1890:
1827:
2098:
2039:
1745:
their nuclear materials until 1965. And
Okinawa, of course, was chock-a-block full of nuclear weapons of all types until 1972. Nuclear-armed ships moored at U.S. Navy bases in Japan, and others called at Japanese ports without restriction...Yet, as compromised as it was, Japan's non-nuclear policy was not wholly fictitious. The Pentagon never commanded nuclear storage rights on the main islands, and it had to withdraw nuclear weapons from Okinawa in 1972...Undoubtedly, Japanese rulers firmly believed that the compromises they made with Washington were necessary for Japanese security during the dark days of the Cold War. Through it all, nonetheless, "non-nuclear Japan" was a sentiment, not a reality.
1758:
2090:
1806:
served as a recovery facility for bombers after they had dropped their bombs in the Soviet Union or China. War planners reasoned that bombers could return Iwo Jima, "where they would be refueled, reloaded, and readied to deliver a second salvo as an assumption was that the major U.S. Bases in Japan and the
Pacific theater would be destroyed in a nuclear war." It was believed by war planners that a small base might evade destruction and be a safe harbor for surviving submarines to reload. Supplies to re-equip submarines as well as
1933:
1537:
964:
911:
338:
2114:), 23 miles (37 km) away and damaged 139 houses. The plane was reduced "to a black spot on the runway". The blast was so large that Air Force spokesman had to announce that there had only been conventional bombs on board the plane. Nothing remained of the aircraft except the landing gear and engine assemblies, a few bombs, and some loose explosive that had not detonated. Very small fragments of aircraft metal from the enormous blast were "spread like
31:
2236:
4648:
1859:
Government will require the re-entry of nuclear weapons and transit rights in
Okinawa with prior consultation with the Government of Japan. The United States Government would anticipate a favorable response. The United States Government also requires the standby retention and activation in time of great emergency of existing nuclear storage locations in Okinawa: Kadena, Naha, Henoko, and the Nike Hercules units...
1408:, and mustard gas. By 1969, according to later newspaper reports, there was an estimated 1.9 million kg (1,900 metric tons) of VX stored on Okinawa. The chemical weapons brought to Okinawa included nerve and blister agents contained in rockets, artillery shells, bombs, mines, and one-ton (900 kg) containers. The chemicals were stored at Chibana Ammunition Depot. The depot was a hill-top installation next to
456:
4465:
4064:
3369:
3348:
3272:
3238:
3153:
3112:
3056:
3008:
1949:
engines to ignite with the launcher still in a horizontal position. The Nike missile left the launcher and smashed through a fence and down into a beach area skipping the warhead out across the water "like a stone." The rocket's exhaust blast killed two Army technicians and injured one. A similar accidental launch of a Nike-H missile had occurred on April 14, 1955, at the W-25 site in
1901:
1985:
witness John Bordne, Capt. Bassett was the senior field officer commanding the missiles and was nearly forced to have a subordinate lieutenant who was intent on following the orders to launch his missiles shot by armed security guards. No U.S. Government record of this incident has ever been officially released. Former missileers have refuted Bordne's account.
679:
compensation, saying the issue was covered under postwar treaties. Following the court decision, Japanese officials announced that their government would send a delegation to China to excavate and remove hundreds of abandoned chemical weapons, including bombs, shells, and containers of mustard gas and other toxins left over from the Second World War.
1443:. An official U.S. film on the mission says that 'safety was the primary concern during the operation,' though Japanese resentment of U.S. military activities on Okinawa also complicated the situation. At the technical level, time pressures imposed to complete the mission, the heat, and water rationing problems also complicated the planning.
1766:
document to prove them wrong. The arrangement also made it appear that the United States alone was responsible for the transit of nuclear munitions through Japan. However, the original agreement document turned up in 1969 during preparation for an updated agreement, when a memorandum was written by a group of U.S. officials from the
2796:
119. Japan has the weapons grade plutonium, technology for weaponization, and delivery means in the M-V-5 rocket, indigenous, solid fueled, 1800kg payload capacity, to go nuclear very rapidly should it choose. This dramatic step, however, would require a complete loss of faith in the
American nuclear
1881:
is not generally available via official channels. News of accidents on the island usually did not reach much farther than the islands local news, protest groups, eyewitnesses and rumor mills. However, the incidents that were publicized garnered international opposition to chemical and nuclear weapons
1805:
were retained under
American control. The islands were among "thirteen separate locations in Japan that had nuclear weapons or components, or were earmarked to receive nuclear weapons in times of crisis or war." According to a former U.S. Air Force officer stationed on Iwo Jima, the island would have
1765:
The secret agreement was concluded without any
Japanese text so that it could be plausibly denied in Japan. Since only the American officials recorded the oral agreement, not having the agreement recorded in Japanese allowed Japan's leaders to deny its existence without fear that someone would leak a
1427:
while sandblasting and repainting storage containers. The resultant publicity appears to have contributed to the decision to move the weapons off
Okinawa. The U.S. then government directed relocation of chemical munitions. The chemical warfare agents were removed from Okinawa in 1971 during Operation
1136:
In 1945 Japan's rice crop was terribly affected by rice blast disease. The outbreak as well as another in
Germany's potato crop coincided with covert Allied research in these areas. The timing of these outbreaks generated persistent speculation of some connection between the events however the rumors
1100:
report notes that "in addition to the results of human experimentation much data is available from the
Japanese experiments on animals and food crops". The technical information of Japan's BW program participants was transferred into U.S. intelligence agencies and BW programs in exchange for immunity
869:
liquid-fueled rocket, in 2003. The ISAS director of external affairs, Yasunori
Matogawa, said, "It seems the hard-line national security proponents in parliament are increasing their influence, and they aren't getting much criticism…I think we’re moving into a very dangerous period. When you consider
664:
from two to 25 years, seemingly in exchange for the information they held. Bob Dohini, a former war crimes prosecution team lawyer, recently claimed that there was no mention of germ warfare in the investigation of war Japanese crimes. The fact was not well known until the 1980s. Japan's emperor was
1867:
The Government of Japan, appreciating the United States Government's requirements in time of great emergency stated above by the President, will meet these requirements without delay when such prior consultation takes place. The President and the Prime Minister agreed that this Minute, in duplicate,
1777:
A 1963 Central Intelligence Agency National Intelligence Estimate stated that: '...US bases in Japan and related problems of weapons and forces will continue to involve issues of great sensitivity in Japan-US relations. The government is bound to be responsive to the popular pressures which the left
1810:
were stored within caves on Chichi Jima. The Johnson administration gradually realized that it would be forced to return Chichi Jima and Iwo Jima "to delay reversion of the more important Okinawa bases" however, President Johnson also wanted Japan's support for U.S. Military operations in Southeast
1226:
administered special research projects in the Pacific. The Far East Section of the Office of the Foreign Secretary administered two such projects which focused "on the flora of Okinawa" and "trapping of airborne insects and arthropods for the study of the natural dispersal of insects and arthropods
2160:
The crash led to demands to remove the B-52s from Okinawa and strengthened a push for the reversion from U.S. rule in Okinawa. The crash sparked fears that another potential disaster on the island could put the chemical and nuclear stockpile and the surrounding population in jeopardy and increased
2133:
Had the plane become airborne, only seconds later it would have crashed farther north of the runway and directly into the Chibana Ammunition Depot, which stored ammunition, bombs, high explosives, tens of thousands of artillery shells, and warheads for 19 different atomic and thermonuclear weapons
2105:
The fire resulting from the aborted takeoff ignited the plane's fuel and detonated the plane's 30,000-pound (13,600 kg) bomb load, causing a blast so powerful that it created a crater under the burning aircraft some thirty feet deep and sixty feet across. The blast blew out the windows in the
1858:
and its related arrangements will apply to Okinawa, as described in the Joint Communique. However, in order to discharge effectively the international obligations assumed by the United States for the defense of countries in the Far East including Japan, in time of great emergency the United States
1499:
and other chemical munitions to all 50 U.S. states. In 1985 the U.S. Congress mandated that all chemical weapons stockpiled at Johnston Atoll, mostly mustard gas, Sarin, and VX gas, be destroyed. Prior to the beginning of destruction operations, Johnston Atoll held about 6.6 percent of the entire
1152:
sponsored. BW experts in Okinawa and "at several sites in the Midwest and South" conducted in 1961 "field tests" for wheat rust and rice blast disease. These tests met with "partial success" in the gathering of data, and led, therefore, to a significant increase in research dollars in fiscal year
1984:
at the Soviets and their allies. Quick thinking by Capt. William Bassett who questioned whether the order was "the real thing, or the biggest screw up we will ever experience in our lifetime” delayed the orders to launch until the error was realized by the missile operations center. According to
1822:
had explained to the Japanese parliament that "the return of the Bonins had nothing to do with nuclear weapons yet the final agreement included a secret annex, and its exact wording remained classified." A December 30, 1968, cable from the U.S. embassy in Tokyo is titled "Bonin Agreement Nuclear
1744:
But when these non-nuclear principles were being enunciated, Japanese territory was already fully compromised, in spirit if not in letter. Although actual nuclear weapons were removed from Iwo Jima at the end of 1959, Chichi Jima, which had the same legal status, continued to house warheads with
1948:
on Okinawa which according to some witnesses, was complete with a nuclear warhead. While the missile was undergoing continuity testing of the firing circuit, known as a squib test, stray voltage caused a short circuit in a faulty cable that was lying in a puddle and allowed the missile's rocket
1172:
During the Second World War limited test use of aerial spray delivery systems was employed only on several Japanese-controlled tropical islands to demarcate points for navigation and to kill dense island foliage. Despite the availability of the spray equipment, herbicide application with aerial
678:
In August 2002, a Japanese court ended decades of official denials and acknowledged, for the first time, that Japan had used germ warfare in occupied China in the 1930s and 1940s. The court acknowledged the existence of Japan's biological warfare program but rejected the plaintiffs' demands for
410:
Japan has since become a nuclear-capable state, said to be a "screwdriver's turn" away from nuclear weapons; having the capacity, the know-how, and the materials to make a nuclear bomb. Japan has consistently eschewed any desire to have nuclear weapons, and no mainstream Japanese party has ever
534:
to infect the population in China. The Japanese military dispersed insects by spraying them from low-flying airplanes and dropping ceramic bombs they had developed that were filled with mixtures containing insects and diseases that could affect humans, animals, and crops. Localized and deadly
1180:
In addition to work done in the anti-crop theater during the Cold War, the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated. By the end of fiscal year 1962, the Chemical Corps had let or were negotiating contracts for over one thousand chemical defoliants. "The Okinawa tests
1749:
A 1960 accord with Japan permits the United States to move weapons of mass destruction through Japanese territory and allows American warships and submarines to carry nuclear weapons into Japan's ports and American aircraft to bring them in during landings. The discussion took place during
1727:
It is true that Chichi Jima, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa were under U.S. occupation, that the bombs stored on the mainland lacked their plutonium and/or uranium cores, and that the nuclear-armed ships were a legal inch away from Japanese soil. All in all, this elaborate strategem maintained the
1723:, written by MacArthur immediately after the war, does not explicitly prohibit nuclear weapons. But when the U.S. military occupation of Japan ended in 1951, a new security treaty was signed that granted the United States rights to base its "land, sea, and air forces in and about Japan."
