Buddhism in Japan - Knowledge

132: 3507: 1788: 3043: 2826: 3617: 2806: 2987: 3054: 1698: 4256: 3499: 262: 2244: 1682: 2357: 6807: 3131: 1710: 1780: 2188: 3713: 1800: 765: 2599: 4675: 1968: 10953: 8282: 3443:, and there were serious consequences for those who refused. For example, during the 1940s, "leaders of both Honmon Hokkeshu and Sōka Gakkai were imprisoned for their defiance of wartime government religious policy, which mandated display of reverence for state Shinto." A few individuals who directly opposed war were targeted by the government. These include the Rinzai priest Ichikawa Hakugen, and Itō Shōshin (1876–1963), a former Jōdo Shinshū priest. 10964: 8292: 4747: 4276: 8362: 1959:) who were either not formally ordained and trained through the state channels, or who chose to preach and practice outside of the system. These "unofficial" monks were often subject to state punishment. Their practice could have also included Daoist and indigenous kami worship elements. Some of these figures became immensely popular and were a source of criticism for the sophisticated, academic and bureaucratic Buddhism of the capital. 8349: 35: 2490: 1346: 2365: 4225: 3702: 2549: 8339: 2673: 2073: 213: 7890: 3691: 4240: 1976: 2724: 4608: 1501:. Though most scholars date the introduction of Buddhism to the middle of the sixth century, Deal and Ruppert note that immigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as merchants and sailors who frequented the mainland, likely brought Buddhism with them independent of the transmission as recorded in court chronicles. Some Japanese sources mention this explicitly. For example, the 1612:. A popular quote attributed to Shōtoku that became foundational for Buddhist belief in Japan is translated as "The world is vain and illusory, and the Buddha's realm alone is true." Regardless of his actual historical role, however, it is beyond doubt that Shōtoku became an important figure in Japanese Buddhist lore beginning soon after his death if not earlier. 3234:) was often promoted by laypersons, such as Sakaino Kōyō (1871–1933) and Takashima Beihō (1875–1949) who founded the Shin Bukkyōto Dōshikai (New Buddhist Friends' Association) in 1899 and promoted social justice activities. The New Buddhists often joined Japanese nationalist patriotism with Buddhist virtues. Some new Buddhist organizations fully embraced 1948:. Another key function of the state temples was the transcription of Buddhist scriptures, which was seen as generating much merit. Buddhist monastics were firmly controlled by the state's monastic office through an extensive monastic code of law, and monastic ranks were matched to the ranks of government officials. It was also during this era that the 3227:. There were a broad range of reform strategies and movements which aimed at positioning Buddhism as a useful partner to a modernizing Japan. This included clerical reform to tighten discipline as well as reforms concerning doctrine and practice. Some Buddhists sought to modernize Buddhist thought by combining it with Western science and philosophy. 3405:, Buddhist leaders supported the war effort in different ways, such as by providing chaplains to the army, performing rituals to secure victory and working with the families of fallen soldiers. During the fifteen-year war, Japanese Buddhists supported the war effort in similar ways, and Buddhist priests became attached to Imperial army regiments. 1755:. Archeological research has also revealed numerous local and regional temples outside of the capital. At the state temples, Buddhist rituals were performed in order to create merit for the royal family and the well-being of the nation. Particular attention was paid to rituals centered around Buddhist sutras (scriptures), such as the 2792:). Furthermore, during this era, schools like Soto Zen, the Hokke (Nichiren) schools and Rennyo's Pure land school also developed comprehensive curricula for doctrinal study, which allowed them to become more self sufficient and independent schools and eliminated the need for their monks to study with other schools. 1551:. This event is usually considered the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan. Other sources, however, give the date of 538 and both dates are thought to be unreliable. However, it can still be said that in the middle of the sixth century, Buddhism was introduced through official diplomatic channels. 1735:) saw the official patronage of Buddhism being taken up by the Japanese imperial family, who replaced the Soga clan as the main patrons of Buddhism. Japanese Buddhism at this time was also influenced by Tang dynasty (618–907) Buddhism. It was also during this time that Buddhism began to spread from the 3435:

During the war, the Japanese government sought to further tighten its control over Buddhist institutions. They attempted to force Buddhist schools to remove from their doctrines any language or idea that revealed anything less than full allegiance to the emperor or that diminished the significance of

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The Myōwakai (Society for Light and Peace), a transsectarian Buddhist organization, was a strong supporter of the war effort who promoted the idea of "benevolent forcefulness" which held that "war conducted for a good reason is in accord with the great benevolence and compassion of Buddhism." Another

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The new Buddhist lineages of Shingon and Tendai also developed somewhat independently from state control, partly because the old system was becoming less important to Heian aristocrats. This period also saw an increase in the official separation between the different schools, due to a new system that

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In the 1960s, many temples were focused solely on providing services like funerals and burials. In 1963, Tamamuro Taijō coined the term sōshiki bukkyō (funerary Buddhism), to describe the ritualistic formalism of temple Buddhism in postwar Japan that was often divorced from people's spiritual needs.

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Anti-Buddhist government policies and religious persecution put many Buddhist institutions on the defensive against those who saw it as the enemy of the Japanese people. This led Japanese Buddhist institutions to re-examine and re-invent the role of Buddhism in a modernizing Japanese state which now

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Martin Collcutt believes Japanese Buddhism was on the verge of total eradication. It is estimated that 40,000 Buddhist temples were destroyed, and in certain places the percentage of Buddhist temples destroyed reached 80%. The intensity of the destruction depended on the region, and the most violent

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Also during this time there was a widespread movement among many Buddhist sects to return to the proper use of Buddhist precepts. Numerous figures in the Ōbaku, Shingon, Shingon-risshū, Nichiren, Jōdo shū and Soto schools participated in this effort to tighten and reform Buddhist ethical discipline.

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During the height of the medieval era, political power was decentralized and shrine-temple complexes were often competing with each other for influence and power. These complexes often controlled land and multiple manors, and also maintained military forces of warrior monks which they used to battle

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based Buddhism, which he saw as the only valid object of devotion in the age of mappō. Nichiren believed that the conflicts and disasters of this period were caused by the wrong views of Japanese Buddhists (such as the followers of Pure Land and esoteric Buddhism). Nichiren faced much opposition for

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Aside from the Buddhist immigrant groups, Asuka Buddhism was mainly the purview of aristocratic groups like the Soga clan and other related clans, who patronized clan temples as a way to express their power and influence. These temples mainly focused on the performance of rituals which were believed

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Katsumi Tanabe: "The origin of the image of Vajrapani should be explained. This deity is the protector and guide of the Buddha Sakyamuni. His image was modelled after that of Hercules. (...) The Gandharan Vajrapani was transformed in Central Asia and China and afterwards transmitted to Japan, where

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estimated 36.2% of the population in 2010 practiced Buddhism. The Japanese General Social Survey placed the figure at less than 20% of the population in 2017. The 2013 Japanese National Character Survey showed that roughly 70% of the population do not adhere to any religious beliefs. Another survey

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Katusmi Tanabe: "The Japanese wind god images do not belong to a separate tradition apart from that of their Western counter-parts but share the same origins. (...) One of the characteristics of these Far Eastern wind god images is the wind bag held by this god with both hands, the origin of which

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The artistic inspiration from Greek floral scrolls is found quite literally in the decoration of Japanese roof tiles, one of the only remaining element of wooden architecture throughout centuries. The clearest ones are from the 7th century Nara temple building tiles, some of them exactly depicting

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grew rapidly, especially the Nichiren/Lotus Sūtra based movements like Sōka Gakkai and Risshō Kōseikai (which are today the largest lay Buddhist organizations in Japan). Soka Gakkai "... grew rapidly in the chaos of post war Japan from about 3000 members in 1951 to over 8 million members" in 2000,

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Buddhist temples in post-war Japan experienced difficult times. There was much damage to be repaired and there was little funding for it. In the 1950s, the situation slowly improved, especially for those temples that could harness tourism and other ways of procuring funding. However, post-war land

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It is also during this period that true lineages of "Shintō" kami worship begin to develop in Buddhist temples complexes, lineages which would become the basis for institutionalized Shintō of later periods. Buddhists continued to develop theories about the relationship between kami and the Buddhas

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The Zen lineages were also widely disseminated throughout the country during this era. A key contributing factor to their spread (as well as to the spread of Pure Land temples) was their activity in funerals and mortuary rituals. Some temple halls were reconstructed with a focus on mortuary rites

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The new schools' independence from the old schools did not happen all at once. In fact, the new schools remained under the old schools' doctrinal and political influence for some time. For example, Ōhashi Toshio has stressed how during this period, the Jōdo sect was mainly seen as a subsidiary or

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During this period, the new "Kamakura schools" continued to develop and began to consolidate themselves as unique and separate traditions. However, as Deal and Ruppert note, "most of them remained at the periphery of Buddhist institutional power and, in some ways, discourse during this era." They

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This period saw the development of new Buddhist lineages or schools which have been called "Kamakura Buddhism" and "New Buddhism". All of the major founders of these new lineages were ex-Tendai monks who had trained at Mt. Hiei and had studied the exoteric and esoteric systems of Tendai Buddhism.

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Buddhist monks interpreted their relationship to the kami in different ways. Some monks saw them as just worldly beings who could be prayed for. Other saw them as manifestations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. For example, the Mt. Hiei monk Eryō saw the kami as "traces" (suijaku) of the Buddha. This

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The government edict of April 1872 ended the status of the Buddhist precepts as state law and allowed monks to marry, to eat meat and stopped the regulation of tonsure and dress. The result of this law (over the course of about four decades) was that most Buddhist priests in Japan marry and many

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The Tendai and Shingon credentials of Rinzai figures such as Enni show that early Zen was not a lineage that was totally separate from the other "old" schools. Indeed, Zen monastic codes feature procedures for "worship of the Buddha, funerals, memorial rites for ancestral spirits, the feeding of

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Katsumi Tanabe: "Needless to say, the influence of Greek art on Japanese Buddhist art, via the Buddhist art of Gandhara and India, was already partly known in, for example, the comparison of the wavy drapery of the Buddha images, in what was, originally, a typical Greek style" (Katsumi Tanabe,

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Japanese Buddhism is very diverse with numerous independent schools and temple lineages (including the "old" Nara schools and the "new" Kamakura schools) that can be traced back to ancient and medieval Japan, as well as more recent Japanese New Religious movements and modern lay organizations.

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Furthermore, though there were numerous independent Buddhist schools and lineages at this time, many monks did not exclusively belong to one lineage and instead traveled to study and learn in various temples and seminaries. This tendency of practicing in multiple schools or lineages was termed

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The Royal court and elite families of the capital also studied the classic Chinese arts that were being taught in the five mountain Rinzai temples. The shogunal families even built Zen temples in their residential palaces. The five mountain temples also established their own printing program

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During the Kamakura (1185–1333) and Muromachi (1336–1573) periods, Buddhism and Buddhist institutions had a great influence on Japanese society. Buddhist institutions were used by the shogunate to control the country. During the Edo (1600–1868) this power was constricted, to be followed by

2228:, included both kami worship and the worship of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, which were often associated with each other. Furthermore, temples like Tōdai-ji also included shrines for the worship of kami (in Tōdai-ji's case, it was the kami Shukongōjin that was enshrined in its rear entryway). 2582:

Zen. This Rinzai Zen tradition was centered on the ten "Five Mountain" temples (five in Kyoto and five in Kamakura). Besides teaching zazen meditation, they also pursued studies in esoteric Buddhism and in certain art forms like calligraphy and poetry. A pivotal early figure of Rinzai was

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There were also semi-independent clerics (who were called shōnin or hijiri, "holy ones") who lived away from the major Buddhist monasteries and preached to the people. These figures had much more contact with the general populace than other monks. The most well known of these figures was

3035:(1685–1768) laid a strong emphasis on kōan training as the original pedagogical means of his tradition, combining it with a somatic practice by drawing on ideas from Chinese medicine and Daoism. Hakuin also criticized the mixing of Zen and Pure Land. His views became influential in the 2765:

During this period, the new Kamakura schools rose to a new level of prominence and influence. They also underwent reforms in study and practice which would make them more independent and would last centuries. For example, it was during this period that the True Pure Land monk

1589:). The Nakatomi and Mononobe, however, continued to oppose the Soga, blaming their worship for disease and disorder. These opponents of Buddhism are even said to have thrown the image of the Buddha into the Naniwa canal. Eventually outright war erupted. The Soga side, led by 3177:(1776–1843), both of whom strongly criticized Buddhism. The new order dismantled the combined temple-shrine complexes that had existed for centuries. Buddhists priests were no longer able to practice at Shinto shrines and Buddhist artifacts were removed from Shinto shrines. 3321:). This led to some Japanese Buddhists to question the orthodoxy of Japanese Buddhist traditions. However, the Japanese government at this time was hesitant to give Buddhism any significant influence over public education, and as a result Buddhist studies was classed under 2853:

temple complex and take over much of Kyoto in the 1530s. They eventually came into conflict with the Tendai warrior monks of Enryakuji in what became known as the Tenbun Period War, in which all 21 major Hokke (Nichiren) temples were destroyed, along with much of Kyoto.

7269: 3207:), saw the destruction and closure of many Buddhist institutions throughout Japan as well as the confiscation of their land, the forced laicization of Buddhist monks and the destruction of Buddhist books and artifacts. In some instances, monks were attacked and killed. 3486:

The Japanese populace was aware of Buddhist involvement in aiding and promoting the war effort. Because of this, Buddhist lineages have engaged in acts of repentance for their wartime activities. Buddhist groups have been active in the post-war peace movement.

