314:, Philippines, visited Palmas. According to the Counter-Memorandum filed in the case by the United States, he had already visited the island in "about 1903". The report of Wood to the Military Secretary, United States Army, on 26 January 1906, and the certificate delivered on 21 January by First Lieutenant Gordon Johnston to the native interrogated by the controller of the Sangi (Sanghi) and Talauer (Talaut) Islands clearly show that the 21 January visit relates to the island in dispute. The visit led to the US statement that the Island of Palmas, undoubtedly included in the "archipelago known as the Philippine Islands," as delimited by Article III of the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, also called "
29:
185:
1953:
1904:
1855:
1818:
1804:
1783:
1742:
1693:
1651:
1630:
1519:
1477:
1421:
1375:
1354:
1180:
1108:
1055:
213:
1946:
1911:
1862:
1832:
1797:
1756:
1707:
1658:
1581:
1533:
1484:
1456:
1435:
1382:
1361:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1122:
1069:
1925:
1825:
1700:
1407:
2187:
2177:
1981:
1609:
1264:
1974:
1776:
1728:
1623:
1595:
1271:
2402:
1553:
1918:
1644:
1560:
1400:
1333:
1250:
1883:
1319:
1291:
1243:
1143:
1094:
1201:
1136:
1932:
1749:
1574:
1897:
1340:
1115:
366:
1498:
1229:
1721:
1672:
1449:
1159:
1967:
1876:
1848:
1679:
1602:
1526:
1505:
1470:
1428:
1312:
1298:
1222:
1087:
1062:
220:
192:
525:
Thus, a title that is inchoate cannot prevail over a definite title found on the continuous and peaceful display of sovereignty. Peaceful and continuous display of territorial sovereignty is as good as title. However, discovery alone, without a subsequent act, cannot suffice to prove sovereignty over
521:
had negotiated treaties with the local princes of the island since the 17th century and had exercised sovereignty, including a requirement of
Protestantism and the denial of other nationals on the island. The arbitrator pointed out that if Spain had actually exercised authority, there would have been
351:
The main argument was that the
Netherlands, represented by the East India Company, had possessed and exercised rights of sovereignty from 1677, or possibly from 1648. Sovereignty arose out of conventions entered into with native princes on Sangi (the main island of the Talautse Isles). to stabilize
516:
The
Netherlands' primary contention was that it held actual title because the Netherlands had exercised authority on the island since 1677. The arbitrator noted that the United States had failed to show documentation proving Spanish sovereignty on the island except the documents that specifically
507:
in which the nearest continent or island of considerable size gives title to the land in dispute. The arbitrator held that mere proximity was not an adequate claim to land and noted that if the international community followed the proposed
American approach, that would lead to arbitrary results.
493:
title when Spain "discovered" Palmas. However, for a sovereign to maintain its initial title via discovery, the arbitrator said that the discoverer had to actually exercise authority even by as simple an act as planting a flag on the beach. Spain did not exercise authority over the island after
326:
of 1648, which was agreed to by Spain and the
Netherlands. According to the same argument, nothing had occurred of a nature to cause the acquired title to disappear in international law. The United States argued the latter title at the moment when Spain ceded its title to the Philippines by the
901:
321:
The United States, as the successor to the rights of Spain over the
Philippines, based its title in the first place on discovery. The existence of sovereignty thus acquired was not merely confirmed by the most reliable cartographers and authors and even by treaty, particularly the
470:
The United States argued that it held the island because it had received actual title by legitimate treaties from the original discoverer of the island, Spain. The United States argued that Spain acquired title to Palmas when Spain discovered the island and the island was
237:
Palmas (Miangas) is an island of little economic value or strategic location. It is 2.6 km in north–south length and 1.0 km in east–west width. It had a population of about 750 in 1932, when the case was decided. The island is located approximately 100 miles
582:"The same principle which subjects the act creative of a right to the law in force at the time the right arises, demands that the existence of the right, in other words its continued manifestation, shall follow the conditions required by the evolution of the law."