1176:
At the close of World War Two, the U.S. planned to attack Japan's food supply with anti-crop chemical agents and by July 1945 had stockpiled an amount of chemicals "sufficient to destroy one-tenth of the rice crop of Japan." However, logistical problems would have reduced that estimate.
1227:
over the ocean." The motivation for civilian research programs of this nature was questioned when it was learned that such international research was in fact funded by and provided to the U.S. Army as requirement related to the U.S. military's biological warfare research.
1446:
The initial phase of Operation Red Hat involved the movement of chemical munitions from a depot storage site to Tengan Pier, eight miles away, and required 1,332 trailers in 148 convoys. The second phase of the operation moved the munitions to Johnston Atoll. The
1214:, U.S. Army Medical Center was used to grow "medically important" arthropods, including many strains of mosquitoes in a study of disease vector efficiency. The program reportedly supported a research program studying taxonomic and ecological data surveys for the
1189:
has been widely reported on Okinawa as well as at other locations in Japan. The U.S. government disputes these assertions and the issues surrounding the subject of military use anti-plant agents in Japan during the 1950s through the 1970s remains a controversy.
535:
epidemics resulted and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 Chinese died of disease. Recent additional firsthand accounts testify the Japanese infected civilians through the distribution of plague-infested foodstuffs, such as dumplings and vegetables. During the
1754:, then Japan's Foreign Minister. "There were many things left unsaid; it was a very sophisticated negotiation. The Japanese are masters at understood and unspoken communication in which one is asked to draw inferences from what may not be articulated."
994:
South Korean interest in developing an atomic bomb began in 1950. The interest was partially a result of the rapid surrender of Korea's then-enemy Japan following use of atomic bombs in World War II. Post-war aggression from the North and from the
817:
While there are currently no known plans in Japan to produce nuclear weapons, it has been argued that Japan has the technology, raw materials, and the capital to produce nuclear weapons within one year if necessary, and some analysts consider it a
1463:
arrived at Johnston Atoll with the first load of projectiles on January 13, 1971. Phase II completed cargo discharge to Johnston Atoll with five moves of the remaining 12,500 tons of munitions, in August and September 1971. Units operating under
2195:
suggested that Japan should develop its own nuclear weapons, claiming that it was becoming too expensive for the US to continue to protect Japan from countries such as China, North Korea, and Russia that already have their own nuclear weapons.
1838:
Prime Minister Sato and President Nixon met in Washington, DC where several agreements including a revised Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and a formal policy related to the future deployment of nuclear weapons on Okinawa were reached.
2000:
it was carrying, all of which were too deep for recovery. Since the ship was traveling to Japan from duty in the Vietnam war zone, no public mention was made of the incident at the time and it would not come to light until 1981 when a
1904:
A MGM-13 MACE B missile test launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Controversy has emerged over whether, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Okinawa-based 873d Tactical Missile Squadron received orders to launch against Sino-Soviet
1622:
on Okinawa on August 9, 1945. The U.S. military immediately began constructing a second B-29 base and a facility for atom bomb processing in Okinawa to be completed in September 1945 that would open more targets in mainland Japan.
1115:
In 1951, the first of many allegations were made against the United States by the communist belligerent nations in the Korean war of employing biological warfare using various techniques in attacks launched from bases on Okinawa.
891:
In response to the perceived threat from North Korean-launched ballistic missiles, Japanese government officials have proposed developing a first strike capability for Japan's military that includes ballistic and cruise missiles.
1853:
As stated in our Joint Communique, it is the intention of the United States Government to remove all the nuclear weapons from Okinawa by the time of actual reversion of the administrative rights to Japan; and thereafter the
4593:
2081:
was able to keep the plane on the ground and bring the aircraft to a stop while preventing a much larger catastrophe. The aircraft came to rest near the edge of the Kadena's perimeter, some 250 meters from the
3467:
Brankowitz, William R., Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Chemical Weapons Movement History Compilation : OFFICE OF THE PROGRAM MANAGER CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MD, 12 June
1855:
1508:(JACADS) was built to destroy all the chemical munitions stored on Johnston island. The first weapon disposal incineration operation took place on June 30, 1990. The last munitions were destroyed in 2000.
3480:
672:
to the Japanese BW military scientists and researches. Japanese biological warfare information provided to U.S. authorities after World War II remained a secret and was eventually returned to Japan.
511:
on thousands, mostly Chinese, Korean, Russian, and other nationalities, mainly across Asia (Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Filipinos, etc), as well as some American, British and Dutch POWs and
1868:
be kept each only in the offices of the President and the Prime Minister and be treated in the strictest confidence between only the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan.
1356:
mosquito lays eggs and requires standing water to reproduce. Approximately three days after it feeds on blood, the mosquito lays her eggs over a period of several days. The eggs are resistant to
588:
over the American lines. However, this plan never took shape. Had it succeeded, thousands of American soldiers and marines may have died, and the operation as a whole may very well have failed.
1319:. Laird had categorically denied to Congress that a program for modification of the weather existed. The program employed cloud seeding as a weapon which was used to induce rain and extend the
1211:
1913:
nicknamed "Atomic Annie" and the projectiles it fired were also based here. Okinawa at one point hosted as many as 1,200 nuclear warheads. At the time, nuclear storage locations existed at
1153:
1962 to conduct additional research in these areas. The money was devoted largely to developing "technical advice on the conduct of defoliation and anti-crop activities in Southeast Asia."
1327:. The use of a military weather control program was related to the destruction of enemy food crops. Whether the use of a weather modification program was directly related to any of the
3028:
1889:
1823:
Storage," but within the same file "the National Archives contains a 'withdrawal sheet' for an attached Tokyo cable dated April 10, 1968, titled 'Bonins Agreement--Secret Annex,'".
687:
450:
422:. Prior to 1946 Japan carried out many attacks using weapons of mass destruction (chemical and biological), principally in China. In 1995, members of the Japanese religious cult
3944:
1846:
was found in 1994. "The existence of this document has never been officially recognized by the Japanese or U.S. governments." The English text of the draft agreement reads:
4601:
2307:
1205:
2083:
4560:
3477:
475:
Japan became interested in obtaining biological weapons during the early 1930s. Following the international ban on germ warfare in interstate conflicts by the 1925
1715:
1469:
2477:
999:
solidified that interest. A South Korean nuclear facility began to reprocess fuel and enrich plutonium based on the observation that Japan was also producing it.
324:
4304:
858:
Solid fuel rockets are the design of choice for military applications as they can remain in storage for long periods, and then reliably launch at short notice.
4041:
4202:
668:
Japan's employment of BW was largely viewed as ineffective, due to the absence of efficient production or delivery technology. The U.S. government provided a
661:
367:
3577:
728:, canisters that were abandoned by Japan in their hasty retreat are still being dug up in construction sites, causing injuries and allegedly even deaths.
1110:
2769:
811:
3130:
2604:
1778:
can whip up on these issues. We do not believe that this situation will lead to demands by any conservative government for evacuation of the bases.'