2971:, Buddhist institutions procured funding through various ritual means, such as the sale of talismans, posthumous names and titles, prayer petitions, and medicine. The practice of pilgrimage was also prominent in the Edo Period. Many temples and holy sites like 2134:

Furthermore, during this era, new Buddhist traditions began to develop. While some of these have been grouped into what is referred to as "new Kamakura" Buddhism, their beginning can actually be traced to the late Heian. This includes the practice of Japanese

3262:(Spiritualism) movement promoted the idea that Buddhists should focus on self-cultivation without relying on organized Buddhism or the state. Kiyozawa and his friends lived together in a commune called Kōkōdō (Vast Cavern), and published a journal called 3400:

was rooted in the Meiji era need for Buddhists to show that they were good citizens that were relevant to Japan's efforts to modernize and become a major power. Some Buddhists, like Tanaka Chigaku, saw the war as a way to spread Buddhism. During the

1644:. Buddhism grew here through the support and efforts of two main groups: immigrant kinship groups like the Hata clan (who were experts in Chinese technology as well as intellectual and material culture), and through aristocratic clans like the Soga. 2795:

There was also a decrease in the ritual schedule of the royal court. Because of this, Buddhist Temples which did survive this period had to turn to new ways of fundraising. Aside from mortuary duties, this also included increasing public viewings

2157:. This practice was initially popular in Tendai monasteries but then spread throughout Japan. Texts discussing miracles associated with the Buddhas and bodhisattvas became popular in this period, along with texts which outlined death bed rites. 6905:

Kawase Takaya, "The Jodo Shinshu Sectś Missionary Work in Colonial Korea"; in: "Modern Japanese Buddhism and Pan-Asianism", The 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Tokyo, March 28, 2005, pp. 6–7

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Otani Eiichi, "Missionary Activities of Nichiren Buddhism in East Asia", in: "Modern Japanese Buddhism and Pan-Asianism", The 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Tokyo, March 28, 2005, pp. 21–22

2919:). This system made use of already existing Buddhist institutions and affiliations, but attempted to bring them under official government control and required all temples to be affiliated with a government recognized lineage. In general, the 1514:-born, or a descendant of an immigrant group in Japan. He is said to have built a thatched hut in Yamato and enshrined an object of worship there. Immigrants like this may have been a source for the Soga clan's later sponsorship of Buddhism. 3344:(1851–1929) focused on the study of Sanskrit and Pali texts and the history of Buddhism. He focused on the universal values of world Buddhism and wrote critically regarding the historical bias of Japanese Buddhism in works such as 3180:

This sparked a popular and often violent movement to eradicate Buddhism, which was seen as backwards and foreign and associated with the corrupt Shogunate. There had been much pent-up anger among the populace because the Tokugawa

7262: 3252:(Woof and Warp Society, founded in 1894), which was critical of doctrinal rigidity of traditional Buddhism and championed what they termed "free investigation" (jiyū tōkyū) as a way to respond to the rapid changes of the time. 4729:

Another Buddhist deity, Shukongōshin, one of the wrath-filled protector deities of Buddhist temples in Japan, is also an interesting case of transmission of the image of the famous Greek god Heracles to East Asia along the

4726:, the Japanese wind god holds above his head with his two hands a draping or "wind bag" in the same general attitude. The abundance of hair has been kept in the Japanese rendering, as well as exaggerated facial features. 1935:). The temples were not exclusive and sectarian organizations. Instead, temples were apt to have scholars versed in several of schools of thought. It has been suggested that they can best be thought of as "study groups". 1647:

Immigrant groups like the Korean monks who supposedly instructed Shōtoku introduced Buddhist learning, administration, ritual practice and the skills to build Buddhist art and architecture. They included individuals like

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forced families to affiliate themselves with a Buddhist temple, which included the obligation of monetary donations. Many Buddhist temples abused this system to make money, causing an undue burden on their parishioners.

3025:(Laughs to Wake You Up), which is a collection of humorous anecdotes. Other traveling preachers of the era who made use of stories and narratives include the Shingon-Ritsu monk Rentai (1663–1726) and the Pure Land monk 2420:

Another response to the social instability of the period was an attempt by certain monks to return to the proper practice of Buddhist precepts as well as meditation. These figures include figures like the Kōfukuji monk

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that Japanese Buddhist studies as an academic field began. This was sparked by the overseas travel of Japanese scholars to Western universities and encountered Buddhist textual studies there, particularly the study of

2259:(good karma). Artistic portraits depicting events from the scriptures were also quite popular during this era. They were used to generate merit as well as to preach and teach the doctrine. The "Enshrined Sutra of the 3495:

Post-war Japan has seen a decline in traditional temple Buddhism, with roughly 100 Buddhist organizations disappearing every year. Still, around 90% of Japanese funerals are conducted according to Buddhist rites.

2762:). During this era of widespread warfare, many Buddhist temples and monasteries were destroyed, particularly in and around Kyoto. Many of these old temples would not be rebuilt until the 16th and 17th centuries. 8247: 2321:(Collection of Waka of the Awakening Mind, 1012). The courtly practice of rōei (performing poetry to music) was also taken up in the Tendai and Shingon lineages. Both monks and laypersons met in poetry circles ( 3478:

This meant that Buddhist temples and institutions were now free to associate with any religious lineage or to become independent if doctrinal or administrative differences proved too much. One example is when

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The imperial government also actively built and managed the Buddhist temples as well as the monastic community. The Nihon Shoki states that in 624 there were 46 Buddhist temples. Some of these temples include

4641:(shown above), the first period following the conversion of the country to Buddhism, display a strikingly classical style, with ample Hellenistic dress and realistically rendered body shape characteristic of 3061:

During the Edo period, there was an unprecedented growth of print publishing (in part due to the support of the Tokugawa regime), and the creation and sale of printed Buddhist works exploded. The Tendai monk

2845:(Nichirenist "Lotus" Leagues), who rose in revolt against samurai lords and established self-rule in certain regions. These leagues would also sometimes go to war with each other and with major temples. The 2428:

Other monks attempted to minister to marginalized low class groups. The Kegon-Shingon monk Myō'e was known for opening his temple to lepers, beggars, and other marginal people, while precept masters such as

1489:. Though often overlooked in Western academia, Buddhism was transmitted through trade routes across South East Asia in addition to the Sinophere. As such, early Japanese Buddhism is strongly influenced by 2907:

set into motion a series of reforms which sought to increase state control of religion (as well as to eliminate Christianity). Iemitsu's reforms developed what has been called the head–branch system (

3588:(1900–1991). These thinkers drew from Western philosophers like Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche and Buddhist thought to express a new perspective. Another intellectual field that has attracted interest is 3094:

With the support of the Shogunate, Buddhist scholasticism also thrived during the Edo period, and the major Buddhist schools established new systems of scholastic study in their schools' seminaries (

2413:) and that therefore other Buddhist practices were not useful. The only means to liberation was now the faithful chanting of the nembutsu. This view was critiqued by more traditional figures such as 3436:

Shintō kami. This included parts of the writings of medieval Buddhist founders like Shinran and Nichiren who had written that it is sometimes good to criticize rulers if they go against the Dharma.

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Portable shrine from the 1600s with 30 guardian deities and an invocation to the Lotus Sutra. Buddhism and kami worship were closely associated in Japan until they were separated in the late 1800s

3163:) of 1868. The ideologues of this new Shinto sought to return to a pure Japanese spirit, before it was "corrupted" by external influences, mainly Buddhism. They were influenced by national study ( 2522:

further add that it was only "from the late fifteenth century onward that these lineages came to increasingly occupy the center of Japanese Buddhist belief and practice." The only exception is

3545:). While the new religions tended to be Nichiren focused, the "new new" Buddhist religions tend to be influenced by numerous other Buddhist traditions. Buddhist new new religions include the 8216: 1621:

made it to Japan in the times of early Buddhism, but Buddhism absorbed them. "nder Buddhist influence," these stories were "associated with certain ascetic monks who were devoted to the

2015:, mainly for economic and strategic reasons. As before, Buddhist institutions continued to play a key role in the state, with Kanmu being a strong supporter of the new Tendai school of 3351:

There were also a number of new Buddhist movements that grew popular in the Meiji period through 1945. Some of the most influential of these were the Nichirenist/Lotus movements of

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There was also a renaissance of Sanskrit studies in the Shingon school, led by figures such as Jōgon (1639–1702) and Jiun Sonja (1718–1804). Meanwhile, in Sōtō Zen, scholars led by

2407:, both of which focused on the practice of chanting the name of Amida Buddha. These new Pure Land schools both believed that Japan had entered the era of the decline of the Dharma ( 8006: 8252: 5003: 3637: 1697: 8211: 6618: 2425:(1155–1213) and the Tendai monk Shunjō (1166–1227), who sought to return to the traditional foundations of the Buddhist path, ethical cultivation and meditation practice. 1681: 1861:, all were continuations of Chinese Buddhist schools. The temples of these schools became important places for the study of Buddhist doctrine. The six Nara schools were: 8221: 5238: 3534:

offer an alternative view of Japan where their form of Buddhism would form the religious foundation of a peaceful and psychologically and materially enriched society".

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and Buddhism. The aim of Shugendo practitioners is to save the masses by acquiring supernatural powers through rigorous training while walking through steep mountains.

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in Ming China. This lineage, which promoted the dual practice of zazen and nembutsu, would be very successful, having over a thousand temples by the mid-18th century.

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The elite state sponsored Nara Buddhism was not the only type of Buddhism at this time. There were also groups of unofficial monastics or priests (or, self-ordained;

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Among the founders of the forty-six sects in Japanese Zen, sixteen were Chinese masters, fifteen were Japanese masters who traveled to China during the reign of the

7101: 2207:(divine beings in Shinto). The merging of Shinto deities with Buddhist practice was not new at this time. Already in the eighth century, some major Shinto shrines ( 7996: 7956: 2526:

Zen, which attained prominence earlier (13th century). Meanwhile, the "old" schools and lineages continued to develop in their own ways and remained influential.

3596:), associated with Sōtō Zen priests like Hakamaya Noriaki (b. 1943) and Matsumoto Shirō (b. 1950), who criticized certain key ideas in Japanese Mahayana (mainly 2077: 1558:, after receiving the Buddhist gifts, the Japanese emperor asked his officials if the Buddha should be worshipped in Japan. They were divided on the issue, with 7839: 3640:

in Japan had 129 million believers, of which 46 million were Buddhists and most of them were believers of new schools of Buddhism which were established in the

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State temples continued the practice of conducting numerous rituals for the good of the nation and the imperial family. Rituals centered on scriptures like the

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vines and grapes. These motifs have evolved towards more symbolic representations, but essentially remain to this day in many Japanese traditional buildings.

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in Japan had 129 million believers, of which 46 million were Buddhists. Most of them were believers of new schools of Buddhism which were established in the

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doctrine. Critical Buddhists have also examined the moral failings of Japanese Buddhism, such as support for nationalist violence and social discrimination.

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Based on traditional sources, Shōtoku has been seen as an ardent Buddhist who taught, wrote on, and promoted Buddhism widely, especially during the reign of

2466:, which emphasize liberation through the insight of meditation (zazen). Dōgen (1200–1253) began a prominent meditation teacher and abbot. He introduced the 8041: 7991: 2373:

During the Kamakura period, these new schools did not gain as much prominence as the older lineages, with the possible exception of the highly influential

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Stone, Jaquelin (2000). Japanese Lotus Millennialism. In: Wessinger, Catherine, Millennialism, Persecution and Violence, Syracuse University Press, p. 265

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Another important development during this era was that Buddhist monks were now being widely encouraged by the state to pray for the salvation of Japanese

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There are various Japanese new religious movements which can be considered Buddhist sects, the largest of these are lay Nichiren Buddhist groups such as

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Various other Greco-Buddhist artistic influences can be found in the Japanese Buddhist pantheon, the most striking being that of the Japanese wind god

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system, which was a way to manage provincial temples through a network of national temples in each province. The head temple of the entire system was

7429: 7211: 2587:(1202–1280), a high-ranking and influential monk who was initiated into Tendai and Shingon. He then traveled to China to study Zen and later founded 7399: 3266:(Spiritual World). Other Buddhists focused on adherence to the ten precepts, such as Shaku Unshō who created formed a lay organization known as the 3013:

Meanwhile, a new breed of public preachers was beginning to frequent public spaces and develop new forms of preaching. These include Pure Land monk

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As of 2022, around 70.8 million people, or about 67% of Japan's total population, identify as Buddhist. The largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are

10022: 7464: 6491: 2437:(1217–1303) were also active in ministering and caring for ill and marginalized persons, particularly those outcast groups termed "non-persons" ( 2104:

grew in popularity, even among the low class and non-aristocratic population, which often formed religious groups such as the "Lotus holy ones" (

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as well as for his ideas on reforming Buddhist institutions. He sought to interpret Buddhist thought through a more rational lens and drew on

4764: 1472: 6679: 8463: 6907: 6894: 4738:, the protector of the Buddha, and his representation was then used in China and Japan to depict the protector gods of Buddhist temples. 3301:(Hall of Philosophy), which was dedicated to Shakyamuni, Confucius, Socrates, and Kant. He also advocated for social welfare activities. 731: 4656:

guardian deities in front of Japanese Buddhist temples, or representations of the Buddha reminiscent of Greek art such as the Buddha in

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Eventually, the increasing power of Six Nara Schools and their influence in politics started to overwhelm the city of Nara. This forced

3076:). Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 184–186 Also notable was the publication of an exceptionally high quality reprint of the Ming-era 8571: 7152: 5152:

The transmission of the floral scroll pattern from West to East is presented in the regular exhibition of Ancient Japanese Art, at the

3248:(1861–1939), who promoted Japanese Imperialism as a way to spread the message of the Lotus Sutra. Another new Buddhist society was the 8306: 2267:), is one of the greatest examples of Buddhist visual art from this period. It is an elaborately illustrated Lotus Sūtra installed at 8328: 2896:. The Tokugawa also banned most foreigners from entering the country. The only traders to be allowed were the Dutch at the island of 6682:: "The Priest as Profane Practitioner of the Sacred". Presented at the American Academy of Religion, Philadelphia, November 16, 1995 4648:

Buddhist art became extremely varied in its expression. Many elements of Greco-Buddhist art remain to this day however, such as the

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with each other. In spite of the instability of this era, the culture of Buddhist study and learning continued to thrive and grow.

2294:) as well as ennen ("longevity-enhancing") arts which included dances and music. Doctrinally, these performative arts were seen as 6602: 10838: 10290: 8196: 1952:

was written, a text which shows significant Buddhist influence. The monk Dōji (?–744) may have been involved in its compilation.

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who is the true founder of Japanese Buddhism. Modern historians have questioned much of this, seeing most of it as a constructed

45: 7263:"When Disobedience is Filial and Resistance is Loyal: The Lotus Sutra and Social Obligations in the Medieval Nichiren Tradition" 6829: 5551:. Pantheon Fairy Tale and Folklore Library. Translated by Tyler, Royall (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. xxx. 2857:

The Tendai warrior monks and the Ikko Ikki leagues remained a major political power in Japan until their defeat at the hands of

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The Tendai is for the royal family, the Shingon for the nobility, the Zen for the warrior classes, and the Jodo for the masses.

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hungry ghosts, feasts sponsored by donors, and tea services that served to highlight the bureaucratic and social hierarchy."

2213:) included Buddhist monks which conducted rites for shinto divinities. One of the earliest such figures was "great Bodhisattva 5231: 3530:

linked to a view of social responsibility that is distinctive". According to an academic study, lay believers of Buddhism "...

1581:

played a key role in the early spread of Buddhism in the country. Their support, along with that of immigrant groups like the

75: 7791: 7772: 7702: 7683: 7664: 7577: 7551: 7525: 7499: 6577: 6197: 6033: 5556: 5528: 2282:

developed to include elaborate music, dance and other forms of performance. Major temples and monasteries such as the royal

2019:(767–822) in particular. Saichō, who had studied the Tiantai school in China, established the influential temple complex of 8656: 8498: 8171: 7921: 5847: 4867: 1743:) was the use of Buddhist institutions and rituals (often performed at the palace or capital) in the service of the state. 7131: 3989:

by the philosopher Harivarman. It was never a truly independent school, instead it was studied along with Sanron doctrine.

2695:

promoted the worship of kami as manifest forms of the Buddhas. A group of Tendai monks at Mt. Hiei meanwhile incorporated

10833: 5392: 4591:

system. In this, Japanese citizens were required to register at their local Buddhist temples and obtain a certification (

2942:

Buddhist leaders often worked with the government, providing religious support for their rule. For example, the Zen monk

82: 3084:, a renowned master of the Ōbaku school. An important part of the publishing boom were books of Buddhist sermons called 2309:

Another way of communicating the Buddhist message was through the medium of poetry, which included both Chinese poetry (

1510:(Abridged Annals of Japan), mentions a foreigner known in Japanese as Shiba no Tatsuto, who may have been Chinese-born, 10730: 10280: 8375: 7894: 1482: 1376: 822: 779: 6526:(1993). "Reviewed work: Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution, James Edward Ketelaar". 3110:. The True Pure Land lineages established an extensive seminary system which constituted what would eventually become 2872:. This led to numerous debates between Christians and Buddhists, such as the so-called "Yamaguchi sectarian debates" ( 1604:(554 – 15 April 628). He is also believed to have sent envoys to China and is even seen as a spiritually accomplished 1396:

in the 6th century CE. Most of the Japanese Buddhists belong to new schools of Buddhism which were established in the

8576: 7872: 7811: 7749: 7730: 7645: 7614: 6612: 6189: 5336: 5311: 5275: 5213: 3522:

A study about the reason for the growth in lay believers and increased engagement in society attributes the cause to

3491:

reforms and an increasingly mobile and urban population meant that temples lost both parishioners and land holdings.

