9007:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8983:
8979:
8971:
8967:
8959:
8950:
8939:
8925:
8918:
8907:
8893:
8886:
8867:
8853:
8846:
8836:
8820:
8813:
8805:
8798:
8787:
8756:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8703:
8689:
8685:
8674:
8660:
8656:
8648:
8644:
8636:
8632:
8624:
8615:
8608:
8594:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8539:
8534:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8515:
8494:
8475:
8455:
8446:
8423:
8418:
8404:Nayyar Ali Dada
8354:
8345:
8320:
8247:
8245:In modern times
8175:sundried bricks
8158:
8148:
8101:region, in the
7904:
7898:
7862:
7856:
7813:Chinese temples
7797:
7791:
7784:
7781:
7772:
7769:
7760:
7755:
7746:
7741:
7732:
7727:
7714:
7707:
7689:
7680:
7662:
7653:
7638:
7629:
7618:
7571:
7565:
7501:Minaret of the
7484:
7477:
7473:
7459:
7450:
7443:Bibi Ka Maqbara
7440:
7431:
7427:
7421:Badshahi Mosque
7418:
7409:
7399:
7390:
7387:
7378:
7372:
7363:
7352:
7343:
7330:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7297:
7288:
7278:
7269:
7258:
7249:
7239:
7230:
7219:
7196:
7121:
7066:Bibi Ka Maqbara
7046:Tomb of Humayun
7007:Tughluq dynasty
6975:Delhi Sultanate
6937:
6929:Main articles:
6927:
6827:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6772:
6763:
6752:
6743:
6740:
6731:
6726:(13th century,
6717:
6708:
6703:Alèdua castle,
6701:
6692:
6686:
6677:
6667:
6658:
6651:Almoravid Qubba
6648:
6639:
6632:(11th century,
6623:
6614:
6611:caliphal period
6603:
6509:as part of the
6480:Even after the
6363:
6357:
6350:
6344:
6335:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6275:
6266:
6260:
6251:
6244:
6235:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6195:
6186:
6175:
6166:
6159:
6150:
6139:
6026:Selimiye Mosque
5978:
5972:
5965:
5955:
5946:
5940:
5931:
5925:
5916:
5906:
5897:
5886:
5877:
5867:
5858:
5851:
5842:
5835:
5826:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5792:
5782:
5773:
5763:
5668:
5657:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5611:
5602:
5595:
5586:
5579:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5551:Karatay Madrasa
5547:
5538:
5531:Karatay Madrasa
5527:
5518:
5514:
5500:
5491:
5480:
5471:
5464:
5455:
5448:Alâeddin Mosque
5444:
5383:Alaeddin Mosque
5372:Karatay Medrese
5316:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5284:
5278:Firdaws Madrasa
5275:
5266:
5256:
5247:
5241:
5232:
5223:Minaret of the
5221:
5212:
5201:
5189:Firdaws Madrasa
5185:Adiliya Madrasa
5177:Ayyubid dynasty
5165:Battle of Mosul
5115:
5109:
5093:Ali Reza Abbasi
5076:Safavid dynasty
5009:in present-day
4986:
4970:(15th century).
4937:the 3rd largest
4931:(1302–1312) in
4852:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4819:
4810:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4761:
4752:
4739:
4730:
4720:
4711:
4700:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4669:
4617:
4535:
4483:in present-day
4470:
4464:
4459:
4446:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4308:town privileges
4300:
4251:
4234:
4172:
4163:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4053:
4047:
4000:
3951:
3943:
3936:
3897:
3873:Islamic studies
3858:
3851:
3846:Minaret at the
3844:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3816:al-Azhar Mosque
3808:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3779:Minaret of the
3777:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3689:
3680:
3673:
3664:
3654:
3645:
3642:
3606:
3600:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3537:
3526:Mehrangarh Fort
3517:
3508:
3491:
3482:
3466:
3457:
3446:Bayt al-Suhaymi
3437:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3338:Selimiye Mosque
3334:
3325:
3310:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3270:
3261:
3251:
3229:(1037–1038) in
3199:
3193:
3186:
3175:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3062:
3053:
3048:(13th century,
3038:
3029:
3018:
3009:
3004:(12th century,
2998:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2970:
2904:
2898:
2830:Akbarieh Garden
2767:Paradise garden
2709:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2629:Selimiye Mosque
2559:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2451:Badshahi Mosque
2447:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2409:
2393:Tomb of Humayun
2381:Delhi sultanate
2377:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2290:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2122:An iwan in the
2116:
2038:
2025:
1974:
1864:
1859:
1857:Characteristics
1804:al-Azhar Mosque
1668:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1567:Umayyad dynasty
1537:
1511:at Samarra had
1457:Abbasid Samarra
1412:
1398:
1392:
1262:classical Roman
1230:Pergamon Museum
1210:
1204:
1100:Sasanian Empire
1019:
981:
979:
351:Sudano-Sahelian
300:Islamic culture
269:
264:
258:
224:hospices (e.g.
109:
98:Selimiye Mosque
84:); centre: the
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
58:
49:
48:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20825:
20815:
20814:
20809:
20804:
20787:
20786:
20784:
20783:
20770:
20767:
20766:
20764:
20763:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20742:
20740:
20736:
20735:
20733:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20707:
20702:
20696:
20694:
20690:
20689:
20687:
20686:
20679:
20672:
20665:
20658:
20650:
20648:
20644:
20643:
20640:
20639:
20637:
20636:
20635:
20634:
20624:
20623:
20622:
20610:
20609:
20608:
20598:
20597:
20596:
20584:
20583:
20582:
20572:
20571:
20570:
20557:
20555:
20551:
20550:
20548:
20547:
20546:
20545:
20543:The Greek Vase
20535:
20534:
20533:
20523:
20522:
20521:
20510:
20508:
20504:
20503:
20501:
20500:
20499:
20498:
20486:
20485:
20484:
20474:
20473:
20472:
20465:Albrecht Dürer
20462:
20461:
20460:
20448:
20447:
20446:
20434:
20433:
20432:
20420:
20419:
20418:
20411:
20399:
20393:
20391:
20387:
20386:
20384:
20383:
20382:
20381:
20369:
20368:
20367:
20356:
20354:
20347:
20343:
20342:
20339:
20338:
20336:
20335:
20330:
20328:Roman Verostko
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20303:Alba Rojo Cama
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20265:
20260:
20259:
20258:
20249:Charles Jencks
20246:
20241:
20236:
20234:George W. Hart
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20206:
20201:
20196:
20187:
20181:
20179:
20175:
20174:
20172:
20171:
20166:
20165:
20164:
20157:
20145:
20144:
20143:
20131:
20130:
20129:
20122:
20115:
20108:
20101:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20078:
20077:
20070:
20061:Jean Metzinger
20058:
20057:
20056:
20049:
20036:
20034:
20028:
20027:
20025:
20024:
20023:
20022:
20010:
20008:Albrecht Dürer
20005:
20004:
20003:
19991:
19986:
19980:
19978:
19971:
19965:
19964:
19962:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19920:
19918:
19912:
19911:
19909:
19908:
19901:
19894:
19887:
19880:
19873:
19866:
19860:
19858:
19854:
19853:
19851:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19834:
19833:
19823:
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18294:Historiography
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17599:Damascus steel
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17021:Category pages
17018:
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16895:Medina quarter
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16694:
16689:
16683:
16681:Riwaq (arcade)
16678:
16673:
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16651:
16649:
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16569:Islamic garden
16566:
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16216:Multifoil arch
16213:
16208:
16206:Horseshoe arch
16203:
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15928:
15923:
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15900:
15894:
15886:
15885:External links
15883:
15882:
15881:
15844:
15832:(2): 243–251.
15817:
15811:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15781:
15776:978-9774168550
15775:
15762:
15756:
15739:
15730:
15724:
15709:
15703:
15688:
15682:
15667:
15661:
15655:. Flammarion.
15648:
15642:
15627:
15621:
15606:
15600:
15585:
15571:
15556:
15550:
15537:
15531:
15518:
15512:
15497:
15484:978-0231101325
15483:
15466:
15460:
15447:
15418:
15412:
15395:
15389:
15374:
15368:
15353:
15347:
15332:
15320:
15305:
15299:
15284:
15271:978-0748637256
15270:
15257:
15245:
15230:
15224:
15209:
15203:
15190:
15184:
15165:
15153:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15126:
15125:
15100:
15088:
15060:
15049:
15031:
14969:
14942:
14929:
14918:(1): 197–214.
14897:
14870:
14859:(2): 138–150.
14840:
14825:
14814:(4): 483–510.
14795:
14778:
14766:
14754:
14752:, p. 151.
14742:
14730:
14723:
14703:
14696:
14676:
14674:, p. 192.
14661:
14659:, p. 227.
14649:
14642:
14619:
14604:
14587:
14575:
14560:
14536:
14524:
14522:, p. 308.
14499:
14487:
14485:, p. 307.
14475:
14463:
14445:
14436:
14421:
14409:
14397:
14385:
14347:
14325:
14299:
14247:
14214:
14194:
14187:
14163:
14156:
14132:
14130:, p. 285.
14120:
14108:
14096:
14084:
14072:
14070:, p. 120.
14057:
14032:
14012:
13996:"Architecture"
13987:
13985:, ῾Adil Shahi.
13972:
13957:
13940:
13928:
13926:, p. 250.
13913:
13895:
13893:, p. 277.
13880:
13873:
13855:
13838:
13826:
13808:
13791:
13779:
13767:
13748:
13724:
13706:
13688:
13670:
13650:
13643:
13616:
13581:
13553:
13529:
13511:
13487:
13480:
13460:
13433:
13404:
13362:
13355:
13337:
13320:
13313:
13295:
13280:
13256:
13249:
13231:
13224:
13206:
13191:
13176:
13164:
13162:, p. 393.
13149:
13147:, p. 355.
13134:
13119:
13112:
13092:
13079:
13059:
13044:
13029:
13008:
12988:
12971:
12958:
12956:, p. 230.
12946:
12934:
12922:
12915:
12897:
12885:
12858:
12851:
12826:
12819:
12798:
12783:
12771:
12759:
12747:
12735:
12723:
12711:
12699:
12687:
12672:
12660:
12643:
12628:
12616:
12614:, p. 373.