1640:
1148:
This was at least one year prior to the creation of Project 112. The Okinawa anti-crop research project may lend some insight to the larger projects
1826:
3829:"State Department Document reveals 'Secret Action Plan' to Influence 1965 Okinawan Elections: MemCon Records Discussion of Funneling Funds to LDP"
3563:
4668:
4331:
268:
69:
3720:
2691:
4008:
1505:
1334:
In theory, any CBW program employing fungus spores or a mosquito vector would have also benefited from prolonged periods of rain. Rice blast
273:
1331:
programs is not documented. However, it is certain that some of the military herbicides in use in Vietnam required rainfall to be absorbed.
2397:
Sheldon H. Harris (3 May 2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the American Cover-up. Taylor & Francis.
2223:"It is necessary to understand how the world’s security is maintained. We should not put a taboo on discussions about the reality we face."
2130:
and the Crew Chief later died from burn injuries after being evacuated from Okinawa. Two Okinawan workers were also injured in the blasts.
1770:
Staff; the Departments of State, Defense, Army, Commerce and Treasury; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Central Intelligence Agency; and the
320:
228:
223:
4547:
3678:
3495:
Suzanne Marshall PhD: "Chemical Weapons Disposal and Environmental Justice", Kentucky Environmental Foundation, November, 1996 (funded by
407:
Since World War II, the United States military based nuclear and chemical weapons and field tested biological anti-crop weapons in Japan.
3982:"Thunder in the Night, B-52 Crash at Kadena AFB, November 19, 1968, Eyewitnesses Captain Gary Sible, SP5 Tom Madracki, John Logan, et al"
901:
871:
761:
in December 1993. Japan ratified The Chemical Weapons Convention in 1995 and was thus a state party upon it entering into force in 1997.
248:
233:
193:
183:
178:
4411:"Okinawa: the junk heap of the Pacific; Decades of Pentagon pollution poison service members, residents and future plans for the island"
819:
3289:
1163:
1074:
278:
3411:
1576:
1523:
1223:
881:
mission was that the reentry and landing of its return capsule demonstrated "that Japan's ballistic missile capability is credible."
792:
419:
360:
93:
88:
4175:
3044:. Maryland: US Army Chemical Corps Historical Office, Army Chemical Center via rockymountainarsenalarchive.wordpress.com blog. 1962
1056:
649:
203:
188:
103:
2580:
3131:"Indian press articles on W.H.O. Biogenetic Mosquito control Project and Migratory Bird Project, Document Number: 1974NEWDE10039"
2581:"THE ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY IN THE AREA OF NORTH EAST ASIA (KOREAN PENINSULAR AND JAPAN)"
1767:
861:
Lawmakers made national security arguments for keeping Japan's solid-fuel rocket technology alive after ISAS was merged into the
411:
advocated acquisition of nuclear weapons or any weapons of mass destruction. There are controversies on whether such weapons are
263:
208:
173:
128:
83:
78:
4410:
3323:
3255:
2718:
1720:
954:
412:
258:
243:
213:
198:
168:
148:
123:
108:
98:
4446:
3981:
2942:
877:
Toshiyuki Shikata, a government adviser and former lieutenant general, indicated that part of the rationale for the fifth M-V
4510:
3854:
3661:
3634:
2992:
2965:
2927:
2874:
2437:
2402:
2254:
1451:
leased 41 acres (170,000 m) on Johnston. Phase I of the operation took place in January and moved 150 tons of distilled
253:
163:
133:
118:
113:
2344:
2219:'s threat to use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state to be a game changer. Abe wants to stimulate necessary debate:
1548:
1125:
975:
922:
1646:
1261:
353:
341:
143:
138:
4618:
4564:
3227:
945:-based ballistic missiles that are within range of Japan have guided Japanese and U.S. defense and deterrence strategies.
2369:
1909:
32 Mace Missiles were kept on constant nuclear alert in hardened hangars at four of the island's launch sites. The 280mm
2097:
825:
for this reason. For this reason Japan is often said to be a "screwdriver's turn" away from possessing nuclear weapons.
885:
862:
638:
791:, it suffered from an array of problems, and was ultimately unable to progress beyond the laboratory stage before the
3496:
2211:. This includes housing American nuclear weapons on Japanese soil for deterrence. This plan comes in the wake of the
1465:
488:
217:
4049:
751:. A large stockpile of other chemical agents and precursor chemicals were later found in raids on their facilities.
2212:
2185:
2174:
1883:
1771:
1219:
806:
forbids the establishment of offensive military forces, but not nuclear weapons explicitly. In 1967 it adopted the
3041:
2038:
4481:
3679:"Bikini A-Bomb Tests July 1946: Underwater Atomic Blast Contaminated Test Ships Making Them "Radioactive Stoves""
2249:
2033:
1878:
1835:
1662:
1328:
770:
508:
401:
153:
4144:
1244:
was a highly classified weather modification program in Southeast Asia during 1967-1972 that was developed from
4482:
Organizational History- 267th Chemical Company, Letter of Capt. Charles H. Vogeler RIBCD-267CML March 26, 1966
2445:
788:
714:
536:
2153:(Nike-H) missiles. The depot also included 52 igloos in the Red Hat Storage Area containing Project Red Hat's
2005:
report revealed that a one-megaton bomb had been lost. Japan then formally asked for details of the incident.
2834:
2070:
1736:
stated that Japan would neither develop nuclear weapons nor permit them on its territory". He instituted the
1517:
996:
725:
294:
3799:
3761:
Japan Under the Nuclear Umbrella: U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War Planning In Japan During the Cold War
3138:
2780:
2512:
2743:
2608:
1737:
1360:
and can survive for periods of six or more months. When rain floods the eggs with water, the larvae hatch.
1077:. The incident contributed to a sense of urgency in the United States to research a BW capability. By 1942
807:
657:
563:
3653:
The History of Nuclear War I: How Hiroshima and Nagasaki were devastated by nuclear weapons in August 1945
1757:
1312:
1011:
758:
385:
304:
4358:
1761:
Technicians at work on a Mace B nuclear-armed cruise missile in a hard-site launcher on Okinawa in 1962.
1375:
1037:
4673:
4638:
2414:
2127:
2057:(registration number 55-01030) with a full bomb load, broke up and caught fire after the plane aborted
1652:
1527:
1456:
623:
22:
3592:
3364:
4652:
3945:"Atomic Energy Act Prevents Declassification of Site of 1958 "Broken Arrow" Nuclear Weapons Accident"
2017:
1173:
chemical delivery systems were not systematically implemented in the Pacific theater during the war.
732:
427:
2816:
1651:
Japanese naval warships captured by the U.S. after Japan's surrender in World War II, including the
3732:
2353:
1954:
1844:
Agreed Minute to Joint Communique of United States President Nixon and Japanese Prime Minister Sato
4015:
3456:
4048:. Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America. Archived from
3097:
International Activities of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964/1965
1993:
1950:
1480:
1215:
573:
Japan sent a submarine with unspecified biological weapons early in 1944 to defend the island of
4502:
1010:
in South Korea in order to oppose military actions by the People's Republic of China during the
4176:"United States Secretly Deployed Nuclear Bombs In 27 Countries and Territories During Cold War"
3541:
3510:
1807:
1484:
1473:
1393:
504:
500:
3651:
2955:
2917:
2864:
2569:
Vol. 10, No. 9 (Sep., 1970), pp. 765-778, University of California Press. DOI: 10.2307/2643028
810:, ruling out the production, possession, or introduction of nuclear weapons. Japan signed the
3536:
3095:
2803:
2776:
2517:
2478:"The World: Revisiting World War II Atrocities; Comparing the Unspeakable to the Unthinkable"
2050:
1699:
1685:
1199:
1062:
803:
620:
299:
3828:
1690:
1636:
1586:
The atomic age on Japan's southern islands began during the final weeks of the war when the
4255:
3183:
2643:
2150:
2139:
2101:
Tens of thousands of artillery projectiles at Chibana Army Ammunition Depot, September 1969
1965:
1958:
1941:
1926:
1666:
1632:
1086:
591:
Japan's biowarfare experts had hoped to launch biological attacks on the U.S. in 1944 with
60:
4305:"How One Air Force Captain Saved The World From Accidental Nuclear War 53 Years Ago Today"
2980:
652:
in order to escape war crimes and crimes against humanity charges. esearchers arrested by
8:
3537:"The Army's disarming site Johnston Atoll once again soon will be strictly for the birds"
2135:
2066:
2054:
1711:
1587:
1097:
4179:
3187:
2692:"Secret South Korean Nuclear Weapons Program Created Anxiety in Washington in Mid-1970s"
2647:
1583:
were deployed in order to avoid having “an Okinawa from one end of Japan to the other.”
675:
Right-wing Japanese officials claim that no proof of Japan's wartime atrocities exists.
4495:
3445:
3031:. THE COURIER-MAIL. Australia. Retrieved October 10, 2015. Archive date April 14, 2012.
2723:
2669:
2587:
2482:
2312:
2089:
2013:
1572:
1448:
1389:
1320:
1182:
796:
748:
683:
581:
540:
484:
4277:
4235:"Nike History, Eyewitness accounts of Timothy Ryan, Carl Durling, and Charles Rudicil"
1206:
Avon Park Air Force Range § Cold War and Biological Warfare experimentation usage
451:
Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War § Alleged Japanese assistance
4535:
4506:
3918:
3657:
3630:
3623:
3571:
3419:
3386:
3330:
3262:
3209:
3201:
2988:
2961:
2923:
2870:
2835:"As North Korea missile threat grows, Japan lawmakers argue for first strike options"
2728:
2661:
2459:
Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up
2441:
2398:
2181:
2146:
2021:
1910:
1811:
Asia." The Bonin and Volcano islands were eventually returned to Japan in June 1968.
