814:
2178:. Because protons are positively charged, they repel each other. Neutrons, which are electrically neutral, stabilize the nucleus in two ways. Their copresence pushes protons slightly apart, reducing the electrostatic repulsion between the protons, and they exert the attractive nuclear force on each other and on protons. For this reason, one or more neutrons are necessary for two or more protons to be bound into a nucleus. As the number of protons increases, so does the ratio of neutrons to protons necessary to ensure a stable nucleus (see graph). For example, although the
2120:
827:
42:
939:
is negligible for most elements. Even in the case of the very lightest elements, where the ratio of neutron number to atomic number varies the most between isotopes, it usually has only a small effect, but it matters in some circumstances. For hydrogen, the lightest element, the isotope effect is
1650:
in excess of 1,000 trillion years. This nuclide occurs primordially, and has never been observed to decay to the ground state. (In contrast, the ground state nuclide tantalum-180 does not occur primordially, since it decays with a half life of only 8 hours to Hf (86%) or W (14%).)
926:
A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, for example carbon-13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, while the
1923:
as a result of natural fission in uranium ores. Cosmogenic nuclides may be either stable or radioactive. If they are stable, their existence must be deduced against a background of stable nuclides, since every known stable nuclide is present on Earth primordially.
1614:. Each of these two states (technetium-99m and technetium-99) qualifies as a different nuclide, illustrating one way that nuclides may differ from isotopes (an isotope may consist of several different nuclides of different excitation states).
1588:
are members of a set of nuclides with equal proton number and equal mass number (thus making them by definition the same isotope), but different states of excitation. An example is the two states of the single isotope
1831:. There exist about 51 of these daughter nuclides that have half-lives too short to be primordial, and which exist in nature solely due to decay from longer lived radioactive primordial nuclides.
2251:(calcium-40) is observationally the heaviest stable nuclide with the same number of neutrons and protons. All stable nuclides heavier than calcium-40 contain more neutrons than protons.
976:
Although the words nuclide and isotope are often used interchangeably, being isotopes is actually only one relation between nuclides. The following table names some other relations.
2478:
stable nuclides are divided (roughly evenly) into odd-proton–even-neutron, and even-proton–odd-neutron nuclides. Odd-proton–odd-neutron nuclides (and nuclei) are the least common.
918:
as a "species of atom characterized by the constitution of its nucleus" containing a certain number of neutrons and protons. The term thus originally focused on the nucleus.
1654:
There are 251 nuclides in nature that have never been observed to decay. They occur among the 80 different elements that have one or more stable isotopes. See
1959:. Note that numbers are not exact, and may change slightly in the future, if some "stable" nuclides are observed to be radioactive with very long half-lives.
1575:
e to emphasize that in the first group of nuclides it is the number of neutrons (n) that is constant, whereas in the second the number of protons (p).
2745:
2436:, making odd nuclei, generally, less stable. This remarkable difference of nuclear binding energy between neighbouring nuclei, especially of odd-
1536:
of the element. Particular nuclides are still often loosely called "isotopes", but the term "nuclide" is the correct one in general (i.e., when
1932:
Beyond the naturally occurring nuclides, more than 3000 radionuclides of varying half-lives have been artificially produced and characterized.
2770:
Table data is derived by counting members of the list; references for the list data itself are given below in the reference section in
2824:
2493:
1940:
858:
772:
1827:. They occur in the decay chains of primordial isotopes of uranium or thorium. Some of these nuclides are very short-lived, such as
2640:
2086:
nuclides from natural nuclear reactions that are other than those from cosmic rays (such as neutron absorption from spontaneous
2862:
2682:
2584:
2857:
121:
1834:
The third group consists of nuclides that are continuously being made in another fashion that is not simple spontaneous
2562:
2568:
1559:
are nuclides of equal neutron number but different proton numbers. Likewise, nuclides with the same neutron excess (
2904:
425:
813:
617:
1698:(for practical purposes, these are difficult to detect with half-lives less than 10% of the age of the Earth) (
322:
2817:
851:
2408:
The proton–neutron ratio is not the only factor affecting nuclear stability. It depends also on even or odd
2884:
945:
2443:, has important consequences: unstable isotopes with a nonoptimal number of neutrons or protons decay by
635:
605:
106:
2749:
2888:
2698:
Cohen, E. R.; Giacomo, P. (1987). "Symbols, units, nomenclature and fundamental constants in physics".