12604:
12592:
12580:
12556:
12554:, p. 241.
12544:
12537:
12514:
12512:, p. 370.
12502:
12500:, p. 371.
12487:
12480:
12453:
12451:, p. 234.
12441:
12439:, p. 192.
12429:
12417:
12410:
12392:
12385:
12367:
12365:, p. 227.
12355:
12330:
12328:, p. 381.
12318:
12311:
12293:
12291:, p. 218.
12278:
12271:
12249:
12237:
12235:, p. 380.
12225:
12223:, p. 217.
12213:
12204:
12195:
12186:
12177:
12168:
12142:
12130:
12118:
12100:
12075:
12065:
12058:
12040:
12028:
12026:, p. 109.
12016:
12009:
11982:van Donzel, E.
11964:
11949:
11947:, p. 110.
11937:
11930:
11912:
11910:, p. 146.
11900:
11888:
11881:
11863:
11851:
11832:
11808:
11796:
11789:
11771:
11759:
11747:
11735:
11733:, p. 134.
11720:
11708:
11696:
11684:
11665:
11647:
11632:
11614:
11576:
11564:
11545:
11526:
11519:
11493:
11486:
11468:
11461:
11442:
11435:
11413:
11394:
11375:
11356:
11338:
11327:
11309:
11302:
11283:
11270:
11243:
11231:
11219:
11207:
11195:
11188:
11168:
11156:
11117:
11105:
11081:
11057:
11045:
11033:
11021:
11006:
10994:
10982:
10950:
10919:
10907:
10895:
10883:
10859:
10841:
10826:
10799:(3): 253–274.
10776:
10761:
10759:, p. 131.
10749:
10737:
10715:
10713:, p. 312.
10703:
10681:
10666:
10654:
10652:, "Jerusalem".
10642:
10635:
10615:
10574:
10554:
10537:
10525:
10518:
10498:
10486:Whc.unesco.org
10472:
10456:
10432:
10425:
10407:
10390:on 2004-06-24.
10361:
10346:
10331:
10316:
10301:
10283:
10271:
10259:
10242:
10230:
10218:
10211:
10188:
10173:
10171:, p. 270.
10161:
10159:, p. 157.
10149:
10119:
10107:
10095:
10080:
10066:
10046:
10029:
10024:Britannica.com
10005:
9986:
9966:
9964:, p. 130.
9951:
9927:
9920:
9895:
9860:
9858:, p. 247.
9848:
9824:
9821:. Vol. 2.
9809:
9802:
9784:
9765:
9741:
9734:
9709:
9707:, p. 100.
9697:
9682:
9656:
9641:
9629:
9617:
9602:
9595:
9577:
9565:
9541:
9511:
9499:
9497:, p. 187.
9487:
9475:
9460:
9445:
9430:
9418:
9403:
9391:
9379:
9364:
9338:
9326:
9314:
9302:
9295:
9274:
9227:
9215:
9192:
9177:
9165:
9163:, p. 296.
9150:
9138:
9110:
9108:, p. 295.
9091:
9084:
9066:
9046:
9034:
9025:
9013:
9011:, p. 334.
9001:
8989:
8977:
8965:
8948:
8937:
8916:
8905:
8884:
8865:
8844:
8834:
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8754:
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8613:
8606:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8556:Gozo Farmhouse
8553:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8530:
8514:
8511:
8493:
8490:
8474:
8471:
8454:
8451:
8445:
8442:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8409:Habib Fida Ali
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8384:Muzharul Islam
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8319:
8316:
8308:four-iwan plan
8246:
8243:
8147:
8144:
8025:Sankoré Mosque
7996:Sankore Mosque
7900:Main article:
7897:
7894:
7877:Russian Empire
7858:Main article:
7855:
7852:
7817:Buddhist-style
7815:, with flared
7793:Main article:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7782:
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7756:
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7709:
7708:
7690:
7683:
7681:
7677:Dutch Colonial
7663:
7656:
7654:
7639:
7632:
7630:
7619:
7612:
7567:Main article:
7564:
7561:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7460:
7453:
7451:
7441:
7434:
7432:
7419:
7412:
7410:
7400:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7366:
7364:
7362:built by Akbar
7356:Muthamman Burj
7353:
7346:
7344:
7331:
7324:
7322:
7315:Fatehpur Sikri
7313:
7306:
7304:
7300:Humayun's Tomb
7298:
7291:
7289:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7259:
7252:
7250:
7240:
7233:
7231:
7220:
7213:
7093:Fatehpur Sikri
7038:Mughal dynasty
6926:
6923:
6823:Main article:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6784:
6773:
6766:
6764:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6718:
6711:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6680:
6678:
6674:Almohad period
6668:
6661:
6659:
6649:
6642:
6640:
6624:
6617:
6615:
6604:
6597:
6529:Atlas Mountain
6523:architecture.
6461:(in Fes), the
6407:"Moorish" arch
6359:Main article:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6338:
6336:
6323:
6316:
6314:
6312:(19th century)
6308:
6301:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6254:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6233:Topkapı Palace
6230:
6223:
6221:
6212:
6205:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6140:
6133:
6115:(hospital), a
6041:Western Europe
5982:Ottoman Empire
5974:Main article:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5887:
5880:
5878:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5764:
5757:
5737:in Cairo, the
5650:historic Cairo
5630:Main article:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5605:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5539:
5528:
5521:
5519:
5501:
5494:
5492:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5445:
5438:
5395:Isa Bey Mosque
5322:Portal of the
5312:Main article:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5225:al-Nuri Mosque
5222:
5215:
5213:
5202:
5195:
5161:al-Nuri Mosque
5108:
5105:
5069:Safavid period
5029:, the wife of
4999:his successors
4968:Timurid period
4838:Main article:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4824:Mausoleums in
4820:
4813:
4811:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4765:Kalyan Minaret
4762:
4755:
4753:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4723:Ribat-i Sharaf
4721:
4714:
4712:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4663:
4647:(known as the
4583:Ribat-i Sharaf
4575:four-iwan plan
4529:Kalyan Minaret
4505:Minaret of Jam
4487:and adopted a
4473:Turkic peoples
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4445:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4371:
4364:Medina quarter
4362:
4355:
4299:
4296:
4250:
4247:
4233:
4230:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3932:Concept of God
3929:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3820:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3796:Minaret of Jam
3794:
3787:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3725:Main article:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3711:Mihrab of the
3710:
3703:
3701:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3675:Mihrab of the
3674:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3636:
3602:Main article:
3599:
3594:
3554:Main article:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3470:Hünkâr Mahfili
3467:
3460:
3458:
3438:
3431:
3414:hünkâr mahfili
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3259:Topkapı Scroll
3252:
3245:
3223:Gunbad-i Qabus
3195:Main article:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3111:Topkapı Palace
3109:decoration at
3105:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2933:oneness of God
2900:Main article:
2897:
2894:
2858:Humayun's Tomb
2814:Shazdeh Garden
2707:Islamic garden
2705:Main article:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2558:
2555:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2413:Humayun's Tomb
2410:
2403:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2359:Upper dome of
2358:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2284:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2198:The system of
2180:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2141:four-iwan plan
2115:
2112:
2037:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2002:Trajan's Forum
1973:
1972:Hypostyle hall
1970:
1969:
1968:
1935:
1934:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1839:Badr al-Jamali
1782:(11th century)
1780:Badr al-Jamali
1764:(before 943).