1751:
1568:
1385:
1369:
1347:
1339:
1285:
1142:
Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover Up
1082:
1043:
By the early 1950s and the outbreak of the Korean War, Okinawa was seen as America's
1034:
833:
544:
515:
criminals from the Japanese mainlands. In military campaigns, the Japanese army used
464:
393:
389:
4145:"Nuclear Weapons on Okinawa Declassified December 2015, Photos Available Since 1990"
2943:
U.S. War Department, War Crimes Office Report (undated), retrieved: January 17, 2014
2170:
1996:
into 16,000 feet of water resulting in the loss of the pilot, the aircraft, and the
1980:
on Okinawa erroneously received coded launch orders to fire all of their 32 nuclear
1969:
1830:
Mark 7 Atomic bomb being readied by the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing at Kadena Air Base
1167:
4450:
3985:
3191:
2673:
2651:
2419:
2154:
1997:
1893:
1670:
1603:
1487:
passed legislation on January 12, 1971 (PL 91-672) that prohibited the transfer of
1476:, the 5th and 196th Ordnance Detachments (EOD), and the 175th Ordnance Detachment.
1429:
1405:
1241:
1236:
1030:
849:
516:
397:
45:
3760:
2042:
Thousands of artillery projectiles at Chibana Army Ammunition Depot, February 1969
1089:
which was established to oversee the U.S. development of BW-related technology at
1025:
has long been viewed as a stepping-stone to force open the remainder of Japan and
580:
Another attack against American troops with biological weapons was planned during
3947:. The National Security Archive, The Gelman Library, George Washington University
3618:
2982:
2919:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
2896:
2373:
2348:
2341:
2259:
2204:
2161:
the urgency of moving them to a less populated and less active storage location.
2119:
2062:
1981:
1932:
1798:
1695:
1619:
1501:
1409:
1308:
1078:
1007:
1003:
776:
699:
512:
476:
381:
50:
2539:
1384:
U.S. chemical weapons in Japan were deployed to Okinawa in the early 1950s. The
4626:
3889:
3833:
The National Security Archive, The Gelman Library, George Washington University
3231:
2216:
2047:
1794:
1733:
1436:
1397:
1022:
780:
596:
238:
55:
2366:
2145:
used in the MGM-13 Mace cruise missile as well as warheads for nuclear tipped
1815:
665:
unable to be tried. Later revelations indicated his knowledge of the program.
523:
4662:
4469:
4068:
3800:"Japanese Reveal Oral Pact on US Atom Arms, Document Number: 1974STATE237009"
3719:
Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M.; Burr, William (January–February 2000).
3484:
3423:
3373:
3352:
3276:
3242:
3205:
3157:
3116:
3060:
3012:
2107:
1945:
1944:
anti-aircraft missile was accidentally fired from the Nike site 8 battery at
1786:
1677:
1483:
but this never happened due to public opposition and political pressure. The
1440:
1352:
1253:
1245:
1066:
744:
707:
608:
423:
4234:
3329:(Report). Crops. Division, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories. Archived from
2981:
Committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study (25 April 2006).
1423:, according to other reports) were exposed to low levels of the nerve agent
1392:
code named YBA, YBB, and YBF. The operation deployed chemical agents to the
1248:
research conducted on Okinawa and other tropical locations. A report titled
3213:
2665:
2241:
2192:
2111:
2002:
1681:
1580:
1567:
The intensity of the fighting and the high number of casualties during the
1496:
1316:
1186:
1090:
1070:
784:
736:
592:
492:
415:
or not. Japan has signed many treaties prohibiting these kinds of weapons.
1896:
being transported to an F-100 by the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing on Okinawa
754:
In 1995, JGSDF admitted possession of sarin samples for defense purposes.
731:
Several chemical attacks on various people using VX gas and sarin and the
3391:
2074:
1989:
1977:
1790:
1658:
1492:
1488:
1452:
1401:
1357:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1269:
1149:
1137:
were never proven and the outbreaks could have been naturally occurring.
1131:
942:
720:
Experiments involving chemical weapons were conducted on live prisoners (
713:
against Chinese troops and guerillas in China, amongst others during the
703:
642:
630:
1536:
963:
910:
648:
Japanese scientists from Unit 731 provided research information for the
4203:"'Okinawa bacteria' toxic legacy crosses continents, spans generations"
2562:
2200:
2008:
Last, In September 1968, Japanese newspapers reported that radioactive
1922:
1914:
1819:
1547: with: Iwo Jima atomic bomb facility construction. You can help by
1257:
884:
At a technical level the M-V design could be weaponised quickly (as an
604:
1728:
technicality that the United States had no nuclear weapons "in Japan."
1404:. The shipments, according to declassified documents, included sarin,
1323:
season in support of U.S. government strategic efforts related to the
4009:"History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective"
2123:
2009:
1591:
1281:
1044:
948:
895:
836:
to develop nuclear weapons to counter a North Korean missile threat.
688:
alleged to have assisted the US in employment of BW in the Korean War
627:
616:
585:
562:
also suffered Japanese biological attacks. Other battles include the
551:
468:
455:
433:
4143:
Burr, William; Elias, Barbara; Wampler, Robert (February 19, 2016).
3296:. Daytona Beach, Florida. New York Times News Service. May 19, 1974.
3196:
3171:
2770:"Paths Diverging? The Next Decade in the US-Japan Security Alliance"
2656:
2631:
522:
Japan's infamous biological warfare Unit 731 was led by Lt. General
3804:
US Department of State EO Systematic Review. US Department of State
3307:
Orville, Capt. H.T. (USN) (May 28, 1954). "Weather Made to Order".
3135:
US Department of State EO Systematic Review, US Department of State
3093:
2115:
1992:
attack aircraft rolled off of an elevator of the aircraft carrier
1973:
1802:
1782:
1615:
1607:
1595:
1432:
1420:
1296:
1292:
878:
721:
710:
653:
612:
496:
480:
460:
444:
3855:
National Intelligence Estimate 41-63 Japans Problems and Prospects
3321:
1976:. According to missile technicians who witnessed events, the four
4468:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4067:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3625:
War's End: an Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission
3372:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3351:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3275:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3241:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3156:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3115:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3059:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3011:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2142:
2078:
2058:
1673:
group that U.S. forces captured in early 1944 from the Japanese.
1641:
Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy § Early public opposition
1611:
1416:
1304:
1277:
669:
600:
555:
547:
531:
2513:"Sheldon H. Harris, 74; Historian Detailed Japan's Germ Warfare"
2093:
B-52 #55-103 Crash site, Kadena, AFB, Okinawa, November 19, 1968
30:
3890:"Okinawa's Henoko was a "storage location" for nuclear weapons"
2020:
was believed by scientists to have emanated from visiting U.S.
1918:
1872:
1599:
1379:
574:
567:
559:
3042:"Summary of Major Events and Problems: Fiscal Years 1961–1962"
1886:
to officially ending the U.S. military occupation on Okinawa.
1119:
828:
During the 2016 U.S. presidential election it was proposed by
4561:"Donald Trump: Japan, South Korea might need nuclear weapons"
3852:
1424:
1291:
The chemical weather modification program was conducted from
1273:
1164:
US military anti-plant research § Anti-crop herbicides
1017:
1002:
In late 1958, nuclear weapons were deployed by the U.S. from
866:
4548:"Rising Voices in S. Korea, Japan Advocate Nuclear Weapons."
2862:
1750:
negotiations in 1959, and the agreement was made in 1960 by
1307:. The program was allegedly sponsored by Secretary of State
483:
must make effective weapons. Japan developed new methods of
3172:"Mosquito Researchers Deny Plotting Secret Biowarfare Test"
2543:
2308:"Unmasking Horror: Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
2208:
1988:
Next, on December 5, 1965, off of the coast of Okinawa, an
1300:
1265:
1157:
1026:
740:
634:
527:
3683:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 555
3261:(Report). Department of the Navy. May 1971. Archived from
2696:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 582
1698:
on March 4, 1954. The incident further rallied a powerful
1626:
1479:
Originally, it was planned that the munitions be moved to
3617:
2605:"Nuclear Scholars Initiative 2010: Recap of Seminar Four"
1900:
1571:
formed the basis of the casualty estimates projected for
853:
845:
829:
487:(BW) and used them on a large scale in China. During the
2177:, but has since said that this was his private opinion.
1716:
United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
1256:
deployed by aircraft in a program that was developed in
577:
from American invasion; however the submarine was sunk.
3649:
2632:"Nuclear proliferation special: We have the technology"
2027:
1740:--"no production, no possession, and no introduction."
