728:
685:
622:
673:
661:
586:
598:
4872:
649:
697:
566:
740:
4309:
3449:
2081:
3044:
6536:
2753:
6166:
4702:
2716:
2141:
610:
466:
3295:
6888:
4929:
634:
478:
3623:
2491:
6878:
2116:
3894:
2701:
194:
494:
percentage of the total assemblage and at various sites it has been found in archaeological contexts suggesting that it was associated with high-status individuals or activities. At the site of Jemdet Nasr, the painted pottery was found exclusively in the settlement's large central building, which is thought to have played a role in the administration of many economic activities. Painted Jemdet Nasr Period pots were found in similar contexts at Tell Fara and Tell Gubba, both in the
5750:
5641:
397:
culture that was initially thought to be unique for the Jemdet Nasr Period also occurred during the preceding Uruk Period and the subsequent Early
Dynastic Period. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the Jemdet Nasr Period is still sufficiently distinct in its material culture as well as its socio-cultural characteristics to be recognized as a separate period. Since the first excavations at Tell Jemdet Nasr, the Jemdet Nasr Period has been found at numerous other
2324:
3963:
4957:
1408:
38:
5983:
2975:
4071:
2888:
217:
201:
249:
233:
2711:
265:
281:
4066:
3618:
3290:
2883:
2696:
313:
297:
4183:
3145:
2128:
597:
696:
396:
The importance of these finds was realized immediately and the Jemdet Nasr Period (named after the eponymous type site) was officially defined at a conference in
Baghdad in 1930, where at the same time both the Uruk and Ubaid periods had been defined. It has later been shown that some of the material
549:
and small-scale trade. Very few precious stones or exotic trade goods have been found at sites of this period. However, the homogeneity of the pottery across the southern
Mesopotamian plain suggests intensive contacts and trade between settlements. This is strengthened by the find of a sealing at
727:
493:
The hallmark of the Jemdet Nasr Period is its distinctive painted monochrome and polychrome pottery. Designs are both geometric and figurative; the latter displaying trees and animals such as birds, fish, goats, scorpions, and snakes. Nevertheless, this painted pottery makes up only a small
621:
505:
script. The oldest clay tablets come from Uruk and date to the late fourth millennium BC, slightly earlier than the Jemdet Nasr Period. By the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period, the script had already undergone a number of significant changes. It originally consisted of
565:
684:
585:
672:
660:
389:. The Arabs told Langdon the finds came from Jemdet Nasr, a site some 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Tell al-Uhaymir. Langdon was sufficiently impressed, visited the site and started excavations in 1926. He uncovered a large
179:, where the assemblage typical for this period was first recognized. Its geographical distribution is limited to south-central Iraq. The culture of the proto-historical Jemdet Nasr period is a local development out of the preceding
648:
541:
from sites like Jemdet Nasr suggest that settlements of this period were very organized, with a central administration regulating all aspects of the economy, from crafts to agriculture to the rationing of foodstuffs.
4871:
529:
system for animals and humans, for example, and a bisexagesimal system for things like grain, cheese, and fresh fish. Contemporary archives have been found at Tell Uqair, Tell
Khafajah, and Uruk.
370:. Similar tablets were offered for sale by a French antiquities dealer in 1915, and these were again reported to have come from Tell Jemdet Nasr. Similar tablets, together with splendidly painted
510:, but by the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period it was already adopting simpler and more abstract designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance.
739:
437:
Older scientific literature often used 3200–3000 BC as the beginning and end dates of the Jemdet Nasr Period. The period is nowadays dated from 3100 to 2900 BC based on
1957:
3404:
7119:
1188:
609:
517:. The texts deal without exception with administrative matters such as the rationing of foodstuffs or listing objects and animals. Literary genres like
3533:
3409:
1781:
1013:(1992), "Bureaucrats and managers, peasants and pastoralists, imperialists and traders: Research on the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods in Mesopotamia",
3826:
6165:
3448:
7075:
3264:
4204:
3925:
3836:
3525:
3240:
3182:
3178:
1950:
3482:
3478:
3186:
6891:
3929:
3736:
3307:
3270:
3236:
2811:
2807:
2140:
1776:
6535:
3094:
2938:
2803:
2799:
2080:
7114:
3822:
3818:
3732:
3529:
2286:
393:
building containing more of the distinctive pottery and a collection of 150 to 180 clay tablets bearing the proto-cuneiform script.
3933:
3190:
1943:
1832:
1181:
1393:
3336:
3090:
3070:
3043:
2752:
7045:
6998:
6968:
1148:
1121:
1096:
1075:
1050:
1137:
Potts, D.T. (1986). "A contribution to the history of the term 'Ǧamdat Naṣr'". In
Finkbeiner, Uwe; Röllig, Wolfgang (eds.).
5292:
2787:
2639:
2496:
1523:
1174:
633:
184:
148:
603:
Reverse of the same cup with Nude Hero, Bulls and Lions, Tell Agrab, Jamdat Nasr to Early
Dynastic period, 3000-2600 BC.
5962:
3641:
513:
While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been
17:
1250:
1001:
525:, which become very popular later in Mesopotamian history, are absent. Two different counting systems were in use: a
4308:
1914:
193:
5956:
501:
Apart from the distinctive pottery, the period is known as one of the formative stages in the development of the
6029:
5576:
5500:
1827:
1811:
1106:
989:
6881:
6861:
6143:
6050:
6035:
5873:
5743:
5544:
5243:
4928:
2312:
1853:
545:
The economy seems to have been primarily concerned with subsistence based on agriculture and sheep-and-goat
7134:
6682:
6491:
6467:
5867:
4847:
1863:
1598:
1059:
7129:
6104:
5143:
4942:
4489:
4483:
2730:
2086:
1919:
1801:
1796:
1731:
1407:
1140:Ǧamdat Naṣr: period or regional style? : papers given at a symposium held in Tübingen, November 1983
718:
576:
1116:, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50,
6731:
6587:
6350:
6041:
5851:
5197:
4859:
4827:
4821:
3028:
1924:
1533:
328:
7124:
6868:
6476:
6362:
6344:
6194:
5856:
5720:
5421:
5236:
4133:
1608:
1423:
6854:
6499:
6496:
6419:
6389:
6332:
6318:
5724:
4708:
4446:
3863:
3647:
2490:
1563:
1205:
457:, and shares with these two periods characteristics such as an emerging bureaucracy and hierarchy.
4701:
6514:
6442:
6416:
6392:
6386:
6371:
6283:
6219:
6184:
6128:
6077:
5650:
4127:
3908:
3653:
2961:
2419:
1873:
1806:
1700:
1553:
1471:
1466:
382:
6677:
6667:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6407:
6398:
6341:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6297:
6225:
6222:
6213:
6113:
6092:
5706:
5480:
5412:
5322:
5066:
5060:
4541:
3996:
3855:
3420:
3201:
2741:
2715:
2675:
2318:
2091:
1904:
1756:
1515:
760:
161:
6988:
3294:
2323:
7139:
7037:
Israel and the
Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
6958:
6921:
6843:
6720:
6380:
6356:
6312:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6246:
6240:
6216:
6181:
6137:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6107:
6101:
6089:
6083:
5902:
5812:
5809:
5800:
5363:
3440:
1573:
7035:
6887:
2700:
42:
Area corresponding to the Jemdet Nasr culture in light brown. The area corresponding to the
6288:
6237:
6146:
6140:
6110:
5712:
5665:
5653:
5477:
5418:
5042:
4936:
4759:
4286:
3434:
2955:
2372:
1791:
1751:
1230:
398:
5749:
935:
Kantor, Helene J. (1952). "Further
Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt".
550:
Jemdet Nasr that lists a number of cities that can be identified, including Ur, Uruk, and
8:
6793:
6648:
6353:
6303:
6228:
6178:
6131:
6116:
6095:
5794:
5780:
5668:
5601:
5424:
5315:
5257:
5021:
4694:
4534:
4253:
4058:
3875:
3688:
3004:
2215:
1878:
1786:
1761:
1568:
1543:
1084:
336:
showing important sites that were occupied during the Jemdet Nasr period (clickable map)
7019:
6833:
6710:
6271:
6210:
6204:
5732:
5696:
5609:
5590:
5486:
5483:
5436:
5402:
5399:
5354:
5045:
5030:
5015:
4691:
4688:
4679:
4438:
3613:
3341:
2614:
2467:
2187:
1868:
1837:
1736:
1583:
1030:
968:
960:
733:
Administrative tablet, Jamdat Nasr period 3100–2900 BC, probably from the city of Uruk.