1754:Gunbad-i-Qabus
1660:Zaytuna Mosque
1536:
1533:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1333:horseshoe arch
1324:Al-Aqsa Mosque
1222:Mshatta Facade
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1196:call to prayer
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
974:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
938:
937:
931:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
825:
824:
818:
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
667:
666:
660:
659:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
594:
593:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
491:
490:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
474:Turkish carpet
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
449:Persian carpet
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Arabian carpet
378:
377:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
310:
309:
303:
302:
296:
295:
268:
265:
257:
254:
250:fortifications
118:comprises the
111:
110:
75:
63:
62:
61:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20824:
20813:
20810:
20808:
20805:
20803:
20800:
20799:
20797:
20782:
20781:
20772:
20771:
20768:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20746:Droste effect
20744:
20743:
20741:
20737:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20725:Mathemalchemy
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20711:
20708:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20697:
20695:
20693:Organizations
20691:
20685:
20684:
20680:
20678:
20677:
20673:
20671:
20670:
20666:
20664:
20663:
20662:Lumen Naturae
20659:
20657:
20656:
20652:
20651:
20649:
20645:
20633:
20630:
20629:
20628:
20625:
20621:
20620:
20616:
20615:
20614:
20611:
20607:
20604:
20603:
20602:
20599:
20595:
20594:
20590:
20589:
20588:
20585:
20581:
20578:
20577:
20576:
20573:
20569:
20568:
20564:
20563:
20562:
20559:
20558:
20556:
20552:
20544:
20541:
20540:
20539:
20536:
20532:
20529:
20528:
20527:
20524:
20520:
20517:
20516:
20515:
20514:Samuel Colman
20512:
20511:
20509:
20505:
20497:
20496:
20492:
20491:
20490:
20487:
20483:
20480:
20479:
20478:
20475:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20459:
20458:
20454:
20453:
20452:
20449:
20445:
20444:
20440:
20439:
20438:
20435:
20431:
20430:
20426:
20425:
20424:
20421:
20417:
20416:
20412:
20410:
20409:
20405:
20404:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20394:
20392:
20388:
20380:
20379:
20375:
20374:
20373:
20370:
20366:
20363:
20362:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20355:
20351:
20348:
20344:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20323:Daina Taimiņa
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20308:Reza Sarhangi
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20264:
20261:
20257:
20256:
20252:
20251:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20240:
20237:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20219:Peter Forakis
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20182:
20180:
20176:
20170:
20167:
20163:
20162:
20158:
20156:
20155:
20151:
20150:
20149:
20148:Salvador Dalí
20146:
20142:
20141:
20137:
20136:
20135:
20134:René Magritte
20132:
20128:
20127:
20123:
20121:
20120:
20116:
20114:
20113:
20109:
20107:
20106:
20105:Print Gallery
20102:
20100:
20099:
20095:
20094:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20076:
20075:
20074:L'Oiseau bleu
20071:
20069:
20068:
20064:
20063:
20062:
20059:
20055:
20054:
20050:
20048:
20047:
20043:
20042:
20041:
20040:William Blake
20038:
20037:
20035:
20029:
20021:
20020:
20016:
20015:
20014:
20011:
20009:
20006:
20002:
20001:
20000:Vitruvian Man
19997:
19996:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19984:Paolo Uccello
19982:
19981:
19979:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19966:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19921:
19919:
19917:
19913:
19907:
19906:
19905:Pi in the Sky
19902:
19900:
19899:
19895:
19893:
19892:
19888:
19886:
19885:
19881:
19879:
19878:
19877:Mathemalchemy
19874:
19872:
19871:
19867:
19865:
19862:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19832:
19829:
19828:
19827:
19824:
19822:
19819:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19801:
19800:
19797:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19774:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19746:
19745:Vastu shastra
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19735:Geodesic dome
19733:
19732:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19717:
19715:
19711:
19706:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19670:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19660:Plastic ratio
19658:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19648:Camera lucida
19646:
19645:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19605:
19603:
19599:
19595:
19588:
19583:
19581:
19576:
19574:
19569:
19568:
19565:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19538:
19535:
19533:
19530:
19526:
19523:
19522:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19513:
19511:
19508:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19495:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19480:
19478:
19474:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19462:New Classical
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19449:
19447:
19443:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19407:
19406:Structuralism
19404:
19402:
19399:
19398:
19396:
19392:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19350:Functionalism
19348:
19346:
19343:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19325:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19287:
19286:Expressionism
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19263:
19261:
19257:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19238:Liberty style
19236:
19234:
19231:
19230:
19229:
19226:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19182:
19181:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19171:Neo-Manueline
19169:
19167:
19164:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19146:
19145:
19144:Monumentalism
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19134:Mediterranean
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19099:
19098:
19095:
19094:
19093:
19090:
19086:
19083:
19082:
19081:
19078:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19005:
19004:
19001:
19000:
18998:
18994:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18959:
18957:
18953:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18925:
18922:
18921:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18914:Romano-Gothic
18912:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18879:
18877:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18857:
18853:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18840:
18839:
18838:
18835:
18834:
18832:
18828:
18820:
18817:
18816:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18779:
18778:
18775:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18762:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18749:
18747:
18745:
18741:
18733:
18730:
18729:
18728:
18725:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18715:Ancient Roman
18713:
18711:
18710:Ancient Greek
18708:
18707:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18685:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18663:
18659:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18641:
18637:
18630:
18625:
18623:
18618:
18616:
18611:
18610:
18607:
18593:
18590:
18588:
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18583:
18580:
18579:
18578:
18575:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18562:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18552:
18550:
18546:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18528:
18527:ophthalmology
18525:
18524:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18501:
18498:
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18488:
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18480:
18478:
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18463:
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18443:
18439:
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18412:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
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18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18365:
18364:
18363:Jurisprudence
18361:
18359:
18356:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18343:
18342:
18339:
18338:
18336:
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18330:
18326:
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18317:
18315:
18312:
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18278:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
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18254:
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18214:
18211:
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18127:
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18099:
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18076:
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18067:
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18057:
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18052:
18049:
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18044:
18042:
18041:
18037:
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18034:
18028:
18022:
18021:
18017:
18015:
18014:
18010:
18008:
18007:
18003:
18002:
18000:
17996:
17990:
17987:
17985:
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17980:
17977:
17974:
17970:
17966:
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17961:
17958:
17954:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17922:
17918:
17914:
17911:
17907:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17882:
17880:
17878:
17872:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17842:
17840:
17838:
17834:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17816:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17798:
17796:
17794:
17790:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17766:
17764:
17760:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
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17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17695:
17693:
17691:
17687:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17660:
17658:
17654:
17651:
17645:
17633:
17630:
17629:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17620:
17619:Ivory carving
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
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17584:
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17574:
17571:
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17566:
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17559:
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17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
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17524:
17522:
17518:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17474:
17470:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17447:
17444:
17443:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17433:
17431:
17429:
17425:
17418:
17414:
17411:
17408:
17404:
17400:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17387:
17385:
17381:
17378:
17374:
17369:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17295:
17293:
17291:
17287:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17227:
17224:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17206:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17166:
17164:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17151:
17147:
17140:
17135:
17133:
17128:
17126:
17121:
17120:
17117:
17107:
17106:
17094:
17093:
17088:
17081:
17075:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17025:
17023:
17019:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16994:
16992:
16988:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16968:
16966:
16962:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16912:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16880:Hasht-Bihisht
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16841:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16824:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16754:Jama'at Khana
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16725:
16722:
16718:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16644:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16601:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16574:Mughal garden
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16550:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
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16502:
16498:
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16487:
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16482:
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16474:
16472:
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16434:
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16414:
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16409:
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16380:
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16340:
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16320:
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16311:
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16292:
16285:
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16275:
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16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
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16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
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16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
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16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
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16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16072:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16052:
16049:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16026:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15976:
15969:
15964:
15962:
15957:
15955:
15950:
15949:
15946:
15939:
15935:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15916:
15912:
15908:
15904:
15901:
15898:
15895:
15892:
15889:
15888:
15878:
15872:
15863:
15858:
15854:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15831:
15827:
15823:
15818:
15814:
15808:
15804:
15803:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15789:
15778:
15772:
15768:
15763:
15759:
15757:9781119068662
15753:
15749:
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15736:
15731:
15727:
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15717:
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15710:
15706:
15700:
15696:
15695:
15689:
15685:
15679:
15675:
15674:
15668:
15664:
15662:9782080301109
15658:
15654:
15649:
15645:
15639:
15636:. Routledge.
15635:
15634:
15628:
15624:
15622:9781609181413
15618:
15614:
15613:
15607:
15603:
15597:
15593:
15592:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15574:
15568:
15564:
15563:
15557:
15553:
15551:9781851496044
15547:
15543:
15538:
15534:
15528:
15524:
15519:
15515:
15509:
15505:
15504:
15498:
15494:
15490:
15486:
15480:
15475:
15474:
15467:
15463:
15461:9783848003808
15457:
15453:
15448:
15444:
15440:
15436:
15432:
15428:
15424:
15419:
15415:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15383:. WIT Press.
15382:
15381:
15375:
15371:
15369:9781119068662
15365:
15361:
15360:
15354:
15350:
15348:90-04-11638-9
15344:
15340:
15339:
15333:
15323:
15317:
15313:
15312:
15306:
15302:
15300:9780300218701
15296:
15292:
15291:
15285:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15267:
15263:
15258:
15248:
15242:
15238:
15237:
15231:
15227:
15221:
15217:
15216:
15210:
15206:
15204:9789774160776
15200:
15196:
15191:
15187:
15185:9780521267281
15181:
15177:
15173:
15172:
15166:
15156:
15150:
15146:
15145:
15140:
15136:
15135:
15114:
15110:
15104:
15098:, p. 14.
15097:
15092:
15078:
15074:
15067:
15065:
15057:
15052:
15050:9780195309911
15046:
15042:
15035:
15027:
15021:
15013:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14987:
14980:
14978:
14976:
14974:
14966:
14961:
14959:
14957:
14955:
14953:
14951:
14949:
14947:
14939:
14933:
14925:
14921:
14917:
14913:
14906:
14904:
14902:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14874:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14847:
14845:
14836:
14829:
14821:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14802:
14800:
14793:, p. 75.
14792:
14791:Petersen 1996
14787:
14785:
14783:
14775:
14774:Pradines 2022
14770:
14763:
14762:Petersen 1996
14758:
14751:
14750:Petersen 1996
14746:
14739:
14738:Petersen 1996
14734:
14726:
14724:9780500278475
14720:
14716:
14715:
14707:
14699:
14697:9780500278475
14693:
14689:
14688:
14680:
14673:
14672:Petersen 1996
14668:
14666:
14658:
14657:Pradines 2022
14653:
14645:
14639:
14635:
14634:
14626:
14624:
14617:, p. 74.
14616:
14615:Petersen 1996
14611:
14609:
14602:, p. 73.
14601:
14600:Petersen 1996
14596:
14594:
14592:
14584:
14583:Pradines 2022
14579:
14572:
14571:Pradines 2022
14567:
14565:
14550:
14546:
14540:
14534:, p. 84.
14533:
14532:Pradines 2022
14528:
14521:
14520:Petersen 1996
14516:
14514:
14512:
14510:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14497:, p. 89.
14496:
14495:Pradines 2022
14491:
14484:
14483:Petersen 1996
14479:
14473:, p. 63.
14472:
14471:Pradines 2022
14467:
14461:
14457:
14452:
14450:
14440:
14433:
14432:Pradines 2022
14428:
14426:
14418:
14417:Pradines 2022
14413:
14406:
14405:Petersen 1996
14401:
14394:
14393:Petersen 1996
14389:
14383:
14379:
14374:
14372:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14364:
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14360:
14358:
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14330:
14321:
14317:
14310:
14303:
14295:
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14286:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14270:(1): 012023.
14269:
14265:
14261:
14254:
14252:
14237:on 2006-03-22
14236:
14232:
14228:
14221:
14219:
14212:
14211:962-593-232-1
14208:
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14175:
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14157:981-3018-30-5
14153:
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14144:
14136:
14129:
14124:
14117:
14112:
14105:
14100:
14093:
14088:
14081:
14080:Petersen 1996
14076:
14069:
14064:
14062:
14046:
14042:
14036:
14029:
14028:1-84511-381-0
14025:
14019:
14017:
14001:
13997:
13991:
13984:
13979:
13977:
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13964:
13962:
13954:
13953:0-521-56321-6
13950:
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13909:
13904:
13899:
13892:
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13876:
13874:9783848003808
13870:
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13847:
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13843:
13835:
13830:
13822:
13815:
13813:
13805:
13800:
13798:
13796:
13789:, p. 36.