2868:

During the mid-sixteenth century westerners first began to arrive in Japan, introducing new technologies, as well as

2274:

The Buddhist liturgy of this era also became more elaborate and performative. Rites such as the Repentance Assembly (

17: 10823: 7013: 6972:

Stone, Jaqueline I. (2003). In: Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.

3289:

as well as the teachings of the historical Buddha to do so. He was a prolific author of around 120 books, including

2635:, a Zen master, calligraphist, poet and garden designer who was granted the title "national Zen teacher" by Emperor 10508: 10253: 6920: 6781: 6641: 6356: 6181: 2701:

thought into their worship of the kami Sannō, which eventually came to be seen as the source or "original ground" (

2626: 692: 89: 4637:

Japanese Buddhist art started to develop as soon as the country converted to Buddhism in 548. Some tiles from the

2341:(1185–1333) was a period of crisis in which the control of the country moved from the imperial aristocracy to the 1412:(1868–1912) saw a strong response against Buddhism, with persecution and a forced separation between Buddhism and 10900: 10890: 8719: 7240: 4982:, as of 2018, Buddhism was the predominant religion in Japan with about 84 million adherents or about 69% of the 2530:

temporary branch sect of Tendai. Furthermore, not all monks of the old sects were antagonistic to the new sects.

2255:

The copying and writing of Buddhist scripture was a widespread practice in this period. It was seen as producing

724: 361: 2542:. It became much more prominent in the medieval era due to the increased social mobility that many monks enjoyed 131: 10845: 10498: 10300: 10191: 10136: 8709: 7034: 6977: 4768: 3506: 3468: 3382: 1668:

to provide magical effects, such as protection. During this period, Buddhist art was dominated by the style of

587: 60: 2447:

in 1287, which treated more than 88,000 people over a 34-year-period and collected Chinese medical knowledge.

71: 10815: 10513: 10196: 8488: 8321: 7314:

The Soka Gakkai and Human Security, D. Metraux, p. 49, Virginia Review of Asian Studies, Mary Baldwin College

3718: 2661:) to copy and disseminate a wide variety of literature that included records of Zen masters, the writings of 1305: 1000: 705: 4958:

Some holidays are specific to certain schools or traditions. For example, Zen Buddhist traditions celebrate

4105:

in 805, who also introduced tantric elements into the tradition. The primary text of Tendai Buddhism is the

1787: 11004: 10398: 10270: 10241: 9943: 7421: 7110: 3310: 1250: 1025: 985: 7450:

Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun, John Patrick Hoffmann, Lexington Books, 2007 p. 37

7203: 4328: 4018: 3645: 3149:, shorn of all Buddhist influences, was promoted as the state religion, an official state policy known as 1887: 1739:

to the other regions and islands of Japan. An important part of the centralizing reforms of this era (the

1426: 637: 10089: 9998: 9468: 9113: 8626: 8521: 8116: 7391: 5368: 5192: 5129:/ Oado." (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 21) 4979: 3800: 3629: 3042: 2621:(1247–1317). Issan influenced the Japanese interest in Chinese literature, calligraphy and painting. The 9633: 7657:

Sino-Japanese Reflections: Literary and Cultural Interactions Between China and Japan in Early Modernity

6494:

Nam-Lin Hur, Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, Anti-Christianity, and the Danka System

4820:

The following Japanese Buddhist holidays are celebrated by most, if not all, major Buddhist traditions:

10999: 10989: 10938: 10418: 9894: 9380: 8503: 8336: 7460: 4669: 4595:), which became necessary to function in society. At first, this system was put into place to suppress 2825: 717: 582: 9828: 10994: 10828: 10641: 10631: 10503: 9486: 9066: 8827: 8802: 6846: 4162: 3562: 3538: 3282: 3145:

in 1868, the new imperial government adopted a strong anti-Buddhist attitude. A new form of pristine

3099: 2939:

sects because the latter had a history of inciting socio-political disturbances in the 16th century.

2164:. This phenomenon began in Tendai temples, as they vied for political influence with each other. The 1125: 592: 165: 8852: 7286: 5143:)." (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 23) 5031: 4991: 3526:

teachings of 'social responsibility': "In the tradition of Nichiren Buddhism, however, we find the

935: 10933: 10285: 10099: 10077: 10070: 9973: 9506: 9126: 8942: 8887: 8508: 8314: 8166: 8131: 8086: 7938: 7914: 7633: 5874: 4288: 3838: 3414: 3393: 1903: 1130: 1080: 6510:

Harvard University Asia Center, 2007; pp. 1-30 (The Rise of Funerary Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan).

3889: 3616: 1895: 10870: 10850: 10181: 10161: 9918: 9648: 8892: 8056: 8051: 7946: 5544: 5076: 3422: 2613:

Medieval Rinzai was also invigorated by a series of Chinese masters who came to Japan during the

1597:, emerged victorious and promoted Buddhism on the archipelago with support of the broader court. 1585:, gave Buddhism its initial impulse in Japan along with its first temple (Hōkō-ji, also known as 1290: 7674:

Kawanami, Hiroko (1999). "Japanese Nationalism and the Universal Dharma". In Harris, Ian (ed.).

3421:), which attempted to carry out a series of assassinations, culminating in the assassination of 3348:(A Critique of the Theory that Mahayana Is the Direct Teaching of the Historical Buddha, 1903). 2805: 1761:. The monastic community was overseen by the complex and hierarchical imperial Monastic Office ( 301: 10880: 10720: 10388: 10358: 10131: 10082: 9923: 9871: 9866: 9628: 9449: 9346: 9098: 9093: 8842: 8176: 8151: 8066: 8046: 7966: 4902: 4691: 4687: 3515: 2862: 2475: 2444: 2408: 1703:

The Great Buddha of Asuka-dera, oldest Buddha statue in Japan, and an example of the Tori style

1574:

then states that the emperor allowed only the Soga clan to worship the Buddha, to test it out.

1369: 1105: 1090: 1070: 995: 990: 905: 812: 356: 96: 9210: 7695:

Sino-Japanese Transculturation: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of the Pacific War

5303: 5296: 4990:

had the second most, though a large number of people practice elements of both. Japan has the

10885: 10855: 10436: 10368: 10201: 10116: 10111: 10035: 10030: 9948: 8478: 8262: 8141: 8136: 8016: 5871:"The Formation and its Meaning of the 75-sacred-place View in the Omine Sacred Mountain Area" 5153: 4999: 4983: 4596: 4537: 3741:

during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. They are associated with the ancient capital of

3633: 3558: 3472: 3372: 3360: 2986: 2869: 2778:

scrolls inscribed with the nembutsu. He also made widespread use of the Japanese vernacular.

1310: 1300: 1255: 577: 9501: 7803:

Bonds of the Dead: Temples, Burial, and the Transformation of Contemporary Japanese Buddhism

7514: 7160: 6508:

Death and social order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, anti-Christianity, and the danka system,

4030:. It was never a truly independent school, instead it was studied along with Hossō doctrine. 2861:(1534–1582), who subjugated both the Tendai monks at Mt Hiei and then the Ikko Ikki, in the 10908: 10875: 10860: 10378: 10275: 10221: 10106: 10045: 10013: 10008: 9993: 9978: 9968: 9933: 9846: 9538: 9461: 8764: 8704: 8453: 8420: 8370: 8156: 8111: 8091: 8081: 7981: 6561: 5389: 5086: 5039: 5010:(1185－1333). According to these statistics, the largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are the 4877: 4559: 4509: 4111: 3483:

temple became independent from the Hossō lineage and created its own Shōtoku denomination.

3235: 2936: 2571: 2306:

of teaching Buddhism. Monks specializing in such arts were called yūsō ("artistic monks").

2193: 2028: 1486: 1320: 1280: 1275: 1240: 1085: 965: 873: 858: 802: 774: 627: 607: 199: 56: 10748: 9363: 9232: 9158: 9034: 8772: 3913: 3519:

and has established schools, colleges and a university, as well as cultural institutions.

3298: 1971:

An illustration of Saichō with tea leaves. He is known for having introduced tea to Japan.

1863: 296: 8: 10715: 10594: 10428: 10403: 10393: 10353: 10330: 10213: 10186: 10146: 10065: 10055: 9983: 9910: 9341: 9198: 8979: 8957: 8909: 8729: 8529: 8385: 8365: 8236: 8181: 8096: 8076: 7961: 7951: 7907: 7761: 7425: 7092:, B.A. Thesis, University of Iceland, School of Humanities, Japanese Language and Culture 5071: 5061: 5022: 4975: 3671:

An old saying regarding the schools of Buddhism in relation to the different classes is:

3561:, the most notorious of these new new religions, is a dangerous cult responsible for the 3464: 3460: 3397: 3278: 3053: 2952: 2622: 1980: 1330: 1285: 1223: 1163: 1100: 1045: 1040: 795: 784: 220: 157: 8689: 8616: 5030:(Buddhist shrine) in their homes. According to a 2012 Pew Research study, Japan has the 4554: 499: 10778: 10683: 10525: 10488: 10483: 10413: 10363: 10310: 10305: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10156: 10141: 10126: 10121: 10060: 10040: 10003: 9928: 9733: 9434: 9358: 9236: 9178: 9019: 8919: 8847: 8822: 8468: 8398: 8226: 8161: 8126: 8061: 8031: 7976: 7971: 7831: 7540: 6773: 6543: 6348: 5444: 5417:"Trade-Buddhism: Maritime Trade, Immigration, and the Buddhist Landfall in Early Japan" 5207: 5056: 4776:

built Hōkō-ji, the first temple in Japan, between 588 and 596. It was later renamed as

4642: 4614: 4280: 4171: 4154: 3750: 3514:

During the post-war period, in contrast to traditional temple Buddhism, Buddhist based

3456: 3402: 3386: 3286: 3111: 2889: 2810: 2567: 2563: 2346: 2268: 2136: 1928: 1757: 1563: 1405: 1315: 1295: 1235: 1230: 1118: 1020: 1013: 940: 930: 837: 237: 10577: 7626:

Pure Land, Real World: Modern Buddhism, Japanese Leftists, and the Utopian Imagination

5139:

it exerted stylistic influences on the wrestler-like statues of the Guardian Deities (

4255: 3341: 2511: 2384:, and another fifteen were Japanese masters who visited China during the reign of the 2096:

During this period, there was a consolidation of a series of annual court ceremonies (

534: 514: 10956: 10918: 10614: 10599: 10562: 10547: 10320: 10236: 10151: 9988: 9938: 9665: 9655: 9336: 9183: 9168: 9039: 8962: 8882: 8817: 8749: 8636: 8393: 8291: 8121: 8101: 8011: 7986: 7868: 7835: 7787: 7768: 7745: 7726: 7698: 7679: 7660: 7641: 7610: 7573: 7547: 7521: 7495: 7030: 6973: 6826: 6765: 6608: 6583: 6573: 6340: 6193: 6185: 6029: 5552: 5524: 5436: 5332: 5307: 5271: 5091: 4995: 4828: 4479: 4362: 4264: 4013: 3649: 3589: 3142: 2932: 2647:

also studied under Issan. Shiren was also a historian who wrote the Buddhist history

2404: 2243: 2160:

During this period, some Buddhist temples established groups of warrior-monks called

1828: 1498: 1430: 1362: 1245: 1050: 925: 868: 832: 817: 748: 336: 321: 261: 233: 9900: 8694: 8594: 6431: 3541:, there was a wave of new religious movements that were called "new new religions" ( 2649: 2356: 2176:(alt. Kōya; 903–972), who wandered throughout the provinces engaging in good works ( 2092:, are represented literally by six small Amida figures streaming from Kūya's mouth. 1792: 1688: 1594: 554: 379: 10604: 10557: 10552: 10408: 10373: 10348: 10343: 10094: 10050: 9963: 9638: 9294: 9287: 9071: 9061: 8947: 8611: 8483: 8106: 8071: 8021: 7930: 7823: 7784:

Reexamining the Sinosphere: Cultural Transmissions and Transformations in East Asia

7535: 7105: 7003: 6535: 6523: 5428: 5096: 5051: 5035: 4801: 4300: 4296: 4134: 4098: 3787: 3733:

Schools are the oldest Buddhist schools in Japan. These schools came to Japan from

3653: 3440: 3211: 3194: 3170: 3014: 2943: 2928: 2904: 2743: 2731: 2666: 2483: 2256: 2128: 2035: 1986: 1490: 1434: 1325: 1270: 1200: 1190: 1055: 687: 519: 504: 9683: 7181: 7008: 3685: 3644:(1185－1333). The number of believers of each sect is approximately 22 million for 3498: 2957: 2443:). Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 122 Ninshō established a medical facility at 1774: 1728: 1446: 10968: 10913: 10865: 10793: 10663: 10461: 10441: 10383: 10295: 9958: 9856: 9703: 9439: 9422: 9407: 9385: 8937: 8807: 8641: 8621: 6833: 6438: 5401: 5007: 4789: 4700:, the protector of the Buddha, depicted as Heracles in the Greco-Buddhist art of 4312: 4191: 4078: 3661: 3641: 3585: 3429: 3425: 3389:

in 1945), most Japanese Buddhist institutions supported militarization of Japan.

3255: 3174: 3151: 3130: 2980: 2947: 2338: 2310: 2084:, dating to the first decade of the thirteenth century. The six syllables of the 1840:

Nara state sponsorship saw the development of the six great Nara schools, called

1736: 1640:) refers to Buddhist practice and thought that mainly developed after 552 in the 1528: 1494: 1442: 1418: 1397: 1350: 1265: 1065: 975: 920: 682: 9713: 8867: 8857: 5839: 5293: 4496: 4260: 4130:

is also important. The Lotus Sutra is also central to Tendai esoteric teachings.

