429:, broadcast on 27 July 2020, investigated whether Florence Maybrick's conviction held credibility when investigated by modern-day means. The investigation was undertaken by Jeremy Dein QC (defence) and Sasha Wass QC (prosecution) and their findings were put before Crown Court Judge David Radford. From their investigations it appeared that Mrs Maybrick was subjected to the Victorian morality code by the judge and the jury. The judge in the Maybrick murder trial delivered his summing-up to the jury for two days. Modern experts, assisting the QCs, stated that Victorian society used arsenic as a beauty aid, and for someone like Mrs Maybrick to extract a small amount of the poison from flypaper would have been commonplace. In addition, the arsenic found in James Maybrick's liver was 20 milligrams and a fatal dose would be more likely 100 milligrams. It was also discovered that Mr Maybrick had been self-prescribing medicines; he was taking a large amount of drugs, and only two of these drugs did not contain poison. As James Maybrick grew sicker, his brothers insisted that Florence be forbidden access to James, however, he grew yet sicker, and died. A modern-day expert on Victorian society was consulted by the QCs, and was asked whether the admission by way of a letter of a love affair between Mrs Maybrick and an associate of Mr Maybrick could in any way be reflected in the judge's summing-up, thus prejudicing the jury. After the two QCs had informed the modern-day judge David Radford of their findings and with their expert advice, the Judge David Radford was left to consider the new evidence.
670:"On the basis of the evidence...especially the order in which the markings were made, it is clear that the engravings pre-date the vast majority of superficial surface scratch marks...the wear apparent on the engravings, evidenced by the rounded edges of the markings and 'polishing out' in places, would indicate a substantial age...whilst there is no evidence which would indicate a recent (last few years) origin...it must be emphasised that there are no features observed which conclusively prove the age of the engravings. They could have been produced recently, and deliberately artificially aged by polishing, but this would have been a complex multi-stage process...many of the features are only resolved by the scanning electron microscope, not being readily apparent in optical microscopy, and so, if they were of recent origin, the engraver would have to be aware of the potential evidence available from this technique, indicating a considerable skill and scientific awareness".
630:
symptoms of arsenic addiction, claimed to be described accurately in the book, are known to very few persons; that some details of the murders provided in it were known only to police and the Ripper himself before the book's publication; and that one of the original crime scene photographs shows the initials "F. M." written on a wall behind the victim's body in what appears to be blood. These, they claim, refer to
Florence Maybrick, James's wife, whose possible infidelities were the purported motivation for the murders. These claims are dismissed by the majority of experts.
556:. The diary's author does not mention his own name, but offers enough hints and references consistent with Maybrick's established life and habits that it is obvious readers are expected to believe it is him. The author of the document details alleged actions and crimes over a period of several months, taking credit for slaying the five victims most commonly credited to Jack the Ripper as well as for two other murders which have to date not been historically identified.
564:. When this was queried, the story changed. Barrett's wife Ann, formerly Graham, said that the diary had been in her family for as long as she could remember. She had asked Devereux to give it to her husband because he had literary aspirations and she thought he might write a book about it. She had not wanted to tell him her family owned it because she thought he would ask her father about it and relations between the two men were strained. It was published as
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340:, which was then treated with a medication containing arsenic; he became addicted to the drug for the rest of his life. In 1880, Maybrick returned to the company's offices in Britain. Sailing from New York City on 12 March 1880, he arrived in Liverpool six days later. During the journey he was introduced to Florence (Florie) Elizabeth Chandler, the daughter of a banker from
580:, patented and commercially available in 1867, and in general use in writing inks by the 1870s. The second TLC test found nothing in the ink inconsistent with the date of 1888, and that the ink contained iron and sodium, but no nigrosine. The third TLC test found nothing inconsistent with the Victorian period. A fourth TLC test was attempted, but could not be carried out.
618:. In Rendell's analysis, he was struck that the handwriting style seemed more 20th century than Victorian. He also noted factual contradictions and handwriting inconsistencies. Written in a genuine Victorian scrapbook, but with 20 pages at the front end torn out, he also found this suspect as there was no logical explanation for the purported author to use such a book.
