Jewish Christianity

3838:, "there is substantial unanimity among the early Christian writers (first and second century) that Jesus had been bodily raised from the dead," "with (as the early Christians in their different ways affirmed) a 'transphysical' body, both the same and yet in some mysterious way transformed," reasoning that as a matter of "inference" both a bodily resurrection and later bodily appearances of Jesus are far better explanations for the empty tomb and the 'meetings' and the rise of Christianity than are any other theories. Rejecting the visionary theories, Wright notes that visions of the dead were always associated with spirits and ghosts, and never with bodily resurrection. Thus, Wright argues, a mere vision of Jesus would never lead to the unprecedented belief that Jesus was a physically resurrected corpse; at most, he would be perceived as an exalted martyr standing at the right hand of God. 8546:

particularly by the Antioch episode in Gal 2, had both a care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage, which Paul lacked, and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked. John might have served as such a figure of the center holding together the extremes, but if the writings linked with his name are at all indicative of his own stance he was too much of an individualist to provide such a rallying point. Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity—though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared."

3989: 5906:: "Burton Mack argues that Paul’s view of Jesus as a divine figure who gives his life for the salvation of others had to originate in a Hellenistic rather than a Jewish environment. Mack writes, "Such a notion cannot be traced to old Jewish and/ or Israelite traditions, for the very notion of a vicarious human sacrifice was anathema in these cultures. But it can be traced to a Strong Greek tradition of extolling a noble death." More specifically, Mack argues that a Greek "myth of martyrdom" and the "noble death" tradition are ultimately responsible for influencing the hellenized Jews of the Christ cults to develop a divinized Jesus." 4632:. There was a post-Nicene "double rejection" of the Jewish Christians by adherents of gentile Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. It is believed that no direct confrontation occurred between the adherents of gentile Christianity and the adherents of Judaic Christianity. However, by this time, the practice of Judeo-Christianity was diluted by internal schisms and external pressures. Gentile Christianity remained the sole strand of orthodoxy and it imposed itself on the previously Jewish Christian sanctuaries, taking full control of those houses of worship by the end of the 5th century. 62: 3831:, Jesus's impact on his followers was so great that they could not accept the failure implicit in his death. According to Fredriksen, before his death Jesus created amongst his believers such certainty that the Kingdom of God and the resurrection of the dead was at hand, that with few exceptions (John 20: 24–29) when they saw him shortly after his execution, they had no doubt that he had been resurrected, and the general resurrection of the dead was at hand. These specific beliefs were compatible with Second Temple Judaism. 2855:, and the post-crucifixion experiences of his followers. Modern scholars are engaged in an ongoing debate about the proper designation of Jesus' first followers. Many modern scholars believe that the term Jewish Christians is anachronistic given the fact that there is no consensus about the date of the birth of Christianity. Some modern scholars have suggested that the designations "Jewish believers in Jesus" and "Jewish followers of Jesus" better reflect the original context. 4570: 8484: 5458: 405: 4408:, "the separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event", in which the church became "more and more gentile, and less and less Jewish". According to Cohen, early Christianity ceased to be a Jewish sect when it ceased to observe Jewish practices, such as circumcision. According to Cohen, this process ended in 70 AD, after the great revolt, when various Jewish sects disappeared and Pharisaic Judaism evolved into 5472: 393: 6104:, p. 228: "The separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event. The essential part of this process was that the church was becoming more and more gentile, and less and less Jewish, but the separation manifested itself in different ways in each local community where Jews and Christians dwelt together. In some places, the Jews expelled the Christians; in other, the Christians left of their own accord." 3212: 5279:. Since then, numerous other authors have followed this argument, including Adolf von Harnack, Hans-Joachim Schoeps, M. P. Roncaglia, and others. The most recent notable defenders of this thesis have been Francois de Blois and Holger Zellentin, the latter in the context of his research into the historical context of the legal discourses present in the Quran especially as it resembles the Syriac recension of the 5500: 5486: 5976:

matter of empirical proof. Christians themselves believe it. Non-Christians recognize it as the very heart of the Christian message. It is a message based on faith in what other people claimed and testified based on what others claimed and testified based on what others claimed and testified – all the way back to the first followers of Jesus who said they saw Jesus alive afterward.

4335:"Groups of believers coalesced into proto-factions of like-minded individuals, and then into factions. The degree of doctrinal cohesion of these groups is unknown. As attested by the extant texts, confusion and chaos were rampant." At first, early belief in Jesus was very much a local phenomenon with some degree of coordination among communities on a regional basis. 3929:

Christian writings. According to Martin Hengel, as summarized by Jeremy Bouma, the letters of Paul already contain a fully developed Christology, shortly after the death of Jesus, including references to his pre-existence. According to Hengel, the Gospel of John shows a development which builds on this early high Christology, fusing it with

3827:, the resurrection appearances were a denial response to his disciples' sudden disillusionment following Jesus' death. According to Ehrman, some of his followers claimed to have seen him alive again, resulting in a multitude of stories which convinced others that Jesus had risen from death and was exalted to Heaven. According to 3154:

messiahs. The two most relevant are the Messiah ben Joseph and the traditional Messiah ben David. Some scholars have argued that the idea of two messiahs, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, was normative to ancient Judaism, predating Jesus. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both.

6128:: "one can speak of a 'twin birth' of two new Judaisms, both markedly different from the religious systems that preceded them. Not only were Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity religious twins, but, like Jacob and Esau, the twin sons of Isaac and Rebecca, they fought in the womb, setting the stage for life after the womb." 8713: 5275:, it has long been argued that Jewish Christianity played an important role in the formation of Quranic conceptions of Christians in Muhammad's Arabia. The first major author to assert that Jewish Christianity played an important role in the formation of Quranic tradition was Aloys Sprenger in his 1861 book 5307:

merely may have etymologically originated as such because Nazoreans were the first to interact with the Arabic community in which this term came into use. Alternative sources as well as hyperbole may explain the reference to Mary in the Trinity. However, Shaddel does admit the ritual laws as evidence

3912:

According to Dunn, the background of this hymn has been strongly debated. Some see it as influenced by a Greek worldview. while others have argued for Jewish influences. According to Dunn, the hymn contains a contrast with the sins of Adam and his disobedience. Dunn further notes that the hymn may be

6004:

Several authors have even argued for influences from a "pre-Christian Gnostic redeemer myth". According to Dunn, this interpretation is dated, and based on "a most questionable historical foundation" while others have argued for Jewish influences. According to Dunn, the hymn contains a contrast with

4298:

of all. Boyarin roots Paul's work in Hellenistic Judaism and insists that Paul was thoroughly Jewish, but argues that Pauline theology made his version of Christianity appealing to gentiles. Boyarin also sees this Platonic reworking of both Jesus's teachings and Pharisaic Judaism as essential to the

5971:

Ehrman: "What started Christianity was the Belief in the Resurrection. It was nothing else. Followers of Jesus came to believe he had been raised. They did not believe it because of “proof” such as the empty tomb. They believed it because some of them said they saw Jesus alive afterward. Others who

4334:

characterizes the question of when Christianity and Judaism parted company and went their separate ways as "one of those deceptively simple questions which should be approached with great care". The first centuries of belief in Jesus were characterized by great uncertainty and religious creativity.

3858:

A point of debate is how Christians came to believe in a bodily resurrection, which was "a comparatively recent development within Judaism." According to Dag Øistein Endsjø, "The notion of the resurrection of the flesh was, as we have seen, not unknown to certain parts of Judaism in antiquity", but

6387:, and its relations to the various other normative-Jewish, sectarian-Jewish, and Christian-Jewish groups is presented by the fact that what ultimately became normative Christianity was originally but one among various contending Christian trends. Once the "gentile Christian" trend won out, and the 6152:

and outside the system it remained impossible to declare phenomenologically who was a Jew and who was a Christian. At least as interesting and significant, it seems more and more clear that it is frequently impossible to tell a Jewish text from a Christian text. The borders are fuzzy, and this has

6116:: "for at least the first three centuries of their common lives, Judaism in all of its forms and Christianity in all of its forms were part of one complex religious family, twins in a womb, contending with each other for identity and precedence, but sharing with each other the same spiritual food." 6060:

comments: "By choosing the terminology “Christ cults,” Burton Mack means to differentiate those early movements that revered Jesus as the Christ from those that did not. Mack is perhaps not quite clear about what would constitute a Christ cult. Or at least he seems to me to obscure some important

4536:

A significant contributing factor to the split was the two groups' differing theological interpretations of the Temple's destruction. Rabbinic Judaism saw the destruction as a chastisement for neglecting the Torah. The early Christians however saw it as God's punishment for the Jewish rejection of

4419:

proposes a revised understanding of the interactions between nascent Christianity and Judaism in late antiquity, viewing the two "new" religions as intensely and complexly intertwined throughout this period. According to Boyarin, Judaism and Christianity "were part of one complex religious family,

4532:

Many historians argue that the gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s. Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to

3924:

the early Christian communities started with "Jesus movements", new religious movements centering on a human teacher called Jesus. A number of these "Jesus movements" can be discerned in early Christian writings. According to Mack, within these Jesus-movements developed within 25 years the belief

3862:

Nevertheless, the origin of this idea is commonly traced to Jewish beliefs, a view against which Stanley E. Porter objected. According to Porter, Jewish and subsequent Christian thought were influenced by Greek thoughts, where "assumptions regarding resurrection" can be found, which were probably

5975:

Easter is the celebration of the first proclamation that Jesus did not remain dead. It is not that his body was resuscitated after a Near Death Experience. God had exalted Jesus to heaven never to die again; he will (soon) return from heaven to rule the earth. This is a statement of faith, not a

3458:, preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, Jewish Christians, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah." 6070:

Galatians 1:13. According to Dunn, Paul persecuted the "Hellenists" of Acts 6. According to Larry Hurtado, there was no theological divide between "Hellenists" (Greek speaking Jews from the diaspora who had returned to Jerusalem) and their fellow Jesus-followers; Paul's persecution was directed

4613:, in particular, it was used as a label for a certain sect of Christians. At first, these Jewish Christians, originally the central group in Christianity, were not declared unorthodox but they were later excluded from the Jewish community and denounced. Some Jewish Christian groups, such as the 3153:

Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set Christians apart from Jews was their faith in Christ as the resurrected messiah. While Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah, Judaism can be said to hold to a concept of multiple

5985:

Porter, Hayes and Tombs: "Stanley Porter's paper brings together a body of literature, hitherto largely neglected, which highlights the fact that the Greeks, contrary to much scholarly opinion, did have a significant tradition of bodily resurrection, and that the Jewish tradition emphasizes a

3816:, the concept of resurrection formed "the initial stage of the belief in his exaltation", which is "the apogee of the triumphant Christ". The focal concern of the early communities is the expected return of Jesus, and the entry of the believers into the kingdom of God with a transformed body. 3928:

According to Erhman, the gospels show a development from a "low Christology" towards a "high Christology". Yet, a "high Christology" seems to have been part of Christian traditions a few years after his death, and over a decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles, which are the oldest

3916:

This belief in the incarnated and exalted Christ was part of Christian tradition a few years after his death and over a decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles. According to Dunn, the background of this hymn has been strongly debated. Some see it as influenced by a Greek worldview,

8545:

James the brother of Jesus and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown

3863:

adopted by Paul. According to Ehrman, most of the alleged parallels between Jesus and the pagan savior-gods only exist in the modern imagination, and there are no "accounts of others who were born to virgin mothers and who died as an atonement for sin and then were raised from the dead."

6711:, Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (2004), p. 97: "Justin is obviously frustrated by continued law observance by Gentile Christians; to impede the spread of the phenomenon, he declares that he does not approve of Jewish Christians who attempt to influence Gentile Christians". 4322:. Historians continue to debate the precise moment when early Christianity established itself as a new religion, apart and distinct from Judaism. It is difficult to trace the process by which the two separated or to know exactly when this began. Jewish Christians continued to worship in 3933:, in which Wisdom was personified and descended into the world. While this "Logos Christology" is recognizable for Greek metaphysics, it is nevertheless not derived from pagan sources, and Hengel rejects the idea of influence from "Hellenistic mystery cults or a Gnostic redeemer myth". 5972:

believed these stories told others who also came to believe them. These others told others who told others – for days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries, and now millennia. Christianity is all about believing what others have said. It has always been that way and always will be.