1242:
Operation Pop Eye / Motorpool / Intermediary-Compatriot
400:, and the Japanese conducted a serious, though futile,
4384:
U.S. Confirms '65 Loss of H-Bomb Near Japanese Islands
1210:
At Kadena Air Force Base, an Entomology Branch of the
739:
on March 20, 1995, were perpetrated by members of the
4636:
4536:
The world according to Toru Hashimoto 30 October 2012
3230:(Report). Department of Defense. 1974. Archived from
3029:"World War II plan to poison Japanese crops revealed"
1388:
mission deployed additional chemical agents in three
645:
who feared similar retaliation by the United States.
4497:
With Honor: Melvin Laird in War, Peace, and Politics
4359:"H-Bomb Lost at Sea in '65 Off Okinawa, U.S. Admits"
4042:"Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare"
3621:; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997).
2231:
1181:
evidently were fruitful." The presence of so-called
3163:
2173:in 2008 argued on several television programs that
1428:Red Hat. Operation Red Hat involved the removal of
1264:. The technique was refined and tested in Okinawa,
1111:
Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
384:conducted numerous attempts to acquire and develop
4494:
3758:
3622:
3508:
3478:: How Umatilla chemical weapons changed NW history
3322:Thomas H. Barksdale; Marian W. Jones (June 1965).
2440:), Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2001, p. 87, (
1363:
1342:approaches 100%. Laboratory measurements indicate
1315:without the authorization of Secretary of Defense
949:South Korean weapons of mass destruction and Japan
896:North Korean weapons of mass destruction and Japan
812:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
434:Japanese possession of weapons of mass destruction
4619:"Will Ukraine invasion push Japan to go nuclear?"
3919:"Were we Marines Used as Guinea Pigs on Okinawa?"
3853:Director Central Intelligence (October 9, 1963).
3597:A National Journal of Literature & Discussion
3446:NARA. Operation Red Hat: Men and a mission (1971)
3412:"Exclusive: Red Hat's lethal Okinawa smokescreen"
3387:'Were we marines used as guinea pigs on Okinawa?'
3137:. US Department of State via NARA. Archived from
2953:
2863:George Mindling; Robert Bolton (1 October 2008).
2716:
1511:
1126:US military anti-plant research § Rice blast
584:. The planned involved towing gliders laden with
4660:
4553:
4332:"Cold War Missileers refute Okinawa near-launch"
4142:
3576:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3324:Technical Report 60: Rice Blast Epiphytology (U)
2744:"In Japan, Provocative Case for Staying Nuclear"
2510:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2191:On 29 March 2016, then-U.S. President candidate
2157:and presumably Project 112's biological agents.
2012:had been detected contaminating portions of the
1230:
724:). As of 2005, sixty years after the end of the
4356:
4194:
3718:
3169:
2767:
2423:, October 21, 2007, accessed December 23, 2008.
2357:, October 24, 2008, accessed December 23, 2008.
888:) although this would be politically unlikely.
3677:Burr, William; Geffner, Stav (July 22, 2016).
3643:
2858:
2856:
2741:
2563:Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
543:by intentionally spreading infected fleas. In
4492:
4006:
3916:
3797:
3100:. National Academies. pp. 59–. NAP:11015
2911:
2909:
2578:
2464:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
1705:
1506:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
361:
4382:Washington, D.C.: Washington Post, Reuter, "
4123:
4121:
4105:
4103:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
3942:
3887:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3593:"Okinawa, Harry Truman, and the Atomic Bomb"
3441:
3439:
3094:National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) (1966).
3023:
3021:
2833:Kelly, Tim; Kubo, Nobuhiro (March 8, 2017).
2828:
2826:
2685:
2683:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2122:to refer to the cleanup work, calling it, "'
1873:Alleged nuclear weapons incidents on Okinawa
1193:
1050:
637:infected with bubonic plague was code-named
4613:
4611:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4449:(Report). November 19, 1968. Archived from
4136:
4039:
4000:
3826:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3721:"Where they were, How Much Did Japan Know?"
3676:
3650:John Richard Shanebrook (24 October 2013).
3584:
3566:. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17.
2947:
2915:
2853:
2407:
2199:On 27 February 2022, former prime minister
1936:MIM-14 Nike-H missile at Okinawa, June 1967
1120:U.S. anti-plant biological weapons research
1065:reported that a Japanese Army physician in
902:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3822:
3820:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3170:Powell, Kendall; Jayaraman, K. S. (2002).
3089:
3087:
2906:
2475:
2434:Public Health Issues Disaster Preparedness
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2272:
1669:. The atomic testing was conducted in the
1376:Operation Downfall § Chemical weapons
1075:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
1018:U.S. weapons of mass destruction and Japan
368:
354:
29:
4563:. CBS News. 29 March 2016. Archived from
4118:
4112:Pacific Stars and Stripes, Okinawa Bureau
4100:
4074:
3912:
3910:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3846:
3778:
3670:
3436:
3282:
3248:
3195:
3071:
3069:
3018:
2984:Disposition of the Air Force Health Study
2974:
2890:
2832:
2823:
2680:
2655:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2378:
1856:Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security
1528:Operation Downfall § Nuclear weapons
1524:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1104:
793:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4608:
4579:
4550:. Voanews.com. Retrieved on 11 May 2014.
4408:
4302:
4200:
4170:
4168:
4166:
3747:
3409:
3290:"Rainmaking used as a Weapon in SE Asia"
3128:
2629:
2096:
2088:
2037:
1964:On October 28, 1962, during the peak of
1931:
1899:
1888:
1825:
1756:
1158:U.S. anti-plant chemical agents research
1057:United States biological weapons program
1040:to U.S. trade began in Okinawa in 1852.
650:United States biological weapons program
454:
4475:
4329:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
3959:
3817:
3697:
3590:
3509:Kakesako, Gregg K. (November 6, 2003).
3306:
3084:
3034:
2936:
2327:
2306:Kristov, Nicholas D. (March 17, 1995).
2305:
1627:U.S. nuclear weapon atmospheric testing
1575:that led to the decision to launch the
1346:increases with the length of time 100%
832:candidates to allow both Japan and the
686:experts and scientists from WWII, were
418:Japan is the only nation that has been
4669:Weapons of mass destruction by country
4661:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4275:
4033:
3907:
3872:
3066:
2511:Rebecca Trounson (September 6, 2002).
2497:
2203:proposed that Japan should consider a
1877:Complete information surrounding U.S.
1721:Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
1212:U.S. Army Preventive Medicine Activity
955:South Korean nuclear research programs
413:forbidden by the Japanese constitution
4486:
4399:", Wednesday, 10 May 1989, page A-35.
4330:Tritten, Travis (December 23, 2015).
4256:"Nike History, The One That Got Away"
4248:
4163:
3860:(Report). Central Intelligence Agency
3725:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3528:
3502:
3457:GlobalSecurity.org : Tengan Pier
3405:
3403:
3401:
3365:Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito
3315:
3122:
3076:"Bugs keep Group Humming at Kadena".
2954:Sharad S. Chauhan (January 1, 2004).
2451:
2426:
2215:. Many Japanese politicians consider
2065:, Okinawa while it was conducting an
1415:In 1969, over 20 servicemen (23 U.S.
660:, they were sentenced lightly to the
656:were tried at the December 1949
4501:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp.
4402:
4395:Washington, D.C.: Washington Post, "
4220:
3936:
3534:
3379:
3220:
2903:, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Page 15.
2689:
2180:Former Governor of Tokyo 1999–2012,
2175:Japan should possess nuclear weapons
2028:B-52 Crash at Kadena Air Base (1968)
1842:A draft of the November 21st, 1969,
1647:Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan
1531:
1262:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
958:
905:
4428:
4409:Mitchell, Jon (November 11, 2013).
4284:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4040:Zajtchuk, Russ; Bellamy, Ronald F.
3591:Burnham, Alexander (July 1, 1995).
3511:"Johnston Atoll: The end of an era"
2717:Karl Schoenberger (July 11, 2003).
2556:
2476:Blumenthal, Ralph (March 7, 1999).
2207:arrangement with the US similar to
2169:Former Mayor and Governor of Osaka
1834:On the one year anniversary of the
1218:." The Smithsonian Institution and
839:
693:
519:on Chinese soldiers and civilians.
459:Ping Fan Facility of Japanese Army
426:released chemical weapons in Tokyo
13:
4386:", Tuesday, 9 May 1989, page A-27.
4350:
4303:Schwartz, Jon (October 28, 2015).
4276:Tovish, Aaron (October 25, 2015).
3917:Mitchell, Jon (December 4, 2012).
3798:Irwin Pernick (October 27, 1974).
3398:
2742:Chester Dawson (28 October 2011).
2461:, revised ed. Routledge, New York.
2255:Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy
1836:B-52 crash and explosion at Kadena
886:Intercontinental ballistic missile
863:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
764:
639:Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night
16:Aspect of Japan's military history
14:
4685:
4546:Herman, Steve (15 February 2013)
4397:Japan Asks Details On Lost H-Bomb
4278:"The Okinawa Missiles of October"
4092:"U.S. Plane Crashes in Okinawa".
3888:Steve Rabson (January 14, 2013).
3731:(1): 11–13, 78–79. Archived from
3497:Educational Foundation of America
2960:. APH Publishing. pp. 194–.
2630:Brumfiel, Geoff (November 2004).
2164:
2046:Finally, on November 19, 1968, a
1466:United States Army Ryukyu Islands
797:Japanese surrender in August 1945
4646:
4625:. March 27, 2022. Archived from
4493:Dale Van Atta (April 29, 2008).