438:
5489:
7041:
6994:
6964:
6257:
6231:
6207:
6189:
5989:
5910:
5818:
5687:
5659:
5474:
5442:
5433:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5357:
5345:
5260:
5181:
5033:
5027:
4994:
4988:
4559:
4432:
4296:
4118:
3844:
3443:
3437:
3245:
3213:
2758:
1967:
1858:
1715:
1710:
1695:
1630:
1548:
1505:
1225:
1220:
1154:
1144:
1117:
1092:
1071:
1064:
1046:
1034:
997:
972:
952:
514:
477:
446:
4421:
6917:
6829:
6775:
6706:
6693:
6672:
6637:
6486:
6274:
6243:
6098:
6074:
5842:
5839:
5833:
5788:
5681:
5662:
5656:
5612:
5595:
5439:
5430:
5427:
5351:
5348:
5186:
5071:
4658:
3748:
3682:
3670:
3363:
2910:
2200:
1771:
1766:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1451:
1308:
1293:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1245:
1022:
1010:
944:
495:
442:
351:
1935:
627:
Djemdet Nasr stone bowl, once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, red paste, and bitumen.
6838:
6824:
6799:
6752:
6715:
6701:
6525:
6374:
6327:
6234:
6199:
6071:
6066:
5994:
5968:
5824:
5699:
5693:
5678:
5671:
5625:
5615:
5448:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5330:
5278:
5114:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
4997:
4976:
4895:
4799:
4796:
4770:
4685:
4664:
4652:
4619:
4613:
4583:
4505:
4315:
3667:
3622:
3576:
3570:
3560:
3350:
2450:
2428:
2195:
1705:
1680:
1675:
1655:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1558:
1528:
1480:
1476:
1446:
486:
6877:
2115:
6736:
6280:
6173:
6062:
6015:
5976:
5919:
5821:
5757:
5675:
5634:
5628:
5618:
5606:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5286:
5175:
5129:
5039:
5009:
4973:
4837:
4682:
4661:
4655:
4646:
4598:
4568:
4550:
4525:
4513:
4425:
4282:
4153:
4004:
3866:
3860:
3763:
3755:
3691:
3664:
3628:
3461:
3228:
3225:
3126:
2534:
2299:
2205:
2182:
2074:
1685:
639:
482:
465:
7108:
7090:
7077:
7031:
6954:
6939:
6811:
6743:
6623:
6268:
6265:
6018:
6012:
5972:
5928:
5836:
5797:
5631:
5570:
5471:
5468:
5396:
5381:
5342:
5339:
5282:
5221:
5103:
4809:
4802:
4779:
4673:
4667:
4631:
4553:
4509:
4466:
4258:
4156:
4150:
4108:
4007:
3810:
3772:
3545:
3431:
3345:
3155:
3106:
2861:
2845:
2538:
2464:
2425:
2399:
2393:
2354:
2295:
2266:
1991:
1485:
1333:
1240:
1114:
Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond
956:
538:
450:
379:
3893:
1158:
6984:
6781:
6659:
6593:
6511:
6502:
6433:
6359:
6262:
6006:
5907:
5830:
5684:
5640:
5520:
5445:
5405:
5336:
5333:
5327:
5266:
5218:
5206:
5120:
5097:
5090:
5006:
5000:
4970:
4782:
4754:
4736:
4727:
4676:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4362:
4332:
4138:
4050:
3947:
3884:
3832:
3661:
3386:
3321:
3311:
3222:
3173:
3058:
3038:
3034:
2819:
2683:
2543:
2523:
2476:
2435:
2222:
2177:
2026:
2011:
1490:
1303:
1235:
402:
386:
223:
104:
1045:, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
358:
market. A collection of 36 tablets was bought by the German excavators of
6796:
6787:
6642:
6596:
6581:
6572:
6566:
6508:
6410:
6368:
6338:
6335:
6277:
6134:
6086:
5997:
5916:
5913:
5896:
5806:
5621:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5533:
5523:
5511:
5360:
5301:
5254:
5230:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5154:
5117:
5100:
5084:
5018:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4950:
4917:
4914:
4776:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4649:
4610:
4607:
4595:
4580:
4577:
4565:
4472:
4460:
4451:
4400:
4394:
4344:
4341:
4329:
4326:
4262:
4239:
4222:
4208:
4199:
3969:
3898:
3888:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3703:
3700:
3603:
3582:
3492:
3455:
3378:
3219:
3009:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2892:
2878:
2841:
2691:
2600:
2515:
2485:
2471:
2240:
2226:
2171:
2106:
2036:
2006:
1909:
1899:
1690:
1622:
1495:
1383:
1197:
1138:
746:
702:
546:
526:
522:
507:
363:
355:
347:
207:
180:
176:
165:
138:
94:
55:
43:
3962:
6805:
6802:
6784:
6761:
6746:
6740:
6620:
6617:
6575:
6563:
6557:
6542:
6413:
6404:
6401:
6395:
6377:
6347:
6155:
6080:
6021:
5887:
5827:
5690:
5584:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5537:
5529:
5517:
5505:
5251:
5227:
5212:
5148:
5110:
5087:
5081:
4985:
4724:
4556:
4454:
4413:
4403:
4397:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4320:
4290:
4236:
4233:
4046:
4025:
4001:
3977:
3806:
3697:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3595:
3486:
3372:
3327:
3315:
3159:
2997:
2993:
2942:
2763:
2671:
2597:
2593:
2337:
2210:
2160:
2154:
1441:
1436:
1026:
591:
Cup with nude heroes. Jemdet Nasr to Pre-Dynastic period, 3000-2600 BC.
418:
375:
371:
367:
255:
120:
65:
4956:
1166:
964:
6814:
6757:
6614:
6584:
6578:
6569:
6554:
6548:
6530:
6505:
6383:
6365:
6152:
6149:
6009:
5936:
5922:
5893:
5881:
5803:
5774:
5514:
5508:
5273:
5203:
5160:
5157:
5106:
4889:
4806:
4792:
4789:
4745:
4739:
4721:
4643:
4634:
4604:
4601:
4592:
4574:
4571:
4409:
4406:
4270:
4266:
4242:
4190:
4177:
4147:
4042:
4038:
3916:
3776:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3473:
3390:
3367:
3331:
3216:
3139:
3062:
3054:
3021:
2918:
2902:
2874:
2837:
2706:
2664:
2481:
2360:
2246:
1746:
1431:
1318:
1255:
714:
502:
470:
406:
359:
239:
173:
172:). It is generally dated from 3100 to 2900 BC. It is named after the
108:
89:
705:-style Mesopotamian cylinder seal, from Grave 7304 Cemetery 7000 at
615:
Jemdet Nasr Period bull statue from limestone (found in Uruk, Iraq.)
6764:
6590:
6551:
6545:
6422:
6003:
6000:
5945:
5942:
5884:
5815:
5765:
5728:
5581:
5123:
4982:
4964:
4947:
4885:
4812:
4786:
4733:
4715:
4625:
4500:
4391:
4382:
4370:
4338:
4302:
4278:
4228:
4196:
4172:
4144:
4114:
4102:
4095:
4081:
4075:
4010:
3920:
3902:
3814:
3792:
3788:
3673:
3599:
3428:
3382:
3359:
3354:
3285:
3280:
3249:
3066:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2857:
2778:
2623:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2367:
2350:
2121:
2068:
1883:
1538:
1461:
1456:
1363:
1348:
1343:
1298:
948:
572:
410:
390:
362:(Tell Fara) in 1903. While they thought that the tablets came from
271:
112:
6993:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
5982:
37:
6817:
6645:
6626:
6611:
6605:
6599:
5933:
5878:
5771:
5768:
5716:
5567:
5309:
5248:
5169:
5163:
4904:
4898:
4670:
4640:
4495:
4385:
4350:
4141:
4084:
3985:
3954:
3658:
3207:
3150:
3079:
2974:
2966:
2831:
2766:
2573:
2570:
2555:
2551:
2363:
2357:
2341:
2219:
1640:
1368:
1358:
1323:
1313:
4070:
537:
The centralized buildings, administrative cuneiform tablets and
6608:
6602:
6560:
6471:
5939:
5890:
5465:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
5263:
5166:
5151:
5135:
4880:
4865:
4730:
4637:
4628:
4562:
4519:
4388:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4274:
4246:
4187:
4078:
3973:
3800:
3679:
3591:
3579:
3210:
3167:
3132:
3113:
3085:
2982:
2914:
2852:
2795:
2747:
2656:
2627:
2583:
2580:
2530:
2460:
2378:
2331:
2281:
2256:
2251:
2230:
2047:
2021:
1996:
1388:
1338:
1260:
706:
414:
287:
116:
4065:
3617:
3289:
2887:
2882:
2710:
2695:
996:, Iraq Archaeological Reports, vol. 6, Warminster: BSAI,
6808:
6790:
5305:
4911:
4892:
3958:
3869:
3840:
3767:
3499:
3163:
3050:
2969:
2897:
2774:
2770:
2652:
2590:
2586:
2547:
2334:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2234:
2016:
1741:
1378:
1373:
1353:
1066:
Early
Mesopotamia. Society and economy at the dawn of history
710:
571:
Painted ceramic vessel from the Jemdet Nasr period, found at
551:
518:
4182:
3144:
5762:
5526:
5453:
5297:
5053:
4164:
4019:
3941:
3782:
3710:
3539:
3425:
3256:
3231:
3119:
3100:
2869:
2827:
2782:
2722:
2660:
2607:
2576:
2505:
2405:
2347:
2344:
2291:
2135:
2127:
2097:
2057:
2041:
2031:
2001:
1328:
690:
Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
678:
Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
666:
Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
654:
Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
489:
characters and illustrations, 3100-2700 BC. British Museum.