13788:
13783:
13776:
13771:
13764:
13759:
13757:
13755:
13753:
13738:
13734:
13728:
13722:
13718:
13713:
13711:
13704:
13700:
13695:
13693:
13686:
13682:
13677:
13675:
13668:
13664:
13659:
13657:
13655:
13646:
13644:9789004161658
13640:
13636:
13629:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13621:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13585:
13579:
13575:
13570:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13543:
13539:
13533:
13527:
13523:
13518:
13516:
13501:
13497:
13491:
13483:
13481:9782352700579
13477:
13473:
13472:
13464:
13458:
13454:
13448:
13446:
13444:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13423:on 2019-09-01
13422:
13418:
13414:
13408:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13373:
13366:
13358:
13352:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13333:84-376-1801-0
13330:
13324:
13316:
13314:9780748646821
13310:
13306:
13299:
13291:
13284:
13270:
13266:
13260:
13252:
13246:
13242:
13235:
13227:
13221:
13217:
13210:
13203:
13198:
13196:
13188:
13183:
13181:
13174:, p. 379
13173:
13168:
13161:
13156:
13154:
13146:
13141:
13139:
13131:
13126:
13124:
13115:
13109:
13105:
13104:
13096:
13082:
13076:
13072:
13071:
13063:
13056:
13051:
13049:
13042:, p. 35.
13041:
13036:
13034:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13005:
13001:
13000:
12992:
12986:, 1908), 753.
12985:
12981:
12975:
12968:
12962:
12955:
12954:Williams 2018
12950:
12944:, p. 78.
12943:
12942:Williams 2018
12938:
12932:, p. 82.
12931:
12926:
12918:
12916:9782213029832
12912:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12893:Williams 2018
12889:
12875:
12874:Rawi Magazine
12871:
12865:
12863:
12854:
12852:9781119068570
12848:
12844:
12840:
12833:
12831:
12822:
12820:9789774160950
12816:
12812:
12805:
12803:
12796:, p. 17.
12795:
12794:Williams 2018
12790:
12788:
12781:, p. 34.
12780:
12779:Williams 2018
12775:
12768:
12763:
12757:, p. 79.
12756:
12751:
12745:, p. 31.
12744:
12743:Williams 2018
12739:
12732:
12727:
12720:
12719:Williams 2018
12715:
12709:, p. 30.
12708:
12707:Williams 2018
12703:
12696:
12691:
12684:
12679:
12677:
12669:
12664:
12658:, p. 70.
12657:
12652:
12650:
12648:
12640:
12639:Williams 2018
12635:
12633:
12625:
12620:
12613:
12608:
12601:
12596:
12589:
12584:
12570:
12566:
12560:
12553:
12548:
12540:
12538:9780195309911
12534:
12530:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12511:
12506:
12499:
12494:
12492:
12483:
12481:9780195309911
12477:
12473:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12450:
12445:
12438:
12433:
12426:
12421:
12413:
12411:9781845119478
12407:
12403:
12396:
12388:
12386:9780195309911
12382:
12378:
12371:
12364:
12359:
12344:
12340:
12334:
12327:
12322:
12314:
12312:9780195309911
12308:
12304:
12297:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12274:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12247:, p. 66.
12246:
12245:Petersen 1996
12241:
12234:
12229:
12222:
12217:
12208:
12199:
12190:
12181:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12149:
12147:
12139:
12134:
12127:
12122:
12116:
12112:
12107:
12105:
12089:
12085:
12079:
12073:
12069:
12061:
12059:9780195309911
12055:
12051:
12044:
12037:
12032:
12025:
12020:
12012:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11996:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11975:
11968:
11962:
11958:
11953:
11946:
11941:
11933:
11931:9789004161658
11927:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11904:
11897:
11892:
11884:
11882:9780195309911
11878:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11855:
11848:
11844:
11841:
11836:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11818:
11812:
11805:
11800:
11792:
11790:9783848003808
11786:
11782:
11775:
11768:
11763:
11756:
11751:
11744:
11739:
11732:
11727:
11725:
11717:
11712:
11705:
11700:
11693:
11688:
11681:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11643:
11636:
11629:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11568:
11561:
11556:
11549:
11542:
11537:
11530:
11522:
11520:9789047430322
11516:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11497:
11489:
11483:
11479:
11472:
11464:
11458:
11454:
11446:
11438:
11432:
11428:
11420:
11418:
11409:
11405:
11398:
11390:
11386:
11379:
11372:
11367:
11360:
11353:
11349:
11342:
11335:
11330:
11328:9780415553810
11324:
11320:
11313:
11305:
11299:
11295:
11287:
11280:
11277:Ian Simpson:
11274:
11266:
11262:
11259:(106): 3–27.
11258:
11254:
11247:
11240:
11235:
11229:, p. 82.
11228:
11223:
11216:
11211:
11204:
11199:
11191:
11185:
11181:
11180:
11172:
11165:
11160:
11152:
11146:
11138:
11131:
11124:
11122:
11114:
11109:
11095:
11091:
11085:
11071:
11067:
11061:
11055:, p. 75.
11054:
11049:
11042:
11037:
11030:
11025:
11018:
11017:Petersen 1996
11013:
11011:
11003:
10998:
10991:
10986:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10965:
10960:
10954:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10927:Donald Hawley
10923:
10916:
10911:
10904:
10899:
10892:
10887:
10873:
10869:
10863:
10857:
10853:
10848:
10846:
10838:
10837:Petersen 1996
10833:
10831:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10773:
10768:
10766:
10758:
10757:Petersen 1996
10753:
10746:
10745:Petersen 1996
10741:
10734:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10712:
10707:
10701:
10697:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10679:
10675:
10670:
10664:, p. 64.
10663:
10658:
10651:
10646:
10638:
10632:
10628:
10627:
10619:
10611:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10550:
10549:
10541:
10534:
10529:
10521:
10519:9780674023901
10515:
10511:
10510:
10502:
10487:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10445:
10444:
10436:
10428:
10422:
10418:
10411:
10403:
10397:
10386:
10382:
10375:
10371:
10365:
10358:
10353:
10351:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10327:
10320:
10312:
10305:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10281:, p. 79.
10280:
10275:
10268:
10263:
10256:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10240:, p. 72.
10239:
10234:
10227:
10222:
10214:
10208:
10204:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10186:
10182:
10177:
10170:
10165:
10158:
10157:Nuttgens 1997
10153:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10104:
10099:
10093:, p. 84.
10092:
10087:
10085:
10069:
10063:
10059:
10058:
10050:
10043:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10026:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10009:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9990:
9984:
9980:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9963:
9962:Petersen 1996
9958:
9956:
9948:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9931:
9923:
9917:
9913:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9881:
9876:
9875:C.E. Bosworth
9869:
9867:
9865:
9857:
9856:Petersen 1996
9852:
9838:
9837:metmuseum.org
9834:
9828:
9820:
9813:
9805:
9803:9780415262729
9799:
9795:
9788:
9773:on 2 May 2016
9772:
9768:
9766:9781846033759
9762:
9758:
9757:
9753:
9745:
9737:
9731:
9727:
9726:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9706:
9701:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9680:
9676:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9638:
9633:
9626:
9621:
9613:
9606:
9598:
9596:9780582405257
9592:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9569:
9563:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9537:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9508:
9507:Petersen 1996
9503:
9496:
9495:Petersen 1996
9491:
9485:, p. 82.
9484:
9479:
9473:, p. 80.
9472:
9467:
9465:
9458:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9439:
9434:
9427:
9426:Petersen 1996
9422:
9416:
9415:Beveled style
9412:
9407:
9400:
9395:
9388:
9387:Petersen 1996
9383:
9376:
9375:Petersen 1996
9371:
9369:
9362:
9358:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9335:
9334:McKenzie 2007
9330:
9323:
9318:
9311:
9306:
9298:
9296:9789004161658
9292:
9288:
9281:
9279:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9231:
9225:, p. 35.
9224:
9219:
9213:, p. 24.
9212:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9189:
9184:
9182:
9174:
9173:Petersen 1996
9169:
9162:
9161:Petersen 1996
9157:
9155:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9107:
9106:Petersen 1996
9102:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9087:
9085:9789004161658
9081:
9077:
9070:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9043:
9038:
9029:
9022:
9017:
9010:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8987:, p. 58.
8986:
8981:
8974:
8969:
8963:, p. 36.