4463:
4062:
3766:(Report). The Nautilus Institute
3759:Hans M. Kristensen (July 1999).
3599:. Vol. 71, no. #3. VQR
3367:
3346:
3270:
3236:
3151:
3110:
3054:
3027:Walsh, Liam (December 7, 2011).
3006:
2866:U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles
2768:William E. Rapp (January 2004).
2690:Burr, William (March 22, 2017).
2432:Novick, Lloyd and Marr, John S.
2234:
2213:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2184:was an advocate of Japan having
1884:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement
1772:United States Information Agency
1535:
1220:The National Academy of Sciences
962:
909:
870:the current environment and the
526:. Unit 731 used plague-infected
337:
336:
4600:. March 1, 2022. Archived from
4594:"A New Nuclear Debate in Japan"
4540:
4526:
4389:
4376:
4357:Broder, John M. (May 9, 1989).
4323:
4296:
4269:
4151:. The National Security Archive
3943:William Burr (April 12, 2013).
3611:
3556:
3489:
3471:
3461:
3450:
3358:
3300:
2775:. Strategic Studies Institute,
2761:
2735:
2719:"Japan ponders nuclear weapons"
2710:
2623:
2597:
2572:
2532:
2250:Japanese nuclear weapon program
2034:1968 Kadena Air Base B-52 crash
1663:nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
1590:launched two atomic attacks on
1364:U.S. chemical weapons and Japan
1338:on diseased leaves occurs when
1329:chemical and biological warfare
771:Japanese nuclear weapon program
537:Changde chemical weapon attacks
4201:Mitchell, Jon (June 4, 2013).
3656:. AuthorHouse. pp. 143–.
2360:
1968:U.S. Strategic Forces were at
1781:During the early parts of the
1512:U.S. nuclear weapons and Japan
789:German nuclear weapons program
715:Changde chemical weapon attack
479:, Japan reasoned that disease
1:
4128:"Okinawa Asks B-52 Removal".
4114:. Okinawa. November 20, 1968.
4110:"Bomber Explodes at Kadena".
4046:Textbook of Military Medicide
3294:Daytona Beach Morning Journal
2579:John H. Large (May 2, 2005).
2265:
2118:," leaving the crew to use a
2071:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1518:U.S. nuclear weapons in Japan
1400:during the early 1960s under
1231:Weather modification research
1168:Agent Orange § Okinawa
641:. The plans were rejected by
539:, the Japanese also employed
489:Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
438:
4149:George Washington University
3410:Mitchell, Jon (2013-07-27).
2987:. National Academies Press.
1917:in Chibana and the hardened
1738:Three Non-Nuclear Principles
1610:, the B-29 that dropped the
1096:After World War II ended, a
808:Three Non-Nuclear Principles
658:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
564:Kaimingye germ weapon attack
420:attacked with atomic weapons
380:Beginning in the mid-1930s,
7:
4132:. Japan. November 21, 1968.
4096:. Japan. November 19, 1968.
2922:. Springer. pp. 226–.
2869:. Lulu.com. pp. 215–.
2540:"Member states of the OPCW"
2227:
1797:including Okinawa, and the
1313:Central Intelligence Agency
1085:, was made chairman of the
1012:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
759:Chemical Weapons Convention
624:submarine aircraft carriers
428:in a domestic terror attack
386:weapons of mass destruction
23:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
4690:
3129:Moynihan (July 29, 1974).
2586:. R3126-A1. Archived from
2128:Electronic Warfare Officer
2031:
1882:and set the stage for the
1709:
1706:Nuclear weapons agreements
1688:Japanese fisherman on the
1644:
1630:
1521:
1515:
1373:
1367:
1234:
1203:
1197:
1161:
1129:
1123:
1108:
1069:had attempted to obtain a
1054:
997:People's Republic of China
952:
899:
843:
768:
448:
442:
4130:Pacific Stars and Stripes
4094:Pacific Stars and Stripes
3078:Pacific Stars and Stripes
2018:radioactive contamination
1768:National Security Council
1661:and destroyed in 1946 in
1224:National Research Council
1194:Arthropod vector research
1051:U.S. bioweapons and Japan
733:Tokyo subway sarin attack
392:saw Japanese use of both
4447:B-52 Crash at Kadena AFB
3894:The Asia-Pacific Journal
3629:. New York: Avon Books.
3395:, 4 December 2012, p. 14
2897:Gibraltar of the Pacific
2134:systems in the hardened
2084:Chibana Ammunition Depot
1955:National Security Agency
1940:In June or July 1959, a
1921:launch sites; Naha AFB,
1863:Japanese Prime Minister:
1849:United States President:
1732:In 1959, Prime Minister
1101:for war crimes charges.
1038:expedition to open Japan
582:the invasion of Iwo Jima
4598:The Wall Street Journal
2748:The Wall Street Journal
2069:bombing mission to the
2016:, sickening three. The
1994:USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)
1951:Davidsonville, Maryland
1577:atomic bombing of Japan
1481:Umatilla Chemical Depot
1216:Smithsonian Institution
872:threat from North Korea
530:and flies covered with
3542:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
3515:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
3416:The Japan Times Online
2811:Cite journal requires
2607:. CSIS. Archived from
2413:Lockwood, Jeffrey A. "
2340:Lockwood, Jeffrey A. "
2225:
2102:
2094:
2043:
1937:
1906:
1897:
1870:
1861:
1831:
1808:Anti-submarine weapons
1762:
1747:
1730:
1474:267th Chemical Company
1470:2nd Logistical Command
1394:267th Chemical Platoon
1155:
1105:Korean War allegations
1073:virus sample from the
505:Imperial Japanese Army
501:Special Research Units
472:
402:nuclear weapon program
4021:on September 23, 2015
2777:U.S. Army War College
2518:The Los Angeles Times
2221:
2138:. The depot held the
2100:
2092:
2051:Strategic Air Command
2041:
1970:Defense Condition Two
1935:
1903:
1892:
1865:
1851:
1829:
1818:and Foreign Minister
1760:
1742:
1725:
1700:anti-nuclear movement
1680:detonation, known as
1573:the invasion of Japan
1459:Lt. James E. Robinson
1325:War in Southeast Asia
1284:study program called
1200:Entomological warfare
1146:
1140:Sheldon H. Harris in
1063:U.S. State Department
865:, which also has the
783:was conducted during
757:Japan had signed the
509:human experimentation
458:
3735:on November 19, 2001
3268:on February 1, 2014.
2916:Eric Croddy (2002).
2901:The Pittsburgh Press
2839:Reuters news service
2779:: 82. Archived from
2457:Harris, S.H. (2002)
2367:AII POW-MIA Unit 731
2151:MIM-14 Nike-Hercules
2140:Mark 28 nuclear bomb
2136:weapon storage areas
1978:MACE B missile sites
1966:Cuban Missile Crisis
1959:Fort George G. Meade
1953:, which is near the
1942:MIM-14 Nike-Hercules
1667:Operation Crossroads
1633:Operation Crossroads
1250:Rainmaking in SEASIA
1098:U.S. War Departments
1087:War Research Service
4453:on 13 November 2017
4338:. Stars and Stripes
3535:Kakesako, Gregg K.
3336:on January 13, 2014
3311:. Collier's Weekly.
3188:2002Natur.419..867P
2899:. (March 10, 1952)
2648:2004Natur.432..432B
2565:George H. Quester,
2342:Six-legged soldiers
2067:Operation Arc Light
2055:B-52 Stratofortress
1919:MGM-13 MACE missile
1894:Mark 28 atomic bomb
1712:Occupation of Japan
1588:U.S. Army Air Force
1390:military operations
779:program to develop
662:Siberian labor camp
471:during World War II
4653:Nuclear technology
4629:on March 26, 2022.
4604:on March 16, 2022.
4007:Smart, Jeffery K.
3988:on August 24, 2011
2957:Biological Weapons
2724:Detroit Free Press
2483:The New York Times
2372:2009-04-30 at the
2347:2010-05-22 at the
2313:The New York Times
2103:
2095:
2044:
2022:nuclear submarines
2014:Naha Port Facility
1938:
1929:units on Okinawa.
1907:
1898:
1832:
1763:
1691:Daigo Fukuryū Maru
1637:Daigo Fukuryū Maru
1614:nuclear weapon on
1500:U.S. stockpile of
1321:East Asian Monsoon
1183:rainbow herbicides
974:. You can help by
921:. You can help by
814:in February 1970.
749:domestic terrorism
684:biological warfare
626:that would deploy
541:biological warfare
517:biological weapons
485:biological warfare
473:
4674:Military of Japan
4512:978-0-299-22683-1
4363:Los Angeles Times
4182:on 11 August 2002
4052:on March 18, 2017
3827:Wampler, Robert.
3685:. Washington, D.C
3663:978-1-4918-2116-9
3636:978-0-380-97349-1
3256:Project Stormfury
3228:SEASIA Rainmaking
3080:. August 2, 1968.
2994:978-0-309-16470-2
2967:978-81-7648-732-0
2929:978-0-387-95076-1
2876:978-0-557-00029-6
2731:on June 25, 2004.