4061:

among the gentiles, adopting the title "Apostle to the Gentiles". Saint Peter, Paul and other Jewish Christians told the Jerusalem council that Gentiles were receiving the Holy Spirit, and so convinced the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most

3572:

to the Jewish Law, the more conservative view of James the Just became more widely accepted than the more liberal position of Peter, who soon lost influence. According to Dunn, this was not an "usurpation of power," but a consequence of Peter's involvement in missionary activities.

3295:

after his death is the pivotal event of Jesus' life and death, as described in the gospels and the epistles. According to the gospels, Jesus preached for a period of one to three years in the early 1st century. His ministry of teaching, healing the sick and disabled and performing

5019:. In the modern age, they are a minority community found among the St. Thomas Christians. The culture of the Knanaya has been analyzed by a number of Jewish scholars who have noted that the community maintains striking correlations to Jewish communities, in particular the 3859:

Paul rejected the idea of bodily resurrection, and it also can't be found within the strands of Jewish thought in which he was formed. According to Porter, Hayes and Tombs, the Jewish tradition emphasizes a continued spiritual existence rather than a bodily resurrection.

9086: 4504:

and the Second Temple was destroyed. This event was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, sectarianism largely came to an end. The

9687:

The Nazarenes of ecclesiastical history adhered to the law of their fathers; whereas when Tertullus accused Paul as 'a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes', he accused him as one who despised the law, and 'had gone about to the temple', Acts xxiv, 5,

6005:

the sins of Adam and his disobedience. Dunn further notes that the hymn may be seen as a three-stage Christology, starting with "an earlier stage of mythic pre-history or pre-existence," but regards the humility-exaltation contrast to be the main theme.

4731:

The Ebionites were a Jewish Christian movement that existed during the early centuries of the Christian Era. They show strong similarities with the earliest form of Jewish Christianity, and their specific theology may have been a "reaction to the

3750:

gives an early testimony, which was delivered to Paul, of the atonement of Jesus and the appearances of the risen Christ to "Cephas and the twelve", and to "James and all the apostles", possibly reflecting a fusion of two early Christian groups:

5986:

continued spiritual existence rather than a bodily resurrection. Thus, Paul in the New Testament probably adopted Graeco-Roman assumptions regarding the resurrection, although he was not blindly derivative in developing his conceptual framework."

7603:(ed), Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), p. 107-138; P. H. R. van Houwelingen, "Fleeing forward: The departure of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella," Westminster Theological Journal 65 (2003), 181-200 4625:. The Ebionites may have been a splinter group of Nazarenes, with disagreements over Christology and leadership. After the condemnation of the Nazarenes, the term "Ebionite" was often used as a general pejorative for all related "heresies". 9647:

1998 p. 182 "The Nazarenes are first mentioned by Epiphanius who records that they upheld the Torah, including the practice of circumcision and sabbath observance (Panarion 29:5.4; 7:2, 5; 8:1–7), read the Hebrew scriptures in the original

4529:, today known simply as "Judaism". The term "Pharisee" was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian, and the rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews. 4275:. Paul saw in the symbol of a resurrected Jesus the possibility of a spiritual rather than corporeal Messiah. He used this notion of Messiah to argue for a religion through which all people—not just descendants of Abraham—could worship the 3476:. John Elliott also characterizes early Christianity as an 'Israelite sect' or a 'renewal movement within Israel', where followers were called 'Galileans', 'Nazarenes' or members of 'the Way' by the native inhabitants of 1st century Judea. 6399:, the Jewish Christian groups were pushed to the margin and ultimately excluded as heretical. Being rejected both by normative Judaism and the Church, they ultimately disappeared. Nevertheless, several Jewish Christian sects (such as the 4053:. Fragments of their beliefs in an exalted and deified Jesus, what Mack called the "Christ cult," can be found in the writings of Paul. According to the New Testament, Saul of Tarsus first persecuted the early Jewish Christians, but then 4038:, "the christology and devotional stance that Paul affirmed (and shared with others in the early Jesus-movement) was… a distinctive expression within a variegated body of Jewish messianic hopes." According to Dunn, Paul presents, in his 3176:, the fact that Jesus did not establish an independent Israel, combined with his death at the hands of the Romans, caused many Jews to reject him as the Messiah. Jews at that time were expecting a military leader as a Messiah, such as 4617:, were accused of having unorthodox beliefs, particularly in relation to their views of Christ and gentile converts. The Nazarenes, who held to orthodoxy but adhered to Jewish law, were not deemed heretical until the dominance of 3841:

According to Johan Leman, the resurrection must be understood as a sense of presence of Jesus even after his death, especially during the ritual meals which were continued after his death. His early followers regarded him as a

9083: 6685:(1972), p. 568. Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich: "When the Jewish Christians whom James sent from Jerusalem arrived at Antioch, Cephas withdrew from table-fellowship with the Gentile Christians". 5187:

of Turkey, in Syria, Lebanon, Northern Israel and their relatives in the diaspora, there are more than 1.8 million Greco-Melkite Christians residing in the Northern-MENA, the US, Canada and Latin America today, i.e.,

5023:

of Kerala. The culture of the Knanaya is a blend of Jewish-Christian, Syriac, and Hindu customs reflecting both the foreign origin of the community and the centuries that they have lived as a minority community in India.

3568:. He was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James the Just, "the Brother of the Lord," which may explain why the early texts contain scarce information about Peter. According to Lüdemann, in the discussions about the 9670:

Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley, p. 670 The term Ebionites occurs in Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen, and Eusebius but none makes any mention of Nazarenes. They must have been even more considerable in the time of these

3788:, the first to be raised from the dead, thereby acquiring the "special status of the firstborn as the preeminent son and heir". Scholars debate on the historicity of specific details of these narratives such as the 9493:: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), Baptism, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a 3882:, while other strands of Christian thought regard Jesus to be a "fully divine figure", a "high Christology". How soon the earthly Jesus was regarded to be the incarnation of God is a matter of scholarly debate. 3373:

Critical scholars disagree on the historicity of many biblical narratives concerning the life of Jesus. Many such narratives have been classed as legendary or constructed from earlier traditions, such as the

5308:

for the relevance of Jewish Christians. In the last few years, the thesis for the specific role played by Jewish Christians has been resisted by Gabriel Said Reynolds, Stephen Shoemaker, and Guillaume Dye.

6366: 3777:

provide more detailed narratives about the resurrection of Jesus. The New Testament accounts do not describe the resurrection itself, but rather accounts of appearances of Jesus. Jesus is described as the

5919:

of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—now often referred to as the "old history of religions school." Here, the crowning literary achievement in several ways is Wilhelm Bousset’s 1913 work

3424:. The self-perception, beliefs, customs, and traditions of the Jewish followers of Jesus, Jesus's disciples and first followers, were grounded in first-century Judaism. According to New Testament scholar 7437:. p. 174: "In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were 7304:. p. 174: "In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were 3353:

There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings. Scholars often draw a distinction between the

5390:. According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were either raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to a 2012 study, 17% of 4420:

twins in a womb", for at least three centuries. Alan Segal also states that "one can speak of a 'twin birth' of two new Judaisms, both markedly different from the religious systems that preceded them".

6052:

According to Mack, "Paul was converted to a Hellenized form of some Jesus movement that had already developed into a Christ cult. Thus his letters serve as documentation for the Christ cult as well."

5995:

12224: 8264: 6698:(2007), p. 36: "In these early days of the church in Jerusalem there was a growing antagonism between the Greek-speaking Hellenized Jewish Christians and the Aramaic-speaking Jewish Christians". 3871:

According to Ehrman, a central question in the research on Jesus and early Christianity is how a human came to be deified in a relatively short time. Jewish Christians like the Ebionites had an

4073:

While Paul was inspired by the early Christian apostles, his writings elaborate on their teachings, and also give interpretations which are different from other teachings as documented in the

4362:. The two schools of thought eventually firmed up their respective "norms" and doctrines, notably by increasingly diverging on key issues such as the status of "purity laws", the validity of 4423:

According to Robert Goldenberg, it is increasingly accepted among scholars that "at the end of the 1st century AD there were not yet two separate religions called 'Judaism' and 'Christianity

4330:

for centuries. Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and Rabbinic movements from the mid-to late second century CE to the fourth century CE.

9497:

to Judaism (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter,

7743:

Novakovic, Lidija (2014), Raised from the Dead According to Scripture: The Role of the Old Testament in the Early Christian Interpretations of Jesus' Resurrection, A&C Black, p.152

5287:. In turn, several critics of this thesis have appeared, most notably Sidney Griffith. De Blois provides three arguments for the importance of Jewish Christianity: the use of the term 2858:

Jewish Christians drifted apart from mainstream Judaism. Their form of Judaism eventually became a minority strand within Judaism, and it had almost disappeared by the fifth century.

8241: 5097:

The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church.

3948:. Yahweh was believed to manifest as an angel, human being or a Davidic king, which led some 1st century Palestinians to believe that Jesus was the Son of God, Messiah and Lord. 7694:, p. 272: "He believed himself to be living at a new stage in the eschatological timetable: the 'age to come' had already begun, precisely with the Messiah's resurrection." 5874:), indicating that this was how 'the new religion seemed then to be designated' whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—'the way', 'that way' or 'the way of the Lord'. The 3382:

is that while the gospels include many legendary elements, these are religious elaborations added to the accounts of a historical Jesus who was crucified under the Roman prefect

11932: 10779:

Novakovic, Lidija (2014), Raised from the Dead According to Scripture: The Role of the Old Testament in the Early Christian Interpretations of Jesus' Resurrection, A&C Black

8043:, pp. 435–9p. 435, "This belief, known as "adoptionism", held that Jesus was not divine by nature or by birth, but that God chose him to become his son, i.e., adopted him." 5015:

The Knanaya of India descend from Syriac Christians of Jewish origin who migrated to India from Mesopotamia between the 4th and 9th century under the leadership of the merchant

3936:

According to Margaret Baker, Christian trinitarian theology derived from pre-Christian Palestinian beliefs about angels. These beliefs revolved around the idea that there was a

9625:, pp. 166–171, at p. 168: "Jesus' task is to do away with the 'sacrifices'. In this saying (16.4–5), the hostility of the Ebionites against the Temple cult is documented." 4140:

Paul opposed the strict applications of Jewish customs for gentile converts, and argued with the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most

3913:

seen as a three-stage Christology, starting with "an earlier stage of mythic pre-history or pre-existence," but regards the humility-exaltation contrast to be the main theme.

7592: 3370:

and the Jewish grounding of early belief in Jesus. Modern scholarship sees Jesus and his Jewish followers as grounded in the beliefs and traditions of first century Judaism.

5431:

The two groups are not completely distinct; some adherents, for example, favor Messianic congregations but they freely choose to live in both worlds, such as the theologian

10130: 7214: 4864:

is accused of being a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes ("πρωτοστάτην τε τῆς τῶν Ναζωραίων αἱρέσεως"). The term then simply designated followers of "Yeshua Natzri" (

9634:

Acts 24:5 "For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes."

7322: 6655:

the original apostolic Christianity that came before Paul, and developed independently of him, by those who had known and spent time with Jesus, was in sharp contrast to

1455: 5368: 4541:. Jews believed this claim was scandalous. According to Fredriksen, since early Christians believed that Jesus had already replaced the Temple as the expression of a 12577: 11726: 5885: 5374:

The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies. According to data which was provided by the

2996:

Christianity arose as a Pharisaic movement within the syncretistic Hellenistic world of the first century AD, which was dominated by Roman law and Greek culture.