2260:
953:
682:
232:
17:
2006:
onward; other mechanisms possible for heavier nuclides. All considered "stable" until decay detected.
568:
2722:
2937:
2810:
2179:
844:
831:
563:
267:
558:
455:
420:
116:
2717:
2433:
936:
612:
262:
227:
2796:
2175:
737:
622:
514:
1955:
This is a summary table for the 905 nuclides with half-lives longer than one hour, given in
677:
2709:
2613:
2519:
2514:
2409:
2222:
is greater than 3:2. A number of lighter elements have stable nuclides with the ratio 1:1 (
1828:
747:
722:
539:
1686:
Natural radionuclides may be conveniently subdivided into three types. First, those whose
8:
2880:
2452:
1999:
1843:
642:
521:
415:
358:
351:
341:
282:
277:
111:
2713:
2617:
1838:(i.e., only one atom involved with no incoming particle) but instead involves a natural
2648:
2524:
2071:
2055:
2025:
1851:
1790:
1783:
1675:
1659:
911:
585:
580:
395:
2787:
883:, also known as nuclear species) is a class of atoms characterized by their number of
2932:
2852:
2731:
2678:
2580:
2504:
2136:
1936:
1835:
1824:
1448:
757:
752:
712:
590:
329:
317:
300:
272:
242:
83:
2848:
2771:
2727:
2621:
2572:
2498:
2448:
2440:
2091:
1956:
1947:
is sorted by half-life, for the 905 nuclides with half-lives longer than one hour.
1944:
1839:
1779:
1552:
1525:
1178:
931:
concept (grouping all atoms of each element) emphasizes chemical over nuclear. The
777:
767:
697:
450:
368:
336:
156:
88:
2087:
1707:
1080:
762:
742:
717:
647:
534:
462:
408:
373:
33:
2462:
The majority of stable nuclides are even-proton–even-neutron, where all numbers
1998:
Energetically unstable to one or more known decay modes, but no decay yet seen.
1854:. Other types of natural nuclear reactions produce nuclides that are said to be
1582:
for an explanation of the notation used for different nuclide or isotope types.
2150:
2016:
1655:
1585:
1529:
1493:
1455:
1171:
1093:
880:
818:
672:
667:
546:
479:
287:
222:
199:
186:
173:
73:
51:
2558:
2926:
2509:
2456:
1971:
1671:
1663:
1627:
1622:
1591:
1548:
1521:
1472:
1373:
1002:
797:
792:
787:
782:
732:
390:
363:
207:
146:
99:
78:
2641:"Obituary: Truman P. Kohman / Chemistry professor with eyes always on stars"
2576:
968:
might be more appropriate, such as nuclear technology and nuclear medicine.
2534:
2529:
1982:
1778:) is 138 times rarer. About 34 of these nuclides have been discovered (see
1711:
1667:
1618:
1611:
940:
large enough to affect biological systems strongly. In the case of helium,
900:
727:
702:
687:
432:
380:
237:
1579:
2119:
2083:
1880:
1855:
1541:
1364:
1318:
1245:
1203:
1128:
692:
385:
307:
160:
1842:. These occur when atoms react with natural neutrons (from cosmic rays,
2444:
2075:
2003:
1884:
1847:
1405:
1267:
662:
652:
509:
489:
312:
182:
2625:
1950:
2802:
2700:
2067:
1687:
1647:
1339:
1297:
1224:
1149:
1107:
1058:
1037:
1016:
707:
657:
484:
472:
467:
346:
2145:
Other – radioactive, with decreasing stability from orange to white
2079:
1789:
The second group of radionuclides that exist naturally consists of
1426:
949:
941:
1748:
is still fairly abundant in nature, but the shorter-lived isotope
41:
2487:
2046:
2042:
2038:
1861:
An example of nuclides made by nuclear reactions, are cosmogenic
1745:
1556:
1533:
1087:
996:
932:
928:
892:
169:
142:
66:
56:
2791:
1939:. A list of primordial nuclides is given sorted by element, at
1905:
which is still being created by neutron bombardment of natural
1820:
1681:
1540:
is not fixed). In similar manner, a set of nuclides with equal
884:
61:
2554:
1993:
Includes first 40 elements. Proton decay yet to be observed.