8962:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8945:
8940:
8938:9783848003808
8934:
8930:
8923:
8921:
8913:
8908:
8906:9780195309911
8902:
8898:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8866:9789004161641
8862:
8858:
8851:
8849:
8841:
8837:
8835:9780300088670
8831:
8827:
8826:
8818:
8816:
8808:
8807:Petersen 1996
8803:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8733:
8728:
8721:
8716:
8709:
8704:
8702:9783848003808
8698:
8694:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8673:9780195309911
8669:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8638:Petersen 1996
8634:
8627:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8609:
8607:9789004161658
8603:
8599:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8583:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8531:
8528:
8522:
8517:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8470:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8450:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8389:Nabih Youssef
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:Vedat Dalokay
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8349:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8334:Mazar-e-Quaid
8330:
8326:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8266:Vedat Dalokay
8263:
8259:
8255:
8254:Faisal Mosque
8251:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8230:
8228:
8222:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8099:Fouta Djallon
8092:
8087:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8061:(present-day
8060:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8019:(present-day
8018:
8014:
8010:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7987:
7986:Friday prayer
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7886:
7883:built by the
7882:
7881:Tatar mosques
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7779:
7774:
7767:
7762:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7745:
7739:
7734:
7731:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7488:
7468:
7464:
7463:Bara Imambara
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7433:
7422:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7262:Friday Mosque
7256:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7201:Mughal Bengal
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7126:Asaf al-Dawla
7116:
7115:Bara Imambara
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6838:
6837:
6831:
6826:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6760:Nasrid period
6757:
6750:
6745:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6728:Hafsid period
6725:
6721:
6720:Kasbah Mosque
6715:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6694:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6559:Ait Benhaddou
6556:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6486:Mudéjar style
6483:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6471:Giralda tower
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6334:near Istanbul
6333:
6329:
6328:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6234:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6049:Balyan family
6046:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:caravanserais
5719:
5718:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5703:Syrian region
5700:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5666:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5430:northeast of
5429:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:Kunya-Urgench
4899:
4895:
4891:
4890:Kunya-Urgench
4886:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:Toghrol Tower
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4624:(present-day
4623:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4591:Toghrul Tower
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:Ribat-i Malik
4576:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4546:(present-day
4545:
4541:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4438:Bilad al-Sham
4431:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4050:Ophthalmology
4046:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:Jurisprudence
3960:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3728:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3322:Nasrid period
3319:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:stained glass
2954:
2953:carved stucco
2951:, brickwork,
2950:
2949:stone carving
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931::33–35), the
2930:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2896:Ornamentation
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:Chehel Sotoun
2787:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:Zeyrek Mosque
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2557:Ottoman domes
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:Qajar dynasty
2186:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:Amman Citadel
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:Bilad al-Sham
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:, as seen in
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:walled garden
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:), the small
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Ismaili Shi'a
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Buyid dynasty
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:Uqba ibn Nafi
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1627:(present-day
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:Qasr al-Ashiq
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:, now in the
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:in Egypt and
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:client states
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:
936:
933:
932:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:Mappilappattu
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Gendang beleq
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:Crimean Tatar
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
665:
662:
661:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
592:
589:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:Iznik pottery
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
289:
288:
282:
278:
273:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:caravanserais
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
141:
140:Islamic world
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
67:
56:
45:
34:
19:
20778:
20681:
20674:
20667:
20660:
20653:
20647:Publications
20631:
20617:
20605:
20591:
20579:
20565:
20542:
20538:Jay Hambidge
20531:Ad Quadratum
20530:
20518:
20493:
20481:
20469:
20455:
20441:
20437:Luca Pacioli
20427:
20413:
20406:
20376:
20364:
20288:Hinke Osinga
20283:István Orosz
20253:
20244:Anthony Hill
20199:Scott Draves
20194:Erik Demaine
20178:Contemporary
20159:
20152:
20138:
20124:
20117:
20110:
20103:
20096:
20092:M. C. Escher
20072:
20065:
20051:
20044:
20017:
20013:Parmigianino
19998:
19929:Hagia Sophia
19903:
19896:
19889:
19882:
19875:
19868:
19752:Computer art
19730:Architecture
19690:Tessellation
19673:Architecture
19623:Golden ratio
19520:Mesoamerican
19467:Contemporary
19445:2000–present
19436:Neo-futurism
19416:Blobitecture
19243:Modern Style
19159:Neoclassical
18907:Indo-Islamic
18882:Great Seljuk
18867:Vijayanagara
18776:
18761:East Slavic
18675:Mesopotamian
18577:Sufi studies
18548:Other fields
18428:Contemporary
18351:consultation
18173:Architecture
18172:
18102:
18098:Pseudo-Kufic
18038:
18018:
18011:
18004:
17927:Kuala Lumpur
17825:
17352:
17204:Indo-Islamic
17194:Great Seljuk
17154:Architecture
17153:
17096:
17083:
17080:Islamic arts
16860:Caravanserai
16385:
16339:Loudspeakers
16264:Persian dome
16226:Pointed arch
16024:Indo-Islamic
16014:Great Seljuk
15974:
15871:cite journal
15852:
15848:
15829:
15825:
15801:
15766:
15747:
15734:
15714:
15693:
15672:
15652:
15632:
15611:
15590:
15561:
15541:
15522:
15502:
15472:
15451:
15426:
15422:
15403:
15399:
15379:
15358:
15337:
15325:. Retrieved
15310:
15289:
15261:
15250:. Retrieved
15235:
15214:
15194:
15170:
15158:. Retrieved
15143:
15117:. Retrieved
15113:Al-Islam.org
15112:
15103:
15091:
15080:. Retrieved
15076:
15054:
15040:
15034:
15020:cite journal
14996:(3): 62–78.
14993:
14989:
14937:
14932:
14915:
14911:
14886:(2): 88–90.
14883:
14879:
14873:
14856:
14852:
14828:
14811:
14807:
14769:
14757:
14745:
14733:
14713:
14706:
14686:
14679:
14652:
14632:
14578:
14552:. Retrieved
14548:
14539:
14527:
14490:
14478:
14466:
14459:
14439:
14412:
14400:
14388:
14381:
14343:
14319:
14315:
14302:
14267:
14263:
14239:. Retrieved
14235:the original
14230:
14202:
14197:
14173:
14166:
14142:
14135:
14123:
14111:
14099:
14087:
14075:
14048:. Retrieved
14044:
14035:
14003:. Retrieved
13999:
13990:
13970:, Hyderabad.
13943:
13931:
13907:
13898:
13864:
13858:
13829:
13820:
13782:
13770:
13740:. Retrieved
13736:
13727:
13720:
13702:
13684:
13666:
13634:
13594:
13590:
13584:
13577:
13545:. Retrieved
13541:
13532:
13525:
13503:. Retrieved
13499:
13490:
13470:
13463:
13452:
13425:. Retrieved
13421:the original
13416:
13407:
13382:
13378:
13365:
13346:
13340:
13323:
13304:
13298:
13289:
13283:
13272:. Retrieved
13268:
13259:
13240:
13234:
13215:
13209:
13167:
13102:
13095:
13084:. Retrieved
13069:
13062:
13021:. Retrieved
12998:
12991:
12979:
12974:
12966:
12961:
12949:
12937:
12925:
12906:
12900:
12888:
12877:. Retrieved
12873:
12842:
12810:
12774:
12762:
12750:
12738:
12726:
12714:
12702:
12690:
12663:
12619:
12607:
12595:
12583:
12572:. Retrieved
12568:
12559:
12547:
12528:
12505:
12471:
12444:
12432:
12420:
12401:
12395:
12376:
12370:
12358:
12347:. Retrieved
12345:. 2018-12-17
12342:
12333:
12321:
12302:
12296:
12262:
12252:
12240:
12228:
12216:
12207:
12198:
12189:
12180:
12171:
12154:
12133:
12121:
12114:
12091:. Retrieved
12087:
12078:
12068:
12049:
12043:
12031:
12019:
12000:
11999:Volume VIII:
11993:
11967:
11960:
11952:
11940:
11921:
11915:
11903:
11891:
11872:
11866:
11854:
11835:
11827:
11811:
11799:
11780:
11774:
11762:
11750:
11738:
11711:
11699:
11687:
11678:
11674:
11668:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11641:
11635:
11627:
11623:
11617:
11609:
11589:
11585:
11579:
11567:
11558:
11554:
11548:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11502:
11496:
11477:
11471:
11451:
11445:
11425:
11407:
11403:
11397:
11388:
11384:
11378:
11369:
11365:
11359:
11351:
11347:
11341:
11332:
11318:
11312:
11292:
11286:
11278:
11273:
11256:
11246:
11234:
11222:
11210:
11198:
11178:
11171:
11159:
11136:
11108:
11097:. Retrieved
11093:
11084:
11073:. Retrieved
11069:
11060:
11048:
11036:
11024:
10997:
10985:
10968:
10962:
10953:
10930:
10922:
10910:
10898:
10886:
10875:. Retrieved
10871:
10862:
10855:
10796:
10792:
10752:
10740:
10732:
10726:
10718:
10706:
10699:
10677:
10669:
10657:
10645:
10625:
10618:
10591:
10587:
10577:
10570:
10547:
10540:
10528:
10508:
10501:
10489:. Retrieved
10485:
10475:
10467:
10459:
10447:. Retrieved
10442:
10435:
10416:
10410:
10385:the original
10380:
10370:Kuban, Doğan
10364:
10342:
10334:
10325:
10319:
10310:
10304:
10295:
10286:
10274:
10262:
10233:
10221:
10202:
10184:
10176:
10164:
10152:
10140:. Retrieved
10132:
10122:
10110:
10098:
10071:. Retrieved
10056:
10049:
10022:
10008:
10003:archnet.org.
9989:
9982:
9935:
9930:
9911:
9878:
9851:
9840:. Retrieved
9836:
9833:"The Mosque"
9827:
9818:
9812:
9793:
9787:
9775:. Retrieved
9771:the original
9755:
9751:
9744:
9724:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9678:
9652:
9644:
9632:
9620:
9611:
9605:
9586:
9580:
9568:
9535:
9502:
9490:
9478:
9456:
9448:
9442:Architecture
9441:
9433:
9421:
9414:
9406:
9394:
9382:
9377:, p. 1.
9360:
9329:
9317:
9305:
9286:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9218:
9168:
9146:Shahîd 1995a
9141:
9134:
9075:
9069:
9062:
9037:
9028:
9021:Shahîd 1995a
9016:
9009:Shahîd 1995a
9004:
8997:Shahîd 1995b
8992:
8980:
8973:Shahîd 1995a
8968:
8942:
8928:
8910:
8896:
8878:
8856:
8839:
8824:
8792:
8750:
8727:
8715:
8706:
8692:
8686:
8677:
8663:
8657:
8652:, p. 7.
8645:
8633:
8597:
8541:Islam portal
8506:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8467:
8459:Christianity
8456:
8447:
8414:Hassan Fathy
8394:Bashirul Haq
8346:
8332:
8328:
8321:
8311:
8297:
8294:
8287:designed by
8264:designed by
8238:Husuni Kubwa
8231:
8225:
8206:
8183:
8171:
8168:in Mogadishu
8132:
8128:Burkina Faso
8096:
8079:
8075:
8048:
8042:
8039:Burkina Faso
8005:
7974:Ghana Empire
7963:
7920:
7885:Volga Tatars
7871:, the Tatar
7869:Golden Horde
7863:
7860:Tatar mosque
7844:Ming dynasty
7832:Tang dynasty
7829:
7810:
7783:Paloh Mosque
7744:Masjid Zahir
7715:
7646:Central Java
7642:Masjid Agung
7605:
7601:candi bentar
7599:
7572:
7520:candi bentar
7508:
7491:Demak Mosque
7287:(circa 1450)
7204:
7174:Adina Mosque
7134:
7078:
7058:Mumtaz Mahal
7040:'s founder,
7027:
7003:Islamization
6957:
6907:
6888:
6885:(circa 1397)
6856:
6852:
6836:Bāb al-Yaman
6834:
6782:architecture
6633:
6566:
6562:
6555:rammed earth
6548:
6525:
6479:
6416:
6410:
6390:
6383:North Africa
6364:
6325:
6246:Interior of
6183:Green Mosque
6178:
6143:Green Mosque
6120:
6117:caravanserai
6110:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6089:Fatih Mosque
6084:
6078:
6072:
6065:
6034:
6010:Hagia Sophia
5979:
5765:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5712:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5676:
5635:
5534:
5393:(1371), the
5380:
5364:
5349:
5329:
5191:in Aleppo).