6018:

by mainstream Christianity, as it carries the implication that Christianity is a corruption of the original teachings of Jesus, as for example in the belief of a

4868:), but in the first to fourth centuries the term was used for a sect of followers of Jesus who were closer to Judaism than most Christians. They are described by 4109:

sided with Peter in this dispute. Those that taught that gentile converts to Christianity ought to adopt more Jewish practices to be saved, however, were called "

3652:

Early Christians regarded Jesus to be the Messiah, the promised king who would restore the Jewish kingdom and independence. Jewish messianism has its root in the

13472: 9712: 9412: 3626:, or confessions of faith, of a belief in an exalted Christ that predate Paul, and give essential information on the faith of the early Jerusalem Church around 12790: 6322: 2033: 10438:

Dye, Guillaume (2021). "Mapping the Sources of the Qur'anic Jesus". In Mortensen, Mette Bjerregaard; Dye, Guillaume; Oliver, Isaac W.; Tesei, Tommaso (eds.).

9486: 12901: 8706: 1688: 1383: 6278: 6186:

The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of

4042:, a Hellenised Christianity. According to Ehrman, "Paul's message, in a nutshell, was a Jewish apocalyptic proclamation with a seriously Christian twist." 1575: 8272: 7997: 7082:

Many view the topic of historicity as secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than chronological timelines.

5360: 6874: 7588:

Eusebius, Church History 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29,7,7-8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see: Bourgel, Jonathan, "

2783: 4279:. Unlike Judaism, which holds that it is the proper religion only of the Jews, Pauline Christianity claimed to be the proper religion for all people. 11196: 6840: 5093:

civilization gave birth to the distinctly Antiochian "Middle Eastern-Roman" Christian traditions of Cilicia (Southeastern Turkey) and Syria/Lebanon:

4672:

and the entire Jewish sacrificial and ceremonial system have been abolished in favor of "the new law of our Lord Jesus Christ". Barnabas claims that

3850:, apocalyptic and eschatological expectations were blended in the experience and understanding of Jesus, who came to be expected to return to earth. 3222: 547: 6923: 6671:

supporting Paul's version of Christianity, that ensured first the marginalization, and subsequently the death of this original form of Christianity.

6427:). After the disappearance of the early Jewish Christian sects and the triumph of gentile Christianity, to become a Christian meant, for a Jew, to 3428:, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century AD, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including 1570: 2862:

are lost except for fragments, so there is a considerable amount of uncertainty about the scriptures which were used by this group of Christians.

10162: 6262: 1818: 10233: 11942: 11689: 7438: 7305: 7048:, the gospels show little interest in synchronizing the episodes of the birth or subsequent life of Jesus with the secular history of the age. 4669: 4157: 250: 61: 10574: 3362:, and two different accounts can be found in this regard. Traditional scholarship on the subject stood on traditional theology. It emphasized 3064:

and a minority of commentators, the Christian vision of Jesus' death for the redemption of mankind was only possible in a Hellenised milieu.

11501: 10674: 5740: 4105:

during a visit by some of these Christians and therefore presenting a poor example to non-Jews joining the Christians. Paul's close coworker

2072: 436: 10805:

Porter, Stanley E. (1999). "Resurrection, the Greeks and the New Testament". In Porter, Stanley E.; Hayes, Michael A.; Tombs, David (eds.).

7723: 3747: 13487: 12209: 8249: 9745: 9561: 13394: 13301: 13135: 12673: 10990: 8649: 3455: 1057: 1020: 8064: 3100:. The first century BC and first century AD saw a growing number of charismatic religious leaders contributing to what would become the 2923:, meaning "followers of Christ", by the non-Jewish inhabitants of Antioch. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: 12246: 11350: 8084: 4664:

so clearly insisted upon. Christians, according to Barnabas, are the only true covenant people, and the Jewish people are no longer in

3271: 10651: 4455: 3587: 13492: 13323: 11552: 8490: 1996: 8991:, Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism 1992 (2nd: 1999: Wm. B. Eerdmans). p1 in the 1992 edition. 6411:, and others) existed for some time, and a few of them seem to have endured for several centuries. Some sects saw in Jesus mainly a 13457: 13379: 13236: 12906: 12873: 12718: 12668: 11975: 11588: 10191: 8158: 7589: 7566:

From One Identity to Another: The Jewish-Christian community of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66-135/6 EC)

5582: 5562: 2019: 10815: 10395: 13482: 13384: 13374: 13130: 11980: 10122: 6466: 6370: 6204: 5537: 3763:

6 then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain until now, but some are fallen asleep;

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By appealing to the Platonic distinction between the material and the ideal, Paul showed how the spirit of Christ could provide

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and further afield. Within the Empire and later elsewhere it was dominated by the gentile-based Christianity which became the

3755:

3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;

13289: 13284: 11454: 11189: 11086: 10908: 10761: 10737: 10663: 10563: 10475: 10456: 10420: 10323: 10295: 9524: 9304: 9200: 9173: 8885: 8844: 8814: 8739: 8396: 8345: 7921: 7573: 7468: 5915:) further note that "The most sophisticated and influential version of the hellenization thesis was forged within the German 5592: 4479: 1062: 10705:

De opstanding van Jezus. Een historische benadering (Was mit Jesus wirklich geschah. Die Auferstehung historisch betrachtet)

7864:

Wright, N. T. (1998). "Christian origins and the resurrection of Jesus: The resurrection of Jesus as a historical problem".

13306: 13017: 12231: 10935:

Shoemaker, Stephen (2018). "Jewish Christianity, Non-Trinitarianism and the Beginnings of Islam". In Mimouni, Simon (ed.).

10496: 8462: 8430: 4661: 1505: 11147: 5291:

in the Quran (usually taken as a reference to Christians, as in Griffith's work) which resembles the Syriac term used for

12969: 12951: 12426: 11046:

Weil, Shalva (1982). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala".

6092:

also had some Jews who no longer circumcised and some Greeks and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did.

5572: 5557: 4016: 1773: 1590: 1580: 820: 11165: 4983: 13497: 13467: 12989: 12024: 11927: 9027: 8141: 7410: 7252: 6884: 6813: 6777: 6648: 4975: 4319: 4235:

has argued that Paul's theology of the spirit is more deeply rooted in Hellenistic Judaism than generally believed. In

4046: 3545: 3282: 2169: 2119: 2084: 1778: 1643: 1510: 9001:

Brown, Raymond E (1983). "Not Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity but Types of Jewish/Gentile Christianity".

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and other conclusions that subsequently became fundamental in the teaching of the Church (the divinity of the Christ,

3900:

8 and being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, yea, the death of the cross.

13452: 12663: 11026: 10960: 10889: 10865: 10684: 10640: 10543: 10524: 10384: 10106: 9704: 9596: 9408: 9384: 9335: 9149: 8775: 8763: 8691: 8643: 8519: 5863: 4967: 4308: 3988: 3713: 3394: 3251: 2920: 2866: 2769: 1861: 1823: 1798: 1718: 1703: 1550: 1490: 1445: 429: 225: 6314: 4196:

claims: "St. Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that St. Peter saw the justice of the rebuke." However,

12441: 12340: 11799: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11182: 9483: 8872:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 2.358. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 210–213. 5446:

and Catholics of non-Jewish origin who choose to keep Jewish customs and traditions in light of Catholic doctrine.

5052: 4463: 4318:

As Christianity grew throughout the gentile world, the developing Christian tradition diverged from its Jewish and

2154: 2136: 2042: 1936: 1788: 1783: 1708: 1673: 1540: 17: 9602: 4982:

in the first decades of the 2nd century, and is believed to have been used by Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in

4687:

instead retained some of the doctrines and practices of 1st-century Judaism while rejecting others. They held the

13294: 13241: 13231: 13145: 12926: 12526: 12256: 11995: 11952: 11835: 11825: 11635: 11598: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11237: 10602:

Griffith, Sidney (2011). "Al-Naṣārā in the Qurʾān: A hermeneutical reflection". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).

7301: 6424: 5815: 5775: 5552: 4622: 4451: 4220:) between the two other "prominent leading figures" of early Christianity: Paul and James, the brother of Jesus. 2971: 2672: 2571: 2126: 2109: 2062: 1961: 1871: 1808: 1758: 1738: 1733: 1653: 1627: 1602: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1440: 1435: 8806:

When Christians were Jews (that is, now): Recovering the lost Jewishness of Christianity with the Gospel of Mark

6767: 4137:). Nevertheless, Judaizing continued to be encouraged for several centuries, particularly by Jewish Christians. 3888:: 5–11 contains the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being: 13462: 12840: 12808: 12635: 12554: 11985: 11755: 11671: 11562: 9063: 9033: 7711: 7661: 7640: 7620: 7434: 7272: 7014: 6976: 6850: 6594: 6043:

According to Mack, he may have been converted to another early strand of Christianity, with a High Christology.

6030:

Christianity relies heavily on these teachings and considers them to be amplifications and explanations of the

5825: 5670: 4054: 3341: 3008:. The inroads into Judaism gave rise to Hellenistic Judaism in the Jewish diaspora which sought to establish a 2889:

Early Jewish Christians (i.e. the Jewish followers of Jesus) referred to themselves as followers of "The Way" (

2881:

in AD 70 were main events, the separation was a long-term process, in which the boundaries were not clear-cut.

2145: 2131: 2099: 2079: 2047: 1991: 1966: 1941: 1921: 1911: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1866: 1856: 1851: 1828: 1743: 1728: 1648: 1607: 1560: 1555: 1475: 1420: 8005: 13140: 12830: 12820: 12584: 12241: 12039: 12009: 11850: 11701: 11654: 11392: 7392: 5391: 3492: 2566: 2104: 2089: 2052: 2014: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1956: 1951: 1931: 1916: 1901: 1876: 1842: 1813: 1713: 1698: 1622: 1612: 1530: 1500: 1425: 1411: 240: 100: 30:

This article is about the historical concept. For a comparison of the two religions as they exist today, see

11125: 10250: 13447: 13311: 13150: 12896: 12866: 12019: 9951:"Naṣrānī (Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam" 8635: 5859: 5519: 5211:

Today, certain families are associated with descent from the early Jewish Christians of Antioch, Damascus,

4923: 4753: 4471: 4012: 2859: 2174: 2094: 2057: 1981: 1926: 1793: 1768: 1693: 1668: 1658: 1597: 1520: 1515: 1495: 1485: 1465: 1450: 1343: 1047: 811: 806: 422: 287: 230: 45: 9216:

Goldenberg, Robert (January 2002). "Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism".

6605:

has problems, the most useful is probably that they were believers in Jesus, of ethnic Jewish origin, who

5855: 4581: 13477: 13160: 13155: 12999: 12979: 12383: 12029: 12014: 12000: 11907: 11897: 11387: 8766:, Pp. 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, 8297: 6931: 6498: 6141: 5851: 4880:, who made a distinction between the Nazarenes of their time and the "Nazarenes" mentioned in Acts 24:5. 4765: 4684: 4545:, they were relatively unconcerned with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish-Roman War. 4268: 4126: 3661: 3444: 3429: 3191: 3081: 2164: 2159: 2114: 2067: 1753: 1723: 1683: 1678: 1535: 841: 10214: 4676:, rightly understood, serve as a foretelling of Christ and its laws often contain allegorical meanings. 4183:) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general, gentiles) ( 3896:

6 who, existing in the form of God, counted not the being on an equality with God a thing to be grasped,

3194:. Early Christians cited this chapter to claim that Jesus was the messiah and the son of god and negate 2903:, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me." According to 12941: 12936: 12034: 11902: 11706: 6664: 5830: 5720: 5705: 5567: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4350:

and less theologically homogeneous than in modern day. Both religions were significantly influenced by

4204:

claims: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as

3701: 3634::6–11, the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being. 3417: 2878: 2874: 2836: 2800: 2638: 2483: 2191: 1585: 781: 771: 507: 10154: 9374: 8308: 4070:, which opened the way for a much larger Christian Church, extending far beyond the Jewish community. 3800:

scholars argue in favor of a real, concrete, material resurrection of a transformed body, secular and

13083: 12813: 12296: 11760: 11650: 10396:"De l'Église de la circoncision à l'Église de la gentilité – sur une nouvelle voie hors de l'impasse" 10230: 9078:

Philippe Bobichon,"L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr",

8319: 5632: 5612: 5587: 5356: 5348: 5341: 5244: 4447: 4299:

emergence of Christianity as a distinct religion, because it justified a Judaism without Jewish law.