1695:
2184:
2054:
Radioactive (half-life > 1 hour). Includes most useful
935:
number has large effects on nuclear properties, but its
2490:(much more information on abundance of stable nuclides)
964:, and is still occasionally used in contexts in which
2677:(7th ed.). Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 78.
2108:
Includes all well-characterized synthetic nuclides.
1846:, or other sources), or are bombarded directly with
2114:
1951:
Summary table for numbers of each class of nuclides
1710:that occurred in stars before the formation of the
2420:and, consequently, of their sum, the mass number
2078:); daughters of radioactive primordials, such as
1927:
2924:
2174:have protons and neutrons bound together by the
2254:
2099:Radioactive synthetic (half-life < 1 hour).
1887:bombardment of other elements, and nucleogenic
1360:Examples are isodiaphers with neutron excess 1.
2600:Kohman, Truman P. (1947). "Proposed New Word:
2818:
910:was coined by the American nuclear physicist
852:
2697:
1850:. The latter, if non-primordial, are called
1682:Origins of naturally occurring radionuclides
1520:A set of nuclides with equal proton number (
960:is the older term, it is better known than
2825:
2811:
2561:. In A. D. McNaught; A. Wilkinson (eds.).
1694:are at least 2% as long as the age of the
859:
845:
2799:at The International Atomic Energy Agency
2721:
2494:List of elements by stability of isotopes
1941:List of elements by stability of isotopes
2915:Various tables and lists of the nuclides
2668:
2666:
2118:
1567:) are called isodiaphers. The name isoto
1514:m=metastable (long-lived excited state)
921:
14:
2925:
2832:
2672:
2599:
2806:
2663:
2638:
2553:
2738:
2203:is 1:2, the neutron–proton ratio of
2002:possible for "stable" nuclides from
971:
2141:Black – stable (all are primordial)
1378:neutron and proton number exchanged
24:
2898:Articles on isotopes of an element
2564:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2155:Atomic nuclei other than hydrogen
2037:Total primordial elements include
25:
2949:
2781:
2569:Blackwell Scientific Publications
2094:). Also many synthetic nuclides.
1674:('daughter' products) are called
1571:e was derived from the name isoto
1467:but with different energy states
2746:"Types of Isotopes: Radioactive"
2115:Nuclear properties and stability
1981:Theoretically stable to all but
1935:The known nuclides are shown in
1555:(isobar = equal in weight), and
826:
825:
812:
40:
2905:Isotope index by periodic table
2675:Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry
2764:
2691:
2632:
2593:
2547:
2451:or more exotic means, such as
1928:Artificially produced nuclides
1621:nuclear isomer is the nuclide
13:
1:
2797:Livechart - Table of Nuclides
2540:
1961:
2732:10.1016/0378-4371(87)90216-0
2447:(including positron decay),
2255:Even and odd nucleon numbers
2143:Red – primordial radioactive
2104:
2101:
2063:
2060:
2049:, plus all stable nuclides.
2033:
2030:
2011:
2008:
1989:
1986:
937:effect on chemical reactions
7:
2606:American Journal of Physics
2481:
1714:. For example, the isotope
606:High-energy nuclear physics
10:
2954:
2639:Belko, Mark (1 May 2010).