2698:. Washington, D.C
2403:978-0-203-43536-6
2182:Shintaro Ishihara
2147:MGR-1 Honest John
1911:M65 Atomic Cannon
1879:nuclear accidents
1752:Aiichiro Fujiyama
1569:Battle of Okinawa
1565:
1564:
1370:Operation Red Hat
1348:relative humidity
1340:relative humidity
1286:Project Stormfury
1083:Merck and Company
1035:gunboat diplomacy
992:
991:
939:
938:
834:Republic of Korea
611:. A 1945-planned
545:Zhejiang Province
465:Pingfang District
390:Battle of Changde
378:
377:
4681:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4500:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4309:theintercept.com
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4282:thebulletin.org/
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4231:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4178:. Archived from
4172:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4014:. Archived from
4013:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:. Archived from
3978:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3716:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3619:Sweeney, Charles
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3564:"JCADS Timeline"
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3407:
3396:
3385:Mitchell, Jon, "
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:Collier's Weekly
3304:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3199:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:on June 16, 2013
3126:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2727:. Archived from
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2611:on 7 August 2010
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2473:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2430:
2424:
2420:The Boston Globe
2411:
2405:
2395:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2303:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2155:chemical weapons
1998:B43 nuclear bomb
1957:headquarters at
1671:Marshall Islands
1604:Marianas Islands
1560:
1557:
1539:
1532:
1502:chemical weapons
1461: (T-AK-274)
1435:from Okinawa to
1430:chemical warfare
1252:outlines use of
1237:Operation Popeye
1047:of the Pacific.
987:
984:
966:
959:
934:
931:
913:
906:
850:Epsilon (rocket)
840:Delivery systems
694:Chemical weapons
398:chemical weapons
370:
363:
356:
340:
339:
321:List of treaties
33:
19:
18:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4567:on 11 June 2019
4559:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4476:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4415:The Japan Times
4407:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4311:. The Intercept
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4207:The Japan Times
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4075:
4063:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3923:The Japan Times
3915:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3825:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3717:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3585:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3408:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3197:10.1038/419867a
3168:
3164:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3123:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2907:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2824:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2786:on 25 June 2006
2783:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2740:
2736:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2657:10.1038/432432a
2642:(7016): 432–7.
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2509:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2431:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2396:
2379:
2374:Wayback Machine
2365:
2361:
2349:Wayback Machine
2339:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2304:
2273:
2268:
2260:Nuclear latency
2240:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2205:nuclear sharing
2186:nuclear weapons
2167:
2120:double entendre
2063:Kadena Air Base
2036:
2030:
1982:cruise missiles
1875:
1814:Prime Minister
1799:Volcano Islands
1718:
1710:Main articles:
1708:
1696:nuclear fallout
1657:, were used as
1649:
1643:
1631:Main articles:
1629:
1620:Yontan Airfield
1561:
1555:
1552:
1545:needs expansion
1530:
1520:
1514:
1468:(USARYIS) were
1439:in the Central
1410:Kadena Air Base
1382:
1372:
1366:
1309:Henry Kissinger
1239:
1233:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1170:
1162:Main articles:
1160:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1081:, president of
1079:George W. Merck
1059:
1053:
1031:Commodore Perry
1020:
1008:Kunsan Air Base
1004:Kadena Air Base
988:
982:
979:
972:needs expansion
957:
951:
935:
929:
926:
919:needs expansion
904:
898:
874:, it’s scary."
856:
844:Main articles:
842:
781:nuclear weapons
773:
767:
765:Nuclear weapons
696:
558:were employed.
477:Geneva Protocol
453:
447:
441:
436:
374:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4656:
4655:
4633:
4632:
4607:
4578:
4552:
4539:
4525:
4511:
4485:
4474:
4427:
4401:
4388:
4375:
4349:
4322:
4295:
4268:
4247:
4219:
4193:
4162:
4135:
4117:
4099:
4073:
4032:
3999:
3958:
3935:
3906:
3871:
3845:
3816:
3777:
3746:
3696:
3669:
3662:
3642:
3635:
3610:
3583:
3555:
3527:
3501:
3488:
3483:2012-07-08 at
3470:
3460:
3449:
3435:
3397:
3378:
3357:
3314:
3299:
3281:
3247:
3234:on 2009-06-12.
3219:
3162:
3121:
3083:
3065:
3033:
3017:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2946:
2935:
2928:
2905:
2889:
2875:
2852:
2822:
2813:|journal=
2760:
2734:
2709:
2679:
2622:
2596:
2593:on 2007-07-10.
2571:
2555:
2531:
2496:
2463:
2450:
2425:
2406:
2377:
2359:
2326:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2229:
2226:
2217:Vladimir Putin
2171:TĹŤru Hashimoto
2166:
2165:Nuclear debate
2163:
2126:." The planes
2106:dispensary at
2077:. The plane's
2048:U.S. Air Force
2032:Main article:
2029:
2026:
1874:
1871:
1795:Ryukyu Islands
1734:Nobusuke Kishi
1707:
1704:
1628:
1625:
1598:from bases on
1563:
1562:
1542:
1540:
1516:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1437:Johnston Atoll
1368:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1350:prevails. The
1235:Main article:
1232:
1229:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1159:
1156:
1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1019:
1016:
1006:in Okinawa to
990:
989:
969:
967:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
941:The threat of
937:
936:
916:
914:
900:Main article:
897:
894:
841:
838:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
695:
692:
597:bubonic plague
443:Main article:
440:
437:
435:
432:
424:Aum Shinrikiyo
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:treaty parties
315:
314:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
269:United Kingdom
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
73:
72:
66:
65:
64:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4686:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4471:
4470:public domain
4452:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4069:public domain
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3946:
3939:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3856:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3485:archive.today
3482:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3374:public domain
3366:
3361:
3354:
3353:public domain
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3277:public domain
3264:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3243:public domain
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:(6910): 867.
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3158:public domain
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3117:public domain
3099:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:public domain
3043:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:public domain
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2805:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2354:The Scientist
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Naha Air Base
2099:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:Naha Air Base
1943:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:Nike Hercules
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Bonin Islands
1784:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:hydrogen bomb
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1543:This section
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1493:mustard agent
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:mustard agent
1450:
1444:
1442:
1441:Pacific Ocean
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:and one U.S.
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:Aedes aegypti
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:silver iodide
1251:
1247:
1246:cloud seeding
1243:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:New York City
1064:
1061:In 1939, the
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
986:
977:
973:
970:This section
968:
965:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
933:
924:
920:
917:This section
915:
912:
908:
907:
903:
893:
889:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
835:
831:
826:
824:
823:nuclear state
822:
815:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
772:
762:
760:
755:
752:
750:
746:
745:Aum Shinrikyo
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
709:
708:blister agent
705:
701:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
673:
671:
666:
663:
659:
655:
654:Soviet forces
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:balloon bombs
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
466:
462:
457:
452:
446:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
408:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
335:
334:
333:
332:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
312:
311:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
287:Proliferation
286:
285:
280:
277:
275:
274:United States
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
4627:the original
4622:
4602:the original
4597:
4569:. Retrieved
4565:the original
4555:
4542:
4532:
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4496:
4488:
4477:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4420:November 12,
4418:. Retrieved
4414:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4281:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4210:. Retrieved
4206:
4196:
4184:. Retrieved
4180:the original
4153:. Retrieved
4148:
4138:
4129:
4111:
4093:
4054:. Retrieved
4050:the original
4045:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:the original
3949:. Retrieved
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
3862:. Retrieved
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3832:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:
3768:. Retrieved
3739:November 28,
3737:. Retrieved
3733:the original
3728:
3724:
3687:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3652:
3645:
3624:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3596:
3586:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:
3504:
3491:
3473:
3463:
3452:
3427:. Retrieved
3415:
3390:
3381:
3360:
3338:. Retrieved
3331:the original
3317:
3308:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3263:the original
3250:
3232:the original
3222:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:the original
3134:
3124:
3102:. Retrieved
3096:
3077:
3048:February 18,
3046:. Retrieved
3036:
2998:. Retrieved
2983:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2938:
2918:
2900:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2865:
2843:. Retrieved
2838:
2804:cite journal
2795:
2788:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2737:
2729:the original
2722:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:the original
2599:
2588:the original
2574:
2567:Asian Survey
2566:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2516:
2487:. Retrieved
2481:
2458:
2453:
2438:Google Books
2433:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2362:
2352:
2317:. Retrieved
2311:
2242:Japan portal
2222:
2198:
2193:Donald Trump
2190:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2132:
2112:Naha Airport
2104:
2045:
2007:
1987:
1963:
1939:
1908:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1813:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1748:
1743:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1689:
1686:contaminated
1682:Castle Bravo
1675:
1659:target ships
1653:
1650:
1618:, landed at
1585:
1581:Atomic bombs
1566:
1553:
1549:adding to it
1544:
1497:agent orange
1478:
1458:
1445:
1414:
1383:
1351:
1333:
1317:Melvin Laird
1290:
1249:
1240:
1209:
1187:Agent Orange
1179:
1175:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1114:
1095:
1091:Camp Detrick
1071:Yellow fever
1060:
1042:
1021:
1001:
993:
980:
976:adding to it
971:
940:
927:
923:adding to it
918:
890:
883:
876:
860:
857:
827:
820:
816:
804:Constitution
802:The postwar
801:
785:World War II
774:
756:
753:
737:Tokyo subway
730:
719:
697:
681:
677:
674:
667:
647:
595:filled with
590:
579:
572:
521:
493:World War II
474:
417:
409:
406:
379:
229:South Africa
224:Saudi Arabia
218:Soviet Union
158:
61:Radiological
4533:Japan Times
4288:October 27,
4240:11 November
3928:December 3,
3838:18 February
3392:Japan Times
2753:13 November
2638:. 432–437.