3904:

10 that in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of in heaven and on earth and under the earth,

3591: 3582: 2752: 2445: 2296: 2237: 1128: 170: 4134: 3759:

4 and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures;

3487:. In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who believed that Jesus was the 3439:, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: Jewish Christianity, Hellenistic Christianity, 12835: 12803: 12698: 12378: 12191: 11684: 11620: 10583: 9845: 7568:]. collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive (in French). Paris: Éditions du Cerf. 6061:

distinctions between what would appear to be significantly different subtypes of Christ movements."

5871: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5665: 5542: 4994: 3930: 3737: 3321: 3304:

at the hands of the Roman authorities in Jerusalem. After his death, he appeared to his followers,

3233: 3030: 3013: 2455: 2435: 1545: 1025: 566: 31: 12219: 8903:

Bourgel, Jonathan (2017). "The holders of the 'Word of Truth': The Pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine

7359:"Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' Nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature" 5316:

In modern times, the term "Jewish Christian" or "Christian Jew" is generally used in reference to

4165: 3908:

11 and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

13251: 12916: 12911: 12859: 12106: 12046: 11922: 11804: 11603: 11205: 11130: 8380: 6660: 5959: 5675: 5329: 5317: 5303:, and dietary restrictions associated with the Christian community. In turn, Shaddel argued that 4990: 4935: 4757: 4749: 4542: 4213: 4149: 3823:

argue that cognitive dissonance influenced the inspiration for resurrection belief. According to

3627: 3469: 3436: 2916: 2832: 2596: 2586: 2551: 2430: 2420: 2203: 1374: 1316: 1150: 829: 786: 501: 366: 304: 294: 10413:

Unity and diversity in the New Testament: An inquiry into the character of earliest Christianity

5428:

as holy scripture, though most of them do not use the label "Christian" to describe themselves.

4660:, or an anonymous author using the name Barnabas. In no other writing of that early time is the 3812:

argue that there are sufficient arguments for the historicity of the resurrection. According to

3183: 3115:

The gospels contain strong condemnations of the Pharisees, though there is a clear influence of

13277: 13078: 12766: 12653: 12271: 11892: 11813: 11789: 11221: 9841: 9734: 9553: 7398: 6415:

and not the "Christ", others seem to have believed in him as the Messiah, but did not draw the

6361: 5867: 5607: 5547: 5523: 5395: 5280: 5056: 4355: 3797: 3681: 3653: 3387: 3161: 2715: 2450: 2364: 1430: 982: 601: 571: 115: 11014: 10982: 9512: 8867: 8834: 8804: 8671: 8623: 8056: 7680: 7456: 5903: 5336:

into the Christian mainstream, but they may also retain a strong sense of attachment to their

3902:

9 Wherefore also God highly exalted him, and gave unto him the name which is above every name;

13349: 13328: 13267: 13262: 13088: 13022: 12761: 12703: 12594: 12589: 12467: 12461: 12261: 11809: 11774: 11679: 11593: 11375: 10816:"On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qura'n and the Many Aspects of Qur'anic Rhetoric" 10725: 10632: 10624: 10093: 9855: 9850: 9471:

Histoire de la littérature grecque chrétienne, t. II/5 : De Paul apôtre à Irénée de Lyon

8495: 7911: 7326: 6667:, did it begin to lose its influence as the center of Jesus movement. Ironically, it was the 6057: 5912: 5413: 5300: 5284: 4909: 4900: 4869: 4808: 4741: 4431: 4327: 4192: 4094: 3717: 3599: 3561: 3421: 3405: 3305: 3292: 3229: 3034: 2987: 2606: 2601: 2546: 2334: 1249: 977: 964: 859: 576: 361: 316: 299: 83: 8947:"Autorités religieuses juives et « sectes » juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr" 6177:

How people answered these questioned depended largely on their position prior to the revolt.

5887:

Sect of “The Way”, “The Nazarenes” & “Christians” : Names given to the Early Church

4401:, but this is disputed. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries. 13009: 12994: 12751: 12708: 12658: 12446: 12398: 12393: 12368: 12204: 12158: 12061: 12051: 11887: 11880: 11731: 11645: 11417: 11407: 11370: 8983:

Alexander, Philip S. "'The Parting of the Ways' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism".

6656: 5790: 5617: 5408:. Its adherents, many of whom are ethnically Jewish, worship in congregations which recite 5173: 4947: 4653: 4629: 4359: 4351: 4161: 4145: 4130: 4078: 4067: 4024: 3992: 3301: 2959: 2852: 2808: 2677: 2629: 2369: 2227: 1040: 905: 894: 852: 356: 7203:"The Early High Christology Club and Bart Ehrman — An Excerpt from "How God Became Jesus"" 8: 13354: 13194: 13027: 12775: 12756: 12496: 12491: 12418: 12136: 12111: 11990: 11970: 11917: 11818: 11716: 11613: 11581: 11525: 8543:

who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity.

8388: 7960:, edited by Stanley E. Porter, Michael A. Hayes and David Tombs, Sheffield Academic Press 6640: 6428: 5690: 5655: 5505: 5463: 5432: 5375: 5333: 5260: 5086: 5082: 4665: 4657: 4641: 4443: 4331: 4171:) that circumcision was not a requirement. In Galatians, Paul says that James, Peter and 4122: 4020: 3779: 3697: 3496: 2997: 2991: 2967: 2934:

The term "Jewish Christian" appears in modern historical texts contrasting Christians of

2928: 2730: 2425: 1098: 970: 873: 866: 796: 684: 559: 409: 205: 110: 8537:, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, page 577, by James D. G. Dunn: "For 6153:

consequences. Religious ideas and innovations can cross the borders in both directions."

5320:

who have either converted to or been raised in Christianity. They are mostly members of

4286:

people a way to worship the God who had previously been worshipped only by Jews, Jewish

4148:, where Paul met with the "pillars of Jerusalem Church" (whom Paul identifies as Peter, 3308:

from death. After forty days he ascended to Heaven, but his followers believed he would

13369: 12984: 12964: 12723: 12473: 12403: 12320: 12308: 12285: 12081: 11855: 11696: 11640: 11630: 11432: 11216: 11081:. Christian origins and the question of God. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 11063: 10751: 10449:

The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition

10403: 10354: 10183: 9978: 9241: 8601: 8457: 8425: 6709:

Playing a Jewish game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the first and Second Centuries AD

6509: 6396: 6208: 5765: 5685: 5602: 4927: 4877: 4865: 4812: 4554: 4339: 3898:

7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men;

3733: 3643: 3488: 3317: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3054: 2963: 2947: 2904: 2870: 2840: 2824: 2816: 2581: 2531: 2478: 2473: 2387: 2257: 1525: 1354: 1108: 1033: 887: 453: 11794: 9469:

Bobichon, Philippe (2013). "L'Épître de Barnabé". In Pouderon, B; Norelli, E. (eds.).

9409:"OzTorah » Blog Archive » Jewish attitudes to Gentiles in the First Century" 7073:

Vermes, Géza (2006-11-02). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 64.

6356: 5183:, Northwestern Syria and Lebanon. Counting members of the surviving minorities in the 4856:

of first-century Judaism. The first use of the term "sect of the Nazarenes" is in the

4259:(which is false). Judaism is a material religion, in which membership is based not on 3491:. As Christianity grew and developed, Jewish Christians became only one strand of the 3164:

of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE, promising a future "anointed" leader or

2900: 13401: 13272: 13187: 13110: 13073: 13037: 12648: 12567: 12562: 12516: 12456: 12325: 12121: 11506: 11427: 11365: 11092: 11082: 11067: 11022: 11010: 11006: 10956: 10904: 10885: 10861: 10757: 10733: 10680: 10659: 10636: 10559: 10539: 10520: 10492: 10471: 10452: 10426: 10416: 10380: 10319: 10291: 10102: 9970: 9919: 9898:"The Deadlocked Debate about the Role of the Jewish Christians at the Birth of Islam" 9592: 9520: 9390: 9380: 9331: 9310: 9300: 9233: 9196: 9169: 9145: 9059: 9023: 8966: 8924: 8891: 8881: 8840: 8810: 8771: 8759: 8745: 8735: 8687: 8639: 8571: 8515: 8392: 8366:"Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" 8365: 8341: 8137: 7917: 7707: 7657: 7636: 7616: 7569: 7562:

D'une identité à l'autre? : La communauté judéo-chrétienne de Jérusalem (66-135)

7464: 7430: 7406: 7297: 7268: 7248: 7010: 6972: 6880: 6846: 6809: 6802: 6773: 6644: 6590: 6384: 6258: 6071:

against the Jesus-movement in general, because it offended his Pharisaic convictions.

6031: 5795: 5750: 5622: 5577: 5401: 5164:

heritage to the Southern Anatolian ('Cilician') and Syrian Hellenized Greek-speaking

5044: 4905: 4439: 4405: 4394: 4074: 3809: 3801: 3774: 3595: 3527:

attendance, and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest followers of Jesus.

3375: 3347: 3297: 3286: 3157: 3109: 2848: 2725: 2667: 2647: 2464: 2024: 1663: 1123: 994: 924: 801: 714: 581: 346: 275: 175: 35: 12511: 7167: 6525: 6470: 3630:. This group venerated the risen Christ, who had appeared to several persons, as in 13182: 13068: 13063: 13042: 12974: 12921: 12408: 12348: 11736: 11721: 11422: 11402: 11397: 11380: 11360: 11055: 10949: 10830: 10620: 10346: 9962: 9909: 9249: 9225: 8984: 8958: 8916: 8873: 8593: 8589: 8384: 7370: 7339: 6388: 5660: 5627: 5439: 5405: 5138: 5118: 5114: 4951: 4943: 4827: 4761: 4733: 4649: 4526: 4518: 4409: 4240: 4209: 4197: 4172: 4153: 4082: 4039: 3846:

man and prophet, who was therefore resurrected and exalted. In time, Messianistic,

3828: 3665: 3619: 3569: 3557: 3462: 3379: 3363: 3355: 3337: 3173: 3116: 3105: 3077: 2695: 2576: 2536: 2500: 2198: 1748: 1259: 1015: 919: 834: 724: 516: 371: 326: 280: 120: 90: 7984:

Hellenistic Influence on the Idea of Resurrection in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature

6383:

A major difficulty in tracing the growth of Christianity from its beginnings as a

5027: 4796:, meaning "the poor" or "poor ones") suggests that they placed a special value on 13344: 13174: 13122: 13098: 13093: 12781: 12683: 12621: 12363: 12314: 11860: 11515: 11169: 11106:

The Qur ͗ān's legal culture: the "Didascalia Apostolorum" as a point of departure

11076: 10879: 10875: 10855: 10851: 10553: 10486: 10285: 10237: 10218: 9490: 9363:, Volume I: "The Roots of the Problem and the Person". Doubleday Press. pp. 43–44 9190: 9163: 9090: 8717: 8576: 7596: 7296:

McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006).