454:
426:
333:
319:
169:
128:
473:
and modern seal impression (found in Tell
Khafajah, Iraq.)
3759:
366:, it was later shown that they probably came from nearby
6928:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
441:. The Jemdet Nasr Period is contemporary with the early
3396:
2052:
422:
378:
pottery, were also shown by local Arabs in 1925 to the
303:
124:
6907:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
4428:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
3496:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
532:
1965:
1089:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
3299:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
1063:
7106:
994:Secrets of the dark mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928
916:
856:
1083:
838:
129:Eanna district, Bit Resh (Kullaba), and Irigal
1951:
1182:
844:
784:
772:
469:Jemdet Nasr Period cylinder seal from glazed
401:across much of south-central Iraq, including
7120:3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Sumer
6942:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
6916:
4420:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
3013:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
1043:Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was
6952:
6169:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
1777:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
820:
808:
460:
432:
1958:
1944:
1189:
1175:
796:
36:
6869:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
3465:"King of the four quarters of the world"
880:
7040:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
1058:
988:
922:
868:
862:
850:
826:
790:
778:
476:
464:
6885:
1196:
1143:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 17–32.
1040:
1009:
904:
892:
814:
802:
14:
7107:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6750:
5980:
5778:
3558:
3549:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
3453:
2377:
934:
385:, then director of the excavations at
341:
27:Archaeological culture of Mesopotamia
7030:
6875:
6842:
6837:
6828:
6780:
6719:
6714:
6705:
6700:
6691:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6657:
6523:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6475:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6440:
6431:
6325:
6060:
5967:
5865:
5855:
5741:
5589:
5498:
5320:
5313:
5271:
5195:
5173:
5141:
5127:
5096:
5080:
4954:
4926:
4902:
4857:
4818:
4763:
4699:
4532:
4517:
4494:
4481:
4444:
4294:
4251:
4125:
4101:
4093:
4056:
3994:
3983:
3953:
3937:
3906:
3873:
3853:
3831:
3798:
3707:
3639:
3627:
3586:
3498:
3490:
3418:
3199:
2953:
2946:
2908:
2835:
2817:
2786:
2739:
2705:
2690:
2682:
2669:
2650:
2638:
2621:
2605:
2568:
2521:
2495:
2417:
2382:
2310:
2134:
2103:
2096:
2085:
2066:
1939:
1170:
1136:
1104:
910:
898:
886:
874:
6983:
717:period. This is an example of early
216:
7007:
1107:"The earliest Mesopotamian writing"
200:
24:
6963:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
6882:Chronology of the Neolithic period
6534:
6164:
5981:
5963:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
5748:
5639:
4955:
4927:
4870:
4700:
4307:
3961:
2322:
1130:
248:
25:
7151:
6539:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
4875:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
2686:("made the land of Elam submit")
533:Society in the Jemdet Nasr Period
232:
7115:4th-millennium BC establishments
6960:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
6886:
6876:
4181:
4069:
4064:
3892:
3621:
3616:
3447:
3293:
3288:
3143:
3042:
2973:
2886:
2881:
2751:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2489:
2139:
2126:
2114:
2079:
1915:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
1406:
738:
726:
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
564:
311:
295:
279:
264:
263:
247:
231:
215:
199:
192:
7024:
6977:
6946:
6932:
6910:
6901:
5957:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
1112:, in Woods, Christopher (ed.),
982:
937:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
928:
6892:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
6030:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
5577:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
5501:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
4063:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
1472:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
1467:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
832:
280:
13:
1:
6862:Muslim conquest of the Levant
6108:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
6051:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
6036:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
5874:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
5744:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
5545:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
5244:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
1854:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1251:Tigris–Euphrates river system
766:
75:
5411:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
2145:(Uruk influence or control)
557:
350:with an archaic form of the
312:
7:
6105:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
5144:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4943:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4490:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4484:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
3744:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
2731:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2132:(Anonymous "King-priests")
2087:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
1920:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
1802:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
1797:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1105:Woods, Christopher (2010),
1015:Journal of World Prehistory
754:
719:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
577:Oriental Institute, Chicago
10:
7156:
6897:
6732:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
6159:
6042:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
5926:
5900:
5852:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
5198:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
4963:Third Babylonian dynasty (
4860:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4822:Second Intermediate Period
3632:(vassal of the Akkadians)
3020:
2165:Early or legendary kings:
1925:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
296:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6823:
6773:
6770:
6729:
6688:
6654:
6635:
6477:Parthamaspates of Parthia
6463:
6428:
6287:
6255:
6048:
6027:
5954:
5951:
5857:Assyrian conquest of Elam
5850:
5738:
5704:
5638:
5599:
5463:
5452:
5409:
5237:Third Intermediate Period
5052:
4923:
4767:Second Babylonian dynasty
4712:("Old Babylonian Period")
4478:
4430:
4194:
4162:
4134:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
4106:
4090:
4037:
4034:
4017:
3939:
3924:
3883:
3850:
3796:
3780:
3754:
3746:
3717:
3642:First Intermediate Period
3636:
3612:
3568:
3553:
3537:
3512:
3503:
3477:
3472:
3284:
3263:
3244:
3235:
3196:
3171:
3154:
3130:
3117:
3112:
3098:
3083:
3074:
3026:
3002:
2927:
2867:
2850:
2815:
2794:
2788:Early Dynastic Period III
2736:
2720:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2562:
2513:
2503:
2414:
2391:
2307:
2238:
2169:
2152:
2149:
2090:
2063:
1990:
1974:
1892:
1846:
1820:
1724:
1621:
1514:
1422:
1415:
1404:
1286:
1213:
1204:
352:Sumerian cuneiform script
144:
134:
100:
88:
71:
61:
51:
35:
6855:Muslim conquest of Egypt
6319:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
6150:Cleopatra VII Philopator
5647:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
4709:First Babylonian dynasty
4447:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
3951:(vassal of the Gutians)
3648:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
2640:Early Dynastic Period II
461:Defining characteristics
433:Dating and periodization
6940:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
6683:Province of Mesopotamia
6492:Province of Mesopotamia
6468:Province of Mesopotamia
6443:Roman conquest of Egypt
6284:Antigonus II Mattathias
6078:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5651:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
4128:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
3654:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
2962:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
2497:Early Dynastic Period I
2420:Second Dynasty of Egypt
1041:Pollock, Susan (1999),
383:Stephen Herbert Langdon
354:began to appear in the
185:Early Dynastic I period
183:and continues into the
6540:
6322:Philip II Philoromaeus
6316:Antiochus XII Dionysus
6310:Demetrius III Eucaerus