2075:Vietnam War
2073:during the
1990:A-4 Skyhawk
1816:Eisaku SatĹŤ
1791:Chichi Jima
1489:nerve agent
1402:Project 112
1358:desiccation
1344:sporulation
1336:sporulation
1270:Philippines
1150:Project 112
1132:Project 112
943:North Korea
787:. Like the
747:in acts of
704:mustard gas
643:Hideki Tojo
631:floatplanes
621:I-400-class
609:smut fungus
524:ShirĹŤ Ishii
388:. The 1943
249:Switzerland
234:South Korea
194:Philippines
184:North Korea
179:Netherlands
4663:Categories
4342:January 8,
4336:stripe.com
4261:6 December
4186:2 February
4025:August 29,
3992:August 11,
3520:August 26,
3429:2016-12-28
2790:29 October
2549:2010-09-17
2446:0763725005
2266:References
2201:Shinzo Abe
1925:, and the
1915:Kadena AFB
1820:Takeo Miki
1801:including
1789:including
1676:The first
1645:See also:
1556:March 2017
1522:See also:
1457:USNS
1374:See also:
1258:California
1204:See also:
1130:See also:
983:March 2017
930:March 2017
628:Aichi M6As
615:attack on
605:rinderpest
507:conducted
499:and other
449:See also:
439:Bioweapons
394:bioweapons
279:Yugoslavia
70:By country
46:Biological
4457:11 August
3951:April 13,
3899:April 25,
3864:April 25,
3809:April 13,
3770:April 20,
3689:March 24,
3603:March 17,
3424:0447-5763
3340:April 20,
3206:0028-0836
3145:April 14,
3104:April 17,
2845:March 24,
2702:March 24,
2489:April 15,
2319:April 15,
2124:52 Pickup
2010:Cobalt-60
1592:Hiroshima
1433:munitions
1282:hurricane
1045:Gibraltar
743:movement
633:and drop
617:San Diego
586:pathogens
552:dysentery
481:epidemics
469:Manchuria
94:Australia
89:Argentina
4518:15 April
4368:13 April
4056:April 5,
3572:cite web
3548:June 26,
3481:Archived
3214:12410269
3000:25 April
2882:23 April
2797:umbrella
2666:15565123
2415:Bug Bomb
2370:Archived
2345:Archived
2228:See also
2143:warheads
2116:confetti
2003:Pentagon
1974:DEFCON 2
1905:targets.
1803:Iwo Jima
1783:Cold War
1616:Nagasaki
1608:Bockscar
1596:Nagasaki
1485:Congress
1472:and the
1421:civilian
1417:soldiers
1311:and the
1297:Cambodia
1293:Thailand
1185:such as
879:Hayabusa
821:de facto
795:and the
777:Japanese
722:Unit 516
711:Lewisite
706:and the
700:Japanese
682:Japan's
613:kamikaze
513:Japanese
497:Unit 731
461:Unit 731
445:Unit 731
342:Category
313:Treaties
305:Missiles
295:Chemical
204:Rhodesia
189:Pakistan
104:Bulgaria
51:Chemical
4571:23 June
4315:May 20,
4212:June 6,
4155:May 13,
3184:Bibcode
2841:. Tokyo
2674:4354223
2644:Bibcode
2615:29 June
2524:May 11,
2059:takeoff
1665:during
1612:Fat Man
1602:in the
1398:Okinawa
1386:Red Hat
1305:Vietnam
1278:Florida
1023:Okinawa
735:on the
670:stipend
601:anthrax
556:typhoid
548:cholera
532:cholera
503:of the
300:Nuclear
264:Ukraine
209:Romania
174:Myanmar
129:Germany
84:Algeria
79:Albania
56:Nuclear
38:By type
4639:Portal
4509:
3660:
3633:
3422:
3212:
3204:
3176:Nature
2991:
2964:
2926:
2873:
2672:
2664:
2636:Nature
2444:
2401:
2053:(SAC)
1923:Henoko
1793:, the
1654:Nagato
1639:, and
1600:Tinian
1504:. The
1455:. The
1380:JACADS
1378:, and
1303:, and
1276:, and
1166:, and
1144:wrote:
852:, and
607:, and
575:Saipan
568:Ningbo
560:Harbin
554:, and
259:Taiwan
244:Sweden
214:Russia
199:Poland
169:Mexico
149:Israel
124:France
109:Canada
99:Brazil
4019:(PDF)
4012:(PDF)
3858:(PDF)
3764:(PDF)
3334:(PDF)
3327:(PDF)
3266:(PDF)
3259:(PDF)
2784:(PDF)
2773:(PDF)
2670:S2CID
2591:(PDF)
2584:(PDF)
2110:(now
2079:pilot
1694:with
1425:sarin
1295:over
1280:in a
1274:Texas
867:H-IIA
702:used
635:fleas
619:with
528:fleas
382:Japan
254:Syria
239:Spain
164:Libya
159:Japan
154:Italy
134:India
119:Egypt
114:China
4573:2019
4520:2013
4507:ISBN
4459:2012
4422:2013
4370:2013
4344:2016
4317:2016
4290:2015
4263:2012
4242:2012
4214:2013
4188:2013
4157:2016
4058:2013
4027:2012
3994:2012
3953:2013
3930:2012
3901:2013
3866:2013
3840:2013
3811:2013
3772:2013
3741:2014
3691:2017
3658:ISBN
3631:ISBN
3605:2017
3578:link
3550:2012
3522:2012
3468:1987
3420:ISSN
3342:2013
3210:PMID
3202:ISSN
3147:2013
3106:2013
3050:2013
3002:2013
2989:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2884:2013
2871:ISBN
2847:2017
2817:help
2792:2012
2755:2011
2704:2017
2662:PMID
2617:2010
2544:OPCW
2526:2013
2491:2017
2442:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2321:2017
2209:NATO
2149:and
1785:the
1714:and
1594:and
1526:and
1449:Army
1301:Laos
1266:Guam
1222:and
1027:Asia
741:cult
698:The
491:and
396:and
144:Iraq
139:Iran
4623:BBC
4505:–.
4503:570
3389:,"
3192:doi
3180:419
2652:doi
2640:432
2436:, (
2417:",
2351:",
2061:at
1972:or
1551:.
1396:on
1260:at
1033:'s
978:.
925:.
854:J-I
846:M-V
830:GOP
726:war
566:in
4665::
4621:.
4610:^
4596:.
4581:^
4430:^
4413:.
4361:.
4334:.
4307:.
4280:.
4222:^
4205:.
4165:^
4147:.
4120:^
4102:^
4076:^
4044:.
3961:^
3921:.
3909:^
3892:.
3874:^
3831:.
3819:^
3802:.
3780:^
3749:^
3729:56
3727:.
3723:.
3699:^
3681:.
3595:.
3574:}}
3570:{{
3539:.
3513:.
3438:^
3418:.
3414:.
3400:^
3292:.
3208:.
3200:.
3190:.
3178:.
3174:.
3133:.
3086:^
3068:^
3020:^
2908:^
2855:^
2837:.
2825:^
2808::
2806:}}
2802:{{
2794:.
2746:.
2721:.
2694:.
2682:^
2668:.
2660:.
2650:.
2634:.
2542:.
2515:.
2499:^
2480:.
2466:^
2448:).
2380:^
2329:^
2310:.
2274:^
2188:.
2086:.
2024:.
1961:.
1774:.
1702:.
1684:,
1635:,
1606:.
1579:.
1495:,
1491:,
1412:.
1406:VX
1299:,
1288:.
1272:,
1268:,
1093:.
1029:.
1014:.
848:,
799:.
775:A
717:.
690:.
603:,
599:,
570:.
550:,
495:,
467:,
463:,
430:.
404:.
4641::
4575:.
4522:.
4472:.
4461:.
4424:.
4372:.
4346:.
4319:.
4292:.
4265:.
4244:.
4216:.
4190:.
4159:.
4071:.
4060:.
4029:.
3996:.
3955:.
3932:.
3903:.
3868:.
3842:.
3813:.
3774:.
3743:.
3693:.
3666:.
3639:.
3607:.
3580:)
3552:.
3524:.
3499:)
3432:.
3376:.
3355:.
3344:.
3279:.
3245:.
3216:.
3194::
3186::
3160:.
3149:.
3119:.
3108:.
3063:.
3052:.
3015:.
3004:.
2970:.
2932:.
2886:.
2849:.
2819:)
2815:(
2757:.
2706:.
2676:.
2654::
2646::
2619:.
2552:.
2528:.
2493:.
2323:.
1558:)
1554:(
985:)
981:(
932:)
928:(
369:e
362:t
355:v
327:)
323:(
220:)
216:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.