7176: 6610: 6532: 6477: 6400: 6221: 6089: 5875: 5755: 5730: 5443: 5352: 5337: 5321: 5272: 5142: 4847: 4606: 4538: 4390: 4379: 4363: 4252: 3804:

scholars typically argue in favor of more naturalistic explanations, such as the

3793: 3669: 3656:

of the 2nd century BC to 1st century BC, promising a future "anointed" leader or

3603: 3539: 3508: 3093: 3072:

During the early first century AD, there were many competing Jewish sects in the

3020: 3005: 2828: 2657: 2616: 2611: 2591: 2513: 2507: 2440: 2392: 2232: 2213: 1364: 1088: 1005: 988: 532: 150: 8451: 8419: 13364: 13032: 12931: 12882: 12785: 12771: 12746: 12741: 12532: 12506: 12436: 12251: 12153: 12148: 12131: 12071: 11965: 11912: 11741: 11661: 11510: 11059: 10944: 10747: 10721: 8839:. Christian origins and the question of God. Fortress Press. pp. 164–165. 8709:

The lost religion of Jesus: simple living and nonviolence in early Christianity

7913:

Unmasking the pagan Christ: An evangelical response to the cosmic Christ theory

6988: 6628: 6392: 6088:, who were predominant; however, this is an oversimplification, as 1st-century 6019: 5785: 5780: 5715: 5710: 5700: 5491: 5477: 5409: 5220: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5067: 5063: 5048: 5016: 4971: 4931: 4861: 4797: 4769: 4416: 4232: 4050: 3977: 3921: 3549: 3440: 3425: 3398: 3383: 3367: 3346:

Proponents of higher criticism claim that regardless of how one interprets the

3313: 3195: 3169: 3025: 3001: 2908: 2757: 2556: 2411: 2291: 2270: 2247: 2242: 2220: 2208: 1803: 1284: 1218: 1183: 1161: 1093: 936: 914: 776: 755: 731: 497: 479: 397: 105: 10989:. Department of Religious Studies; University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 10834: 10358: 10334: 10314:

Cameron, Ron (1992). "Hebrews, Gospel of the". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.).

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of the 19th century was an initiative which was largely led and integrated by

5179:('Greco-Syrians'), founders of the original "Antiochian Greek" communities of 4101:

in order to be saved. Paul criticized Peter for himself declining to eat with

3450:

The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish

13441: 13389: 12688: 12625: 12614: 12501: 12388: 12291: 12279: 12143: 12116: 12056: 11535: 11355: 11162: 9974: 9923: 9700: 9314: 9237: 8970: 8928: 8895: 8619: 8376: 7374: 7210: 6969:

Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee

6659:. This lost Christianity held sway during Paul's lifetime, and only with the 6636: 6579:

The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature

5955: 5941: 5770: 5735: 5645: 5641: 5425: 5387: 5379: 5325: 5161: 5106: 5074: 4835: 4609:" later came to be used as a label for those Christians who were faithful to 4560: 4160:. According to Acts, James played a prominent role in the formulation of the 4114: 4035: 3965: 3961: 3885: 3843: 3741: 3729: 3721: 3631: 3325: 3309: 3124: 2943: 2705: 2700: 1906: 1833: 1359: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1166: 1118: 880: 719: 624: 586: 537: 11096: 10920:"Qurʾānic ummī: Genealogy, Ethnicity, and the Foundation of a New Community" 10430: 9955:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

9394: 8749: 8597: 8265:"The "Hellenists" of Acts: Dubious Assumptions and an Important Publication" 3461:

Conversely, Margaret Barker argues that early Christianity has roots in pre-

13426: 13047: 12713: 12643: 12521: 12330: 12301: 12168: 11865: 11608: 11567: 11021:. translated by George Ogg (2 ed.). John Knox Press. pp. 134–78. 10844:

The Qur'an's Reformation of Judaism and Christianity: Return to the Origins

10468:

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

9582: 8962: 8920: 8683: 6586: 6187: 5637: 5528: 5514: 5201: 5090: 4892: 4857: 4673: 4485: 4435: 4244: 4118: 3957: 3677: 3598:, but it is traditionally believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the 3484: 3473: 2735: 2561: 2402: 2397: 2355: 2308: 1402: 1269: 1254: 1213: 1178: 791: 633: 180: 11174: 10881:

The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition?

9519:(3rd revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 526. 9266: 9229: 7600: 7463:(3rd revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 862. 7245:

The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament

6080:

These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean

3664:", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. This corresponded with the 3590:

were "of the circumcision". The Romans destroyed the Jewish leadership in

12353: 12214: 12185: 12126: 12101: 12096: 11960: 11875: 11769: 11750: 11459: 7045: 6416: 6412: 6408: 5800: 5364: 5149: 5020: 4979: 4959: 4955: 4939: 4819: 4816: 4640:

Growing anti-Jewish sentiment among early Christians is evidenced by the

4367: 4184: 4141: 4058: 3968:

gospels reflect a similar observance of traditional Jewish piety such as

3941: 3875: 3872: 3835: 3824: 3813: 3647: 3553: 3359: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3038: 2804: 2720: 2662: 2327: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1193: 95: 9914: 9897: 6827:

The Messiah before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

6582: 5404:

is a religious movement which incorporates elements of Judaism with the

5134: 4569: 3432:, Marcionites, Gnostics and the Jewish followers of Jesus. According to 3350:, he must be understood in context as a 1st-century Middle Eastern Jew. 3000:

had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in the

13406: 12959: 12733: 12483: 12431: 12236: 12066: 11711: 11540: 11484: 11479: 10842:

Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2019). "On the Qur'an and Christian heresies".

10773:

Wie schreven het Nieuwe Testament werkelijk? Feiten, mythen en motieven

10555:

From Jesus to Christ: The origins of the new testament images of Christ

9982: 9950: 9586: 9245: 8605: 8242:"Paul's "Persecution" of Jewish Jesus-Followers: Nature & Cause(s)" 6804:

The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls

6581:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 158. 6015: 5383: 4920: 4823: 4692: 4680: 4398: 4375: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4272: 3937: 3789: 3516: 3451: 3433: 3177: 3050: 2378: 1392: 1321: 1279: 1103: 1083: 647: 554: 474: 235: 145: 10604:

New Perspectives on the Qur'an: The Qur'an in its Historical Context 2

10508:

How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee

4635: 4628:

Jewish Christians constituted a community which was separate from the

13199: 13103: 12728: 12678: 12604: 12599: 12373: 12358: 12086: 12076: 11779: 11765: 11489: 9494: 8679: 7442: 7309: 7138:

The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden religion swept the World

6404: 6280:

Research from 1975 to the Present: What are Critical Scholars Saying?

6027: 5760: 5745: 5725: 5597: 5292: 5110: 5037: 4963: 4884: 4726: 4618: 4522: 4510: 4467: 4358:

and the works of the Greek-speaking Jewish authors of the end of the

4347: 4323: 4248: 4239:

Boyarin argues that the Apostle Paul combined the life of Jesus with

4180: 4156:) over whether gentile Christians need to keep the Jewish Law and be 4110: 3964:

attendance and traditional Jewish home prayer. Other passages in the

3783: 3725: 3673: 3607: 3524: 3123:

in the Gospel sayings. Belief in the resurrection of the dead in the

3112:

would lead to the emergence of the first Jewish Christian community.

3089: 3085: 3073: 2541: 2526: 1616: 1564: 1326: 1274: 1264: 945: 941: 931: 846: 606: 376: 200: 140: 11135: 9253: 9017: 8946: 7358: 3769:

8 and last of all, as to the untimely born, he appeared to me also.

3416:

Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new

1294: 13359: 13219: 12572: 12451: 12091: 11870: 11784: 11530: 11520: 11474: 11469: 11464: 10919: 10350: 9165:

Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism

9104:

Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism

8809:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cowley Publications. pp. 112–113. 7402: 6149: 5252: 5224: 5204:

of Antioch and Jerusalem ("Orthodox" in the narrow sense) or their

4737: 4645: 4614: 4106: 3879: 3685: 3577: 3512: 3408:

philosopher, the Jewish Messiah, and the prophet of social change.

2710: 2320: 2252: 1078: 591: 542: 10955:. Oxford Bible Series (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 10696:

Van totem tot verrezen Heer. Een historisch-antropologisch verhaal

9269:(2008). "Islam: Past, Present and Future". One World Publications. 7986:, responds to Porter's thesis, referencing Porter as stating such. 7530: 7528: 7009:. Minneapolis, MIN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 35–47. 6205:

Historical background to the issue of Biblical law in Christianity

3728:

doctrine), and his resurrection provided the belief that he would

3390:. His remaining disciples later believed that he was resurrected. 13214: 13209: 12851: 12609: 12539: 12199: 12163: 10258: 10155:"A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates" 9058:. Minneapolis, MIN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 9–19. 9019:

Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)

8631: 6551: 6420: 5935: 5879: 5695: 5680: 5532: 5457: 5421: 5417: 5371:, were more assertive of their Jewish identity and independence. 5296: 5295:, the resemblance between the description of Mary as part of the 5256: 5248: 5236: 5216: 5180: 5176: 5153: 5060: 5010: 4896: 4745: 4704: 4610: 4514: 4506: 4475: 4343: 4264: 4102: 4098: 4063: 4000: 3969: 3693: 3689: 3657: 3504: 3465: 3401: 3165: 3101: 3097: 3009: 2939: 2820: 2686: 2652: 2521: 2315: 1304: 1299: 1171: 957: 953: 949: 698: 693: 670: 652: 527: 522: 512: 490: 465: 404: 321: 9450: 7590:

The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice

6876:

The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other

5652:

and many Jewish traditions which are not supported by Scripture.

5047:

have survived partially to the present, notably in the distinct

4934:

and in apocryphal writings. The fragments contain traditions of

4930:; only fragments of it survive as brief quotations by the early 4548: 3700:(6 AD), although full-scale open revolt did not occur until the 3548:

was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which

13316: 13224: 13204: 11625: 11545: 11412: 10488:

Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth

9192:

Rebecca's children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman world

8585: 8036: 8034: 7525: 7513: 7267:, Volume 1 by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young (2006) 6085: 5649: 5240: 5232: 5169: 5165: 5122: 5078: 5041: 5033: 5028:

Surviving Byzantine and 'Syriac' communities in the Middle East

4998: 4873: 4831: 4782: 4696: 4688: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4228: 3945: 3847: 3520: 3187: 3186:

was another source of Jewish messianism, which was prompted by

3049:, until its decline in the 3rd century parallel to the rise of 2935: 2346: 2341: 2301: 2286: 1397: 1289: 709: 675: 661: 596: 351: 11152: 11019:

New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings Volume 1

11017:. In Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Wilson, Robert McLachlan (eds.). 10095:

How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement

9511:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) .

9341: 7746: 7455:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) .

6263:"What Does It Mean that Jesus Is 'The Firstborn from the Dead? 5157: 5102: 4313: 12173: 10753:

Who wrote the New Testament? The making of the Christian myth

7821: 6842:

The Review of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern

6606: 6145: 5212: 5205: 4773: 4496:

Full-scale, open revolt against the Romans occurred with the

4371: 4004: 3973: 3623: 3500: 3265: 3120: 2890: 2844: 2812: 1309: 738: 642: 611: 78: 11148:

Jewish Encyclopedia: Christianity in its Relation to Judaism

10307:

The Remembered Peter: In Ancient Reception and Modern Debate

10240:. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012. 10211: 9877: 9299:. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 19. 8031: 7952:

Stanley E. Porter, Michael A. Hayes and David Tombs (1999),

7084:

Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology

5924:. Bousset envisions two forms of pre-Pauline Christianity: " 5416:(able to accept Jesus as the Messiah), often observe kosher 4756:; the Hebrew Book of Matthew starting at chapter 3; revered 3172:", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. According to 11157: 10440:

The Study of Islamic Origins: New Perspectives and Contexts

9786: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 7893: 7891: 7681:

Conclusion: The Name of the Lord – The Name Above All Names

7489: 6995:(2nd ed.), (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) p. xxiii 6081: 5228: 4908:. However, unlike half of the Ebionites, they accepted the 4888: 4853: 4216:", has proposed that Peter was the "bridge-man" (i.e., the 4168: 461: 9848:. In Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (eds.). 9735:"The Virgin Birth – An Inquiry into the Biblical Doctrine" 9110: 9095: 8756:

Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, 70 to 135 AD

7971:

Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity

7938:

Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity

6436: 6014:

The term "Pauline Christianity" is generally considered a

5369:

London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews

4736:." They regarded Jesus as the Messiah while rejecting his 4302: 4045:

Paul was in contact with the early Christian community in

3712:

According to the New Testament, people reported that they

10025: 9930: 9854:. Vol. 1. Toronto: George N. Morang & Company / 9810: 9762: 9438: 7811: 7809: 7782: 4176: 4093:

Some early Jewish Christians believed that non-Jews must

8786: 8784: 8340:. Chesterton, IN: Ancient Faith Publishing. p. 20. 8089: 7888: 7876: 7558:

On the Jerusalem Church between the Jewish revolts see:

7100: 6938: 6747: 6735: 6669:

production and final editing of the New Testament itself

6633:

Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity

4997:

of Matthew partially reconstructed from the writings of

4662:

separation of the gentile Christians from observant Jews

4486:

First Jewish–Roman War and the destruction of the Temple

3892:

5 Have this mind in you, which was also in Christ Jesus:

11131:

Patheos.com: The Beginnings and Origins of Christianity

10972:

The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity

10615:. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut. 10318:. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Doubleday. pp. 105–6. 10073: 9798: 8734:. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. pp. 190–192. 8211: 8209: 7540: 7501: 7278: 6905: 6903: 6168:

How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?