568:
in 1993 to great controversy. Few experts gave it any credence from the outset, and most immediately dismissed it as a hoax, though some were open to the possibility it might be genuine. Debate was often heated, and one writer notes that the "saga of the
Maybrick diary is confusing, complicated and
365:
Maybrick continued to divide his time between the
American and the British offices of his company and this may have caused difficulties within his marriage. He also resumed his relationships with his many mistresses, while his wife conducted an affair with an Alfred Brierley, a cotton broker. It is
629:
Some people, including Robert Smith, the present owner of the diary and original publisher of the associated book by
Shirley Harrison, insist it may be genuine. They argue that scientific dating methods have established that the book and ink used to write in it are from the 19th century; that the
432:
Judge David
Radford, having considered all the evidence put forward by the QCs, said that the trial judge had presented a case against Mrs Maybrick based on Victorian attitudes to sexual scandal, and in his two-day summing up had blindsided the jury into giving a guilty verdict of murder by
625:
that he was "the author of the
Manuscript written by my wife Anne Barrett at my dictation which is known as The Jack the Ripper Diary." Adding to the confusion, however, was Barrett's solicitor's subsequent repudiation of his affidavit, then Barrett's withdrawal of the repudiation.
686:"Provided the watch has remained in a normal environment, it would seem likely that the engravings were at least several tens of years age...in my opinion it is unlikely that anyone would have sufficient expertise to implant aged, brass particles into the base of the engravings".
392:, and after lengthy proceedings, the fairness of which was the subject of some debate in later years, she was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The way in which the judge conducted her trial was questioned, and this may have been the reason her sentence was
317:, the son of William Maybrick, an engraver, and his wife, Susanna. He was christened on 12 November 1838, at St Peter's Church in the city. He was named after a brother who had died the year before and was the Maybricks' third of seven sons.
419:
A re-examination of her case resulted in her release in 1904. She supported herself through various occupations until her death on 23 October 1941. From her initial incarceration until her death, she never saw her children again.
385:. The circumstances of his death were deemed suspicious by his brothers and an inquest, held in a local hotel, came to the verdict that arsenic poisoning was the most likely cause, administered by persons unknown.
441:
After their mother's conviction and imprisonment, Maybrick's children James and Gladys Evelyn were taken in by a Dr. Charles
Chinner Fuller and his wife Gertrude, and the younger James changed his name to Fuller.
559:
The diary was first introduced to the world by
Michael Barrett, an unemployed former Liverpool scrap metal dealer, who claimed at the time that it had been given to him by a friend, Tony Devereux, in a
659:
780:
Eastaugh, N. 1992. A report on the analysis of samples from a diary purporting to be by James
Maybrick – Conducted by Dr Nicholas Eastaugh – 2 October 1992. Middlesex
482:, was a composer who published many pieces and songs under the name Stephen Adams. "Good Company" is one such example, but by far his best known work was the hymn "
704:
348:, and their relationship quickly blossomed. Despite the difference in their ages – he was 42, and she 18 – they began to plan their wedding immediately.
285:, owing to his own words in a diary, but critics countered that the diary and confession are a hoax. Forensic tests were inconclusive. In his book
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654:. The watch has "J. Maybrick" scratched on the inside cover, along with the words "I am Jack", as well as the initials of the five
1016:
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587:, a preservative, in an effort to definitively date the ink. According to one source, chloroacetamide was introduced into the
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89:
1021:
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61:
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In
Maybrick's case a common-law wife, Sarah Ann Robertson, was identified. Sarah Ann is mentioned in her stepfather's
68:
991:
830:
Report for The Word Team on the Analysis of the Ink used to write the “Jack the Ripper” Diaries – 24th November 1994.
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Maybrick's cotton trading business required him to travel regularly to the United States and in 1871 he settled in
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They had two children: a son, James Chandler ("Bobo"), born in 1882, and a daughter, Gladys Evelyn, born in 1886.
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stated that chloroacetamide has been found in preparations as early as 1857. A fourth test, this time using
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Maybrick's health deteriorated suddenly on 27 April 1889, and he died fifteen days later at his home in
658:. The watch was examined in 1993 by Dr Stephen Turgoose of the Corrosion and Protection Centre at the
603:. A fifth TLC test found traces of chloroacetamide, but this was attributed to contamination from the
572:
Tests carried out on the ink used in the diary produced contradictory findings. The first test, using
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449:. In 1911, at the age of 29, while working at the Le Roi Gold Mine in Canada, he died after drinking
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Presence of Chlorocetamide in ink used in diary attributed to “Jack the Ripper” – 1st December 1994.