2261:Even and odd atomic nuclei
2258:
2148:
1980:
2913:
2897:
2873:
2841:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2322:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2123:Stability of nuclides by
1964:
1706:). These are remnants of
1367:product are isodiaphers.
1662:. Unstable nuclides are
946:Bose–Einstein statistics
914:in 1947. Kohman defined
2881:Nuclide map (segmented)
2748:. SAHRA. Archived from
2645:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2577:10.1351/goldbook.N04257
1976:Notes on running total
1277:equal neutron excess (N
117:Interacting boson model
2885:Nuclide map (complete)
2434:nuclear binding energy
2146:
1823:, which are formed by
1617:The longest-lived non-
1092:equal neutron number (
954:Fermi–Dirac statistics
2673:Sharma, B.K. (2001).
2501:(sorted by half-life)
2412:of its atomic number
2176:residual strong force
2122:
2015:Total of classically
1524:), i.e., of the same
1001:equal proton number (
504:High-energy processes
202:– equal all the above
100:Models of the nucleus
2520:Mononuclidic element
2515:Monoisotopic element
2180:neutron–proton ratio
1829:isotopes of francium
1183:equal mass number (Z
922:Nuclides vs isotopes
899:, and their nuclear
540:nuclear astrophysics
2714:1987PhyA..146....1.
2651:on 14 December 2019
2618:1947AmJPh..15..356K
2453:spontaneous fission
2432:tends to lower the
2280:
2072:cosmogenic nuclides
2056:radioactive tracers
2026:primordial nuclides
2000:Spontaneous fission
1968:Number of nuclides
1852:cosmogenic nuclides
1844:spontaneous fission
1791:radiogenic nuclides
1676:radiogenic nuclides
1460:same proton number
522:Photodisintegration
445:Capturing processes
359:Spontaneous fission
352:Internal conversion
283:Valley of stability
278:Island of stability
112:Nuclear shell model
2752:on 17 October 2021
2525:Primordial element
2474:are even. The odd-
2424:. Oddness of both
2265:
2147:
2135:, an example of a
1883:) that is made by
1784:Primordial nuclide
1660:primordial nuclide
1363:A nuclide and its
891:, their number of
819:Physics portal
613:Quark–gluon plasma
396:Radiogenic nuclide
2920:
2919:
2889:Table of isotopes
2863:segmented, narrow
2853:Table of nuclides
2684:978-81-85842-63-9
2626:10.1119/1.1990965
2586:978-0-632-01765-2
2505:Table of nuclides
2416:, neutron number
2406:
2405:
2137:table of nuclides
2112:
2111:
1937:Table of nuclides
1836:radioactive decay
1825:radioactive decay
1819:), an isotope of
1518:
1517:
1449:positron emission
972:Types of nuclides
869:
868:
555:
301:Radioactive decay
257:Nuclear stability
84:Nuclear structure
16:(Redirected from
2945:
2849:List of nuclides
2827:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2775:
2772:list of nuclides
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2551:
2499:List of nuclides
2449:electron capture
2281:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2134:
2092:neutron emission
1965:Stability class
1962:
1957:list of nuclides
1945:List of nuclides
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1840:nuclear reaction
1818:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1780:List of nuclides
1777:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1703:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1610:shown among the
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1580:Isotope#Notation
1547:, but different
1526:chemical element
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
985:Characteristics
979:
978:
912:Truman P. Kohman
861:
854:
847:
834:
829:
828:
821:
817:
816:
693:Skłodowska-Curie
553:
369:Neutron emission
137:' classification
89:Nuclear reaction
44:
30:
29:
21:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:Nuclear physics
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2869:
2858:segmented, wide
2842:Representations
2837:
2831:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2723:10.1.1.1012.880
2696:
2692:
2685:
2671:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2484:
2379:All primordial
2263:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:). The nuclide
2223:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2117:
2088:nuclear fission
2017:stable nuclides
1953:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1817:1602 years
1816:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:nucleosynthesis
1701:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1666:and are called
1646:), which has a
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:Nuclear isomers
1530:neutron numbers
1507:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1456:Nuclear isomers
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1081:neutron capture
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
974:
924:
865:
824:
811:
810:
803:
802:
638:
628:
627:
608:
598:
597:
542:
538:
535:Nucleosynthesis
527:
526:
505:
497:
496:
446:
438:
437:
411:
409:Nuclear fission
401:
400:
374:Proton emission
303:
293:
292:
258:
250:
249:
151:
138:
127:
126:
102:
34:Nuclear physics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2788:Periodic Table
2783:
2782:External links
2780:
2777:
2776:
2763:
2737:
2690:
2683:
2662:
2631:
2592:
2585:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2259:Main article:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2217:
2208:
2197:
2188:
2169:
2160:
2151:Stable nuclide
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1952:
1949:
1929:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1874:
1866:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1786:for details).