5412:. They also baptize messianic believers who are of the 4974:, showing a high regard for James as the leader of the 3096:, but also other less influential sects, including the 12791:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

11136:

Originsofchristianity.net: The Origins of Christianity

10212:

Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia

10061: 9989: 9822: 9195:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 8828: 8826: 7833: 7806: 5340:. Some Jewish Christians also refer to themselves as " 3925:

that Jesus was the Messiah, and had risen from death.

3878:

and regarded Jesus as the Messiah while rejecting his

3765:

7 then he appeared to James; then to all the apostles;

11126:

Encyclopaedia Britannica: The History of Christianity

10714:

The Mythmaker. Paul and the Invention of Christianity

10654:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). 10049: 10037: 10013: 10001: 9588:

The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity

9122: 8781: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7948: 7946: 7845: 7794: 7323:'Temple Theology: An Introduction' by Margaret Barker 7321:

Collinwood, Dean W. & James W. McConkie. (2006).

7117: 7115: 7055: 7050:

Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi

7028: 7026: 6950: 6577:

Tomson, Peter J.; Lambers-Petry, Doris, eds. (2003).

4691:

to be authoritative and sacred, employing mostly the

4366:

messianic beliefs, and, more importantly, the use of

3983: 3761:

5 and that he appeared to Cephas; then to the twelve;

9774: 9533: 8539:

Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man

8279: 8221: 8206: 8182: 8115: 8113: 8111: 7770: 7477: 7391:

Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C., eds. (2000).

7162: 7160: 7158: 6900: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6232: 5453: 4644:, a late-1st/early-2nd century letter attributed to 4354:

and borrowed allegories and concepts from Classical

4029: 2325: 2306: 729: 11153:

Nazarene Israel: the Original Faith of the Apostles

8823: 8194: 7672: 7670: 7143: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6576: 5101:Members of these communities still call themselves 4993:is the title given to fragments of one of the lost 4636:

Growing anti-Jewish sentiment in Christian writings

4600: 4537:Jesus, leading to the claim that the 'true' Israel 4412:, and Christianity emerged as a distinct religion. 3560:was in contact with this community. Legitimised by 3479:Jewish Christians were the original members of the 2843:expectations, and it developed into the worship of 10948: 9659:A companion to second-century Christian "heretics" 9426: 8574:(1981). "The Disappearance of the 'God-Fearers'". 8554: 8552: 8012: 7943: 7112: 7089: 7023: 6838: 6801: 6769:The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ 6395:became accepted as expressing the doctrine of the 6140:, p. 15) adds that "without the power of the 3130: 11005: 10400:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Liber Annuus XLIII 10184:"American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million" 10149: 10147: 9622: 8670:Feldman, Louis H.; Reinhold, Meyer, eds. (1996). 8618: 8499:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8359: 8357: 8170: 8108: 7247:by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 7155: 7132: 7130: 6563: 6526:http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/19.htm 6471:http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb//acts/19.htm 5219:. Some of those families carry surnames such as 4430:Jewish Christianity fell into decline during the 3960:reports that the early followers continued daily 3397:are supported by mainstream scholars, namely the 3291:According to Christian denominations, the bodily 13439: 9851:Encyclopaedia biblica: A dictionary of the bible 9683:The principal doctrines of Christianity defended 8869:Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James 7667: 7454: 6879:. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–238. 6845:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–112. 6714: 6448: 6171:How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world? 3951: 2976: 10730:A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins 10515:Elwell, Walter; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001). 10335:"Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān (Part One)" 10123:"How many Jews are there in the United States?" 9361:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 8676:Jewish Life and Thought among Greeks and Romans 8669: 8549: 8371:. In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). 8134:The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God 7910:Porter, Stanley E.; Bedard, Stephen J. (2006). 6665:destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 AD 6190:and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, 5954:The notion of Apocalyptic prophet is shared by 4707:was another continuation of a Judaic practice. 4683:rejected all Jewish influence on Christianity, 4175:will minister to the "circumcised" (in general 4081:and the rest of the New Testament, such as the 3999:, c. 1618-1620 (Blaffer Foundation Collection, 3720:(belief in the resurrection of the dead in the 13473:Christianity and Judaism related controversies 10676:An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha 10144: 10091: 8732:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction 8626:. In Attridge, Harold W.; Hata, Gohei (eds.). 8354: 8331: 8329: 8327: 7734:Vermes, Geza (2008a), The Resurrection, p.141. 7127: 6921: 6765: 5640:– A religious movement which accepts both the 5208:offshoots ("Catholic" or "united" with Rome). 3564:, Peter was the first leader of the Jerusalem 3023:from the 3rd century BC, and became a notable 12867: 11190: 10823:Al-Bayan Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies 10514: 9575: 9517:The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church 8951:Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques 7461:The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church 7390: 7363:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 7052:by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 p. 731 6922:Brettler, Marc Zvi; Levine, Amy-Jill (2020). 6872: 6557: 6271: 5741:List of converts to Christianity from Judaism 5424:. Additionally, they recognize the Christian 4744:, and insisted on the necessity of following 4549:Controversies over Passover and the Eucharist 3866: 3468:. The Expositor's Greek Testament interprets 2811:(first century AD). These Jews believed that 2777: 430: 34:. For the modern-day religious movement, see 10937:Judaïsme ancien et origines du christianisme 10702: 10447:Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). 9581: 9379:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. p. 16. 8989:Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways 8051: 8049: 7909: 7634:The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament 7534: 7519: 7495: 6799: 6225: 6165:How to achieve atonement without the Temple? 4710: 4699:translations, and adding other texts as the 3411: 11204: 10619: 10205: 10092:Gundry, Stanley N; Goldberg, Louis (2003). 9645:The Gospel of Matthew and Christian Judaism 9556:. In Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (eds.). 9551: 9277: 9275: 8324: 8040: 7386: 7384: 6683:Theological dictionary of the New Testament 6174:How to connect present and past traditions? 5378:, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult 4314:Emergence as separate religious communities 3503:and adherence to Jewish traditions such as 2823:. Jewish Christianity is the foundation of 1021:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12874: 12860: 11197: 11183: 11119: 10983:"Ancient Judaism: Nazarenes and Ebionites" 10551: 10365: 9726: 9347: 9215: 9015: 7827: 7815: 7258: 6442: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 5386:, and most of them identify themselves as 5125:. The term "Rûm" is used in preference to 4415:Talmudist and professor of Jewish studies 3796:along with the resurrection itself. While 3272:Historical background of the New Testament 2784: 2770: 437: 423: 11103: 10934: 10304: 10287:The historical reliability of the gospels 10224: 10067: 9995: 9913: 9840: 8363: 8046: 7546: 7238: 6924:"Psalm 2: Is the Messiah the Son of God?" 6548:, publisher: Herder, Freiburg, pp. 353–72 6315:"How Jewish Christians Became Christians" 5864:English translations of the New Testament 5311: 4223: 3252:Learn how and when to remove this message 2915:) was first used in reference to Jesus's 27:Proto-Christian breakaway Jewish movement 10969: 10841: 10813: 10658:. Mercer University Press. p. 364. 10601: 10582:(PhD). Hebrew University. Archived from 10446: 10283: 10055: 10043: 10019: 9948: 9895: 9883: 9871:Judaic Christianity: Extinct or Evolved? 9468: 9272: 9106:. Stanford University Press. p. 15. 8944: 8489:Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1910). " 7776: 7381: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 6623: 6621: 6312: 5908: 5899: 5878:version reads, "the way of God" and the 5850:It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, 5563:Christian observances of Jewish holidays 5442:are a movement of Jews who converted to 4397:in 90 that excluded Christians from the 4294:, although Jews claimed that he was the 4088: 3987: 2839:Christianity. Christianity started with 12615:Fostering of early experimental science 10943: 10917: 10898: 10711: 10572: 10558:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 10393: 10313: 10031: 9896:Sánchez, del Río; F, Francisco (2021). 9828: 9768: 9693: 9456: 9372: 9161: 8902: 8836:The New Testament and the people of God 8570: 8558: 8488: 8285: 8156: 7559: 7356: 7149: 7106: 7061: 6544:E. Peterson (1959), "Christianus." In: 6467:Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary 6291: 6252: 6137: 6113: 5538:Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy 5070:of Southern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. 4525:survived, the latter transforming into 4466:and which took control of sites in the 4303:Split of early Christianity and Judaism 4057:. He adopted the name Paul and started 3714:encountered Jesus after his crucifixion 3223:not related to the topic of the article 14: 13440: 12719:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 11141: 11074: 11036: 10804: 10782: 10672: 10610: 10505: 10484: 10465: 9816: 9792: 9168:. Figurae. Stanford University Press. 9116: 9056:Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 9053: 8832: 8802: 8335: 8025: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7800: 7788: 7752: 7691: 7507: 7483: 7121: 7095: 7032: 7007:Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 7004: 6956: 6357:"Christianity: Severance from Judaism" 5332:congregations, and they are generally 3853: 2942:Christians, both in discussion of the 2819:and they continued their adherence to 12855: 11178: 10980: 10924:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 10874: 10850: 10693: 10533: 10374: 10332: 10007: 9936: 9444: 9432: 9188: 9128: 9000: 8865: 8790: 8758:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), 8729: 8514:. Harper San Francisco. p. 170. 8509: 8373:Language, Religion and the Human Mind 8131: 7897: 7882: 7704:Creeds of the Churches, Third Edition 7676: 7340:"John 4: Expositor's Greek Testament" 7265:The Cambridge History of Christianity 7200: 7181: 6944: 6909: 6753: 6741: 6627: 6618: 6421:trinitarian conception of the Godhead 6373:from the original on 17 December 2018 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6125: 6101: 6053: 5583:Church's Ministry Among Jewish People 5266: 4958:characterized by the belief that the 4887:, in that they considered themselves 3676:kingdom, it was directed against the 3530: 3420:, one that attracted both Jewish and 3386:in the 1st-century Roman province of 13018:Timeline of the Second Temple period 11045: 10770: 10746: 10720: 10649: 10410: 10290:(2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press. 9868: 9804: 9780: 9732: 9680: 9539: 9297:Modern Jews engage the New Testament 9294: 8263:Hurtado, Larry (November 12, 2014). 8240:Hurtado, Larry (November 11, 2014). 8227: 8215: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8119: 8102: 7284: 6729: 5355:, and they included figures such as 5277:Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad 5077:traits inhered from the fusion of a 4976:Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem 4564: 4456:outside the boundaries of the Empire 3205: 13488:Hellenistic philosophy and religion 10795: 10437: 10415:(3rd ed.). London: SCM Press. 10079: 8628:Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism 8336:Damick, Fr. Andrew Stephen (2011). 7916:. Clements Publishing. p. 91. 6454: 6226: 5573:Christian views on the Old Covenant 5435:, the founder of Ariel Ministries. 4017:Christian views on the Old Covenant 3012:within the culture and language of 24: 12902:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 12881: 11078:The resurrection of the son of God 10703:Lüdemann, Gerd; Özen, Alf (1996). 9699: 9591:. HarperCollins. pp. 172–83. 8909:Journal of Early Christian Studies 8770:, Oxford University Press (2004), 8768:The Romans: From Village to Empire 8389:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012 7766:The Resurrection: History and Myth 7350: 7217:from the original on 21 April 2018 6808:. University of California Press. 6431:and to leave the Jewish community. 6336: 5299:with traditions attributed to the 4883:The Nazarenes were similar to the 4454:, Jewish Christians sought refuge 4442:(c. 150). With persecution by the 4208:, never again to return." Scholar 3984:Paul and the inclusion of gentiles 3688:, began with the formation of the 3331: 3283:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 3276: 3084:were but two of these. There were 3010:Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition 25: 13509: 11158:Netzari Emunah: What is Netzarim? 11114: 11048:Contributions to Indian Sociology 10726:"The Congregations of the Christ" 10377:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah 10366:Cwiekowski, Frederick J. (1988). 9142:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah 8493:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8364:Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017). 6663:in 62 AD, followed by the brutal 5363:1842–1845; some figures, such as 5133:which means "European Greek" or " 4954:. Distinctive features include a 4891:, maintained an adherence to the 4822:, in which Jesus is chosen to be 4309:Split of Christianity and Judaism 4030:Saul of Tarsus (Paul the Apostle) 3716:. They believed that he had been 3637: 3495:, characterised by combining the 3472:as being critical of Judaism and 3395:portraits of the historical Jesus 2867:split of Christianity and Judaism 812:Historical population comparisons 226:Split of Christianity and Judaism 13493:Mosaic law in Christian theology 11075:Wright, Nicholas Thomas (2003). 10798:Acts and the Isaianic New Exodus 10305:Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2010). 10243: 10176: 10115: 10085: 9942: 9889: 9862: 9834: 9674: 9664: 9651: 9637: 9628: 9616: 9545: 9504: 9477: 9473:. Paris: Cerf. pp. 440–454. 9462: 9401: 9366: 9353: 9321: 9288: 9260: 9209: 9182: 9155: 9134: 9072: 9047: 9009: 8994: 8977: 8938: 8853: 8796: 8723: 8700: 8663: 8612: 8564: 8528: 8503: 8482: 8476: 8444: 8412: 8313: 8302: 8291: 8256: 8233: 8150: 8125: 8078: 7560:Bourgel, Jonathan (2015-06-05). 7394:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 6839:Alan J. Avery-Peck, ed. (2005). 6214: 6197: 6180: 6156: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6074: 6064: 6046: 6037: 6008: 5998: 5989: 5498: 5484: 5470: 5456: 5263:(Zacharias), Kolath and others. 5053:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch 4605:In Christian circles, the term " 4601:Rejection of Jewish Christianity 4568: 4533:record the oral law in writing. 4464:State church of the Roman Empire 3586:4.5.3–4: the first 15 Christian 3210: 2879:destruction of the Second Temple 1456:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1370:Historical population by country 403: 391: 60: 13458:Ancient Christian controversies 13232:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 12990:Judah's revolts against Babylon 10993:from the original on 2010-06-10 10987:The Jewish Roman World of Jesus 10814:Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2014). 10339:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 10276: 10194:from the original on 2017-11-29 10165:from the original on 2019-05-05 10133:from the original on 2021-05-29 9751:from the original on 2007-08-21 9715:from the original on 2007-09-30 9605:from the original on 2018-11-20 9564:from the original on 2011-10-16 9415:from the original on 2020-09-28 9080:Revue des Études Augustiniennes 9036:from the original on 2021-11-16 8652:from the original on 2020-08-03 8465:from the original on 2019-03-29 8433:from the original on 2019-03-29 8136:. Westminster John Knox Press. 8067:from the original on 2010-01-08 7989: 7976: 7963: 7930: 7903: 7857: 7758: 7737: 7728: 7717: 7697: 7685: 7646: 7626: 7606: 7582: 7552: 7448: 7429:. Blackwell Publishing (2006). 7419: 7332: 7315: 7290: 7229: 7201:Bouma, Jeremy (27 March 2014). 7076: 7067: 7038: 6998: 6982: 6962: 6915: 6866: 6832: 6793: 6759: 6701: 6688: 6676: 6657:Paul's version of the new faith 6546:Frühkirche, Judentum und Gnosis 6538: 6325:from the original on 2018-12-17 5979: 5965: 5948: 5927: 5893: 5882:version, "the way of the Lord". 5866:capitalize 'the Way' (e.g. the 5844: 5816:Timeline of the Catholic Church 5776:Religious perspectives on Jesus 5558:Christian–Jewish reconciliation 5553:Christianity in the Middle East 4760:(James the Just); and rejected 4117:was initially sympathetic, the 3997:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles 3707: 3192:conquest of Jerusalem in 63 BCE 3131:Jewish and Christian messianism 3127:was a core Pharisaic doctrine. 3067: 2972:Christianity in the 1st century 13483:Early Christianity and Judaism 12578:Separation of church and state 12247:Formal and material principles 12232:Separation of church and state 10901:The historical figure of Jesus 10656:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 10627:. In Miller, Robert J. (ed.). 10606:. Routledge. pp. 301–322. 10576:Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs 10573:Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009). 9858:. pp. 164–186, at p. 186. 9657:Petri Luomanen "Nazarenes" in 9552:Kohler, Kaufmann (1901–1906). 9022:. WA: Mascarat. p. ????. 8672:""Sympathizers" (God-fearers)" 6522:Gill's Exposition of the Bible 6514: 6503: 6492: 6483: 6460: 6313:Shiffman, Lawrence H. (2018). 6194:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193. 