6307:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
6298:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
6170:
6138:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
6093:Arsinoe III Philopator
5986:
5754:
5644:
5481:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
5413:Second Dynasty of Isin
4960:
4933:
4876:
4705:
4588:(Non-dynastic usurpers
4312:
3997:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
3966:
3856:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
3421:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
3202:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
3029:Second kingdom of Mari
2742:Third Dynasty of Egypt
2676:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
2328:
2319:First Dynasty of Egypt
1757:Babylonian mathematics
761:History of Mesopotamia
749:period (3100-2900)B.C
490:
474:
162:archaeological culture
7091:32.71694°N 44.77889°E
6926:The Ancient Near East
6844:Byzantine Mesopotamia
6758:Province of Asoristan
6721:Byzantine Mesopotamia
6538:
6531:Province of Asoristan
6313:Philip I Philadelphus
6301:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
6295:Antiochus VIII Grypus
6292:Seleucus V Philometor
6247:Antiochus VII Sidetes
6241:Antiochus VI Dionysus
6168:
6141:Berenice IV Epiphanea
6102:Ptolemy VI Philometor
6090:Ptolemy IV Philopator
6087:Berenice II Euergetis
6084:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5985:
5903:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5813:Marduk-apla-iddina II
5810:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
5801:Marduk-apla-iddina II
5752:
5707:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
5643:
5364:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
5054:Middle Elamite period
4959:
4931:
4874:
4704:
4311:
3965:
3720:Third kingdom of Mari
3441:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2516:First kingdom of Mari
2326:
2313:Early Dynastic Period
2155:Proto-Dynastic period
1091:, Malden: Blackwell,
1070:, London: Routledge,
480:
468:
149:Early Dynastic Period
6289:Alexander II Zabinas
6153:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
6129:Ptolemy XI Alexander
6111:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
5666:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
5654:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
5478:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
5419:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
5043:Marduk-apla-iddina I
4937:New Kingdom of Egypt
4760:Early Kassite rulers
4054:(Vassals of Ur III)
4035:(Vassals of UR III)
3435:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3405:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
2956:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1752:Babylonian astronomy
1231:Mesopotamian Marshes
451:Proto-Elamite Period
399:archaeological sites
346:In the early 1900s,
329:class=notpageimage|
7135:Ancient Mesopotamia
7087: /
6794:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
6304:Antiochus X Eusebes
6132:Ptolemy XII Auletes
6123:Ptolemy X Alexander
6117:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
6096:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5781:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5669:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
5602:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5425:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
5316:Syro-Hittite states
5022:Shagarakti-Shuriash
4695:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
3689:Neferkare Pepiseneb
3588:Akkadian Governors:
2092:Pre-Dynastic period
1833:Destruction by ISIL
1787:Sumerian literature
1762:Akkadian literature
1198:Ancient Mesopotamia
839:van de Mieroop 2007
745:A Pottery jar from
342:History of research
32:
7130:Jemdet Nasr period
7096:32.71694; 44.77889
7020:Sumerian King List
6834:Palaestina Secunda
6711:Palaestina Secunda
6541:
6272:Alexander Jannaeus
6171:
6161:Hellenistic Period
5987:
5755:
5733:Humban-haltash III
5697:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
5645:
5610:Tukulti-Ninurta II
5591:Kingdom of Samaria
5487:Mar-biti-apla-usur
5484:Shirikti-shuqamuna
5454:Neo-Elamite period
5437:Marduk-shapik-zeri
5422:Itti-Marduk-balatu
5403:Tiglath-Pileser II
5400:Ashur-resh-ishi II
5355:Enlil-kudurri-usur
5046:Zababa-shuma-iddin
5031:Kadashman-Harbe II
5016:Kadashman-Enlil II
4961:
4934:
4877:
4706:
4692:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
4689:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
4680:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
4439:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
4313:
3967:
3342:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
2723:Old Elamite period
2615:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
2468:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
2385:Jemdet Nasr period
2329:
1869:Mesopotamian myths
1085:van de Mieroop, M.
1027:10.1007/BF00980430
491:
475:
439:radiocarbon dating
158:Jemdet Nasr Period
52:Geographical range
31:Jemdet Nasr Period
30:
18:Jemdet Nasr Period
7070:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7047:978-1-62564-606-4
7032:Unger, Merrill F.
7000:978-0-14-193825-7
6970:978-1-60606-649-2
6737:Province of Egypt
6668:Province of Egypt
6448:Province of Egypt
6190:Antigonid dynasty
5990:Achaemenid Empire
5911:Nebuchadnezzar II
5819:Ashur-nadin-shumi
5688:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
5660:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
5475:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
5443:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
5434:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
5376:Asharid-apal-Ekur
5373:Tiglath-Pileser I
5370:Ashur-resh-ishi I
5358:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
5346:Tukulti-Ninurta I
5293:Kingdom of Israel
5261:Osorkon the Elder
5182:Shutrukid dynasty
5067:Igehalkid dynasty
5034:Adad-shuma-iddina
5028:Enlil-nadin-shumi
4995:Kadashman-Enlil I
4989:Kadashman-harbe I
4433:Sukkalmah dynasty
4297:Isin-Larsa period
4119:Shimashki Dynasty
3845:Puzur-Inshushinak
3444:Netjerkare Siptah
3214:Neferirkare Kakai
2759:Egyptian pyramids
1968:Ancient Near East
1933:
1932:
1884:Ziggurat (Temple)
1859:Sumerian religion
1617:
1616:
1564:Middle Babylonian
1506:Kish civilization
1402:
1401:
1226:Lower Mesopotamia
1221:Upper Mesopotamia
1150:978-3-88226-262-9
1123:978-1-885923-76-9
1098:978-0-631-22552-2
1077:978-0-415-11032-7
1052:978-0-521-57568-3
642:, Djemdet Nasr 3.
447:Upper Mesopotamia
443:Ninevite V Period
154:
153:
105:Tell Abu Salabikh
16:(Redirected from
7147:
7125:1930s neologisms
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7052:
7051:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7005:
7004:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6953:Thomas, Ariane;
6950:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6890:
6880:
6830:Palaestina Prima
6776:Byzantine Empire
6707:Palaestina Prima
6694:Byzantine Empire
6673:Syria Palaestina
6638:Palmyrene Empire
6624:Bahram VI Chobin
6487:Syria Palaestina
6275:Salome Alexandra
6258:Kingdom of Judea
6244:Diodotus Tryphon
6099:Cleopatra I Syra
6075:Ptolemy Keraunos
5843:Ashur-uballit II
5840:Sin-shumu-lishir
5834:Ashur-etil-ilani
5789:Sargonid dynasty
5682:Marduk-apla-usur
5663:Nabu-apla-iddina
5657:Shamash-mudammiq
5613:Ashurnasirpal II
5596:Kingdom of Judah
5440:Adad-apla-iddina
5431:Enlil-nadin-apli
5428:Nebuchadnezzar I
5352:Ashur-nirari III
5349:Ashur-nadin-apli
5187:Shutruk-Nakhunte
5072:Untash-Napirisha
5061:Kidinuid dynasty
4659:Shamshi-Adad III
4367:Dynasty of Larsa
4185:
4073:
4068:
3896:
3749:Shar-Kali-Sharri
3683:Neferkare Tereru
3671:Neferkare Khendu
3625:
3620:
3451:
3410:Kiku-siwe-tempti
3297:
3292:
3147:
3076:Kish III dynasty
3046:
2977:
2890:
2885:
2790:(2600–2340 BCE)
2755:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2642:(2700–2600 BCE)
2499:(2900–2700 BCE)
2493:
2410:(3100–2700 BCE)
2389:(3100–2900 BCE)
2143:
2130:
2118:
2094:(4000–2900 BCE)
2083:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1782:Sumerian cuisine
1772:Warfare in Sumer
1767:Economy of Sumer
1420:
1419:
1410:
1294:Fertile Crescent
1278:Sinjar Mountains
1273:Hamrin Mountains
1268:Zagros Mountains
1246:Taurus Mountains
1211:
1210:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1126:
1111:
1101:
1080:
1069:
1055:
1037:
1006:
977:
976:
932:
926:
925:, pp. 33–37
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
889:, pp. 44–45
884:
878:
877:, pp. 36–37
872:
866:
865:, pp. 20–21
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
742:
730:
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
636:
624:
612:
600:
588:
575:. Museum of the
568:
496:Hamrin Mountains
364:Tell Jemdet Nasr
315:
314:
299:
298:
283:
282:
267:
266:
251:
250:
235:
234:
219:
218:
203:
202:
196:
177:Tell Jemdet Nasr
125:Tell el-Muqayyar
95:Tell Jemdet Nasr
84:
80:
77:
40:
33:
29:
21:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7105:
7104:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7029:
7025:
7017:
7008:
7001:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6951:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6839:Byzantine Syria
6825:Byzantine Egypt
6800:Farrukh Hormizd
6760:
6756:
6753:Sasanian Empire
6739:
6735:
6716:Byzantine Syria
6702:Byzantine Egypt
6641:
6533:
6529:
6526:Sasanian Empire
6446:
6351:Mithridates III
6331:
6328:Parthian Empire
6261:
6200:Seleucid Empire
6197:
6187:
6163:
6072:Ptolemy I Soter
6070:
6067:Ptolemaic Egypt
6039:
6033:
5993:
5975:
5971:
5969:Kings of Byblos
5960:
5932:
5906:
5877:
5871:
5845:
5825:Mushezib-Marduk
5795:Tiglath-Pileser
5793:
5784:
5761:
5747:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5700:Nabu-mukin-zeri
5694:Nabu-nadin-zeri
5679:Marduk-bel-zeri
5672:Baba-aha-iddina
5649:
5626:Adad-nirari III
5616:Shalmaneser III
5605:
5594:
5593:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:Menkheperre Ini
5548:
5541:
5540:
5504:
5490:Nabû-mukin-apli
5467:
5456:(1100–540 BCE)
5449:Nabu-shum-libur
5417:
5394:Ashur-nirari IV
5388:Ashurnasirpal I
5385:Shamshi-Adad IV
5331:Ashur-uballit I
5326:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5279:Kings of Byblos
5277:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5202:
5201:
5185:
5179:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5115:Neferneferuaten
5075:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5057:(1500–1100 BCE)
5049:Enlil-nadin-ahi
5037:Adad-shuma-usur
5025:Kashtiliashu IV
5013:Kadashman-Turgu
4998:Burnaburiash II
4977:Kashtiliash III
4969:
4946:
4940:
4910:
4909:(1600–1260 BCE)
4908:
4878:
4869:
4863:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4805:
4800:Peshgaldaramesh
4795:
4785:
4775:
4771:Sealand Dynasty
4768:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4720:
4713:
4711:
4686:Ashur-nirari II
4665:Puzur-Ashur III
4653:Shamshi-Adad II
4624:
4622:
4620:Adaside dynasty
4617:
4616:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4512:
4508:
4506:Kings of Byblos
4504:
4498:
4487:
4450:
4437:
4436:
4418:Uruk VI dynasty
4416:
4365:
4316:Dynasty of Isin
4306:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4232:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4137:
4131:
4113:
4074:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4024:
4014:
4000:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3878:(2150–2000 BCE)
3859:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3791:
3787:
3775:
3771:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3668:Djedkare Shemai
3657:
3651:
3645:
3631:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3577:Sargon of Akkad
3575:
3574:
3571:Akkadian Empire
3563:(2340–2150 BCE)
3561:Akkadian Period
3548:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3507:
3495:
3485:
3481:
3464:
3460:
3446:
3424:
3403:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3298:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3248:
3239:
3206:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3024:(2500-539 BCE)
3012:
3008:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2728:
2727:(2700–1500 BCE)
2726:
2674:
2663:
2626:("conqueror of
2612:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2565:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2488:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2330:
2316:
2303:
2244:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2111:(4000–3100 BCE)
2110:
2104:
2078:
2072:
2044:
2025:
2015:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1934:
1929:
1888:
1842:
1816:
1725:Culture/society
1720:
1613:
1609:Muslim conquest
1579:Fall of Babylon
1510:
1411:
1398:
1282:
1200:
1195:
1151:
1133:
1131:Further reading
1124:
1109:
1099:
1078:
1053:
1004:
990:Matthews, Roger
985:
980:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
769:
757:
750:
743:
734:
731:
722:
700:
691:
688:
679:
676:
667:
664:
655:
652:
643:
637:
628:
625:
616:
613:
604:
601:
592:
589:
580:
569:
560:
535:
487:proto-cuneiform
463:
435:
387:Tell al-Uhaymir
344:
339:
338:
337:
331:
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
308:
307:
306:
300:
292:
291:
290:
284:
276:
275:
274:
268:
260:
259:
258:
252:
244:
243:
242:
236:
228:
227:
226:
220:
212:
211:
210:
204:
82:
78:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7153:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7046:
7023:
7006:
6999:
6976:
6969:
6955:Potts, Timothy
6945:
6931:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6779:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6749:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6430:
6429:30 BCE–116 CE
6426:
6425:
6363:Mithridates IV
6345:Mithridates II
6324:
6286:
6281:Aristobulus II
6254:
6250:
6249:
6174:Argead dynasty
6158:
6063:Argead dynasty
6059:
6055:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6025:
6024:
6016:Artaxerxes III
5979:
5977:Kings of Sidon
5966:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5925:
5920:Labashi-Marduk
5899:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5822:Nergal-ushezib
5777:
5758:Black Pharaohs
5740:
5736:
5735:
5703:
5676:Ninurta-apla-X
5637:
5635:Ashur-nirari V
5629:Shalmaneser IV
5619:Shamshi-Adad V
5607:Adad-nirari II
5598:
5588:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5408:
5391:Shalmaneser II
5379:Ashur-bel-kala
5367:Mutakkil-Nusku
5323:Middle Assyria
5319:
5312:
5287:Kings of Sidon
5270:
5194:
5193:1155–1025 BCE
5190:
5189:
5176:Elamite Empire
5172:
5139:
5138:
5130:Hittite Empire
5126:
5094:
5093:
5078:
5077:
5051:
5040:Meli-Shipak II
5010:Nazi-Maruttash
4974:Burnaburiash I
4953:
4925:
4924:1531–1155 BCE
4921:
4920:
4901:
4856:
4816:
4815:
4762:
4698:
4683:Enlil-Nasir II
4662:Ashur-nirari I
4656:Ishme-Dagan II
4647:Sharma-Adad II
4599:Ashur-apla-idi
4590:1735–1701 BCE)
4569:Ashur-apla-idi
4551:Shamshi-Adad I
4546:1808–1736 BCE)
4531:
4526:Yamhad dynasty
4516:
4514:Kings of Sidon
4493:
4480:
4479:1800–1595 BCE
4476:
4475:
4442:
4441:
4429:
4293:
4283:Puzur-Ashur II
4250:
4193:
4160:
4159:
4154:Mentuhotep III
4123:
4122:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4091:2025-1763 BCE
4088:
4087:
4059:Ur III dynasty
4055:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4005:Neferkare VIII
3993:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3952:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3909:Gutian dynasty
3905:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3867:Nebkaure Khety
3861:Meryibre Khety
3852:
3848:
3847:
3830:
3797:
3795:
3779:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3716:
3706:
3692:Neferkamin Anu
3665:Neferkare Neby
3638:
3634:
3633:
3629:Lugal-ushumgal
3626:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3585:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3536:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3462:Lugalannemundu
3452:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3393:
3376:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3334:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3229:Djedkare Isesi
3226:Menkauhor Kaiu
3198:
3194:
3193:
3170:
3153:
3129:
3127:Pabilgagaltuku
3116:
3111:
3097:
3086:Akshak dynasty
3082:
3073:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3001:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2926:
2911:Enun-dara-anna
2906:
2905:
2866:
2849:
2834:
2816:
2814:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2704:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2535:Kullassina-bel
2520:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2390:
2381:
2376:
2327:Narmer Palette
2309:
2308:3100–2900 BCE
2305:
2304:
2237:
2167:
2166:
2151:
2150:3200–3100 BCE
2147:
2146:
2133:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2065:
2064:4000–3200 BCE
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:Rulers of the
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Assyriologists
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1812:List of rulers
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Proto-Armenian
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Middle Persian
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Neo-Babylonian
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Old Babylonian
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Early Dynastic
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1149:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1102:
1097:
1081:
1076:
1060:Postgate, J.N.
1056:
1051:
1038:
1021:(3): 297–336,
1011:Pollock, Susan
1007:
1002:
984:
981:
979:
978:
949:10.1086/371099
943:(4): 239–250.