544:
If another sovereign begins to exercise continuous and actual sovereignty openly and publicly and with good title, but the discoverer does not contest the claim, the claim by the sovereign that exercises authority is then greater than a title based on mere
426:
Huber had to determine "whether the Island of Palmas (or
Miangas) in its entirety forms a part of territory belonging to the United States of America or of Netherlands territory." Based on the arguments made by both states, there were two main issues:
450:
The
Arbitrator in conformity with Article I of the Special Agreement of 23 January 1925 DECIDES that : THE ISLAND OF PALMAS (or MIANGAS) forms in its entirety a part of the Netherlands territory. done at The Hague, this fourth day of April 1928.
920:
2143:
526:
the island. The territorial sovereignty of the defendant, Netherlands, was not contested by anyone from 1700 to 1906 so the title of discovery was, at best, an inchoate title and does not prevail over the
Netherlands claims of sovereignty.
502:
The United States argued that Palmas was
American territory because the island was closer to the Philippines than to the Netherlands East Indies. The arbitrator said that there was no positive international law for the American view of
488:
However, the arbitrator noted that Spain could not legally grant what it did not hold and the Treaty of Paris could not grant Palmas to the United States if Spain had no actual title to it. The arbitrator concluded that Spain held an
261:
and Palmas is located within the boundaries of that cession. In 1906, the United States discovered that the Netherlands also claimed sovereignty over the island, and the two parties agreed to submit to binding arbitration by the
517:
mentioned the island's discovery. Additionally, there was no evidence that Palmas was a part of the judicial or administrative organization of the Spanish government of the Philippines. However, the Netherlands showed that the
1003:
881:
2173:
347:
Contesting the principle of contiguity, the Netherlands considered discovery by Spain was not proved, that the same held for any other form of acquisition, and that any such Spanish title would have been lost.
996:
765:
574:"A judicial fact must be appreciated in the light of the law contemporary with it, and not of the law in force at the time such a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled."
2212:
2165:
2465:
989:
318:," and ceded in virtue of the said article to the United States, was considered by the Netherlands as forming part of the territory of its possessions in the East Indies.
2222:
2207:
2032:
2435:
2158:
352:
the sovereignty of the Netherlands over the territories of the princes, including Palmas (or Miangas) and this had been validated by international treaties.
102:(Scott, Hague Court Reports 2d 83 (1932), (Perm. Ct. Arb. 1928), 2 U.N. Rep. Intl. Arb. Awards 829) was a territorial dispute over the Island of Palmas (or
335:
The American government finally maintained that Palmas forms a geographical part of the Philippine group and is closer to the Philippines than to the
327:
Treaty of Paris in 1898. Thus, it was unnecessary to establish facts showing the actual display of sovereignty precisely over the Island of Palmas.
2480:
2460:
2450:
2405:
2151:
285:
The question before the arbitrator was whether the Island of Palmas (Miangas) formed part of United States territory (referring to what is now the
2243:
431:
Did the inchoate title claimed by the United States prevail over a continuous and peaceful display of sovereignty exercised by the Netherlands?
2445:
2025:
184:
2202:
2440:
2301:
2075:
2455:
200:
1735:
2430:
2322:
2470:
2018:
2227:
2217:
2181:
966:
339:. Thus, the principle of contiguity substantiated the claim that it belongs to the power with sovereignty over the Philippines.
2041:
387:
212:
962:
1442:
151:
959:
on 28 May 2008), Scott, Hague Court Reports 2d 83 (1932) (Perm. Ct. 4rb. 1928), Abridgement and notes by Kurt Taylor Gaubatz
724:
2388:
2105:
1076:
2378:
1939:
971:
477:. Spain's title to the island, because it was a part of the Philippines, was then ceded to the United States under the
1101:
952:
2373:
2306:
2289:
746:
413:
395:
239:
2294:
1960:
228:
28:
1012:
391:
263:
115:
39:
948:
Permanent Court of Arbitration: Island of Palmas (or Miangas) (The Netherlands / The United States of America)
485:. The arbitrator noted that no new international law invalidated the legal transfer of territory via cession.