1767:
1761:
1753:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1672:decay products
1656:stable nuclide
1640:
1631:
1604:
1595:
1528:but different
1516:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1237:
1228:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:proton capture
1168:
1162:
1153:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
973:
970:
923:
920:
867:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
822:
805:
804:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
574:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
550:
549:
547:Nuclear fusion
543:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
518:
517:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
477:
476:
475:
470:
460:
459:
458:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
429:
428:
418:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
355:
354:
349:
339:
334:
333:
332:
327:
326:
325:
310:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
288:Stable nuclide
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Binding energy
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
204:
203:
196:
195:
179:
178:
166:
165:
153:
152:
139:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
74:Nuclear matter
71:
70:
69:
64:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:Atomic species
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2950:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Alpha nuclide
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:cluster decay
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2252:
2230:
2226:
2201:
2181:
2177:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:generated by
2073:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:Running total
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1886:
1882:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:10 years
1747:
1742:10 years
1713:
1709:
1704:10 years
1697:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:radionuclides
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1624:
1623:tantalum-180m
1620:
1615:
1613:
1612:decay schemes
1608:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563: −
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:, are called
1550:
1549:atomic number
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:, are called
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:atomic number
1513:
1510:
1489:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1422:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1377:
1375:
1374:Mirror nuclei
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1335:
1314:
1295:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1241:
1220:
1201:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1145:
1124:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1054:
1033:
1014:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
823:
820:
815:
809:
808:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
602:
601:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
536:
531:
530:
523:
520:
516:
515:by cosmic ray
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
501:
500:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
434:
431:
427:
426:pair breaking
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
391:Decay product
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Cluster decay
362:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
213:
209:
208:Mirror nuclei
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190: −
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
136:
131:
130:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
96:
95:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
79:Nuclear force
77:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
2834:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2750:the original
2740:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2674:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2644:
2634:
2612:(4): 356–7.
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2563:
2549:
2535:Hypernucleus
2530:Radionuclide
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2304:
2300:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2228:
2224:
2154:
2130:
2126:
2082:, etc., and
2024:Radioactive
1983:proton decay
1954:
1934:
1931:
1860:
1833:
1788:
1712:Solar System
1685:
1653:
1619:ground state
1616:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1466:
1464:mass number,
1461:
1389:
1380:
1362:
1274:Isodiaphers
982:Designation
975:
965:
961:
957:
925:
915:
907:
905:
901:energy state
896:
888:
876:
872:
870:
433:Photofission
381:Decay energy
308:Alpha α
215:
211:
191:
187:
174:
161:
147:
134:
2756:12 November
2708:(1): 1–68.
2351:Long-lived
2084:nucleogenic
2076:cosmic rays
2070:(and other
1881:radiocarbon
1856:nucleogenic
1848:cosmic rays
1664:radioactive
1542:mass number
1365:alpha decay
738:Oppenheimer
416:Spontaneous
386:Decay chain
337:K/L capture
313:Beta β
183:Isodiaphers
107:Liquid drop
2927:Categories
2833:Charts of
2541:References
2445:beta decay
2149:See also:
2004:niobium-93
1885:cosmic ray
1858:nuclides.