3410: 3273:

An influential figure of Buddhist reform during this period was the philosopher

3115: 3103: 3039:(1868–1912), when his dharma-heirs came to dominate the Japanese Rinzai-school. 2640: 2422: 2180:), preaching on nembutsu practice and working with local Buddhist cooperatives ( 1505: 915: 489: 434: 10923: 10626: 10476: 10258: 9838: 9818: 9738: 9427: 9417: 9351: 9188: 8674: 8537: 7566: 7561: 7125: 7123: 6992:"The Sōka Gakkai's search for the realization of the world of Risshō ankokuron" 5140: 5115:"Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 19) 4707: 4653: 4501: 4449: 3950: 3742: 3577: 3572:

also saw a new philosophical movements among Buddhist intellectuals called the

3245: 3202: 3118:(1683–1769) undertook a major attempt to publish and study the works of Dōgen. 2885: 2850: 2758: 2584: 2471: 2191:

A scroll depicting the kami Hachiman dressed as a Buddhist monk, an example of

1919:

These schools were centered around the capital where great temples such as the

1816: 1812: 1544: 1540: 1210: 1140: 1095: 953: 539: 4209: 3274: 2632: 2606: 2225: 529: 484: 414: 180: 10983: 10693: 10542: 9851: 9753: 9611: 9412: 9390: 9326: 8997: 8792: 8787: 8679: 8348: 8285: 7509: 6769: 6344: 5440: 5396: 5066: 5011: 4809: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4599:, but over time it took on the larger role of census and population control. 4440: 4407: 4388: 4349: 4232: 4046: 3938: 3851: 3597: 3581: 3569: 3480: 3081: 3072: 2924: 2783: 2730:, ("the Temple of the Golden Pavilion'), is a Rinzai Zen temple built in the 2707: 2618: 2579: 2523: 2467: 2396: 2374: 2314: 2233: 2012: 1779: 1732: 1617: 1601: 1590: 1559: 1035: 1030: 970: 602: 479: 326: 316: 9151: 9141: 8513: 6587: 4805: 4579:(1868–1912). Buddhist temples played a major administrative role during the 3664:, and only about 700,000 for the old schools, which were established in the 3337: 3240: 2972: 2950:, was a kami (divine spirit). He also wrote a book on zen and martial arts ( 2715:). This idea can be found in the work of the Hiei monk Sonshun (1451–1514). 1765:), who managed everything from the monastic code to the color of the robes. 1175: 980: 52: 10783: 10768: 10738: 10688: 10678: 10520: 10315: 9808: 9643: 9521: 9309: 9304: 9131: 9002: 8877: 8338: 6565: 5126: 4896: 4793: 4723: 4638: 4584: 4541: 4514: 4428: 4402: 3981: 3657: 3573: 3510:

Vowz Band (A group of Buddhist monks who use rock music to spread message)

3452: 3329:, and terms such as "Indian studies" was favoured over "Buddhist studies." 3224: 3182: 3107: 3032: 3007: 2858: 2644: 2614: 2385: 2381: 2279: 2187: 2100:). Tendai Buddhism was particularly influential, and the veneration of the 2031:. This new system allowed Tendai to free itself from direct state control. 2000: 1876: 1740: 1633: 1502: 1476: 1438: 1075: 960: 878: 764: 677: 657: 549: 9566: 9551: 9511: 9208: 8872: 8448: 7102:

In Japan, Buddhism, long the religion of funerals, may itself be dying out

4998:. According to statistics by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2023, the 4050: 3993: 3712: 3694: 3026: 2838: 2746:

saw the devolution of central government control and the rise of regional

2677: 2602: 2588: 2332: 2283: 2008: 1882: 1799: 647: 149: 10753: 10582: 9723: 9708: 9491: 9299: 9227: 9007: 8837: 8739: 8586: 8458: 8295: 7516:

The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice

6991: 6020: 4963: 4850: 4842: 4624: 4620: 4529: 4106: 3730: 3665: 3527: 3352: 3333: 3106:, which were patronized by the Tokugawa family, the most prominent being 2976: 2813:

in Osaka, one of the main fortress-temple complex of the True Pure Land (

2662: 2503: 1944: 1824: 1820: 1748: 1669: 1622: 1609: 1605: 1536: 1519: 1450: 1145: 572: 544: 384: 276: 189:

or 67% (Government est., 2022) to under 20% (JGSS Research Center, 2017).

10743: 9203: 6777: 6753: 6653: 6352: 6328: 4674: 4533: 4337: 4200: 3705: 3363:. They focused on active proselytization and worldly personal benefits. 3356: 2739: 2718: 2598: 2508:

his views and was also attacked and exiled twice by the Kamakura state.

2208: 2146: 2121: 2113: 1967: 1924: 1834: 351: 346: 137: 10698: 10656: 10532: 10338: 10263: 9877: 9861: 9823: 9803: 9698: 9673: 9581: 9516: 9496: 9242: 9173: 9044: 8927: 8897: 8832: 8782: 8440: 8430: 8403: 6547: 4777: 4580: 4453: 4419: 4027: 4023: 3986: 3902: 3847: 3829: 3746: 3723: 3554: 3550: 3376: 2968: 2846: 2842: 2727: 2260: 2165: 2024: 2020: 1920: 1752: 1641: 1586: 1401: 1150: 910: 807: 622: 404: 9718: 8714: 7744:. Vol. 2. Los Angeles & Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. 7725:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles & Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. 7232: 5448: 5416: 2474:, which would grow into the Sōtō school. He criticized ideas like the 2317:). An example of Buddhist themed waka is Princess Senshi's (964–1035) 2046:. This school also received state sponsorship and introduced esoteric 10673: 10646: 9813: 9688: 9400: 9316: 9193: 9083: 9056: 9049: 9012: 8969: 8932: 8699: 8664: 8631: 8606: 8561: 7598:

A Storied Sage: Canon and Creation in the Making of a Japanese Buddha

6921:"The Question of Quintessence: Buddhism in Wartime Japanese Academia" 4925: 4746: 4735: 4731: 4711: 4697: 4576: 4341: 4315:, many Buddhist schools (classified by scholars as "New Buddhism" or 4275: 4268: 4248: 3894: 3782: 3576:, since it was led by a group of Kyoto University professors, mainly 3305: 3036: 2983:) hosted Buddhist pilgrims and mountain ascetics throughout the era. 2771: 2455: 2154: 2150: 2047: 1582: 1578: 1409: 1195: 1170: 672: 331: 10446: 9282: 9136: 8902: 8684: 8553: 8545: 6642:"Meiji Religious Policy, Soto Zen and the Clerical Marriage Problem" 6539: 4797: 4393: 4204:, an eclectic tradition which brought together Buddhist and ancient 4102: 4062: 3605: 2892:(1600–1868) who ran the country through a feudal system of regional 2798: 2752: 2434: 2364: 2052: 2016: 1927:

were erected. The most influential of the temples are known as the "

1570:

of Japan would become angry at this worship of a foreign deity. The

662: 444: 394: 34: 10963: 10803: 10758: 10703: 10668: 10572: 10231: 9798: 9793: 9743: 9678: 9596: 9561: 9556: 9217: 9088: 9076: 8987: 8646: 8343: 7899: 7827: 7607:

Japanese Temple Buddhism: Worldliness in a Religion of Renunciation

5432: 5027: 5015: 4701: 4679: 4657: 4649: 4545: 4488: 4484: 4470: 4333: 4284: 4244: 4228: 3976: 3933: 3898: 3880: 3833: 3546: 3523: 3340:

and later took a position at Tokyo Imperial University. Meanwhile,

3314: 3165: 2734:(c. 1397) and destroyed during the Onin War (it was later rebuilt). 2636: 2512:

Muromachi period (1336–1573) and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603)

2498: 2350: 2326: 2287: 2214: 2085: 1804: 1653: 1389: 1205: 1185: 1180: 1060: 756: 652: 464: 216: 153: 143: 9788: 9778: 9763: 9586: 9456: 8724: 4719: 4630: 4461: 4445: 4354: 4158: 4070: 3066:, supported by Iemitsu, led the printing of the Buddhist "canon" ( 2999: 2489: 2463: 2392: 2161: 2043: 2027:, and developed a new system of monastic regulations based on the 642: 449: 419: 399: 389: 341: 10708: 10651: 10636: 9783: 9773: 9748: 9623: 9618: 9576: 9546: 9478: 9444: 9331: 9272: 9267: 9121: 9024: 8862: 8812: 8599: 8425: 7856:

Critical Buddhism: Engaging with Modern Japanese Buddhist Thought

4367: 4304: 4224: 4066: 3884: 3701: 3601: 2788: 2747: 2697: 2672: 2548: 2400: 2342: 2042:") school was established in the country under the leadership of 1660:) was appointed to the highest rank of primary monastic prelate ( 1649: 885: 597: 429: 311: 9395: 9163: 6827:

Buddhism and Japanese Nationalism: A sad chronicle of complicity

5840:"Exoteric Buddhism, Esoteric Buddhism, and Shugendo - 顕教・密教・修験道" 5519:

Kasahara, Kazuo; McCarthy, Paul; Sekimori, Gaynor, eds. (2001).

4432: 2770:(1415–1499) forged a large following for his school and rebuilt 2414: 2173: 2072: 424: 409: 10788: 10773: 10609: 10471: 10451: 10226: 9888: 9768: 9758: 9693: 9321: 9277: 9262: 9252: 9222: 9146: 9029: 8797: 8669: 8413: 8408: 7889: 5708:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 103–107. 5289: 5287: 5081: 4987: 4375: 4205: 4058: 4040: 3944: 3906: 3843: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3690: 3146: 3063: 3018: 2920: 2897: 2775: 2774:. He reformed devotional practices with a focus on Shinran and 2767: 2687: 2669:, Chinese dictionaries, reference works, and medical texts. 2554: 2493:

A 20th century depiction of the banishment of Nichiren in 1261.

2218: 2141: 2125: 2039: 1913: 1868: 1532: 1511: 1473:

Silk Road transmission of Buddhism § Northern transmission

1413: 1345: 900: 895: 890: 853: 667: 617: 612: 524: 494: 306: 286: 212: 6754:"General Education and the Modernization of Japanese Buddhism" 6329:"General Education and the Modernization of Japanese Buddhism" 5004:

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

4239: 3638:

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

3553:(Enlightenment Society, drawing from Shingon and Shinto), and 1975: 10928: 10763: 10621: 10587: 10567: 10537: 10466: 9883: 9728: 9606: 9601: 9571: 9526: 9373: 9368: 9247: 8952: 8777: 8744: 8734: 7029:

Religion and American Cultures, An Encyclopedia, vol 1 p. 61

5331:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. 5270:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17. 4937: 4913: 4861: 4784:, the name of the capital where it was located. Unlike early 4515:

Dai Gohonzon of the High Sanctuary of the Essential Teachings

4466: 4424: 4411: 4380: 4054: 3762: 3738: 3734: 3003: 2991: 2723: 2459: 2439: 2430: 2295: 2240:, would have a strong influence throughout the medieval era. 2081: 2004: 1908: 1548: 1393: 1135: 632: 509: 469: 459: 454: 439: 291: 281: 161: 7693:

King, Richard; Poulton, Cody; Endo, Katsuhiko, eds. (2012).

7287:"Articles on the Lotus Sutra, Tendai, and Nichiren Buddhism" 5284: 5261: 5259: 2676:

The Hansōbō shrine, a Shinto shrine at the Rinzai temple of

2286:

temple and Kōfukuji, also became home to the performance of

10798: 9591: 9257: 8754: 7025: 7023: 6847:"The "Negative Side" of D. T. Suzuki's Relationship to War" 5294:

Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001).

4849:). The day at the Buddha was said to have passed away into 4792:

were highly ornamental and strictly symmetrical. The early

4607: 4544:

and FAS Society. But there are other new movements such as

3855: 3318: 2329:

circle which was patronized by Prince Shukaku (1150–1202).

2203: 1567: 474: 6604:

Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a living religion

6432:"A Brief History of Buddhism in Japan", accessed 30/4/2012 4796:(9th–10th century) saw an evolution of style based on the 3439:

Buddhists were also forced to venerate talismans from the

3134:

Buddhist temple bells being smelted for bronze during the

2450:

Another set of new Kamakura schools include the two major

2224:

Popular sites for pilgrimage and religious practice, like

2060:

specified the particular school which an imperial priest (

10456: 8992: 5256: 4722:. In consistency with Greek iconography for the wind god 4165:. Shingon is based mainly on two tantric scriptures, the 2833:

This era also saw the rise of militant Buddhist leagues (

2451: 2291: 2139:, which focuses on the contemplation and chanting of the 2067: 1481:

Originating in India, Buddhism arrived in Japan by first

1466: 7124:

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2013).

7020: 6925:

Belief and Practice in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea

5518: 5455: 3215:

times of haibutsu kishaku lasted between 1869 and 1871.

3155:(separating Buddhism from Shinto), which began with the 1962: 7372: 6301: 6299: 5991: 5907: 4734:. Heracles was used in Greco-Buddhist art to represent 2333:

Kamakura Buddhism (1185–1333) - new schools of Buddhism

1656:

priest of the Madhyamaka school, who (according to the

1483:

making its way to China and Korea through the Silk Road

4812:

style emerged in the late 12th or early 13th century.

2829:

The Battle of Ishiyama Hongan-ji, by Utagawa Yoshifuji

1783:

A model of Yakushi-ji, a major imperial temple of Nara

141: 7763:

A Short History of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects

7723:

Foundation of Japanese Buddhism: The Aristocratic Age

7365:

Heinrich Dumoulin, James W. Heisig, Paul F. Knitter,

7204:"A Sect's Political Rise Creates Uneasiness in Japan" 6572:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 230. 5326: 5026:

indicates that about 60% of Japanese families have a

4682:

to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right:

3932:, introduced to Japan around 753 by the Chinese monk 3628:

According to the religious statistics of 2023 by the

3557:(Garden of True Thusness, a Shingon-based religion). 2719:

Late Muromachi-Period Buddhism (1467–1603) - Ōnin War

2516: 6296: 3781:, introduced to Japan around 736 by the Indian monk 3409:

right-wing Buddhist organization during the war was

3219:

temples became hereditary holdings within a family.

3210:

The violence spread to every region of the country.