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
781:, pp. 1–7
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
752:
751:
744:
737:
735:
732:
725:
723:
701:
694:
692:
689:
682:
680:
677:
670:
668:
665:
658:
656:
653:
646:
644:
640:Cylinder seals
638:
631:
629:
626:
619:
617:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
593:
590:
583:
581:
570:
563:
559:
556:
539:cylinder seals
534:
531:
483:Blau Monuments
462:
459:
434:
431:
343:
340:
327:
326:
318:
317:
310:
309:
302:
301:
294:
293:
286:
285:
278:
277:
270:
269:
262:
261:
254:
253:
246:
245:
238:
237:
230:
229:
222:
221:
214:
213:
206:
205:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
102:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
83: 2900 BC
79: 3100 BC
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7152:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7103:
7100:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6985:Roux, Georges
6980:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6812:Yazdegerd III
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6744:Sahralanyozan
6742:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6687:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6500:Mithridates V
6498:
6497:Sinatruces II
6493:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6420:Artabanus III
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6390:Tiridates III
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6333:Mithridates I
6330:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6269:Aristobulus I
6267:
6266:John Hyrcanus
6264:
6260:
6259:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6235:Alexander III
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:Antiochus III
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6179:Alexander III
6176:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6114:Cleopatra III
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6019:Artaxerxes IV
6017:
6014:
6013:Artaxerxes II
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5973:Kings of Tyre
5970:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5929:Median Empire
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5837:Sinsharishkun
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:(five kings)
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:Ashur-Dan III
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5472:Ea-mukin-zeri
5470:
5469:Simbar-shipak
5466:
5461:1025–934 BCE
5460:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5397:Ashur-rabi II
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5382:Eriba-Adad II
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5343:Shalmaneser I
5341:
5340:Adad-nirari I
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5283:Kings of Tyre
5280:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5222:Ramesses VIII
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:Amenhotep III
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4873:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:Melamkurkurra
4808:
4804:
4803:Ayadaragalama
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:Itti-ili-nibi
4778:
4774:
4772:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:Ashur-shaduni
4672:
4669:
4668:Enlil-nasir I
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:Sharma-Adad I
4630:
4627:
4623:1700–722 BCE)
4621:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:Ishme-Dagan I
4552:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4510:Kings of Tyre
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4467:Amenemhat III
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4259:Puzur-Ashur I
4256:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4165:Third Eblaite
4161:
4158:
4157:Mentuhotep IV
4155:
4152:
4151:Mentuhotep II
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:Wahkare Khety
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Ur III period
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:Neferkare VII
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:Ur-Ningirsu I
3808:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Lugal-kisalsi
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2539:Nangishlishma
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2506:First Eblaite
2502:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:Seth-Peribsen
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:Hotepsekhemwy
2422:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:Proto-Elamite
2387:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:Double Falcon
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Syrian Desert
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:0-85668-735-9
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
924:
923:Matthews 2002
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
863:Matthews 2002
859:
852:
851:Matthews 2002
847:
840:
835:
828:
827:Postgate 1992
823:
816:
811:
805:, p. 299
804:
799:
792:
791:Matthews 2002
787:
780:
779:Matthews 2002
775:
771:
762:
759:
758:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
693:
686:
681:
674:
669:
662:
657:
650:
645:
641:
635:
630:
623:
618:
611:
606:
599:
594:
587:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
561:
555:
553:
548:
543:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
499:
497:
488:
484:
479:
472:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:Assyriologist
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
335:
330:
321:
305:
289:
273:
257:
241:
225:
209:
195:
188:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:Tell Khafajah
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:is in yellow.
45:
39:
34:
19:
7140:Clay tablets
7072:
7036:
7026:
6990:Ancient Iraq
6989:
6979:
6959:
6948:
6934:
6925:
6912:
6903:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6782:Ardashir III
6774:
6751:
6692:
6660:Roman Empire
6658:
6636:
6594:Yazdegerd II
6524:
6515:Artabanus IV
6512:Vologases VI
6503:Vologases IV
6434:Roman Empire
6432:
6417:Vologases II
6393:Artabanus II
6387:Artabanus II
6372:Tiridates II
6360:Phraates III
6326:
6263:Simon Thassi
6256:
6238:Demetrius II
6226:Antiochus IV
6217:Seleucus III
6211:Antiochus II
6198:
6188:
6185:Alexander IV
6172:
6160:
6144:Ptolemy XIII
6126:Berenice III
6120:Cleopatra IV
6061:
6058:331–141 BCE
6049:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6007:Artaxerxes I
5988:
5955:
5952:539–331 BCE
5927:
5908:Nabopolassar
5901:
5872:
5866:
5863:626–539 BCE
5831:Ashurbanipal
5786:
5785:
5779:
5742:
5739:745–609 BCE
5705:
5685:Eriba-Marduk
5646:
5600:
5575:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5521:Shoshenq III
5499:
5496:911–745 BCE
5464:
5446:Marduk-zer-X
5410:
5406:Ashur-dan II
5337:Arik-den-ili
5334:Enlil-nirari
5328:Eriba-Adad I
5321:
5314:
5291:
5272:
5267:Psusennes II
5242:
5241:
5235:
5219:Ramesses VII
5207:Ramesses III
5196:
5180:
5174:
5142:
5128:
5109:
5098:Amenhotep II
5091:Thutmose III
5065:
5059:
5056:
5007:Kurigalzu II
5001:Kara-hardash
4971:Agum-Kakrime
4962:
4941:
4935:
4903:
4886:'Aper-'Anati
4884:
4879:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4783:Damqi-ilishu
4766:
4755:Samsu-Ditana
4737:Sin-muballit
4728:Sin-muballit
4707:
4677:Ashur-rabi I
4542:Shamshi-Adad
4539:
4533:
4518:
4488:
4482:
4470:Amenemhat IV
4464:Senusret III
4458:Amenemhat II
4445:
4431:
4417:
4366:
4363:Damiq-ilishu
4333:Lipit-Eshtar
4314:
4295:
4252:
4220:
4216:
4200:Shakkanakkus
4163:
4139:Mentuhotep I
4132:
4126:
4107:
4094:
4057:
4051:Puzur-Ishtar
4018:
4013:
3995:
3948:Lugalannatum
3940:
3907:
3874:
3854:
3833:Hishep-Ratep
3799:
3781:
3718:
3708:
3662:Neferkare II
3652:
3646:
3640:
3587:
3569:
3559:
3538:
3491:Invasion by
3454:
3419:
3395:
3387:Enannatum II
3351:E-iginimpa'e
3320:
3312:Igrish-Halam
3223:Nyuserre Ini
3200:
3174:Awan dynasty
3172:
3131:
3118:
3099:
3084:
3075:
3059:Ishtup-Ishar
3039:Iku-Shamagan
3035:Ikun-Shamash
3027:
3005:Ur I dynasty
3003:
2996:
2985:
2960:
2954:
2928:
2909:
2868:
2851:
2836:
2818:
2777:
2769:
2740:
2721:
2684:Enmebaragesi
2670:
2651:
2622:
2613:
2606:
2569:
2564:
2544:En-tarah-ana
2529:
2522:
2514:
2504:
2480:
2477:Neferkasokar
2475:
2470:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2366:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2225:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2178:Finger Snail
2176:
2170:
2153:
2122:Anu Ziggurat
2105:
2073:
2067:
1985:Territories/
1807:Royal titles
1732:Architecture
1569:Neo-Assyrian
1500:
1416:(Pre)history
1236:Persian Gulf
1139:
1113:
1088:
1065:
1042:
1018:
1014:
993:
983:Bibliography
940:
936:
930:
918:
913:, p. 35
906:
901:, p. 39
894:
882:
870:
858:
853:, p. 37
846:
841:, p. 19
834:
829:, p. 22
822:
815:Pollock 1999
810:
803:Pollock 1992
798:
793:, p. 20
786:
774:
544:
536:
512:
500:
492:
436:
403:Abu Salabikh
395:
348:clay tablets
345:
224:Abu Salabikh
168:(modern-day
164:in southern
157:
155:
44:Uruk culture
7094: /
6922:Simpson, W.