266:. On 23 January 1925, the two governments signed an agreement to that effect. Ratifications were exchanged in
1236:
1129:
751:
Theory of International Law at the Threshold of the 21st Century; Essays in honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski
981:
2085:
1811:
494:
making an initial claim after discovery and so the American claim was based on relatively weak grounds.
2425:
1463:
1567:
2475:
2342:
2279:
1152:
749:(1993). "Some observations on the Inter-temporal rule in International Law". In Makarczyk, J. (ed.).
2363:
518:
482:
376:
2100:
1890:
1839:
1588:
602:
597:
380:
131:
478:
458:
315:
258:
141:
The case is one of the most influential precedents dealing with island territorial conflicts.
1665:
1512:
592:
567:
534:
Under the decision, three precedents for resolving island territorial disputes were decided:
452:
275:
88:
72:
2368:
2337:
2332:
2068:
1389:
8:
2327:
2080:
2010:
722:
THE ISLAND OF PALMAS CASE (OR MIANGAS) : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA V. THE NETHERLANDS
123:
323:
1215:
853:
801:
793:
670:
662:
2284:
2090:
1686:
858:
840:
805:
785:
674:
559:
555:
336:
2269:
1326:
1284:
937:
William S. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law (6th ed. 2011).
848:
832:
777:
654:
267:
490:
2095:
1491:
728:
721:
2358:
1414:
1368:
1024:
247:
243:
2419:
2253:
2186:
1790:
844:
789:
473:
311:
166:
153:
111:
975:
2063:
1616:
1080:
1011:
956:
862:
836:
522:
conflicts between the two countries, but none is provided in the evidence.
307:
279:
570:
distinguished between the creation of rights, and the existence of rights:
2176:
2045:
1980:
1973:
1924:
1824:
1775:
1727:
1699:
1637:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1406:
1270:
1263:
286:
107:
1194:
1048:
1020:
820:
797:
666:
1869:
1769:
1552:
1173:
1016:
621:
290:
135:
781:
658:
365:
1917:
1882:
1714:
1643:
1559:
1399:
1332:
1318:
1290:
1249:
1242:
1142:
1093:
947:
554:
The decision has also served as a basis for the definition of the
50:
Island of Palmas (or Miangas) (United States v. The Netherlands)
2213:
Residence of the Ambassador of the Netherlands in Washington D.C.
2125:
1931:
1748:
1573:
1546:
1200:
1135:
511:
119:
103:
2383:
1945:
1910:
1896:
1861:
1831:
1796:
1755:
1720:
1706:
1671:
1657:
1580:
1532:
1483:
1455:
1448:
1434:
1381:
1360:
1339:
1305:
1207:
1186:
1165:
1158:
1121:
1114:
1068:
902:"Diayou/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Japan and China, Oceans Apart"
538:
Title based on contiguity has no standing in international law;
434:
Did a title of contiguity have foundation in international law?
2059:
1966:
1952:
1903:
1875:
1854:
1847:
1817:
1803:
1782:
1741:
1692:
1678:
1650:
1629:
1601:
1525:
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1504:
1497:
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1427:
1420:
1393:
1374:
1353:
1347:
1311:
1297:
1257:
1228:
1221:
1179:
1107:
1086:
1061:
1054:
254:
204:
Location of the Palmas, with the Philippines as a reference.
2248:
645:
Jessup, Philip C. (1928). "The Palmas Island Arbitration".
2040:
2466:
International territorial disputes of the United States
731:, PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION, 4 April 1928, p. 39.
232:
Location of the Palmas, with Indonesia as a reference.
2223:
Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands
2208:
Ambassadors of the Netherlands to the United States
270:, on 1 April 1925. The agreement was registered in
257:ceded the Philippines to the United States in the
879:
2417:
289:) or Dutch territory (referring to what is now
274:on 19 May 1925. The arbitrator in the case was
899:
821:"Revisiting the Doctrine of Intertemporal Law"
512:Continuous and peaceful display of sovereignty
2159:
2026:
997:
753:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 173–181.