2879: 1461: 7572:(1st ed.). New York & Tokyo: Weatherhill. 4552:), a Buddhist school which focuses on studying the 4057:). It also directly encouraged the creation of the 2960:

would even call the Tokugawa shōgun a "holy king" (

2631:) reflects this influence. One of his students was 2168:saw various groups of warrior monks join the fray. 7760: 7655:Fogel, Joshua A.; Fraleigh, Matthew, eds. (2022). 7565: 7539: 7513: 5295: 5125:can be traced back to the shawl or mantle worn by 4714:, as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan. 3381:During the "fifteen year war" (beginning with the 3297:(Enlivening Buddhism). In 1904 he inaugurated the 2497:Additionally, it was during this period that monk 1715:The Yumedono Kannon, another example of Tori style 7742:Foundation of Japanese Buddhism:The Mass Movement 7714:The Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy 4487:(1222–1282) which focuses on the Lotus Sutra and 4198:Additionally, this period saw the development of 3336:(1849–1927), who studied Sanskrit at Oxford with 3192:This religious persecution of Buddhism, known as 3006:, a Chinese monk. Ingen had been a member of the 1445:with 2.8 million, and only about 700,000 for the 10981: 7678:. London/New York: Continuum. pp. 105–126. 7174: 4491:practice, chanting the name of the Lotus Sutra. 3697:, the national headquarters of the Hossō school. 3366: 2391:The new schools include Pure Land lineages like 2184:) to create images of bodhisattvas like Kannon. 1615:Taoist traditions of immortality and becoming a 7676:Buddhism and Politics in Twentieth-Century Asia 7182:Japanese monks use rock music to spread message 5302:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 4183: 4145: 4123: 4089: 4005: 3968: 3925: 3872: 3821: 3774: 1852: 7740:Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996b). 7721:Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996a). 6174: 5232:Measuring religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS 5173: 5171: 4750:Vine and grape scrolls from Nara, 7th century. 4177: 4161:in 816, who traveled to China and studied the 4139: 4117: 4083: 3999: 3962: 3919: 3866: 3828:, introduced to Japan in 654 by Japanese monk 3815: 3768: 1846: 8322: 7915: 7414: 6751: 6326: 5195:, Government of Japan. 2023-12-28. p. 35 4765:List of National Treasures of Japan (temples) 3332:One of the first such Japanese academics was 3017:(1554–1642), who is seen as an originator of 1731:(673 through 686) Buddhism (Hakuhō refers to 1370: 725: 9104:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4678:Iconographical evolution from the Greek god 4502:Shakyamuni Buddha of the Essential Teachings 4448:(1200–1253), a Japanese line of the Chinese 4427:(1141–1215), a Japanese line of the Chinese 4299:, swordsman artist and philosopher close to 3832:, who had travelled to China to study under 2931:sects were treated more favourably than the 2705:) of all Buddhas (thereby reversing the old 2038:( Ch. Zhenyan; "True Word", from Sanskrit: " 1723: 1404:(1603–1868), Buddhism was controlled by the 61:introducing citations to additional sources 7489: 7453: 6959: 6957: 6800: 6798: 6702: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6665: 6663: 5461: 5329:The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600 5268:The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600 5225: 5223: 5168: 5014:with 22 million believers, followed by the 4758: 3751:seven great temples of the southern capital 3125: 2786:) and were thus known as mortuary temples ( 2782:(sometimes for a specific family, like the 2501:(1222–1282) began teaching his exclusively 2217:" (Hachiman daibosatsu) who was popular in 1929:seven great temples of the southern capital 1827:. This period saw the establishment of the 1672:, who came from a Korean immigrant family. 1628: 8329: 8315: 7922: 7908: 7130:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Nihon Tōkei Kyōkai. 7066: 7064: 6947: 6945: 6600: 6560: 6478: 6476: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6018: 5704:Powers, John (2000). "Japanese Buddhism". 5523:(1st English ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Pub. 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 4523: 3604:) as being incompatible with the Buddha's 3457:devastated by the allied bombing campaigns 2888:period of war, Japan was re-united by the 2570:(1336–1573) supported and patronized the " 1854:lit. the Six Sects of the Southern Capital 1768: 1691:, first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan 1377: 1363: 732: 718: 7609:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 7490:Deal, William E.; Ruppert, Brian (2015). 7359: 7117: 7007: 6448: 6446: 6424: 6131: 6129: 6101: 6099: 5753: 5751: 5609: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5021:There are a wide range of estimates; the 4962:on October 15 to commemorate the life of 4611:Iconographical evolution of the Wind God. 4303:monk of the Rinzai school (linked to the 4194:is central to Shingon esoteric teachings. 2946:(1573–1645) suggested that the spirit of 7767:. Tokyo: Bukkyo-sho-ei-yaku-shupan-sha. 7628:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 7560: 7534: 7508: 7378: 6954: 6844: 6813: 6795: 6752:Makoto, Hayashi; Amstutz, Galen (2012). 6697: 6685: 6660: 6327:Makoto, Hayashi; Amstutz, Galen (2012). 6305: 5997: 5913: 5868: 5862: 5421:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5414: 5220: 4745: 4673: 4606: 4274: 4254: 4238: 4223: 3975:, introduced to Japan around 625 by the 3879:, introduced to Japan around 625 by the 3711: 3700: 3689: 3615: 3505: 3497: 3129: 3057:Illustration of a book published in 1814 3052: 3041: 2985: 2841:("Single Minded" Pure Land Leagues) and 2824: 2804: 2756:and the so called "warring states era" ( 2722: 2671: 2597: 2547: 2488: 2363: 2355: 2242: 2186: 2071: 1974: 1966: 1798: 1786: 1778: 1566:and Nakatomi no Kamako worried that the 51:Relevant discussion may be found on the 10291:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 7805:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7600:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7492:A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism 7422:"Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists" 7061: 6989: 6942: 6918: 6680:The Secularization of Japanese Buddhism 6473: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6280: 6278: 5961:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 87, 95-97 5895:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 87, 91-93 5793:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 68-71, 85 5345: 5265: 3537:In the 1970s, during a period of rapid 2956:) addressed to the samurai. Meanwhile, 2552:The main gate of Tōfuku-ji, the oldest 1687:Painting on silk of the semi-legendary 1527:) provides a date of 552 for when King 1429:with 22 million believers, followed by 14: 10982: 10494:List of Buddhist architecture in China 7463:. Pew Research Center. December 2012. 7090:Funeral Buddhism: A Religion in Crisis 6669:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 213-215. 6554: 6485: 6443: 6126: 6096: 5748: 5703: 5604: 5592: 5390:Buddhism's arrival, Shinto's endurance 5018:Buddhists with 10 million believers. 4049:to relocate the capital, moving it to 3979:monk Ekwan. The school focused on the 3002:lineage of Zen would be introduced by 2068:Later Heian Period Buddhism (950–1185) 1467:Arrival and initial spread of Buddhism 8310: 7903: 7865:Japanese Buddhism, A Cultural History 7542:The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy 7467:from the original on 26 December 2018 7432:from the original on January 28, 2018 7332:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 237-239 7323:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 235-237 7260: 7193:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 233-235 7079:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 232-233 7070:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 232-234 7058:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 231-232 6996:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6963:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 224–226 6951:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 222–225 6804:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 220-222 6742:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 219-221 6733:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 216-218 6724:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 215-217 6715:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 214-218 6706:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 214-216 6646:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6639: 6522: 6482:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 212-214 6470:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 210-211 6461:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 211-213 6452:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 200-202 6430:Japan Buddhist Federation, Buddhanet 6421:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 189-191 6412:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 190-192 6403:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 193-195 6391:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 199-201 6379:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 188-190 6317:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 184-186 6293:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 181-183 6284:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 179-181 6272:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 172-173 6263:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 179-182 6254:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 177-180 6245:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 176-179 6227:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 149-152 6218:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 149-151 6209:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 145-147 6171:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 145-146 6162:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 143-146 6153:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 143-145 6144:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 151-153 6135:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 142-144 6123:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 136-137 6114:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 139-141 6084:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 124-126 6075:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 123-124 6066:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 122-123 6048:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 117-118 6009:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 113-115 5988:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 101-103 5979:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 100-104 5850:from the original on 21 December 2020 5832: 5543: 5244:from the original on 11 November 2020 4602: 4575:persecutions at the beginning of the 4569: 4564: 3708:, the head temple of the Kegon school 3471:which became an official part of the 3463:abolished state Shinto, establishing 3293:(The Guiding Principle of Truth) and 2911:) and the temple affiliation system ( 1963:Early Heian Period Buddhism (794–950) 7929: 7392:"List of Japanese Buddhist Holidays" 7367:Zen Buddhism : a History: Japan 7344:Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey 7341: 6621:from the original on 14 January 2023 6500: 6275: 6105:Deal & Rupert (2015) pp. 135-136 5970:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 99-102 5952:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 98-100 5601:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 32-34. 5589:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 31-32. 5580:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 30-32. 5571:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 29-31. 5509:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 27-29. 5500:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 19-26. 5482:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 19-22. 5473:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 21-23. 5229: 4903:honor the spirits of one's ancestors 4540:and lay Zen Buddhist groups such as 4219: 3270:(Association for the Ten Precepts). 2903:During the seventeenth century, the 1795:of Todai-ji seen from the north side 1562:(506–570) supporting the idea while 194:Regions with significant populations 28: 7624:Curley, Melissa Anne-Marie (2017). 7356:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 56-57 6570:Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami 5943:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 95-97 5934:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 92-94 5925:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 91-93 5904:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 92-96 5829:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 90-92 5811:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 68-70 5766:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 68-69 5757:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 60-61 5736:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 59-60 5694:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 55-56 5676:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 54-56 5640:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 49-50 5631:Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 48-49 4918:, the Autumnal Equinox celebration. 2849:managed to destroy the Ikko Ikki's 2711:theory which saw the Buddha as the 2197:("syncretism of kami and buddhas"). 24: 10281:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 7588: 7184:" (Tim Allman reports. 2013-07-03) 6528:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5706:A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4992:second largest Buddhist population 4954:, the end of the year celebration. 4741: 4469:in 1654, incorporates elements of 3244:(Pillar of the Nation Society) of 2990:Portrait of Chinese monk Yinyuan ( 2517:Late Medieval Buddhism (1336–1467) 2360:An illustration of Hōnen preaching 2149:, in hopes of being reborn in the 1497:, which were influenced by Indian 828:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 823:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 11016: 7883: 7812:"The Zen of Japanese Nationalism" 6694:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 209. 6028:. Springer Nature. p. xii]. 5032:third largest Buddhist population 4034: 3749:), where they founded the famed " 3473:Japanese constitutional amendment 3459:, with most cities in ruins. The 3157:Kami and Buddhas Separation Order 2880:Edo (Tokugawa)-Period (1603–1868) 2685:and bodhisattvas. One such idea, 1485:and then traveling by sea to the 1462:Early Buddhism (5th-13th century) 10962: 10952: 10951: 10509:Thai temple art and architecture 10254:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8494:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8360: 8347: 8337: 8290: 8281: 8280: 7888: 7810:Sharf, Robert H. (August 1993). 7461:"The Global Religious Landscape" 7444: 7384: 7350: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7254: 7233:"Discover your potential 自分力の発見" 7225: 7196: 7187: 7145: 7095: 7082: 7073: 7052: 7039: 7016:from the original on 2016-03-21. 6983: 6966: 6912: 6899: 6886: 6877: 6838: 6819: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6672: 6633: 6594: 6516: 6236:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 172 6184:Harvard University Press, 2005. 6093:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 135 6057:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 121 5491:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 14. 5237:(Report). JGSS Research Center. 5230:Iwai, Noriko (11 October 2017). 5146: 5132: 5118: 5108: 4319:), as opposed to "Old Buddhism" 4307:) founded by the 28th Patriarch. 3679: 3502:Soka Gakkai's Tokyo headquarters 3469:separation of religion and state 2802:) of hidden or esoteric images. 2458:), promulgated by monks such as 2290:theater (which is the origin of 1708: 1696: 1680: 1344: 763: 260: 211: 130: 44:relies largely or entirely on a 33: 8361: 7842:from the original on 2020-12-29 7402:from the original on 2010-11-04 7369:, p. 5. World Wisdom, Inc, 2005 7342:Hase, Mikiso (April 17, 2018). 