1688:half-lives
1268:beta decay
768:Strassmann
758:Rutherford
636:Scientists
591:Artificial
586:Cosmogenic
581:Primordial
577:Nuclides:
554:Processes:
510:Spallation
18:Isodiapher
2718:CiteSeerX
2701:Physica A
2559:"Nuclide"
2267:Even/odd
2105:>3300
2102:>2400
2068:Carbon-14
1648:half-life
906:The word
773:Świątecki
688:Pi. Curie
683:Fr. Curie
678:Ir. Curie
673:Cockcroft
648:Becquerel
569:Supernova
273:Drip line
268:p–n ratio
243:Borromean
122:Ab initio
2933:Isotopes
2835:nuclides
2655:29 April
2557:(1997).
2482:See also
2080:francium
1793:such as
1670:. Their
1557:isotones
1534:isotopes
1088:Isotones
997:Isotopes
991:Remarks
988:Example
956:. Since
950:helium-3
948:, while
942:helium-4
893:neutrons
877:nucleide
832:Category
733:Oliphant
718:Lawrence
698:Davisson
668:Chadwick
564:Big Bang
451:electron
421:Products
342:Isomeric
233:Even/odd
210: –
185:– equal
172:– equal
170:Isotones
159:– equal
145:– equal
143:Isotopes
135:Nuclides
57:Nucleons
2710:Bibcode
2614:Bibcode
2602:Nuclide
2488:Isotope
2441:isobars
2323:Stable
2047:uranium
2043:thorium
2039:bismuth
1746:uranium
1553:isobars
1179:Isobars
966:nuclide
962:nuclide
958:isotope
933:neutron
929:isotope
916:nuclide
908:nuclide
885:protons
881:nucleus
879:, from
873:nuclide
788:Thomson
778:Szilárd
748:Purcell
728:Meitner
663:N. Bohr
658:A. Bohr
643:Alvarez
559:Stellar
463:neutron
347:Gamma γ
200:Isomers
157:Isobars
52:Nucleus
2874:Images
2792:Curlie
2720:
2681:
2583:
2470:, and
2410:parity
2295:Total
2275:, and
2045:, and
1821:radium
952:obeys
944:obeys
830:
798:Wigner
793:Walton
783:Teller
713:Jensen
480:proton
223:Stable
2555:IUPAC
2289:Even
1744:) of
1696:Earth
763:Soddy
743:Proca
723:Mayer
703:Fermi
653:Bethe
228:Magic
2758:2016
2679:ISBN
2657:2018
2581:ISBN
2455:and
2428:and
2402:110
2399:176
2394:286
2346:101
2343:150
2338:251
2292:Odd
2064:905
2061:619
2034:286
2012:251
2009:161
1782:and
1658:and
1578:See
1447:see
1266:see
1170:see
1079:see
875:(or
753:Rabi
708:Hahn
618:RHIC
238:Halo
2790:at
2728:doi
2706:146
2622:doi
2604:".
2573:doi
2391:53
2382:167
2371:26
2366:35
2335:48
2326:145
2318:OE
2312:OO
2182:of
2090:or
2031:35
1990:90
1987:90
1813:1/2
1772:0.7
1768:1/2
1738:4.5
1734:1/2
1700:4.6
1692:1/2
1462:and
1396:= N
1390:and
1385:= N
1289:− Z
1285:= N
1281:− Z
1195:+ N
1191:= Z
1187:+ N
1099:= N
1008:= Z
623:LHC
537:and
2929::
2887:,
2883:,
2851:,
2726:.
2716:.
2704:.
2665:^
2643:.
2620:.
2610:15
2608:.
2579:.
2571:.
2567:.
2466:,
2459:.
2388:57
2374:9
2363:5
2354:22
2332:53
2315:EO
2309:EE
2271:,
2242:Ca
2238:20
2227:=
2209:92
2193:He
2129:,
2058:.
2041:,
2028:.
2019:.
1943:.
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216:N
212:Z
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188:N
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162:A
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