5169:
5116:
5097:Shaykh Bahai
5088:
5073:
5019:Shah-i-Zinda
4973:
4922:
4903:
4894:Turkmenistan
4878:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4807:Turkmenistan
4648:
4630:
4626:Turkmenistan
4567:
4471:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4429:
4418:
4413:
4368:Fez, Morocco
4346:
4332:
4316:
4301:
4284:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4239:
4235:
4225:dār al-imāra
4175:
4173:
4127:Other topics
4075:Architecture
4074:
3981:Etiquettical
3940:
3917: /
3765:
3757:
3732:
3730:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3547:
3519:
3494:
3475:Hagia Sophia
3468:
3439:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3253:Design of a
3210:
3201:
3200:
3065:
2946:
2941:Holy Trinity
2925:
2916:calligraphic
2905:
2876:) or at the
2783:
2778:
2770:
2732:
2678:Dome of the
2665:Hagia Sophia
2618:
2589:Hagia Sophia
2582:
2570:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2490:Shahi Hammam
2378:
2280:in Isfahan.
2259:
2254:roof lantern
2236:
2217:
2197:
2182:
2146:The related
2145:
2128:
2050:
2045:Qusayr 'Amra
2026:
2017:
1975:
1963:
1949:
1939:
1924:
1904:
1890:
1871:
1843:Bab al-Futuh
1831:
1824:Aqmar Mosque
1785:
1772:Bab al-Futuh
1734:
1709:rule of the
1706:
1700:
1635:
1633:
1621:Andalusiyyin
1578:Caliphate of
1564:
1553:area of the
1548:
1544:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1498:
1473:pointed arch
1462:
1433:Central Asia
1418:
1383:
1371:
1361:
1316:Abd al-Malik
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1271:Qusayr 'Amra
1243:
1160:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1042:
1024:
876:Madih nabawi
439:Oriental rug
321:Indo-Islamic
307:Architecture
306:
191:
164:Mesopotamian
149:
115:
114:
86:Jameh Mosque
20807:Islamic art
20587:G. H. Hardy
20390:Renaissance
20360:Polykleitos
20298:Tony Robbin
20209:John Ernest
20204:Jan Dibbets
20154:Crucifixion
19977:Renaissance
19831:Mathematics
19804:Celtic knot
19767:Fractal art
19669:Proportion
19643:Perspective
19380:PWA Moderne
19266:Rationalism
19228:Art Nouveau
19216:Territorial
19196:Renaissance
19180:Queen Anne
19053:Elizabethan
18946:Plateresque
18941:Renaissance
18924:Sondergotik
18819:Carolingian
18765:Kievan Rus'
18517:Mathematics
18178:Calligraphy
18030:Principles,
17998:Exhibitions
17951:Marrakech (
17947:Los Angeles
17915:Jerusalem (
17877:collections
17828:Calligraphy
17708:Indo-Muslim
17690:Calligraphy
17624:Mosque lamp
17582:Other media
17501:Mina'i ware
17390:Bangladeshi
17146:Islamic art
16707:Windcatcher
16688:(courtyard)
16441:Mosque lamp
16421:Girih tiles
16378:Decorations
16256:Arabic dome
15262:The minaret
15139:Ali, Wijdan
15077:ocw.mit.edu
14050:30 December
14005:30 December
14000:Banglapedia
13597:: 124–147.
13160:Freely 2011
13145:Freely 2011
13040:Freely 2011
12093:30 December
11990:Lecomte, G.
11557:: 153–186.
10711:Tabbaa 2017
10491:30 December
10443:Oeconomicus
10205:. Taschen.
8359:Fazlur Khan
8146:East Africa
8112:Fula people
8041:(built 1817
8009:mosque–tomb
7966:Kumbi Saleh
7923:West Africa
7854:Volga Tatar
7679:influences.
7553:Philippines
7474: 1780
7465:complex in
7428: 1673
7423:in Lahore (
7197: 1450
7151:(1591) and
7124:) built by
7122: 1780
7062:sarcophagus
6705:Ribera Alta
6511:Romanticist
6477:(Granada).
6324:A historic
6218:Mimar Sinan
6095:founded by
6014:Mimar Sinan
6002:Middle East
5915:, Jerusalem
5871:Bab Zuweila
5791:(hospital).
5583:Gök Medrese
5515: 1250
5419:Gök Medrese
5326:(1228–1229)
5101:Shah Mosque
5067:during the
5053:Shah Mosque
5027:Gawhar Shad
4799: 1127
4618: 1127
4563:Taj al-Mulk
4536: 1127
4513:Transoxiana
4509:Qarakhanids
4497:Caspian Sea
4485:Afghanistan
4424:Hellenistic
4312:Middle Ages
4080:Calligraphy
4037:Mathematics
4007:Theological
3927:Eschatology
3848:Jama Masjid
3713:Jama Masjid
3693:Iznik tiles
3550:orientation
3524:balcony at
3501:Lahore Fort
3444:balcony in
3425:Bara Gunbad
3376:, a wooden
3235:pendentives
3207:Upper Egypt
3163:Shah Mosque
2806:Eram Garden
2743:Oeconomicus
2597:Hagia Irene
2578:Mimar Sinan
2085:Qasr Harane
1921:Greco-Roman
1917:Middle East
1905:wast ad-dar
1851:Bab Zuweila
1847:Bab al-Nasr
1727:Transoxiana
1623:mosques in
1597:al-Hakam II
1559:al-Hakam II
1445:Islamic art
1390:Abbasid era
1240:influences.
1202:Umayyad era
1134:), and the
1116:Mesopotamia
1106:regions of
1088:Middle East
1074:. When the
1027:Islamic era
778:South Asian
678:Azerbaijani
610:Chaand Raat
469:Turkmen rug
399:Calligraphy
316:Azerbaijani
20796:Categories
20561:Owen Jones
20408:De pictura
20313:Oliver Sin
20263:Andy Lomas
20112:Relativity
19843:String art
19757:Fiber arts
19638:Paraboloid
19537:Portuguese
19411:Postmodern
19360:Organicism
19248:Modernisme
19233:Jugendstil
19092:Revivalism
19080:Industrial
19063:Portuguese
18837:Romanesque
18732:Achaemenid
18592:philosophy
18539:Psychology
18512:Inventions
18465:solidarity
18415:Philosophy
18395:Secularism
18309:Golden Age
18246:Capitalism
18193:Literature
18104:Stilfragen
18032:influences
17904:Istanbul (
17837:The garden
17793:Decoration
17762:Other arts
17657:Miniatures
17542:Embroidery
17496:Lustreware
17355:Decoration
17318:Mashrabiya
17226:Indonesian
16990:Influences
16905:Well house
16676:Mashrabiya
16324:Hussainiya
16260:Onion dome
16051:Indonesian
16039:Qutb Shahi
15327:2013-03-17
15252:2013-03-15
15160:2013-03-17
15119:2018-07-25
15082:2018-07-25
14554:2023-01-04
14322:: 179–194.
14241:2006-04-08
14203:Java Style
13834:Asher 1992
13742:2022-06-10
13547:2023-02-20
13505:2020-04-16
13427:2019-11-17
13356:0870996371
13274:2020-06-09
13250:0500274290
13225:0500274290
13187:Kuban 2010
13130:Kuban 2010
13086:2007-08-20
13023:2007-08-20
12909:. Fayard.
12879:2021-06-10
12574:2021-10-03
12349:2021-10-02
11410:: 188–189.
11385:Heidleberg
11099:2018-12-12
11075:2021-06-09
11053:Bloom 2013
11041:Bloom 2013
11029:Bloom 2013
11002:Bloom 2013
10990:Bloom 2013
10947:0905743636
10935:Kensington
10915:Bloom 2013
10903:Bloom 2013
10877:2018-12-12
10728:mashrabiya
10279:Bloom 2020
10267:Bloom 2020
10238:Bloom 2020
10226:Bloom 2020
10212:3822876348
10073:23 January
9842:2020-11-23
9777:27 October
9625:Bloom 2020
9573:Bloom 2020
9562:Bloom 2020
9188:Flood 2001
8573:References
8566:Well House
8399:Zaha Hadid
8310:, and the
8303:مِـحْـرَاب
8116:Dinguiraye
8091:Dinguiraye
7970:Mauritania
7954:Mauritania
7695:employs a
7626:Yogyakarta
7591:chronogram
7447:Aurangabad
7402:Gol Gumbaz
7223:Qutb Minar
7182:Bangladesh
7169:terracotta
7153:Gol Gumbaz
7106:Wazir Khan
7070:Aurangabad
7054:Shah Jahan
6983:Qutb Minar
6690:bell tower
6403:Visigothic
6348:Safranbolu
5962:Alexandria
5911:(1482) at
5751:Heliopolis
5747:Alexandria
5644:until the
5640:, and the
5484:Sultan Han
5424:Sultan Han
5263:Diyarbakir
5159:built the
5157:Nur al-Din
5123:Diyarbakir
5111:See also:
5089:haft-rangi
5080:Shah Abbas
5011:Kazakhstan
4960:Uzbekistan
4933:Soltaniyeh
4866:extensive
4844:See also:
4822:Qarakhanid
4777:Qarakhanid
4773:Uzbekistan
4702:Ghaznavid
4548:Kyrgyzstan
4531:survives (
4477:Ghaznavids
4405:Influences
4327:cul-de-sac
4272:ideal city
4088:Literature
4030:Inventions
3986:Hygienical
3950:Mysticism
3888:Philosophy
3749:microphone
3584:direction
3567:قِـبْـلَـة
3499:screen at
3441:Mashrabiya
3399:Rajasthani
3373:mashrabiya
3219:Uzbekistan
3107:Iznik tile
3022:Sultan Han
2937:Qur'an 112
2882:Generalife
2856:), and at
2798:Fin Garden
2786:Pasargadae
2649:pendentive
2576:architect
2551:Almoravids
2519:Al-Andalus
2373:See also:
2292:Dome with
2238:period of
2172:See also:
1998:colonnades
1893:courtyards
1862:Courtyards
1617:Qarawiyyin
1571:Emirate of
1413: 775
1337:al-Andalus
1318:) and the
1307:al-Walid I
1136:Ghassanids
926:Tambourine
703:Indonesian
664:Literature
625:Imamat Day
409:Embroidery
326:Indonesian
260:See also:
180:arabesques
172:decoration
20372:Vitruvius
20346:Theorists
20126:Waterfall
20031:19th–20th
19959:Taj Mahal
19939:Parthenon
19916:Buildings
19870:Continuum
19838:Sculpture
19814:Interlace
19608:Algorithm
19498:Dravidian
19457:Neomodern
19421:High-tech
19401:Brutalism
19394:1950–2000
19338:Stalinist
19271:Mycenaean
19259:1900–1950
19097:Byzantine
19073:Ukrainian
19058:Naryshkin
19023:Edwardian
18996:1750–1900
18967:Palladian
18962:Manueline
18955:1500–1750
18830:1000–1500
18770:Muscovite
18757:Byzantine
18705:Classical
18693:Mycenaean
18670:Neolithic
18587:cosmology
18582:mysticism
18560:Education
18500:cosmology
18495:Astronomy
18455:Astrology
18438:dialectic
18346:consensus
18341:Democracy
18256:Socialism
18223:Economics
18168:Arabesque
18066:Grotesque
17979:Singapore
17963:Melbourne
17801:Arabesque
17230:Malaysian
16964:Resources
16727:Religious
16697:Shabestan
16655:Hypostyle
16637:Shadirvan
16406:Arabesque
16329:Imamzadeh
16294:Religious
16274:Semi-dome
16221:Ogee arch
16190:Chahartaq
16153:Materials
16080:Almoravid
16055:Malaysian
15795:(1996) .