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Suspicion immediately fell on Florence, and she was arrested some days later. She stood trial at
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355:, London. The couple returned to Liverpool to live at Maybrick's home, "Battlecrease House" in
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More than a century after his death, Maybrick was accused of being the notorious serial killer
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In 1992, a document presented as James Maybrick's diary surfaced, which claimed that he was
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in 1857, but not used commercially in ink until 1972. In 1995, Dr Earl Morris of the
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The wedding was delayed until 27 July 1881, when it took place at St James' Church,
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undermining her character. Therefore, in Radford's opinion the verdict was unsafe.
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336:, to establish a branch office of his company. While there in 1874 he contracted
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Kenneth W. Rendell. Forging History: The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents
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possible Florence embarked upon this on learning of her husband's infidelity.
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Baxendale, D. 1992. Report by David Baxendale, Birmingham, Document Evidence
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270:, was convicted of murdering him by poisoning in a sensational trial. The "
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British merchant, murder victim, and Jack the Ripper suspect (1838–1889)
524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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305:, and there have also been attempts to link Maybrick to those murders.
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Poisoning" case was widely reported in the press on both sides of the
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Several tests were carried out to find out whether the ink contained
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607:. The test was carried out again, and no chloroacetamide was found.
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In 1994, the watch was taken to the Interface Analysis Centre at
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Leeds: Leeds University, Department of Colour Chemistry. 1994.
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Leeds: Leeds University, Department of Colour Chemistry. 1994.
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and studied by Dr Robert Wild using an electron microscope and
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Harrison, S. 2003. Jack the Ripper: The American Connection,
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University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
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Withers) Maybrick before marrying Frederick James Corbyn in
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Nickell, J. 1990. Pen, Ink and Evidence, 978-0813117195
650:) in 1847 or 1848, was presented by Albert Johnson of
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In January 1995, Michael Barrett swore in two separate
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in 1971, where the couple lived in their later years.
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Jack the Ripper – The Ripper Diary: The Inside Story
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Mrs Florence Maybrick was convicted of James' death
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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863:"Jack the Ripper – Michael Barrett's Confessions"
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301:, preyed during 1884 and 1885 upon the city of
884:Jack the Ripper – Maybrick Diary Dissertations
705:"Sarah Ann Robertson - the other Mrs Maybrick"
293:produced an argument that it was his brother,
461:, with her uncle and aunt Michael and Laura (
266:cotton merchant. After his death, his wife,
408:, and then at the "House of Detention" at
400:, some of which she served in a prison in
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540:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:James Fuller became a mining engineer in
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
599:, found chloroacetamide present, at 6.5
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732:. James Maybrick. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
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262:(24 October 1838 – 11 May 1889) was a
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359:, a suburb in the south of the city.
522:adding citations to reliable sources
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962:19th-century English businesspeople
423:An episode of the BBC TV programme
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987:Hoaxes in the United Kingdom
642:, made by William Verity of
638:In June 1993, a gentleman's
566:The Diary of Jack the Ripper
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982:Deaths by arsenic poisoning
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490:Jack the Ripper diary
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1007:Murder in Liverpool
972:20th-century hoaxes
664:electron microscope
997:Literary forgeries
709:forum.casebook.org
676:Bristol University
616:Kenneth W. Rendell
597:gas chromatography
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287:They All Love Jack
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41:Please help
36:verification
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1002:Mariticides
952:1889 deaths
947:1838 births
715:24 February
662:, using an
612:Joe Nickell
589:Merck Index
473:South Wales
167:11 May 1889
941:Categories
691:References
623:affidavits
353:Piccadilly
193:Occupation
148:1838-10-24
99:April 2012
69:newspapers
578:nigrosine
530:June 2010
469:Hampstead
410:Aylesbury
315:Liverpool
264:Liverpool
253:(brother)
247:Relatives
212:Spouse(s)
177:, England
158:, England
156:Liverpool
771:Harrison
652:Wallasey
644:Rothwell
394:commuted
383:Aigburth
357:Aigburth
334:Virginia
276:Atlantic
272:Aigburth
239:Children
175:Aigburth
869:22 July
605:control
451:cyanide
346:Alabama
338:malaria
330:Norfolk
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402:Woking
342:Mobile
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377:Death
227:(
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871:2012
717:2024
455:Ryde
371:will
309:Life
164:Died
142:Born
62:news
562:pub
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486:".
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396:to
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