6850:639–651 CE
6797:Azarmidokht
6788:Khosrow III
6771:628–641 CE
6727:618–628 CE
6689:395–618 CE
6655:273–395 CE
6643:Vaballathus
6633:270–273 CE
6597:Hormizd III
6582:Yazdegerd I
6573:Ardashir II
6567:Adur Narseh
6521:224–270 CE
6509:Vologases V
6483:117–224 CE
6464:116–117 CE
6411:Vardanes II
6408:Vologases I
6399:Gotarzes II
6369:Phraates IV
6339:Hyspaosines
6278:Hyrcanus II
6253:141–30 BCE
6232:Demetrius I
6229:Antiochus V
6223:Seleucus IV
6214:Seleucus II
6208:Antiochus I
6195:Antigonus I
6147:Ptolemy XIV
6135:Cleopatra V
5917:Neriglissar
5914:Amel-Marduk
5897:Psamtik III
5868:Late Period
5807:Sennacherib
5798:Shalmaneser
5725:Tammaritu I
5622:Shammuramat
5565:Takelot III
5562:Osorkon III
5559:Shoshenq VI
5534:Pedubast II
5524:Shoshenq IV
5512:Shoshenq II
5361:Ashur-dan I
5302:Ish-bosheth
5255:Psusennes I
5231:Ramesses XI
5225:Ramesses IX
5216:Ramesses VI
5210:Ramesses IV
5155:Ramesses II
5118:Tutankhamun
5101:Thutmose IV
5085:Thutmose II
5019:Kudur-Enlil
5004:Nazi-Bugash
4992:Kurigalzu I
4980:Ulamburiash
4951:Amenhotep I
4932:Tutankhamun
4918:Parshatatar
4915:Shuttarna I
4848:Seventeenth
4777:Ilum-ma-ili
4752:Ammi-saduqa
4749:Ammi-ditana
4743:Samsu-iluna
4650:Erishum III
4611:Adad-salulu
4608:Ipqi-Ishtar
4596:Ashur-dugul
4581:Adad-salulu
4578:Ipqi-Ishtar
4566:Ashur-dugul
4535:Old Assyria
4530:(Amorites)
4473:Sobekneferu
4461:Senusret II
4452:Amenemhat I
4424:Sîn-iribam
4401:Sin-Iqisham
4395:Sin-Iddinam
4345:Erra-imitti
4342:Lipit-Enlil
4330:Ishme-Dagan
4327:Iddin-Dagan
4263:Shalim-ahum
4254:Old Assyria
4240:Yasmah-Adad
4217:Lim Dynasty
4209:Hanun-Dagan
4205:Hitial-Erra
3970:Ur-Ningirsu
3926:Kuda (Uruk)
3899:Ishgum-Addu
3889:Ishtup-Ilum
3741:Ishma-Dagan
3726:Shakkanakku
3704:Neferirkare
3701:Neferkauhor
3604:Ili-ishmani
3583:Manishtushu
3546:Lugalzagesi
3542:III dynasty
3526:Puzur-Nirah
3241:Ishar-Malik
3220:Shepseskare
3010:Mesannepada
2935:Nin-kisalsi
2923:Lugal-kitun
2893:Meskalamdug
2879:Ur-Pabilsag
2692:Aga of Kish
2601:Barsal-nuna
2486:Khasekhemwy
2472:Neferkara I
2451:Weneg-Nebty
2429:Nebra/Raneb
2241:Lower Egypt
2227:Scorpion II
2172:Upper Egypt
2124:, 4000 BCE)
2107:Uruk period
1910:Hittitology
1900:Assyriology
1821:Archaeology
1691:Old Persian
1501:Jemdet Nasr
817:, p. 2
747:Jemdet Nasr
703:Jemdet Nasr
547:pastoralism
527:sexagesimal
508:pictographs
356:antiquities
208:Jemdet Nasr
181:Uruk period
166:Mesopotamia
145:Followed by
139:Uruk Period
135:Preceded by
101:Major sites
56:Mesopotamia
7109:Categories
7082:44°46′44″E
7079:32°43′01″N
6806:Khosrow IV
6803:Hormizd VI
6785:Shahrbaraz
6762:Khosrow II
6747:Shahrbaraz
6741:Shahrbaraz
6621:Khosrow II
6618:Hormizd IV
6576:Shapur III
6564:Hormizd II
6558:Bahram III
6543:Ardashir I
6414:Pacorus II
6405:Vonones II
6402:Meherdates
6396:Vardanes I
6381:Orodes III
6378:Phraates V
6357:Sinatruces
6205:Seleucus I
6182:Philip III
6156:Arsinoe IV
6081:Arsinoe II
6022:Darius III
5888:Psamtik II
5828:Esarhaddon
5721:Ummanigash
5691:Nabonassar
5585:Bakenranef
5556:Pedubast I
5553:Takelot II
5550:Harsiese A
5538:Osorkon IV
5530:Shoshenq V
5518:Osorkon II
5506:Shoshenq I
5252:Amenemnisu
5228:Ramesses X
5213:Ramesses V
5161:Amenmesses
5149:Ramesses I
5111:Smenkhkare
5088:Hatshepsut
5082:Thutmose I
4986:Karaindash
4725:Sumu-la-El
4557:Mut-Ashkur
4548:(Amorites)
4455:Senusret I
4414:Rim-Sin II
4404:Silli-Adad
4398:Sin-Eribam
4360:Suen-magir
4357:Ur-du-kuga
4354:Iter-pisha
4348:Enlil-bani
4336:Ur-Ninurta
4324:Shu-Ilishu
4321:Ishbi-Erra
4291:Erishum II
4237:Yahdun-Lim
4234:Yaggid-Lim
4047:Tura-Dagan
4026:Utu-hengal
4002:Meryhathor
3978:Nam-mahani
3944:II dynasty
3913:(21 kings)
3807:Puzer-Mama
3803:II dynasty
3785:IV dynasty
3698:Neferkaure
3695:Qakare Ibi
3686:Neferkahor
3677:Neferkamin
3596:Ilshu-rabi
3487:Ishqi-Mari
3483:Ikun-Ishar
3479:Enna-Dagan
3399:II dynasty
3373:Bara-irnun
3328:Puzur-Suen
3324:IV dynasty
3316:Irkab-Damu
3261:(3 kings)
3187:Ukkutahesh
3160:Meskiagnun
3156:A'annepada
3103:II dynasty
2998:Thamphthis
2994:Shepseskaf
2943:Lugal-dalu
2842:Udulkalama
2822:II dynasty
2764:Sekhemkhet
2672:Lugalbanda
2598:Melem-Kish
2594:En-me-nuna
2379:Canaanites
2373:Horus Bird
2338:Neithhotep
2211:Scorpion I
2161:Naqada III
1874:Divination
1584:Achaemenid
1549:Isin-Larsa
1442:Trialetian
1437:Mousterian
1424:Prehistory
911:Woods 2010
899:Woods 2010
887:Woods 2010
875:Woods 2010
767:References
523:king lists
419:Tell Uqair
376:polychrome
372:monochrome
368:Tell Uqair
256:Tell Uqair
121:Tell Uqair
81: – c.
66:Bronze Age
6918:Hallo, W.
6815:Peroz III
6649:Antiochus
6615:Khosrow I
6585:Shapur IV
6579:Bahram IV
6570:Shapur II
6555:Bahram II
6549:Hormizd I
6506:Osroes II
6384:Vonones I
6366:Orodes II
6342:Artabanus
6010:Darius II
5937:Phraortes
5923:Nabonidus
5894:Ahmose II
5882:Psamtik I
5775:Tanutamun
5624:(regent)
5515:Takelot I
5509:Osorkon I
5274:Phoenicia
5258:Amenemope
5204:Setnakhte
5158:Merneptah
5107:Akhenaten
4890:Sakir-Har
4828:Sixteenth
4807:Akurduana
4793:Gulkishar
4790:Shushushi
4746:Abi-eshuh
4740:Hammurabi
4722:Sumu-abum
4644:Shu-Ninua
4635:Iptar-Sin
4605:Sin-namir
4602:Nasir-Sin
4593:Puzur-Sin
4575:Sin-namir
4572:Nasir-Sin
4426:Sîn-gāmil
4422:Sîn-kāšid
4410:Rim-Sin I
4407:Warad-Sin
4287:Naram-Sin
4271:Erishum I
4267:Ilu-shuma
4243:Zimri-Lim
4191:Indilimma
4178:Ibbit-Lim
4148:Intef III
4111:invasions
4098:invasions
4043:Ili-Ishar
4039:Iddi-ilum
4032:2100 BCE
4022:V dynasty
3992:2125 BCE
3930:Puzur-ili
3917:La-erabum
3851:2150 BCE
3777:Shu-turul
3770:(3 years)
3737:Shu-Dagan
3637:2200 BCE
3614:Naram-Sin
3610:2250 BCE
3554:2340 BCE
3520:2350 BCE
3514:Luh-ishan
3509:Urukagina
3505:Lugalanda
3474:Isar-Damu
3470:2370 BCE
3416:2380 BCE
3391:Enentarzi
3379:Enannatum
3368:Gishakidu
3332:Ur-Zababa
3308:Adub-Damu
3304:2400 BCE
3277:2425 BCE
3271:Napilhush
3259:invasions
3237:Enar-Damu
3217:Neferefre
3197:2450 BCE
3140:Ur-Nanshe
3135:I dynasty
3122:I dynasty
3063:Ikun-Mari
3022:Phoenicia
3018:2500 BCE
2951:2575 BCE
2919:Melamanna
2903:Akalamdug
2875:A-Imdugud
2838:Ur-Nungal
2825:(5 kings)
2812:Baba-Damu
2808:Ibbi-Damu
2737:2600 BCE
2707:Gilgamesh
2665:Iltasadum
2636:2700 BCE
2610:I dynasty
2563:2800 BCE
2526:I dynasty
2482:Hudjefa I
2415:2900 BCE
2361:Semerkhet
2353:(regent)
2340:(regent)
2247:Hedju Hor
2075:Naqada II
1747:Cuneiform
1623:Languages
1432:Acheulean
1319:Babylonia
1256:Euphrates
1206:Geography
1035:161700843
973:161166931
957:0022-2968
715:Naqada II
558:Artifacts
503:cuneiform
407:Shuruppak
360:Shuruppak
240:Tell Fara
174:type site
109:Tell Fara
90:Type site
7034:(2014).