5917:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 5826:Timeline of Christian missions 5671:History of the Catholic Church 4978:. It was probably composed in 4852:The Nazarenes originated as a 4273:how to live this life properly 3404:, the charismatic healer, the 3342:Quest for the historical Jesus 3019:Hellenistic Judaism spread to 2948:second and following centuries 13: 1: 12242:Hymnody of continental Europe 11393:Apostles in the New Testament 11163:Jewish Studies for Christians 10698:(second ed.). Pelckmans. 10631:. Polebridge Press. pp. 10625:"The Gospel of the Ebionites" 9623:Vielhauer & Strecker 1991 8866:Vuong, Lily C. (2013-11-19). 8803:Berard, Wayne-Daniel (2006). 8624:""Sympathizers" with Judaism" 7427:Christianity: An Introduction 6696:The emergence of Christianity 6245: 5196:Christians under the ancient 4834:by Jesus; and an advocacy of 4701:New Testament canon developed 4385: 3952:Jewish practices and identity 3497:confession of Jesus as Christ 3232:or discuss this issue on the 2977:Jewish-Hellenistic background 2847:as the result of his earthly 2827:, which later developed into 1027:Christianity and Judaism 13312:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 10939:. Brepols. pp. 105–116. 10800:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 10368:The Beginnings of the Church 10284:Blomberg, Craig L. (2007) . 9484:Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism 9016:Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). 8636:Wayne State University Press 8160:Paul's messianic Christology 7679:, pp. 351–355, §. 7166:Bart Ehrman (1 April 2018), 5520:Antisemitism in Christianity 5168:communities of the past and 4860:in the New Testament, where 4841: 4803:Distinctive features of the 4720: 4715: 4472:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 4438:perhaps best personified by 4121:opposed the teaching at the 4013:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 3784: 3672:. Following the fall of the 3552:, the brother of Jesus, and 3168:to resurrect the Israelite " 2981: 2884: 7: 11690:Eastern Orthodox opposition 10899:Sanders, Ed Parish (1993). 10809:. Sheffield Academic Press. 10552:Fredriksen, Paula (2000) . 10470:. Oxford University Press. 10411:Dunn, James D. G. (2006) . 10316:The Anchor Bible Dictionary 9949:de Blois, François (2002). 9218:The Jewish Quarterly Review 9140:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1988). 9054:Wilson, Stephen G. (1995). 9003:Catholic Biblical Quarterly 8945:Bobichon, Philippe (2002). 8271:(Blog post). Archived from 8248:(Blog post). Archived from 7654:Worship in the Early Church 7632:David E. Aune (ed.)(2010), 7614:Paul's Letter to the Romans 7005:Wilson, Stephen G. (1995). 6601:Though every definition of 6524:, commentary on Acts 19:23 6499:American King James Version 6233: 5449: 4972:James, the brother of Jesus 4872:and are mentioned later by 4807:include the absence of the 4685:Proto-orthodox Christianity 3082:Proto-orthodox Christianity 2326: 2307: 2034:Latin America and Caribbean 730: 10: 13514: 11707:Art patronage of Julius II 11104:Zellentin, Holger (2013). 11060:10.1177/006996678201600202 11015:"Jewish–Christian gospels" 10974:. Oxford University Press. 10375:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1987). 10251:"About us – Brief history" 9327:Fredriksen, Paula (1988). 8730:Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). 8512:From Jesus to Christianity 8510:White, L. Michael (2004). 8269:larryhurtado.wordpress.com 8246:larryhurtado.wordpress.com 7866:Sewanee Theological Review 6971:by Mark Allan Powell 1998 5958:, a main proponent of the 5831:Timeline of Jewish history 5706:Jewish religious movements 5568:Christian Torah-submission 5073:The unique combination of 5008: 5004: 4845: 4774: 4758:James the brother of Jesus 4724: 4656:, although it could be by 4558: 4552: 4489: 4306: 4202:From Jesus to Christianity 4010: 3867:Exaltation and deification 3660:to restore the Israelite " 3641: 3613: 3537: 3380:mainstream historical view 3335: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3134: 2985: 2957: 2953: 2891: 2639:Jewish political movements 2336:Conversion to Judaism 29: 13498:Theological controversies 13468:Christianity in Jerusalem 13417: 13337: 13250: 13173: 13121: 13056: 13008: 12950: 12889: 12799: 12634: 12553: 12482: 12417: 12339: 12270: 12210:Calvinist–Arminian debate 12184: 11951: 11834: 11670: 11561: 11443: 11341: 11230: 11212: 10835:10.1163/22321969-12340003 10775:. Uitgeverij Ankh-Hermes. 10771:Mack, Burton L. (1997) . 10650:Koch, Glenn Alan (1990). 10536:The Early Christian World 10534:Esler, Philip F. (2004), 10379:. The Westminster Press. 10101:. Zondervan. p. 24. 9967:10.1017/S0041977X02000010 9295:Cook, Michael J. (2008). 9082:45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259 8878:10.1628/978-3-16-152844-6 8166:(Unpublished manuscript). 7169:An Easter Reflection 2018 6558:Elwell & Comfort 2001 5633:Hebrew Christian movement 5613:Criticism of Christianity 5588:Church of Zion, Jerusalem 5357:Michael Solomon Alexander 5349:Hebrew Christian movement 5239:/Shamoun (Simeon/Simon), 4950:, along with some of his 4785: 4711:Later Jewish Christianity 4478:and appointed subsequent 4448:Roman Emperor Constantine 4434:(66–135) and the growing 4212:, who coined the phrase " 3808:. Other scholars such as 3493:early Christian community 3412:Early Jewish Christianity 3198:'s claim to the latter. 3119:'s interpretation of the 2924: 2912: 1042:Hinduism and Judaism 171:Hebrew Christian movement 13453:1st-century Christianity 13242:Revolt against Heraclius 12970:Ancient Israel and Judah 12952:Ancient Israel and Judah 12699:Christian existentialism 10981:Tabor, James D. (1998). 10785:De Gnostische Evangelien 10756:. Harper San Francisco. 10652:"Hebrews, Gospel of the" 10517:Tyndale Bible Dictionary 10485:Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). 10333:Crone, Patricia (2015). 9459:, pp. 235, 240–242. 9162:Boyarin, Daniel (1999). 9102:Boyarin, Daniel (1999). 8338:Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy 8132:Baker, Margaret (1992). 7706:by John H. Leith (1982) 7652:Ralph P. Martin (1975), 7535:Lüdemann & Özen 1996 7520:Lüdemann & Özen 1996 7496:Lüdemann & Özen 1996 7375:10.1177/1476869007079741 5872:English Standard Version 5837: 5821:Timeline of Christianity 5811:Timeline of anti-Zionism 5806:Timeline of antisemitism 5666:Historicity of the Bible 5543:Christianity and Judaism 4995:Jewish-Christian Gospels 4754:Jewish–Christian gospels 4734:law-free Gentile mission 4263:but rather descent from 4255:(which is real) and the 3931:Jewish wisdom traditions 3738:resurrection of the dead 3732:and fulfill the rest of 3441:Apocalyptic Christianity 3322:resurrection of the dead 3316:and fulfill the rest of 3201: 3031:Roman conquest of Greece 2907:, the term "Christian" ( 2899:), probably coming from 2860:Jewish–Christian gospels 2799:were the followers of a 868:Temple in Jerusalem 561:Bar and bat mitzvah 288:Jewish–Christian gospels 251:Circumcision controversy 32:Christianity and Judaism 12927:Expulsions and exoduses 11206:History of Christianity 11120:Origins of Christianity 10918:Shaddel, Mehdy (2016). 10783:Pagels, Elaine (2005). 9842:Woodhouse, William John 9373:Sanders, E. P. (1985). 9189:Segal, Alan F. (1986). 8598:10.1163/156852781X00160 8381:Oxford University Press 8157:Hurtado, Larry (2014). 8061:Encyclopædia Britannica 7755:, p. 272; cf. 321. 7612:Colin G. Kruse (2012), 7207:Zondervan Academic Blog 6766:Daniel Boyarin (2012). 6535:accessed 8 October 2015 6480:accessed 8 October 2015 5960:New Perspective on Paul 5721:Judaism's view of Jesus 5676:History of Christianity 5422:Saturday as the Sabbath 5394:identify themselves as 5382:identify themselves as 5105:which literally means " 4991:Gospel of the Nazarenes 4968:resurrection appearance 4926:, the text of which is 4924:Jewish–Christian gospel 4830:; the abolition of the 4805:Gospel of the Ebionites 4750:Gospel of the Ebionites 4517:disappeared, while the 4404:According to historian 4267:, physically marked by 4251:opposition between the 4214:New Perspective on Paul 3780:firstborn from the dead 3628:James, brother of Jesus 3594:in year 135 during the 3570:strictness of adherence 3513:Jewish laws and customs 3501:observance of the Torah 830:Twelve Tribes of Israel 410:Christianity portal 305:Gospel of the Nazarenes 295:Gospel of the Ebionites 241:Christian anti-semitism 13278:Invasion of Banu Nadir 13079:First Jewish-Roman War 12767:Fourth Great Awakening 12654:Second Great Awakening 11893:Fall of Constantinople 11685:Development of primacy 10970:Strousma, Guy (2015). 10903:. London: Allen Lane. 10796:Pao, David W. (2016). 10712:Maccoby, Hyam (1986). 10694:Leman, Johan (2015) . 10611:Jussay, P. M. (2005). 8963:10.1484/J.REA.5.104844 8921:10.1353/earl.2017.0018 8833:Wright, N. T. (1992). 7764:Vermes, Geza (2008b), 7399:Grand Rapids, Michigan 7357:Elliott, John (2007). 7213:Christian Publishing. 7086:by Timothy Wiarda 2010 6873:Peter Schäfer (2012). 6609:and so retained their 6362:Jewish Virtual Library 6056:, p. 75, §. 5868:New King James Version 5608:Criticism of the Bible 5593:Conversion of the Jews 5548:Christianity in Israel 5524:religious antisemitism 5406:tenets of Christianity 5312:Contemporary movements 5281:Didascalia Apostolorum 5113:" or "Asian Greek" in 5099: 5057:Syriac Orthodox Church 4658:Barnabas of Alexandria 4502:Jerusalem was besieged 4498:First Jewish–Roman War 4492:First Jewish–Roman War 4356:Hellenistic philosophy 4344:Early Rabbinic Judaism 4224:Hellenistic influences 4008: 3910: 3798:Conservative Christian 3771: 3702:First Jewish–Roman War 3684:, which, according to 3654:apocalyptic literature 3162:apocalyptic literature 3076:and those that became 2931:, around 100 AD. 2875:First Jewish–Roman War 2869:took place during the 13463:Christian terminology 13329:Medieval antisemitism 13268:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 13263:Siege of Banu Qurayza 13237:Revolt against Gallus 13023:Second Temple Judaism 12762:Reformed epistemology 12704:Third Great Awakening 12674:Seventh-day Adventist 12595:First Great Awakening 12468:Book of Common Prayer 12262:Protestant work ethic 11805:Independent Catholics 11756:Monastery dissolution 11037:Vermes, Geza (2008). 10951:The Gospels and Jesus 10716:. Barnes & Noble. 10673:Lapham, Fred (2003). 10506:Ehrman, Bart (2014). 10466:Ehrman, Bart (2005). 9856:The Macmillan Company 9681:Hare, Edward (1837). 9499:Die Kirche Jerusalems 9285:Rossell Books. p. 175 9230:10.1353/jqr.2002.0013 8711:, Lantern Books, 2000 8496:Catholic Encyclopedia 7996:Ehrman, Bart (2012). 7425:McGrath, Alister E., 7377:– via Academia. 6993:The Gospels and Jesus 6800:Israel Knohl (2000). 6425:abrogation of the Law 6385:Jewish messianic sect 6192:A History of the Jews 5909:Eddy & Boyd (2007 5414:age of accountability 5367:, the founder of the 5301:Gospel of the Hebrews 5285:Clementine literature 5095: 4986:during that century. 4917:Gospel of the Hebrews 4901:Gospel of the Hebrews 4870:Epiphanius of Salamis 4766:apostate from the Law 4446:from the time of the 4193:Catholic Encyclopedia 4150:Jesus's brother James 4089:Inclusion of gentiles 3991: 3890: 3753: 3668:directed against the 3293:resurrection of Jesus 3221:may contain material 2988:Second Temple Judaism 2841:Jewish eschatological 2801:Jewish religious sect 1576:São Tomé and Príncipe 1571:Republic of the Congo 965:Second Temple Judaism 836:Kingdom of Judah 807:Modern historiography 362:Expounding of the Law 300:Gospel of the Hebrews 13290:Sephardic Golden Age 13084:Battle of Beth Horon 13010:Second Temple period 12995:Babylonian captivity 12585:Edicts of toleration 12394:Three Forms of Unity 12159:Bohemian Reformation 11732:Catholic Reformation 11589:Roman state religion 11408:Council of Jerusalem 10884:. Prometheus Books. 10860:. Prometheus Books. 10857:Deconstructing Jesus 10707:. The Have/Averbode. 10629:The Complete Gospels 10621:Kloppenborg, John S. 10394:Dauphin, C. (1993), 9795:, pp. 159, 163. 9359:Meier, John (1991). 9329:From Jesus to Christ 8754:; Dunn, James D.G., 8638:. pp. 389–395. 8541:(pontifex maximus!) 7969:Dag Øistein Endsjø, 7936:Dag Øistein Endsjø, 7724:1 Corinthians 15:3-9 7441:, they could not be 7308:, they could not be 6641:Simon & Schuster 6560:, pp. 266, 828. 5933:See for comparison: 5900:Eddy & Boyd 2007 5791:Sacred Name Movement 5781:Restoration Movement 5618:Criticism of Judaism 4936:Jesus' pre-existence 4904:, rejecting all the 4895:, and used only the 4746:Jewish law and rites 4654:Acts of the Apostles 4500:in 66 AD. In 70 AD, 4480:Bishops of Jerusalem 4378:languages replacing 4360:Second Temple period 4352:Hellenistic religion 4146:Council of Jerusalem 4131:Council of Jerusalem 4068:Council of Jerusalem 4025:Pauline Christianity 3993:Valentin de Boulogne 3972:, reverence for the 3748:1 Corinthians 15:3-9 3588:Bishops of Jerusalem 3366:, and de-emphasized 3300:, culminated in his 3230:improve this section 3160:has its root in the 2960:Second Temple Period 2944:New Testament church 2809:Second Temple period 2678:World Agudath Israel 1819:United Arab Emirates 906:Second Temple period 896:Babylonian captivity 357:Council of Jerusalem 13448:Jewish Christianity 13028:Hellenistic Judaism 12937:Political movements 12757:Liberation theology 12664:Jehovah's Witnesses 12497:Radical Reformation 12225:Resistance theories 12112:Christian mysticism 12107:Early Scholasticism 11819:Ecclesial community 11717:Counter-Reformation 11582:Constantinian shift 11142:Jewish Christianity 10789:The Gnostic Gospels 10159:Pew Research Center 10127:Pew Research Center 9915:10.3390/rel12100789 9873:. pp. 297–315. 9709:Jewish Encyclopedia 9612:– via Tripod. 9558:Jewish Encyclopedia 9447:, pp. 157–159. 9350:, pp. xvi, 50. 9283:Toah From our Sages 9281:Jacob Neusner 1984 9119:, pp. 112–113. 8686:. pp. 137–45. 7998:"Did Jesus exist?'" 7982:Stephen J. Bedard, 7830:, pp. 133–134. 7522:, pp. 116–117. 7287:, pp. 253–255. 6947:, pp. 127–128. 6756:, pp. 167–168. 6744:, pp. 145–146. 5691:Jesus in the Talmud 5656:Hellenistic Judaism 5506:Ancient Rome portal 5464:Christianity portal 5433:Arnold Fruchtenbaum 5376:Pew Research Center 5361:Bishop of Jerusalem 5160:", can trace their 5087:Hellenistic Judaism 5066:communities of the 4826:at the time of his 4648:, the companion of 4642:Epistle of Barnabas 4332:Philip S. Alexander 4243:to reinterpret the 4142:Jewish commandments 4123:Incident at Antioch 4064:Jewish commandments 4021:Incident at Antioch 3944:, one of which was 3854:Bodily resurrection 3698:Census of Quirinius 2998:Hellenistic culture 2992:Hellenistic Judaism 2968:Hellenistic Judaism 2929:Ignatius of Antioch 971:Hellenistic Judaism 549:Land of Israel 508:Principles of faith 111:Simeon of Jerusalem 54:Jewish Christianity 13478:Early Christianity 12985:Assyrian Captivity 12965:Origins of Judaism 12907:Population history 12831:Oriental Orthodoxy 12474:King James Version 12286:Ninety-five Theses 12082:Apostolic Brethren 11856:Church of the East 11851:Oriental Orthodoxy 11697:Crusading movement 11217:Early Christianity 11168:2019-12-09 at the 11007:Vielhauer, Philipp 10732:. Fortress Press. 10613:The Jews of Kerala 10451:. Baker Academic. 10236:2017-03-20 at the 10217:2021-07-19 at the 10129:. 2 October 2013. 10082:, p. 158–162. 9939:, p. 227–228. 9886:, p. 138–158. 9819:, pp. 118–28. 9807:, pp. 175–96. 9733:Hegg, Tim (2007). 9489:2008-06-12 at the 9089:2021-04-26 at the 8716:2016-06-10 at the 8458:New American Bible 8452:"Footnote on 2:12" 8426:New American Bible 8105:, p. 146-147. 8085:Philippians 2:6–11 7900:, p. 173-174. 7885:, p. 167-183. 7791:, p. 138-139. 7595:2021-09-19 at the 7537:, p. 116-117. 7175:2020-09-25 at the 6607:observed the Torah 6531:2015-10-25 at the 6510:Douai-Rheims Bible 6489:Jubilee Bible 2000 6476:2015-10-25 at the 6319:My Jewish Learning 6209:Early Christianity 6148:to declare people 6032:teachings of Jesus 5962:, and Bart Ehrman. 5766:People of the Book 5686:History of Zionism 5681:History of Judaism 5603:Biblical criticism 5330:Orthodox Christian 5267:In Islamic origins 4878:Augustine of Hippo 4866:Jesus the Nazarene 4813:genealogy of Jesus 4679:While 2nd-century 4630:Pauline Christians 4580:. You can help by 4555:Easter controversy 4539:was now the Church 4340:Early Christianity 4271:, and focusing on 4095:convert to Judaism 4009: 3976:and observance of 3819:Proponents of the 3734:Messianic prophecy 3680:administration of 3644:Messiah in Judaism 3505:Sabbath observance 3483:that later became 3466:Israelite religion 3318:Messianic prophecy 3149:Rejection of Jesus 3145:Messiah ben Joseph 3141:Messiah in Judaism 3137:Jewish eschatology 3055:Early Christianity 2964:