541:Title by discovery is only an inchoate title;
219:
191:
2436:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
2406:Category:Netherlands–United States relations
2203:Embassy of the Netherlands, Washington, D.C.
394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
250:, the next-northernmost part of Indonesia.
2244:Van Mook–MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement
2166:
2152:
2033:
2019:
1004:
990:
741:
739:
737:
330:
2323:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
852:
647:The American Journal of International Law
414:Learn how and when to remove this message
246:, Philippines, and 70 miles north of the
2302:American Service-Members' Protection Act
818:
2461:Territorial disputes of the Philippines
2451:Territorial disputes of the Netherlands
2228:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2218:Embassy of the United States, The Hague
745:
734:
465:
2418:
909:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal
644:
549:
2147:
2014:
1464:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
1443:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
985:
770:American Journal of International Law
763:
301:
2446:Permanent Court of Arbitration cases
686:
684:
392:adding citations to reliable sources
359:
2481:Netherlands–United States relations
2182:Netherlands–United States relations
2001:1: Divided among multiple claimants
766:"The Doctrine of Intertemporal Law"
622:Satellite view of 5.55804/126.58470
130:) was declared to be a part of the
13:
2441:Legal history of the United States
2379:Astronomical Netherlands Satellite
342:
14:
2492:
2456:Territorial disputes of Indonesia
2389:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final
2374:Netherlands lunar sample displays
2307:Disappearance of Natalee Holloway
2290:Scottish Court in the Netherlands
941:
681:
443:Huber ruled for the Netherlands:
2431:Legal history of the Netherlands
2401:
2400:
2185:
2175:
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1972:
1965:
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1930:
1923:
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1902:
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1823:
1816:
1802:
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1199:
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1067:
1060:
1053:
693:International Law (4th ed. 2009)
690:
364:
218:
211:
190:
183:
27:
2471:1928 in international relations
2081:West Philippine Sea designation
972:Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case
825:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
819:Wheatley, Steven (2020-12-21).
633:League of Nations Treaty Series
296:
272:League of Nations Treaty Series
882:"Palmas Arbitration revisited"
812:
757:
714:
708:Permanent Court of Arbitration
699:
638:
626:
615:
264:Permanent Court of Arbitration
116:Permanent Court of Arbitration
40:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1:
1415:Parigas region/Demchok sector
706:"The Island of Palmas Case".
608:
566:). The rule as enunciated by
497:
144:
529:
481:after Spain's defeat in the
7:
586:
438:
306:On 1 January 1906, General
10:
2497:
2126:Miangas / Island of Palmas
1195:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
873:
2397:
2351:
2343:Maastricht Aachen Airport
2315:
2280:Tenerife airport disaster
2262:
2236:
2195:
2118:
2052:
1997:
1770:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
1153:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
1039:
1036:
1031:
915:(2): 9–11 Section III–A,
355:
84:
79:
68:
63:
55:
45:
35:
26:
21:
2364:Dutch West India Company
1840:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
519:Dutch East India Company
900:William Heflin (2000).
635:, vol. 33, pp. 446-453.
603:Senkaku Islands dispute
598:Liancourt Rocks dispute
331:Principle of contiguity
132:Netherlands East Indies
114:which was heard by the
889:Philippine Law Journal
880:H. Harry L. Roque Jr.
584:
576:
479:Treaty of Paris (1898)
463:
459:Michiels van Verduynen
259:Treaty of Paris (1898)
127:
2275:Island of Palmas Case
2106:Philippine activities
1513:Trans-Karakoram Tract
917:Island of Palmas Case
764:Elias, T. O. (1980).
593:Kuril Islands dispute
580:
572:
445:
99:Island of Palmas Case
2369:Netherlands Carillon
2338:Soesterberg Air Base
2333:Operation Easy Chair
2086:PCA arbitration case
1013:Territorial disputes
978:on 15 December 2004)
953:The Island of Palmas
837:10.1093/ojls/gqaa058
483:Spanish–American War
461:, Secretary-General.