6987:(1992).
6957:(2020).
6924:(1971).
6765:Kavad II
6591:Bahram V
6552:Bahram I
6546:Shapur I
6423:Osroes I
6354:Orodes I
6348:Gotarzes
6336:Phraates
6001:Darius I
5998:Cambyses
5946:Astyages
5943:Cyaxares
5885:Necho II
5816:Bel-ibni
5766:Shebitku
5729:Indabibi
5582:Tefnakht
5124:Horemheb
4983:Agum III
4965:Kassites
4948:Ahmose I
4813:Ea-gamil
4797:DIŠ+U-EN
4787:Ishkibal
4734:Apil-Sin
4716:Amorites
4626:Bel-bani
4501:Biblical
4392:Nur-Adad
4383:Gungunum
4371:Naplanum
4339:Bur-Suen
4303:Amorites
4279:Sargon I
4229:Amorites
4173:Amorites
4145:Intef II
4115:Kindattu
4103:Ibbi-Sin
4082:Amar-Sin
4076:Ur-Nammu
4011:Merykare
3903:Apil-kin
3815:Pirig-me
3793:Ur-gigir
3789:Ur-nigin
3729:dynasty)
3674:Merenhor
3600:Epirmupi
3429:Userkare
3383:Entemena
3360:Ur-Lumma
3355:Meskigal
3286:Eannatum
3281:Kun-Damu
3265:Shushun-
3250:Enakalle
3109:kushanna
3095:Undalulu
3067:Iblul-Il
2991:Menkaure
2987:Bikheris
2980:Djedefre
2939:Me-durba
2864:shaengur
2858:En-hegal
2846:Labashum
2804:Agur-lim
2800:Abur-lim
2779:Qahedjet
2624:Enmerkar
2456:Wadjenes
2446:Horus Sa
2441:Nubnefer
2432:Nynetjer
2406:Susa III
2368:Sneferka
2351:Merneith
2069:Naqada I
1893:Academia
1847:Religion
1716:Urartian
1711:Sumerian
1696:Parthian
1631:Akkadian
1604:Sasanian
1594:Parthian
1589:Seleucid
1539:Simurrum
1529:Akkadian
1462:Khiamian
1452:Natufian
1364:Simurrum
1349:Kassites
1344:Hittites
1299:Adiabene
1159:16224643
1087:(2007),
1062:(1992),
992:(2002),
755:See also
573:Khafajah
515:Sumerian
485:combine
471:steatite
449:and the
411:Khafajah
391:mudbrick
272:Khafajah
6818:Narsieh
6646:Zenobia
6627:Vistahm
6612:Kavad I
6606:Kavad I
6600:Peroz I
6588:Khosrow
5934:Deioces
5891:Wahibre
5879:Necho I
5772:Taharqa
5769:Shabaka
5753:Taharqa
5717:Teumman
5568:Rudamun
5310:Solomon
5249:Smendes
5170:Twosret
5164:Seti II
4905:Mitanni
4899:Khamudi
4853:Dynasty
4843:Dynasty
4833:Dynasty
4671:Nur-ili
4641:Lullaya
4544:dynasty
4496:Abraham
4386:Abisare
4351:Zambiya
4245:(Queen
4197:Amorite
4168:Kingdom
4142:Intef I
4109:Elamite
4096:Amorite
4085:Shu-Sin
3986:Tirigan
3955:Ur-Baba
3885:Nûr-Mêr
3823:Lu-gula
3819:Lu-Baba
3733:Ididish
3714:Kingdom
3711:Eblaite
3709:Second
3659:Menkare
3534:Shu-Sin
3530:Ishu-Il
3458:dynasty
3438:Pepi II
3371:(Queen
3257:Elamite
3208:Userkaf
3151:Akurgal
3080:Ku-Baba
2896:(Queen
2832:Mesilim
2767:Sanakht
2757:(First
2574:Zuqaqip
2571:Kalumum
2556:Kalibum
2552:Puannum
2509:Kingdom
2358:Anedjib
2342:Hor-Aha
2287:Nat-Hor
2220:Iry-Hor
2216:Shendjw
2188:Pen-Abu
2136:Susa II
1879:Prayers
1864:Deities
1828:Looting
1671:Kassite
1666:Hurrian
1661:Hittite
1651:Elamite
1646:Eblaite
1641:Aramaic
1636:Amorite
1559:Kassite
1534:Gutians
1516:History
1481:Samarra
1477:Hassuna
1447:Zarzian
1369:Subartu
1359:Mitanni
1324:Chaldea
1314:Assyria
1287:Ancient
332:Map of
7044:
6997:
6967:
6609:Jamasp
6603:Balash
6561:Narseh
6472:Trajan
6470:under
6004:Xerxes
5940:Madyes
5804:Sargon
5264:Siamun
5167:Siptah
5152:Seti I
5136:Ugarit
4881:Semqen
4866:Hyksos
4838:Abydos
4731:Sabium
4638:Bazaya
4629:Libaya
4563:Asinum
4560:Rimush
4520:Yamhad
4412:(...)
4389:Sumuel
4380:Zabaia
4377:Samium
4374:Emisum
4275:Ikunum
4247:Shibtu
4188:Immeya
4079:Shulgi
3974:Ur-gar
3934:Ur-Utu
3801:Lagash
3680:Nikare
3592:Eshpum
3580:Rimush
3432:Pepi I
3267:tarana
3211:Sahure
3191:Hishur
3168:Balulu
3133:Lagash
3114:Mug-si
3107:Ensha-
3055:Sa'umu
2983:Khafre
2967:Snefru
2915:Mes-he
2862:Lugal-
2853:Lagash
2796:Sagisu
2748:Djoser
2657:Tizqar
2628:Aratta
2584:Arwium
2581:Mashda
2531:Jushur
2461:Senedj
2400:period
2332:Narmer
2282:Wazner
2257:Hsekiu
2252:Ny-Hor
2231:Narmer
2201:Canide
2192:Animal
2098:Susa I
2048:Lagash
2022:Akshak
1997:Canaan
1706:Sutean
1681:Median
1676:Luwian
1656:Gutian
1544:Ur III
1457:Nemrik
1394:Cities
1389:Urartu
1339:Hamazi
1334:Gutium
1309:Armani
1261:Tigris
1214:Modern
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707:Naqada
425:, and
415:Nippur
288:Nippur
160:is an
127:, and
117:Nippur
62:Period
6809:Boran
6791:Boran
6678:Syria
6458:Syria
6453:Judea
5995:Cyrus
5713:Urtak
5306:David
4912:Kirta
4896:Apepi
4893:Khyan
4614:Adasi
4584:Adasi
4212:(...)
3959:Gudea
3921:Si'um
3870:Setut
3841:Khita
3827:Ka-ku
3768:Ilulu
3764:Nanum
3756:Igigi
3500:Ukush
3402:Nanni
3164:Elulu
3051:Ansud
2970:Khufu
2898:Puabi
2775:Khaba
2771:Nebka
2653:Zamug
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2587:Etana
2548:Babum
2335:Menes
2277:Neheb
2272:Thesh
2262:Khayu
2235:Menes
2196:Stork
2027:Akkad
2017:Assur
1992:Egypt
1987:dates
1792:Music
1742:Akitu
1599:Roman
1491:Ubaid
1486:Halaf
1384:Tukri
1379:Sumer
1374:Suhum
1354:Media
1304:Akkad
1110:(PDF)
1031:S2CID
969:S2CID
961:JSTOR
711:Egypt
552:Larsa
519:hymns
72:Dates
7042:ISBN
7018:Per
6995:ISBN
6965:ISBN
6375:Musa
6065:and
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