15676:. Brill.
15581:873228274
15506:. BRILL.
15280:856037134
15012:132531146
14837:(Report).
14294:225378507
13637:. Brill.
12163:1873-9830
12157:. Brill.
11924:. Brill.
11592:: 57–65.
11427:structure
11265:0031-2746
11145:cite book
10821:117528323
10733:shanashil
10610:2076-0752
10594:(3): 10.
10396:cite book
10127:Huff, D.
9890:1573-3912
9289:. Brill.
9261:0732-2992
9247:: 31–49.
9078:. Brill.
8875:1873-9830
8859:. Brill.
8600:. Brill.
8578:Citations
8289:I. M. Pei
8258:Islamabad
8202:Mogadishu
8179:limestone
8071:parabolic
7978:Awdaghust
7958:sandstone
7669:Indonesia
7650:Indonesia
7606:paduraksa
7563:Indonesia
7549:Singapore
7541:Indonesia
7524:paduraksa
7515:Indonesia
7360:Agra Fort
7337:Hyderabad
7333:Charminar
7266:Ahmedabad
7149:Hyderabad
7145:Charminar
7117:complex (
7089:Agra Fort
7074:Aurangzeb
7050:Taj Mahal
6965:began in
6945:Taj Mahal
6911:mud-brick
6521:Synagogue
6490:Christian
6435:Marrakesh
6399:Byzantine
6332:Bosphorus
6112:darüşşifa
6097:Mehmed II
6061:Vedat Tek
5990:Byzantine
5490:and Konya
5387:Saruhanid
5149:Classical
5140:al-Jazira
5127:Hasankeyf
5045:in Herat.
4956:Samarkand
4925:Ilkhanate
4914:Il-Arslan
4643:ruled in
4593:built in
4525:Samarkand
4511:ruled in
4348:asabiyyah
4323:hospitals
4263:decumanus
4211:al-miṣrān
4180:(Arabic:
4070:Astrology
4025:Astronomy
4002:Political
3274:squinches
2912:arabesque
2862:New Delhi
2850:Taj Mahal
2840:, all in
2826:Abbasabad
2769:, or the
2539:Aljafería
2432:Taj Mahal
2397:Taj Mahal
2363:, Isfahan
2322:Samarqand
2294:squinches
2208:spherical
2204:octagonal
2200:squinches
2108:Qasr Amra
2100:Firuzabad
2089:falsework
2051:In their
2047:in Jordan
1978:hypostyle
1958:and as a
1956:ablutions
1944:(Arabic:
1741:squinches
1715:Bawandids
1676:Al-Qata'i
1640:Aghlabids
1501:al-Mansur
1376:basilicas
1356:Jerusalem
1234:Byzantine
1176:hypostyle
1156:ar-Rusafa
1144:Khawarnaq
1140:suzerains
1112:Palestine
1094:were the
1072:Jerusalem
1061:courtyard
944:Bangsawan
921:Talempong
733:Malaysian
605:al-Ghadir
537:Jellabiya
527:Headscarf
434:Miniature
234:fountains
156:Byzantine
124:buildings
20780:Category
20507:Romantic
20185:Max Bill
20119:Reptiles
19934:Pantheon
19891:Octacube
19857:Artworks
19799:Knotting
19787:Muqarnas
19685:Symmetry
19613:Catenary
19601:Concepts
19510:Japanese
19488:Colonial
19476:Regional
19426:Arcology
19365:Art Deco
19355:Futurism
19298:De Stijl
19201:Romanian
19119:Egyptian
19114:Colonial
19068:Siberian
18878:Islamic
18847:Ottonian
18842:Galician
18752:Sasanian
18720:Herodian
18700:Etruscan
18522:Medicine
18485:Timeline
18433:Theology
18390:Quietism
18358:Feminism
18333:politics
18289:Timeline
18071:Moresque
17931:London (
17875:Museums,
17860:Paradise
17845:Charbagh
17826:See also
17728:Nastaliq
17718:Muhaqqaq
17649:the book
17561:Woodwork
17520:Textiles
17481:Fritware
17353:See also
17338:Muqarnas
17333:Mocárabe
17290:Elements
17078:Part of
16914:Military
16850:Baradari
16843:Civilian
16666:Jharokha
16627:Mechouar
16564:Charbagh
16507:Andaruni
16481:Socarrat
16446:Muqarnas
16344:Maqsurah
16236:Vaulting
16165:Tadelakt
16146:Elements
16095:Zayyanid
16075:Aghlabid
15934:Archived
15493:30319450
15423:Muqarnas
15141:(1999).
14924:40338415
14892:23288982
14865:23288987
14820:20839141
14460:Timbuktu
14316:Tatarica
14118:, Delhi.
13905:(1996),
13591:Muqarnas
13399:99943973
13018:33228759
12907:Le Caire
12343:BBC News
11992:(eds.).
11843:Archived
11820:Archived
11586:Muqarnas
10941:, 1995.
10735:in Iraq"
10700:Muqarnas
10372:(1987).
10294:(1883).
10142:16 March
10016:Archived
9997:Archived
9943:Archived
9269:25769691
9241:Muqarnas
9223:Ali 1999
8513:See also
8480:maqsurah
8463:idolized
8262:Pakistan
8198:Zanzibar
8107:thatched
8000:Timbuktu
7982:Al-Bakri
7936:Timbuktu
7873:khanates
7712:Malaysia
7701:Buddhist
7622:Kotagede
7557:Thailand
7545:Malaysia
7285:Bagerhat
7206:do-chala
7190:Bagerhat
7178:Sasanian
7085:Red Fort
7021:and the
6981:and the
6971:Banbhore
6859:Sulayhid
6811:Ghardaïa
6630:Zaragoza
6591:Ghardaïa
6571:Medenine
6499:imitated
6475:Alhambra
6427:Kairouan
6379:Portugal
6367:European
6024:and the
6022:Istanbul
5896:of Cairo
5789:maristan
5699:muqarnas
5680:khanqahs
5618:Beyşehir
5535:muqarnas
5417:and the
5355:and the
5333:Armenian
5282:Ayyubids
5209:Artuqids
4979:Timurids
4952:madrasas
4948:Registan
4872:muqarnas
4727:Khorasan
4641:Artuqids
4587:Khorasan
4319:madrasas
4304:oriental
4220:Kairouan
4045:Medicine
3996:Military
3976:Economic
3971:Criminal
3952:(Sufism)
3893:Theology
3865:a series
3863:Part of
3818:in Cairo
3761:Muhammad
3521:Jharokha
3505:Pakistan
3394:jharokha
3318:Alhambra
3284:(1037–8)
3255:muqarnas
3239:cornices
3202:Muqarnas
3197:Muqarnas
3191:Muqarnas
3183:Peshawar
2929:Quran 19
2878:Alhambra
2874:Pakistan
2772:charbagh
2755:Lysander
2751:Socrates
2747:Xenophon
2735:Paradise
2728:Pakistan
2593:centring
2543:Zaragoza
2474:stellate
2430:Dome of
2361:Ālī Qāpū
2302:Sasanian
2278:Ālī Qāpū
2228:muqarnas
2222:and the
2185:Abbasids
2158:tilework
2077:Parthian
2065:Nabatean
2053:vaulting
2029:vaulting
2023:Vaulting
1994:basilica
1967:prayers.