7297:from the original on 2015-01-04 7275:from the original on 2015-01-04 7243:from the original on 2013-10-05 7214:from the original on 2014-11-13 7134:from the original on 2013-12-05 7127:Japan Statistical Yearbook 2014 6931:from the original on 2019-10-28 6927:. Palgrave Macmillan: 137–152. 6867:from the original on 2012-01-20 6845:Victoria, Brian Daizen (2010), 6784:from the original on 2021-09-13 6601:Jørn Borup (25 February 2008). 6464: 6455: 6415: 6406: 6359:from the original on 2021-09-13 6320: 6311: 6287: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6117: 6108: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6012: 6003: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5898: 5889: 5823: 5820:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 87 5814: 5805: 5802:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 70 5796: 5787: 5784:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 73 5778: 5775:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 72 5769: 5760: 5745:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 60 5739: 5730: 5727:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 58 5721: 5718:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 56 5712: 5697: 5688: 5685:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 59 5679: 5670: 5667:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 53 5661: 5658:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 51 5652: 5649:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 50 5643: 5634: 5625: 5622:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 46 5616: 5613:Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 45 5583: 5574: 5565: 5537: 5512: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 4969: 4336:practice, chanting the name of 2994:), who founded the Ōbaku school 2738:Beginning with the devastating 2124:is an example of the fusion of 2056:, "secret teaching") elements. 1985:a print of a Tendai temple, by 10499:Japanese Buddhist architecture 10301:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9381:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 8572:Places where the Buddha stayed 8248:British Indian Ocean Territory 7520:. London: Century Paperbacks. 7482: 5521:A History of Japanese religion 5408: 5382: 5327:Bowring, Richard John (2005). 5320: 5266:Bowring, Richard John (2005). 5002:under the jurisdiction of the 4974:According to estimates by the 4769:Japanese Buddhist architecture 3636:under the jurisdiction of the 3392:Japanese Buddhist support for 3230:This reformed "new Buddhism" ( 3201:"abolish Buddhism and destroy 1543:that included an image of the 13: 1: 10514:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 7261:Stone, Jacqueline I. (2002). 7009:10.18874/jjrs.13.1.1986.31-61 5298:Sources of Japanese tradition 5212:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 5162: 3795:, as well as on the works of 3446: 3367:War time Buddhism (1931–1945) 3049:, by Hosoki Toshikazu c. 1879 2998:During the 17th century, the 2691:("provisional manifestation") 2454:schools of Japan (Rinzai and 2034:Also during this period, the 2003:, the capital was shifted to 1990: 706:Glossary of Japanese Buddhism 10271:Buddhism and the Roman world 10247:Decline of Buddhism in India 10242:History of Buddhism in India 8342: Topics in 7854:Shields, James Mark (2011). 7111:International Herald Tribune 7049:, University of Hawaiì Press 6180:Louis-Frédéric, Käthe Roth. 4684:1) Heracles (Louvre Museum). 4513:, venerates and reveres the 4500:, venerates and reveres the 4340:, so as to be reborn in the 4208:elements. It was founded by 4163:Chinese Mantrayana tradition 3936:. The school focused on the 3887:. The school focused on the 3836:. The school focused on the 3791:, a compilation of numerous 3785:. The school focused on the 3385:in 1931 and ending with the 1026:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 9469:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 9209: 7605:Covell, Stephen G. (2006). 7596:Auerback, Micah L. (2016). 6990:Métraux, Daniel A. (1986). 5369:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5193:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5045: 4980:Agency for Cultural Affairs 4884:, i.e. Kanbutsu-e (潅仏会) or 4815: 4406:, originating from Chinese 4184: 4146: 4124: 4090: 4006: 3969: 3926: 3873: 3822: 3775: 3630:Agency for Cultural Affairs 3413:'s terrorist organization " 3277:(1858–1919). A graduate of 1853: 1815:moved the state capital to 1433:with 10 million believers, 142: 10: 11021: 10419:The unanswerable questions 7712:Kopf, Gereon, ed. (2019). 7045:Ives, Christopher (2009). 5415:Holcombe, Charles (1999). 4762: 4670:Japanese Buddhist pantheon 4667: 4663: 4613:Left: Greek wind god from 4560:early Buddhist scriptures. 4038: 3948:and on strict adherece to 3683: 3611: 3539:social and economic change 3370: 1772: 1470: 1456: 10947: 10899: 10814: 10729: 10504:Buddhist temples in Korea 10427: 10329: 10212: 9909: 9837: 9664: 9537: 9477: 9112: 9067:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 8978: 8970:Three planes of existence 8918: 8763: 8655: 8585: 8577:Buddha in world religions 8439: 8384: 8356: 8276: 8235: 8195: 7937: 7494:. John Wiley & Sons. 6652:(1–2): 46. Archived from 5462:Deal & Ruppert (2015) 4909:Sept. 21st, approximately 4629:Right: Japanese wind god 4247:, the main temple of the 4178: 4140: 4118: 4084: 4000: 3963: 3920: 3867: 3816: 3769: 3428:, an event known as the " 3279:Tokyo Imperial University 2145:, the name of the Buddha 1847: 1803:Todai-ji's Great Buddha ( 1724:Hakuhō Buddhism (645–710) 1392:was first established in 232: 227: 210: 205: 198: 193: 178: 173: 129: 10286:Persecution of Buddhists 9507:Four stages of awakening 8888:Three marks of existence 8474:Physical characteristics 7997:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7863:Tamura, Yoshiro (2005). 7396:japanlifeandreligion.com 7293:. Princeton University. 6492:Paul B. Watt, Review of 5371:. 2023-12-28. p. 51 5102: 4759:Architecture and temples 3346:Daijō bussetsu ron hihan 3283:critique of Christianity 3126:Meiji period (1868–1912) 3098:). Examples include the 2605:Sōgen Pond, designed by 1823:) thus inaugurating the 1629:Asuka Buddhism (552–645) 1400:(1185－1333). During the 9649:Ten principal disciples 8532:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8258:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7759:Nanjio, Bunyiu (1886). 7546:. Motilal Banarsidass. 6919:Klautau, Orion (2017). 6640:Jaffe, Richard (1998). 5405:, March 14, 2010, p. 7. 5185:Religious Yearbook 2023 5077:Ichibata Yakushi Kyodan 4936:), this celebrated the 4686:2) Heracles on coin of 4652:inspiration behind the 4524:New religious movements 4157:introduced to Japan by 4101:introduced to Japan by 3304:It was also during the 2905:Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu 2625:of the Five Mountains ( 2482:), and the practice of 2476:final age of the Dharma 2313:) and Japanese poetry ( 1769:Nara Buddhism (710–794) 1636:(538 to 710) Buddhism ( 1046:Philosophical reasoning 10359:Buddhism and democracy 9872:Tibetan Buddhist canon 9867:Chinese Buddhist canon 9099:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 9094:Early Buddhist schools 7716:. Dordrecht: Springer. 7640:. London: Kegan Paul. 4853:(his final vanishing). 4751: 4715: 4634: 4619:Middle: wind god from 4308: 4272: 4252: 4236: 4016:school focused on the 3726: 3709: 3698: 3677: 3621: 3602:original enlightenment 3516:Japanese new religions 3511: 3503: 3281:, he is known for his 3138: 3058: 3050: 2995: 2830: 2822: 2735: 2681: 2610: 2572:Five Mountains culture 2559: 2494: 2369: 2361: 2252: 2198: 2093: 1996: 1972: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1547:, ritual banners, and 813:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 357:Japanese new religions 10369:Eight Consciousnesses 8479:Life of Buddha in art 7897:at Wikimedia Commons 7782:Qian, Nanxiu (2019). 7428:. December 18, 2012. 7157:traditionscustoms.com 7088:Nika Efanova (2013), 6656:on November 19, 2014. 6607:. BRILL. p. 21. 5154:Tokyo National Museum 5000:religious corporation 4749: 4677: 4610: 4278: 4258: 4243:A traditional map of 4242: 4231:, the head temple of 4227: 3715: 3704: 3693: 3673: 3634:religious corporation 3619: 3509: 3501: 3461:occupation government 3383:invasion of Manchuria 3373:Buddhism and violence 3133: 3100:18 Jōdo school danrin 3056: 3045: 2989: 2863:Ishiyama Honganji War 2828: 2808: 2726: 2675: 2639:. The Zen monk poets 2601: 2551: 2492: 2367: 2359: 2246: 2190: 2147:Amida (Skt. Amitābha) 2075: 2050:(also referred to as 1978: 1970: 1896:East Asian Mādhyamaka 1802: 1790: 1782: 1402:Edo (Tokugawa)-period 1081:Aids to Enlightenment 906:Dependent Origination 179:Estimates vary, from 10846:East Asian religions 10276:Buddhism in the West 9847:Early Buddhist texts 9462:Four Right Exertions 8928:Ten spiritual realms 8421:Noble Eightfold Path 8172:United Arab Emirates 7867:. Kosei Publishing. 7816:History of Religions 6854:The Eastern Buddhist 6758:The Eastern Buddhist 6333:The Eastern Buddhist 5846:. Tendaijimon Sect. 5087:Nara National Museum 5034:in the world, after 4994:in the world, after 4167:Mahavairocana Tantra 4112:Mahavairocana Tantra 4019:Abhidharmakośabhaṣya 3236:Japanese nationalism 2817:) "Devoted League" ( 2740:Ōnin War (1467–1477) 2576:Gozan Jissetsu Seido 2566:(1192–1333) and the 2029:bodhisattva precepts 1837:(completed in 752). 1539:) sent a mission to 1487:Japanese archipelago 1051:Devotional practices 874:Noble Eightfold Path 57:improve this article 11005:Buddhism by country 10969:Religion portal 10716:Temple of the Tooth 10595:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 9634:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 9127:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 8910:Two truths doctrine 8730:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8530:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8199:limited recognition 7858:. Farnham: Ashgate. 7801:Rowe, Mark (2011). 7697:. Lexington Books. 7426:Pew Research Center 7291:Jacqueline I. Stone 7239:. Soka University. 6825:Gier, Nicholas, F. 6678:Yoshiharu Tomatsu, 6182:Japan encyclopedia. 6019:Yu-hsiu Ku (2016). 5844:www.tendai-jimon.jp 5388:Hoffman, Michael, " 5072:History of Buddhism 5062:Buddhist philosophy 5023:Pew Research Center 4984:Japanese population 4976:Japanese Government 4710:, manifestation of 4332:, which focuses on 4153:is a branch of the 4097:is a branch of the 4069:school, founded by 4061:school, founded by 4026:by the philosopher 3942:translation of the 3465:freedom of religion 3313:and its languages ( 3161:shinbutsu hanzenrei 3112:Ryūkoku University. 2953:The Unfettered Mind 2874:yamaguchi no shūron 2623:Japanese literature 2349:was established at 2247:Sutra art from the 2114:mountain ascetics ( 2090:na-mu-a-mi-da-butsu 1904:East Asian Yogācāra 1652:(dates unknown), a 1577:Thus, the powerful 1525:Chronicles of Japan 1449:established in the 1351:Buddhism portal 1224:Buddhism by country 986:Sanskrit literature 248:Part of a series on 221:East Asian Buddhism 158:Kanagawa Prefecture 126: 72:"Buddhism in Japan" 10891:Western philosophy 10489:Dzong architecture 10311:Vipassana movement 10306:Buddhist modernism 9734:Emperor Wen of Sui 9502:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9435:Threefold Training 9237:Vipassana movement 8953:Hungry Ghost realm 8773:Avidyā (Ignorance) 8720:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8469:Great Renunciation 8464:Eight Great Events 8346: 7153:"Japanese funeral" 6832:2016-10-10 at the 6497:, Internet Archive 6437:2020-11-05 at the 5057:Buddhist modernism 4878:Buddha's Birthday 4752: 4716: 4643:Greco-Buddhist art 4635: 4615:Hadda, Afghanistan 4603:Artistic influence 4570:Societal influence 4565:Cultural influence 4558:, a collection of 4329:Pure Land Buddhism 4309: 4273: 4253: 4237: 4172:Vajrasekhara Sutra 4155:Vajrayana Buddhism 3982:Satyasiddhi-Śāstra 3799:patriarchs on the 3755:Nanto Shichi Daiji 3727: 3710: 3699: 3660:, 2.8 million for 3656:, 5.2 million for 3652:, 5.4 million for 3646:Pure Land Buddhism 3622: 3512: 3504: 3451:At the end of the 3403:Russo-Japanese War 3387:surrender of Japan 3287:Western philosophy 3139: 3059: 3051: 2996: 2890:Tokugawa Shogunate 2851:Yamashina Honganji 2831: 2823: 2811:Ishiyama Hongan-ji 2736: 2682: 2667:Confucian classics 2611: 2568:Ashikaga shogunate 2564:Kamakura shogunate 2560: 2495: 2370: 2362: 2347:Kamakura shogunate 2269:Itsukushima Shrine 2253: 2199: 2137:Pure Land Buddhism 2094: 2076:Statue of Kūya by 1997: 1973: 1933:Nanto Shichi Daiji 1809: 1797: 1785: 1758:Golden Light Sutra 1564:Mononobe no Okoshi 1441:with 5.3 million, 1437:with 5.4 million, 1427:Pure Land Buddhism 838:Buddhist modernism 136:The Great Buddha ( 124: 11000:Religion in Japan 10990:Buddhism in Japan 10977: 10976: 10615:Om mani padme hum 10321:Women in Buddhism 10237:Buddhist councils 10107:Western countries 9895:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 9656:Shaolin Monastery 9233:Samatha-vipassanā 8843:Pratītyasamutpāda 8647:Metteyya/Maitreya 8565: 8557: 8549: 8541: 8533: 8525: 8517: 8394:Four Noble Truths 8304: 8303: 8241:other territories 7931:Buddhism in Asia 7895:Buddhism in Japan 7893:Media related to 7793:978-1-62196-483-4 7786:. Cambria Press. 7774:978-0-524-01800-2 7704:978-0-7391-7150-9 7685:978-0-8264-5178-1 7666:978-3-11-077692-8 7638:Japanese Buddhism 7579:978-0-8348-0405-0 7553:978-81-208-1592-6 7536:Takakusu, Junjirō 7527:978-0-7126-1554-9 7501:978-1-4051-6701-7 6579:978-0-8248-2363-4 6524:Stone, Jacqueline 6198:978-0-674-01753-5 6035:978-981-10-1129-0 5558:978-0-394-52190-9 5530:978-4-333-01917-5 5092:Religion in Japan 4829:Japanese New Year 4800:sects Tendai and 4480:Nichiren Buddhism 4389:Yūzū-Nembutsu-shū 4265:Ikegami Honmon-ji 4220:Kamakura Buddhism 3850:on mastering the 3716:The Golden Hall ( 3650:Nichiren Buddhism 3648:, 10 million for 3590:Critical Buddhism 3584:(1885–1962), and 3143:Meiji Restoration 1642:Nara Basin region 1554:According to the 1545:Buddha Shakyamuni 1499:Mahayana Buddhism 1431:Nichiren Buddhism 1387: 1386: 869:Four Noble Truths 742: 741: 254:Buddhism in Japan 243: 242: 166:National Treasure 125:Buddhism in Japan 122: 121: 107: 18:Japanese Buddhism 16:(Redirected from 11012: 10995:Buddhism in Asia 10967: 10966: 10955: 10954: 10794:Sacred languages 10642:Maya Devi Temple 10605:Mahabodhi Temple 10409:Secular Buddhism 10374:Engaged Buddhism 9214: 9062:Tibetan Buddhism 9013:Vietnamese Thiền 8612:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 8563: 8555: 8547: 8539: 8531: 8523: 8515: 8364: 8363: 8351: 8341: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8307: 8294: 8284: 8283: 8253:Christmas Island 7939:Sovereign states 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7892: 7878: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7806: 7797: 7778: 7766: 7755: 7736: 7717: 7708: 7689: 7670: 7651: 7629: 7620: 7601: 7583: 7571: 7557: 7545: 7531: 7519: 7505: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7159:. Archived from 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7121: 7115: 7106:Norimitsu Onishi 7099: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7047:Imperial-Way Zen 7043: 7037: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7011: 6987: 6981: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6952: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6851: 6842: 6836: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6707: 6704: 6695: 6692: 6683: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6520: 6514: 6512:Internet archive 6504: 6498: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6441: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6392: 6389: 6380: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6124: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6027: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5873:. 