388:improve this section
229:class=notpageimage|
201:class=notpageimage|
167:5.55804°N 126.5847°E
2328:Bombing of Nijmegen
2042:Territories claimed
1617:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
1568:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
967:the Online Casebook
556:inter-temporal rule
550:Inter-temporal rule
163: /
134:and is now part of
2316:Military relations
1102:Bhutanese exclaves
1040:Islands and waters
727:2012-08-21 at the
564:tempus regit actum
466:Right by discovery
447:For these reasons
302:Right by discovery
2426:Dutch East Indies
2413:
2412:
2285:Pan Am Flight 103
2141:
2140:
2091:Scarborough Shoal
2008:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1812:Scarborough Shoal
1687:Macclesfield Bank
1589:Dokdo / Takeshima
1150:Part of Heixiazi/
1077:Jammu and Kashmir
974:, (archived from
720:Paraphrased from
560:international law
424:
423:
416:
337:Dutch East Indies
324:Treaty of MĂĽnster
172:5.55804; 126.5847
94:
93:
75:, sole arbitrator
2488:
2476:1928 in case law
2404:
2403:
2270:Head Money Cases
2196:Diplomatic posts
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2144:
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2011:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1961:Tsushima/Daemado
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
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1327:Limbang District
1322:
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1315:
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1294:
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1285:Gilgit-Baltistan
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963:Case Description
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925:
919:. Archived from
906:
896:
886:
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866:
856:
816:
810:
809:
761:
755:
754:
747:Higgins, Rosalyn
743:
732:
718:
712:
711:
703:
697:
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268:Washington, D.C.
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64:Court membership
31:
22:Island of Palmas
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455:, Arbitrator
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312:Moro Province
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2064:North Borneo
1390:North Borneo
1081:Azad Kashmir
976:the original
957:the original
928:. Retrieved
921:the original
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386:Please help
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308:Leonard Wood
305:
297:US arguments
284:
271:
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236:
148:
140:
98:
97:
95:
59:4 April 1928
49:
2046:Philippines
1940:Taiwan Area
1638:James Shoal
505:terra firma
287:Philippines
170: /
158:126°35′05″E
108:Netherlands
85:Decision by
2420:Categories
1049:Aksai Chin
930:2016-07-17
609:References
545:discovery.
498:Contiguity
145:Background
124:Indonesian
16:Legal case
2263:Incidents
2237:Diplomacy
1870:Sir Creek
1174:Hong Kong
845:0143-6503
806:143623395
790:0002-9300
675:147068663
530:Precedent
453:Max Huber
375:does not
291:Indonesia
276:Max Huber
253:In 1898,
155:5°33′29″N
136:Indonesia
89:Max Huber
73:Max Huber
1715:Noktundo
1216:Kalapani
863:34305451
725:Archived
587:See also
578:However:
491:inchoate
439:Decision
282:lawyer.
110:and the
2352:Related
2101:dispute
2069:dispute
2053:Current
2044:by the
1842:Islands
1547:Ambalat
874:Sources
854:8298020
798:2201503
710:. 1928.
667:2188429
396:removed
381:sources
104:Miangas
56:Decided
2384:SMPR-1
2119:Former
1306:Ladakh
1023:, and
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673:
665:
356:Issues
120:Palmas
2295:Trial
2060:Sabah
1492:Susta
1394:Sabah
1348:Macau
1258:Korea
1021:South
924:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
802:S2CID
794:JSTOR
671:S2CID
663:JSTOR
568:Huber
280:Swiss
255:Spain
36:Court
2249:DAFT
2131:case
1037:Land
1017:East
859:PMID
841:ISSN
786:ISSN
379:any
377:cite
278:, a
96:The
1396:) (
1015:in
965:in
849:PMC
833:doi
778:doi
655:doi
558:in
390:by
293:).
242:of
240:ESE
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122:(
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