1820:al-Hakim
1816:al-'Aziz
1736:muqarnas
1731:Samanids
1723:Khurasan
1719:Ziyarids
1707:de facto
1672:Tulunids
1644:Ifriqiya
1636:de facto
1429:Soghdian
1364:martyria
1238:Sasanian
1180:Damascus
1124:Lakhmids
1098:and the
1031:Muhammad
748:Nigerian
713:Kashmiri
707:Javanese
630:New Year
600:Arba'een
591:Holidays
552:Keffiyeh
488:Clothing
444:Paan dan
292:a series
290:Part of
226:khanqahs
206:madrasas
193:muqarnas
188:minarets
20739:Related
20353:Ancient
20087:Man Ray
20033:Century
19969:Artists
19826:Origami
19740:Pyramid
19618:Fractal
19547:Spanish
19542:Russian
19483:Chinese
19303:Bauhaus
19206:Russian
19184:Britain
19166:Moorish
19149:Baroque
19139:Mission
19085:British
19048:Petrine
19043:Maltese
19038:Italian
19028:English
19003:Baroque
18902:Ottoman
18897:Timurid
18862:Hoysala
18858:Indian
18797:Fatimid
18792:Abbasid
18787:Moorish
18782:Umayyad
18777:Islamic
18684:Aegean
18534:Physics
18378:schools
18281:History
18271:Welfare
18251:Poverty
18241:Banking
18231:History
18208:Pottery
18183:Gardens
18088:Mudéjar
17989:Tripoli
17967:Paris (
17937:V&A
17865:Persian
17855:Ottoman
17769:Muraqqa
17748:Thuluth
17733:Persian
17680:Persian
17675:Ottoman
17647:Arts of
17632:Shabaka
17506:Persian
17473:Pottery
17458:Turkish
17453:Persian
17428:Carpets
17417:Ottoman
17413:Turkish
17407:Safavid
17395:Persian
17328:Minaret
17303:Banna'i
17275:Umayyad
17270:Timurid
17260:Swahili
17250:Ottoman
17245:Moorish
17235:Iranian
17209:Bengali
17189:Fatimid
17184:Chinese
17174:Ayyubid
17169:Abbasid
17012:Mudéjar
16976:ArchNet
16926:Alcázar
16799:Musalla
16784:Maqbara
16774:Madrasa
16764:Külliye
16759:Khanqah
16749:Gongbei
16648:cooling
16646:Passive
16612:Chhatri
16605:objects
16603:Outdoor
16552:Gardens
16528:Mirador
16466:Shabaka
16456:Qashani
16411:Banna'i
16354:Minaret
16296:objects
16286:(eaves)
16284:Chhajja
16231:Squinch
16132:Umayyad
16127:Timurid
16117:Swahili
16102:Ottoman
16085:Almohad
16070:Moorish
16060:Iranian
16029:Bengali
16009:Fatimid
16004:Chinese
15999:Ayyubid
15989:Abbasid
15897:ARCHNET
15799:(ed.).
15443:1523262
15131:Sources
14272:Bibcode
14106:, Agra.
13611:1523140
12001:Ned–Sam
11606:1523172
11294:al-Sham
10801:Bibcode
10449:11 June
10013:Pishtaq
9653:Bukhara
9063:Minaret
8550:Archnet
8457:Unlike
8312:pishtaq
8124:Senegal
8063:Nigeria
7940:Oualata
7821:pagodas
7807:, China
7789:Chinese
7671:, with
7587:Cirebon
7467:Lucknow
7406:Bijapur
7184:is the
7161:Bengali
7157:Bijapur
7130:Lucknow
7034:Timurid
6961:on the
6863:Rasulid
6849:, Yemen
6780:Mudejar
6638:period)
6545:kasbahs
6507:America
6447:Tlemcen
6443:Granada
6439:Seville
6423:Cordoba
6391:Amazigh
6181:of the
6101:tabhane
6093:külliye
6074:külliye
5998:Balkans
5994:Iranian
5970:Ottoman
5913:Al-Aqsa
5768:of the
5665:Qaytbay
5599:Kayseri
5508:Erzurum
5488:Aksaray
5432:Kayseri
5415:Erzurum
5407:Miletus
5361:Divriği
5345:Beyliks
5078:, when
5065:Abbas I
5061:Isfahan
5039:Mashhad
4900:period)
4868:arcades
4769:Bukhara
4750:Tughril
4637:Zengids
4561:vizier
4540:Vabkent
4521:Bukhara
4493:Ghurids
4444:Arabian
4386:Algiers
4343:nomadic
4339:façades
4280:Lebanon
4119:Pottery
3991:Marital
3883:History
3812:Qaytbay
3753:speaker
3727:minaret
3721:Minaret
3695:in the
3661:Uljaytu
3630:maqsura
3530:Jodhpur
3493:Use of
3420:maqsura
3409:Spanish
3404:mirador
3378:lattice
3316:in the
3221:), the
3211:in situ
3149:period)
3094:period)
3078:period)
3076:Marinid
3052:period)
3050:Ayyubid
3028:period)
3008:period)
3006:Artuqid
2886:Granada
2794:Isfahan
2761:prince
2759:Persian
2701:Gardens
2389:bulbous
2385:Ottoman
2296:in the
2240:Safavid
2187:to the
2153:pishtaq
2148:Persian
2136:Seljuks
2106:and in
2000:, like
1992:-style
1986:apadana
1886:Tunisia
1880:of the
1878:minaret
1778:vizier
1776:Fatimid
1762:Bukhara
1703:Seljuks
1695:Bukhara
1648:Tunisia
1629:Morocco
1593:Maghreb
1581:Córdoba
1574:Córdoba
1550:maqsura
1513:arcades
1441:Samarra
1437:Baghdad
1423:of the
1328:Al-Aqsa
1326:on the
1297:in the
1267:mosaics
1218:Umayyad
1192:muezzin
1188:minaret
1128:al-Hira
964:Ta'zieh
935:Theatre
911:Qawwali
901:Nasheed
846:Gamelan
841:Dastgah
798:Turkmen
793:Turkish
763:Punjabi
758:Persian
723:Kurdish
693:Gambian
683:Bengali
655:Raghaib
650:Bara’at
645:Ramadan
635:al-Qadr
620:al-Adha
615:al-Fitr
572:Songkok
479:Zardozi
361:Swahili
341:Persian
336:Ottoman
331:Moorish
267:Origins
246:bazaars
230:zawiyas
218:hammams
214:palaces
202:mosques
160:Iranian
132:secular
90:Isfahan
20554:Modern
20190:Martin
20053:Newton
19848:Tiling
19792:Zellij
19762:4D art
19552:Somali
19532:Newari
19515:Korean
19493:Indian
19385:Googie
19291:Cubism
19276:Modern
19176:Pueblo
19154:Rococo
19124:Gothic
19033:French
19008:Andean
18982:Mughal
18919:Gothic
18892:Mamluk
18852:Norman
18688:Minoan
18565:Ijazah
18445:Ethics
18236:Agency
18203:Poetry
17973:Louvre
17953:Museum
17900:Ghazni
17885:Berlin
17850:Mughal
17821:Zellij
17753:Tughra
17703:Diwani
17698:Arabic
17670:Mughal
17665:Arabic
17573:Minbar
17568:Khatam
17552:Suzani
17547:Soumak
17532:Damask
17463:Prayer
17446:Motifs
17343:Sitara
17323:Mihrab
17280:Yemeni
17240:Mamluk
17219:Mughal
16936:Kasbah
16885:Kasbah
16875:Hammam
16870:Ghorfa
16855:Bazaar
16834:Zawiya
16823:takyeh
16794:Mosque
16744:Dargah
16671:Kucheh
16617:Eidgah
16543:Zenana
16491:Zellij
16476:Sitara
16471:Shamsa
16359:Minbar
16349:Mihrab
16334:Kiswah
16319:Gonbad
16183:Arches
16137:Yemeni
16107:Somali
16090:Hafsid
16065:Mamluk
16044:Mughal
16034:Deccan
15982:Styles
15855:: 31.
15809:
15773:
15754:
15722:
15701:
15680:
15659:
15640:
15619:
15598:
15579:
15569:
15548:
15529:
15510:
15491:
15481:
15458:
15441:
15410:
15387:
15366:
15345:
15318:
15297:
15278:
15268:
15243:
15222:
15201:
15182:
15151:
15047:
15010:
14922:
14890:
14863:
14818:
14721:
14694:
14640:
14382:Africa
14292:
14209:
14185:
14154:
14026:
13951:
13871:
13641:
13609:
13526:Berber
13478:
13397:
13353:
13331:
13311:
13247:
13222:
13110:
13077:
13016:
13006:
12913:
12849:
12817:
12535:
12478:
12408:
12383:
12309:
12269:
12161:
12056:
12007:
11988:&
11961:Saljuq
11928:
11879:
11787:
11680:Arabia
11604:
11517:
11484:
11459:
11433:
11325:
11300:
11263:
11186:
10977:862832
10975:
10945:
10856:Mihrab
10819:
10633:
10608:
10516:
10423:
10209:
10064:
9918:
9888:
9800:
9763:
9732:
9593:
9293:
9267:
9259:
9082:
8935:
8903:
8873:
8863:
8832:
8793:Mosque
8751:Medina
8699:
8670:
8604:
8561:Turbah
8505:. The
8438:Russia
8298:miḥrāb
8186:Shanga
8177:, and
8120:Guinea
8051:Djenné
7838:. The
7704:temple
7673:Mughal
7551:, the
7537:Brunei
7522:gate,
7449:(1678)
7430:–1674)
7246:Multan
7110:Punjab
7019:Multan
6991:spolia
6915:Rada'a
6902:Shibam
6883:Ta'izz
6847:Sana'a
6819:Yemeni
6567:ghorfa
6518:Jewish
6465:, the
6453:, the
6418:zellij
6401:, and
6387:Berber
6179:mihrab
6177:Tiled
6127:hammam
6122:mektep
6106:imaret
6030:Edirne
6004:. The
5766:Mihrab
5741:, the
5726:wikala
5717:kuttab
5707:Venice
5684:sabils
5638:Levant
5626:Mamluk
5399:Selçuk
5391:Manisa
5300:Mardin
5183:(e.g.
5181:Aleppo
5131:Mardin
5129:, and
4962:. The
4918:Tekesh
4708:Ghazni
4649:Jazira
4607:Qazvin
4599:Tehran
4559:Seljuk
4481:Ghazna
4335:atrium
4321:, and
4243:Jerash
4216:Fustat
4184:, pl.
4102:Poetry
3941:Tawhid
3657:Stucco
3625:minbar
3619:mihrab
3604:Mihrab
3597:Mihrab
3590:mihrab
3572:mihrab
3562:qiblah
3479:Turkey
3342:Edirne
3092:Nasrid
3067:zellij
3046:Aleppo
2935:(e.g.
2870:Lahore
2810:Shiraz
2802:Kashan
2724:Lahore
2720:Mughal
2633:Edirne
2608:, the
2494:Lahore
2455:Lahore
2274:stucco
2160:, and
2150:term,
2096:mortar
2093:gypsum
2061:Levant
1849:, and
1836:vizier
1832:mihrab
1792:Mahdia
1613:Toledo
1601:ribbed
1545:mihrab
1529:mihrab
1465:stucco
1384:mihrab
1372:mihrab
1303:mihrab
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