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Buddhism 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4099:Tiantai Buddhism 4095: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3958:Jōjitsu Buddhism 3931: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3801:interpenetration 3788:Avatamsaka Sutra 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3654:Shingon Buddhism 3563:Tokyo gas attack 3549:(Āgama School), 3543:shin shin shūkyō 3533: 3295:Bukkyō katsu ron 3195:haibutsu kishaku 3173:(1730–1801) and 3171:Motoori Norinaga 3136:haibutsu kishaku 2750:warlords called 2744:Muromachi period 2732:Muromachi period 2433:(1201–1290) and 2319:Hosshin waka shū 2296:skillful means ( 2129:mountain worship 1995: 1994: 1772–1781 1992: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1712: 1700: 1684: 1491:Chinese Buddhism 1435:Shingon Buddhism 1406:feudal Shogunate 1379: 1372: 1365: 1349: 1348: 1076:Sublime abidings 767: 744: 743: 734: 727: 720: 688:Haibutsu kishaku 264: 245: 244: 215: 200:Throughout Japan 188: 174:Total population 147: 134: 127: 123: 117: 114: 108: 106: 65: 37: 29: 21: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11009: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10961: 10943: 10895: 10810: 10725: 10462:Ordination hall 10423: 10325: 10296:Buddhist crisis 10208: 9905: 9857:Mahayana sutras 9833: 9829:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9660: 9533: 9473: 9423:Bodhisattva vow 9108: 8974: 8914: 8873:Taṇhā (Craving) 8808:Five hindrances 8759: 8651: 8581: 8435: 8380: 8352: 8335: 8305: 8300: 8272: 8240: 8231: 8212:Northern Cyprus 8198: 8191: 7933: 7928: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7862: 7853: 7845: 7843: 7809: 7800: 7794: 7781: 7775: 7758: 7752: 7739: 7733: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7692: 7686: 7673: 7667: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7623: 7617: 7604: 7595: 7591: 7589:Further reading 7586: 7580: 7562:Victoria, Brian 7554: 7528: 7502: 7485: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7379:Takakusu (2002) 7377: 7373: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7285: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7268:. p. 262. 7265: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7244: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7215: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7179: 7175: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7137: 7135: 7122: 7118: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7044: 7040: 7028: 7021: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6932: 6917: 6913: 6904: 6900: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6834:Wayback Machine 6824: 6820: 6814:Victoria (1997) 6812: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6785: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6580: 6559: 6555: 6540:10.2307/2719461 6521: 6517: 6505: 6501: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439:Wayback Machine 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6362: 6360: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6306:Snelling (1987) 6304: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5998:Snelling (1987) 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5914:Snelling (1987) 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5413: 5409: 5402:The Japan Times 5387: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5346: 5339: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5264: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5191:(in Japanese). 5188: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5048: 5008:Kamakura period 4972: 4818: 4771: 4763:Main articles: 4761: 4744: 4742:Artistic motifs 4705: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4633:, 17th century. 4628: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4572: 4567: 4526: 4510:Nichiren Shōshū 4313:Kamakura period 4259:A print of the 4222: 4192:Dainichi Nyorai 4175: 4137: 4115: 4081: 4079:Tendai Buddhism 4043: 4037: 3997: 3960: 3954:monastic rules. 3917: 3914:Risshū Buddhism 3864: 3862:Sanron Buddhism 3813: 3766: 3688: 3682: 3662:Tendai Buddhism 3642:Kamakura period 3614: 3586:Nishitani Keiji 3531: 3449: 3430:May 15 Incident 3426:Inukai Tsuyoshi 3415:league of blood 3379: 3369: 3361:Risshō Kōseikai 3342:Murakami Senshō 3311:Indian Buddhism 3256:Kiyozawa Manshi 3175:Hirata Atsutane 3169:) figures like 3152:shinbutsu bunri 3128: 2981:Sagami Province 2979:and Mt. Ōyama ( 2948:Tokugawa Ieyasu 2909:hon-matsu seido 2882: 2721: 2519: 2514: 2339:Kamakura period 2335: 2234:essence-trace ( 2194:Shinbutsu-shūgō 2070: 2064:) belonged to. 2007:(then known as 1993: 1965: 1888:Abhidharmakosha 1857: 1844: 1777: 1771: 1737:Yamato Province 1726: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1685: 1631: 1495:Korean Buddhism 1479: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1447:six old schools 1443:Tendai Buddhism 1419:Shinbutsu bunri 1398:Kamakura period 1383: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1226: 1216: 1215: 1166: 1156: 1155: 1121: 1111: 1110: 1016: 1006: 1005: 976:Mahayana Sutras 956: 946: 945: 886:Five Aggregates 864: 863: 843: 842: 833:Later Buddhists 798: 738: 698: 697: 683:Shinbutsu bunri 608:Shinbutsu-shūgō 568: 560: 559: 535:Murakami Senshō 515:Hasegawa Tōhaku 375: 367: 366: 272: 238:other languages 183: 169: 118: 112: 109: 66: 64: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11018: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10959: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10526:Greco-Buddhist 10518: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10477:Burmese pagoda 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10433: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10259:Greco-Buddhism 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10192:United Kingdom 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10137:Czech Republic 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10016: 10011: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9901:Abhidharmadīpa 9898: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9819:B. R. Ambedkar 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9739:Songtsen Gampo 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9418:Eight precepts 9415: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9206: 9196: 9191: 9189:Five Strengths 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8984: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8828:Mental factors 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8680:Mahamoggallāna 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8595:Avalokiteśvara 8591: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8543: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7885: 7884:External links 7882: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7860: 7851: 7828:10.1086/463354 7807: 7798: 7792: 7779: 7773: 7756: 7750: 7737: 7731: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7690: 7684: 7671: 7665: 7652: 7646: 7634:Eliot, Charles 7630: 7621: 7615: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7578: 7558: 7552: 7532: 7526: 7510:Snelling, John 7506: 7500: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7452: 7443: 7413: 7383: 7371: 7358: 7349: 7334: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7253: 7224: 7195: 7186: 7173: 7144: 7116: 7113:, 14 July 2008 7094: 7081: 7072: 7060: 7051: 7038: 7019: 6982: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6911: 6898: 6885: 6876: 6837: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6671: 6659: 6632: 6613: 6593: 6578: 6553: 6534:(2): 582–598. 6515: 6499: 6484: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6442: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6319: 6310: 6295: 6286: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6022:History of Zen 6011: 6002: 6000:, p. 181. 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5916:, p. 178. 5906: 5897: 5888: 5869:Masayasu Oda. 5861: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5557: 5549:Japanese Tales 5547:, ed. (1987). 5536: 5529: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5454: 5433:10.2307/606111 5427:(2): 280–292. 5407: 5395:2012-07-17 at 5381: 5344: 5337: 5319: 5312: 5283: 5276: 5255: 5219: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5145: 5131: 5117: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5044: 5012:Jōdo Buddhists 4971: 4968: 4956: 4955: 4941: 4919: 4906: 4901:a festival to 4889: 4871: 4868:Spring Equinox 4854: 4836: 4817: 4814: 4808:style and the 4786:Shinto shrines 4760: 4757: 4743: 4740: 4688:Greco-Bactrian 4668:Main article: 4665: 4662: 4627:, 7th century. 4617:, 2nd century. 4604: 4601: 4583:, through the 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4550:"Agama School" 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4505: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4465:introduced by 4457: 4450:Caodong school 4436: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4384: 4371: 4358: 4295:), painted by 4221: 4218: 4196: 4195: 4131: 4036: 4035:Heian Buddhism 4033: 4032: 4031: 3994:Kusha Buddhism 3990: 3955: 3910: 3893:philosophy of 3859: 3842:philosophy of 3811:Hossō Buddhism 3808: 3763:Kegon Buddhism 3684:Main article: 3681: 3678: 3632:of Japan, the 3613: 3610: 3578:Nishida Kitarō 3448: 3445: 3423:Prime Minister 3368: 3365: 3291:Shinri kinshin 3246:Tanaka Chigaku 3238:, such as the 3127: 3124: 3021:and wrote the 2933:True Pure Land 2881: 2878: 2865:(1570–1580) . 2720: 2717: 2650:Genkō shakusho 2540:shoshū kengaku 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2345:. In 1185 the 2334: 2331: 2069: 2066: 1981:Sanjūsangen-dō 1964: 1961: 1773:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1689:Prince Shōtoku 1686: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1630: 1627: 1595:Prince Shōtoku 1541:Emperor Kinmei 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141:Pratyekabuddha 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096:Buddhist chant 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 957: 954:Buddhist texts 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 871: 865: 862: 861: 856: 850: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 799: 794: 793: 790: 789: 788: 787: 782: 777: 769: 768: 760: 759: 753: 752: 740: 739: 737: 736: 729: 722: 714: 711: 710: 709: 708: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 555:Suzuki Shunryū 552: 547: 542: 540:Nishida Kitarō 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 257: 256: 250: 249: 241: 240: 230: 229: 225: 224: 208: 207: 203: 202: 196: 195: 191: 190: 176: 175: 171: 170: 135: 120: 119: 55:. Please help 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11017: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10958: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10731:Miscellaneous 10728: 10722: 10721:Vegetarianism 10719: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10543:Buddha in art 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:United States 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 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9540: 9536: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9413:Five precepts 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9391:Dhamma vicaya 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9159:Buddhābhiṣeka 9157: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Enlightenment 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8793:Dhamma theory 8791: 8789: 8788:Buddha-nature 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627:Samantabhadra 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8536: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222:South Ossetia 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7891: 7876: 7874:4-333-01684-3 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7751:0-914910-28-0 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7732:0-914910-26-4 7728: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7647:0-7103-0967-8 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7616:0-8248-2967-0 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7593: 7581: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7381:, p. 76. 7380: 7375: 7368: 7362: 7353: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7311: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7163:on 2017-06-27 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7065: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6960: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6863: 6860:(2): 97–138, 6859: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6801: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6703: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6681: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6614:9789047433095 6610: 6606: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6564:(July 2000). 6563: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6506:Nam-Lin Hur, 6503: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6479: 6477: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190:0-674-01753-6 6187: 6183: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6100: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5877:on 2 May 2019 5876: 5872: 5865: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5545:Tyler, Royall 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5464:, p. 18. 5463: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397:archive.today 5394: 5391: 5385: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5338:0-521-85119-X 5334: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5313:0-231-12138-5 5309: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5290: 5288: 5279: 5277:0-521-85119-X 5273: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Greater India 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4940:of the Buddha 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4897:Obon Festival 4893: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774:Soga no Umako 4770: 4766: 4756: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483:, founded by 4482: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4452:, emphasizes 4451: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4434: 4431:, emphasizes 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4410:, focuses on 4409: 4408:Chan Buddhism 4405: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4305:samurai caste 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279:Bodhidharma ( 4277: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053:(present-day 4052: 4048: 4047:Emperor Kanmu 4042: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4008: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939:Dharmaguptaka 3935: 3928: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3852:consciousness 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745:(present-day 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3686:Nanto Rokushū 3680:Nara Buddhism 3676: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598:Buddha nature 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582:Tanabe Hajime 3580:(1870–1945), 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559:Aum Shinrikyō 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260:Seishin-shugi 3257: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082:Tetsugen Doko 3079: 3075: 3074: 3073:The Tripiṭaka 3069: 3065: 3055: 3048: 3047:Making Prints 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958:Suzuki Shōsan 2955: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2708:honji suijaku 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2628:Gozan Bungaku 2624: 2620: 2619:Issan Ichinei 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2417:(1173–1232). 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251:, chapter 12. 2250: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2236:honji-suijaku 2232:idea, called 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:emperor Kanmu 2010: 2006: 2002: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1843: 1842:Nanto Rokushū 1838: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Empress Genme 1806: 1801: 1794: 1791:Model of the 1789: 1781: 1776: 1775:Nanto Rokushū 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1741:Taika reforms 1738: 1734: 1733:Emperor Tenmu 1730: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Empress Suiko 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591:Soga no Umako 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Soga no Iname 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535:(now western 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1106:Vegetarianism 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061:Recollections 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1031:Five precepts 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Chinese canon 994: 992: 991:Tibetan canon 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 955: 950: 949: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 797: 792: 791: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 766: 762: 761: 758: 755: 754: 750: 746: 745: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 716: 715: 713: 712: 707: 704: 703: 702: 701: 694: 693:Gozan Bungaku 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:Honji suijaku 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 564: 563: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 480:Issan Ichinei 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 371: 370: 363: 362:Zen in the US 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 263: 259: 258: 255: 252: 251: 247: 246: 239: 235: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 204: 201: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 145: 139: 133: 128: 116: 105: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: – 73: 69: 68:Find sources: 62: 58: 54: 48: 47: 46:single source 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 10909:Bodhisattvas 10829:Christianity 10824:Baháʼí Faith 10689:Dharmachakra 10679:Prayer wheel 10669:Prayer beads 10437:Architecture 10316:969 Movement 10100:Saudi Arabia 10078:Central Asia 10071:South Africa 9953: 9893: 9876: 9809:Panchen Lama 9714:Buddhapālita 9310:Satipatthana 9305:Mindful Yoga 9218:Recollection 9132:Brahmavihara 9003:Japanese Zen 8998:Chinese Chan 8958:Animal realm 8765:Key concepts 8587:Bodhisattvas 8399:Three Jewels 8237:Dependencies 8167:Turkmenistan 8132:Saudi Arabia 8036: 7887: 7864: 7855: 7844:. 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Retrieved 5184: 5179: 5148: 5134: 5120: 5110: 5020: 4973: 4970:Demographics 4959: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4930:Shaka-Jōdō-e 4929: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4880:(Hanamatsuri 4879: 4873: 4870:celebration. 4860: 4856: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4794:Heian period 4772: 4753: 4728: 4717: 4708:Shukongōshin 4647: 4639:Asuka period 4636: 4597:Christianity 4592: 4588: 4573: 4553: 4549: 4542:Sanbo Kyodan 4527: 4508: 4497:Nichiren-shū 4495: 4478: 4460: 4439: 4429:Linji school 4418: 4414:meditation. 4403:Zen Buddhism 4401: 4396:(1072–1132). 4387: 4383:(1239–1289). 4374: 4370:(1173–1263). 4363:Jōdo Shinshū 4361: 4357:(1133–1212). 4348: 4338:Amida Buddha 4327: 4321:(Kyū Bukkyō) 4320: 4316: 4310: 4292: 4261:Nichiren Shū 4213: 4199: 4197: 4170: 4166: 4133: 4110: 4077: 4044: 4022:, a text of 4017: 4014:Sarvāstivāda 3992: 3985:, a text of 3980: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3912: 3888: 3861: 3837: 3810: 3786: 3761: 3754: 3728: 3717: 3674: 3670: 3658:Zen Buddhism 3627: 3623: 3594:hihan bukkyō 3593: 3574:Kyoto school 3570:post-war era 3567: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3513: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3455:, Japan was 3453:World War II 3450: 3438: 3434: 3418: 3411:Nisshō Inoue 3407: 3391: 3380: 3350: 3345: 3331: 3326: 3325:rather than 3322: 3303: 3299:Tetsugaku-dō 3294: 3290: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3225:state Shintō 3221: 3217: 3212:Japanologist 3209: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3140: 3135: 3120: 3116:Menzan Zuihō 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3046: 3033:Hakuin Ekaku 3031: 3022: 3019:Rakugo humor 3012: 3008:Linji school 2997: 2966: 2961: 2951: 2941: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2883: 2873: 2870:Christianity 2867: 2859:Oda Nobunaga 2856: 2837:), like the 2834: 2832: 2818: 2815:Jōdo Shinshū 2814: 2797: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2737: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2658: 2655: 2648: 2645:Kokan Shiren 2641:Sesson Yūbai 2627: 2615:Song dynasty 2612: 2593: 2575: 2561: 2553: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2502: 2496: 2479: 2449: 2438: 2427: 2419: 2409: 2405:Jōdo Shinshū 2403:(1173–1263) 2395:(1133–1212) 2390: 2386:Yuan dynasty 2382:Song dynasty 2379: 2377:Zen school. 2371: 2336: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2275: 2273: 2264: 2261:Taira Family 2254: 2248: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2159: 2151:Buddha field 2140: 2133: 2115: 2109: 2106:hokke hijiri 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2061: 2058: 2051: 2033: 2001:Heian period 1998: 1979: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1940:Golden Light 1939: 1937: 1932: 1918: 1907: 1899: 1891: 1880: 1877:Tattvasiddhi 1872: 1862: 1841: 1839: 1829: 1810: 1762: 1756: 1745: 1727: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1646: 1638:Asuka bukkyō 1637: 1634:Asuka-period 1632: 1616: 1614: 1599: 1593:and a young 1576: 1571: 1555: 1553: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1506: 1503:Heian Period 1480: 1477:Sinicization 1439:Zen Buddhism 1424: 1417: 1410:Meiji-period 1388: 1260: 1056:Merit making 1021:Three Jewels 961:Buddhavacana 891:Impermanence 879:Dharma wheel 678:Danka system 588:Architecture 550:D. T. Suzuki 490:Sen no Rikyū 322:Jōdo Shinshū 253: 185: 110: 100: 93: 86: 79: 67: 43: 26: 10754:Dharma talk 10583:Asalha Puja 10379:Eschatology 10182:Switzerland 10162:New Zealand 10090:Middle East 9999:Philippines 9919:Afghanistan 9724:Bodhidharma 9709:Buddhaghosa 9629:Householder 9539:Monasticism 9492:Bodhisattva 9347:Prostration 9300:Mindfulness 9228:Anapanasati 9211:Kammaṭṭhāna 9008:Korean Seon 8948:Asura realm 8943:Human realm 8883:Ten Fetters 8838:Parinirvana 8740:Uppalavanna 8705:Mahākaccana 8690:Mahākassapa 8622:Kṣitigarbha 8617:Ākāśagarbha 8514:Suddhodāna 8459:Four sights 8386:Foundations 8296:Asia portal 8197:States with 8117:Philippines 8057:South Korea 8052:North Korea 7947:Afghanistan 7822:(1): 1–43. 7483:Works cited 6816:, p. . 4964:Bodhidharma 4892:July – Aug. 4851:Parinirvana 4843:Nirvana Day 4692:Demetrius I 4625:Tarim Basin 4621:Kizil Caves 4530:Soka Gakkai 4444:founded by 4423:founded by 4392:founded by 4379:founded by 4366:founded by 4353:founded by 4317:Shin Bukkyo 4311:During the 4301:Takuan Soho 4210:En no Gyōja 4185:Kongōchōkyō 4147:Shingon-shū 4125:Dainichikyō 4107:Lotus Sutra 3970:Jōjitsu-shū 3668:(710－794). 3666:Nara period 3528:Lotus Sutra 3441:Isse Shrine 3419:ketsumeidan 3394:imperialism 3353:Sōka Gakkai 3334:Nanjō Bunyū 3275:Inoue Enryō 3232:shin bukkyō 3199:literally: 3037:Meji-period 3029:(d. 1691). 2977:Mt. Konpira 2944:Takuan Sōhō 2917:danka seido 2809:A model of 2742:, the late 2633:Musō Soseki 2607:Musō Soseki 2603:Tenryū-ji's 2585:Enni Ben'en 2504:Lotus Sutra 2470:lineage of 2325:) like the 2249:Heike-Nôkyô 2182:zenchishiki 2102:Lotus Sūtra 2098:nenjū gyōji 2062:nenbundosha 1999:During the 1950:Nihon Shoki 1945:Lotus Sūtra 1825:Nara period 1670:Tori Busshi 1658:Nihon Shoki 1623:Lotus Sutra 1610:hagiography 1606:bodhisattva 1572:Nihon Shoki 1556:Nihon Shoki 1537:South Korea 1520:Nihon Shoki 1507:Fusō ryakki 1453:(710－794). 1451:Nara period 1291:New Zealand 1146:Bodhisattva 1131:Four Stages 1086:Monasticism 1066:Mindfulness 1036:Perfections 966:Early Texts 573:Nihon Shoki 530:Inoue Enryō 505:Takuan Sōhō 500:Sesshū Tōyō 485:Musō Soseki 415:En no Gyōja 385:Tori Busshi 374:Key figures 10984:Categories 10871:Psychology 10851:Gnosticism 10839:Comparison 10834:Influences 10816:Comparison 10699:Bhavacakra 10657:Kushinagar 10632:Pilgrimage 10578:Māgha Pūjā 10533:Bodhi Tree 10349:Buddhology 10339:Abhidharma 10331:Philosophy 10264:Menander I 10132:Costa Rica 10083:Uzbekistan 9924:Bangladesh 9878:Dhammapada 9862:Pali Canon 9824:Ajahn Chah 9804:Dalai Lama 9704:Kumārajīva 9699:Vasubandhu 9674:The Buddha 9582:Zen master 9517:Sakadagami 9497:Buddhahood 9428:Pratimokṣa 9243:Shikantaza 9199:Meditation 9174:Deity yoga 9045:Madhyamaka 8938:Deva realm 8833:Mindstream 8783:Bodhicitta 8695:Aṅgulimāla 8562:Devadatta 8538:Yaśodharā 8441:The Buddha 8431:Middle Way 8177:Uzbekistan 8152:Tajikistan 8067:Kyrgyzstan 8047:Kazakhstan 7967:Bangladesh 7957:Azerbaijan 7846:2012-04-28 7659:. Boston. 7568:Zen at War 7471:5 November 7406:19 January 7301:2015-01-04 7279:2020-10-20 7247:2013-10-13 7237:soka.ac.jp 7218:2013-10-13 7208:kenyon.edu 7180:BBC News " 7167:2009-11-07 7138:2013-12-03 7035:157607238X 6978:0028657187 6935:2019-10-28 6871:2013-08-22 6788:2021-09-13 6625:19 January 6562:John Breen 6363:2021-09-13 5375:2024-03-17 5199:2024-03-17 5180:宗教年鑑令和5年版 5163:References 4952:Sechibun-E 4806:Daibutsuyō 4778:Asuka-dera 4581:Edo period 4454:Shikantaza 4420:Rinzai Zen 4109:, but the 4091:Tendai-shū 4065:, and the 4039:See also: 4028:Vasubandhu 4024:Abhidharma 3987:Abhidharma 3951:Pratimokṣa 3927:Risshū-shū 3907:phenomenon 3890:Mādhyamaka 3874:Sanron-shū 3848:Vasubandhu 3805:phenomenon 3724:Yakushi-ji 3551:Gedatsukai 3447:Since 1945 3398:militarism 3377:Zen at War 3371:See also: 3338:Max Müller 3323:philosophy 3264:Seishinkai 3241:Kokuchūkai 3223:supported 3203:Shākyamuni 3141:After the 3090:dangi-bon. 2969:Edo period 2884:After the 2847:Hokke-ikki 2843:Hokke-ikki 2728:Kinkaku-ji 2663:Tang poets 2617:, such as 2484:apotropaic 2445:Gokurakuji 2265:Heikenōkyō 2166:Genpei war 2025:Mount Hiei 1957:shido sōni 1921:Asuka-dera 1819:, (modern 1749:Kawaradera 1471:See also: 1164:Traditions 1101:Pilgrimage 1041:Meditation 1001:Post-canon 981:Pāli Canon 911:Middle Way 808:The Buddha 628:Zen garden 623:Death poem 567:Key topics 545:Shaku Sōen 186:71 million 83:newspapers 10939:Festivals 10919:Buddhists 10881:Theosophy 10684:Symbolism 10674:Hama yumi 10647:Bodh Gaya 10414:Socialism 10389:Evolution 10364:Economics 10202:Venezuela 10117:Australia 10112:Argentina 10036:Sri Lanka 10031:Singapore 9949:Indonesia 9911:Countries 9852:Tripiṭaka 9814:Ajahn Mun 9689:Nagarjuna 9684:Aśvaghoṣa 9567:Anagārika 9562:Śrāmaṇerī 9557:Śrāmaṇera 9552:Bhikkhunī 9512:Sotāpanna 9401:Passaddhi 9342:Offerings 9317:Nekkhamma 9194:Iddhipada 9114:Practices 9084:Theravada 9057:Vajrayana 9050:Yogachara 9020:Pure Land 8933:Six Paths 8920:Cosmology 8700:Anuruddha 8675:Sāriputta 8665:Kaundinya 8657:Disciples 8632:Vajrapāṇi 8484:Footprint 8449:Tathāgata 8263:Hong Kong 8217:Palestine 8142:Sri Lanka 8137:Singapore 8017:Indonesia 7836:161535877 7636:(2005) . 7002:(1): 40. 6770:0012-8708 6345:0012-8708 5441:0003-0279 5208:cite book 4960:Daruma-ki 4944:Dec. 31st 4938:awakening 4926:Bodhi Day 4857:Mar. 20th 4839:Feb. 15th 4736:Vajrapani 4732:Silk Road 4712:Vajrapani 4698:Vajrapani 4577:Meiji era 4473:practice. 4462:Ōbaku Zen 4456:practice. 4435:practice. 4342:Pure Land 4269:Hiroshige 4051:Heian-kyō 4007:Kusha-shū 3903:emptiness 3895:Nāgārjuna 3823:Hossō-shū 3783:Bodhisena 3776:Kegon-shū 3743:Heijō-kyō 3695:Kōfuku-ji 3555:Shinnyoen 3475:in 1947. 3306:Meiji era 3268:Jūzen-kai 3086:kange-bon 3078:Tripiṭaka 3068:issaikyō, 3027:Asai Ryōi 3023:Seisuishō 2925:Pure Land 2839:Ikko Ikki 2819:Ikko-Ikki 2759:Sengokuki 2678:Kenchō-ji 2659:Gozan-ban 2562:Both the 2558:in Japan. 2486:prayer. 2401:Shinran's 2155:Sukhāvatī 2080:, son of 2048:Vajrayana 2021:Enryakuji 1983:in Kyoto, 1892:Sanronshū 1883:Kusha-shū 1830:kokubunji 1753:Yakushiji 1587:Asukadera 1583:Hata clan 1579:Soga clan 1311:Sri Lanka 1301:Singapore 1256:Indonesia 1196:Vajrayāna 1171:Theravāda 1126:Awakening 1014:Practices 971:Tripiṭaka 941:Cosmology 916:Emptiness 896:Suffering 673:Senjafuda 648:Ikkō-ikki 228:Languages 206:Religions 150:Kōtoku-in 113:June 2024 53:talk page 10957:Category 10886:Violence 10856:Hinduism 10804:Sanskrit 10759:Hinayana 10744:Amitābha 10704:Swastika 10573:Uposatha 10563:Holidays 10548:Calendar 10394:Humanism 10232:Kanishka 10222:Timeline 10046:Thailand 10014:Kalmykia 10009:Buryatia 9994:Pakistan 9979:Mongolia 9974:Maldives 9969:Malaysia 9934:Cambodia 9799:Shamarpa 9794:Nichiren 9744:Xuanzang 9679:Nagasena 9597:Rinpoche 9327:Pāramitā 9169:Devotion 9089:Navayana 9077:Dzogchen 9040:Nichiren 8988:Mahayana 8980:Branches 8858:Saṅkhāra 8607:Mañjuśrī 8564:(cousin) 8556:(cousin) 8524:(mother) 8516:(father) 8504:Miracles 8454:Birthday 8371:Glossary 8344:Buddhism 8286:Category 8207:Abkhazia 8157:Thailand 8112:Pakistan 8092:Mongolia 8087:Maldives 8082:Malaysia 7982:Cambodia 7840:Archived 7564:(1997). 7538:(2002). 7512:(1987). 7465:Archived 7430:Archived 7400:Archived 7295:Archived 7270:Archived 7241:Archived 7212:Archived 7132:Archived 7014:Archived 6980:, p. 598 6929:Archived 6862:archived 6830:Archived 6782:Archived 6778:44362468 6619:Archived 6588:43487317 6435:Archived 6357:Archived 6353:44362468 6200:Стр. 402 5848:Archived 5393:Archived 5239:Archived 5046:See also 5040:Thailand 5028:butsudan 5016:Nichiren 4986:, while 4932:or just 4922:Dec. 8th 4886:Busshō-e 4874:Apr. 8th 4833:Shōgatsu 4825:Jan. 1st 4816:Holidays 4810:Zenshūyō 4788:, early 4702:Gandhara 4680:Heracles 4658:Kamakura 4650:Hercules 4546:Agon Shū 4534:Reiyūkai 4489:Odaimoku 4485:Nichiren 4471:Nembutsu 4441:Sōtō Zen 4350:Jōdo-shū 4334:Nembutsu 4285:Hiragana 4245:Eihei-ji 4233:Jōdo-shū 4229:Chion-in 4201:Shugendō 4169:and the 3977:Goguryeo 3934:Jianzhen 3899:Āryadeva 3881:Goguryeo 3839:Yogācāra 3834:Xuanzang 3757:南都七大寺). 3729:The Six 3706:Tōdai-ji 3606:not-self 3547:Agon shū 3524:Nichiren 3357:Reiyūkai 3327:religion 3315:Sanskrit 3250:Keii-kai 3166:kokugaku 2973:Mt. Kōya 2937:Nichiren 2784:Tokugawa 2772:Honganji 2637:Go-Daigo 2589:Tōfukuji 2499:Nichiren 2397:Jōdo shū 2351:Kamakura 2292:Nō Drama 2288:Sarugaku 2284:Hosshōji 2215:Hachiman 2142:nenbutsu 2122:Shugendō 2116:shugenja 2086:nembutsu 2009:Heiankyō 1987:Toyoharu 1942:and the 1925:Tōdai-ji 1835:Tōdai-ji 1817:Heijōkyō 1811:In 710, 1805:Daibutsu 1390:Buddhism 1321:Thailand 1281:Mongolia 1276:Malaysia 1241:Cambodia 1206:Navayana 1186:Hinayana 1181:Mahāyāna 1091:Lay life 921:Morality 901:Not-self 859:Concepts 818:Councils 803:Timeline 775:Glossary 757:Buddhism 749:a series 747:Part of 653:Butsudan 618:Nenbutsu 465:Nichiren 352:Shugendo 347:Fuke-shū 337:Nichiren 317:Jōdo-shū 234:Japanese 219:(mostly 217:Buddhism 154:Kamakura 144:Daibutsu 10934:Temples 10914:Buddhas 10876:Science 10866:Judaism 10861:Jainism 10779:Lineage 10739:Abhijñā 10709:Thangka 10652:Sarnath 10637:Lumbini 10558:Funeral 10553:Cuisine 10429:Culture 10404:Reality 10354:Creator 10344:Atomism 10214:History 10187:Ukraine 10147:Germany 10066:Senegal 10056:Vietnam 9984:Myanmar 9784:Shinran 9774:Karmapa 9749:Shandao 9719:Dignāga 9644:Śrāvaka 9624:Donchee 9619:Kappiya 9577:Sayadaw 9547:Bhikkhu 9522:Anāgāmi 9479:Nirvana 9445:Samadhi 9332:Paritta 9273:Tonglen 9268:Mandala 9223:Smarana 9204:Mantras 9152:Upekkha 9122:Bhavana 9072:Shingon 9025:Tiantai 8878:Tathātā 8868:Śūnyatā 8863:Skandha 8853:Saṃsāra 8848:Rebirth 8823:Kleshas 8813:Indriya 8715:Subhūti 8600:Guanyin 8554:Ānanda 8546:Rāhula 8426:Nirvana 8366:Outline 8182:Vietnam 8097:Myanmar 8077:Lebanon 8007:Georgia 7962:Bahrain 7952:Armenia 7436:July 1, 6568:(ed.). 6548:2719461 5881:4 April 5854:4 April 4847:Nehan-e 4664:Deities 4593:terauke 4589:terauke 4368:Shinran 4287:: だるま; 4281:Chinese 4263:temple 4251:school. 4067:Shingon 3905:of all 3901:on the 3885:Hyegwan 3803:of all 3612:Schools 3481:Hōryūji 3015:Sakuden 2967:In the 2929:Shingon 2915:; alt. 2886:Sengoku 2799:kaichōs 2789:bodaiji 2753:daimyōs 2748:samurai 2698:hongaku 2472:Caodong 2393:Hōnen's 2343:samurai 2327:Ninnaji 2300:, Skt. 2210:jingūji 2110:jikyōja 2036:Shingon 1873:Jōjitsu 1654:Koguryŏ 1457:History 1331:Vietnam 1286:Myanmar 1201:Tibetan 1191:Chinese 1119:Nirvāṇa 936:Saṃsāra 931:Rebirth 796:History 785:Outline 638:Daimoku 598:Hongaku 593:Temples 583:Deities 520:Sakuden 430:Shinran 380:Shōtoku 312:Shingon 277:Jōjitsu 271:Schools 184: 97:scholar 10929:Sutras 10924:Suttas 10789:Siddhi 10774:Koliya 10749:Brahmā 10664:Poetry 10610:Mantra 10600:Kasaya 10472:Pagoda 10452:Kyaung 10447:Vihāra 10442:Temple 10384:Ethics 10227:Ashoka 10177:Sweden 10172:Poland 10167:Norway 10157:Mexico 10142:France 10127:Canada 10122:Brazil 10061:Africa 10041:Taiwan 10004:Russia 9929:Bhutan 9889:Vinaya 9769:Naropa 9759:Saraha 9694:Asanga 9450:Prajñā 9359:Refuge 9322:Nianfo 9283:Tertön 9278:Tantra 9263:Ganana 9253:Tukdam 9179:Dhyāna 9147:Mudita 9142:Karuṇā 9035:Risshū 9030:Huayan 8963:Naraka 8903:Anattā 8898:Dukkha 8893:Anicca 8798:Dharma 8750:Channa 8685:Ānanda 8670:Assaji 8637:Skanda 8540:(wife) 8509:Family 8489:Relics 8414:Sangha 8409:Dharma 8404:Buddha 8227:Taiwan 8162:Turkey 8127:Russia 8062:Kuwait 8042:Jordan 8032:Israel 7992:Cyprus 7977:Brunei 7972:Bhutan 7871: 7834: 7790: 7771: 7748: 7729: 7701: 7682: 7663: 7644: 7613: 7576: 7550: 7524: 7498: 7033: 6976: 6776: 6768: 6611: 6586: 6576: 6546: 6351: 6343: 6196: 6188: 6032: 5555: 5527: 5449:606111 5447: 5439: 5335: 5310: 5274: 5248:1 July 5187:] 5127:Boreas 5082:Kanjin 4988:Shinto 4948:Jōya-e 4934:Jōdō-e 4888:(仏生会). 4866:, the 4804:. 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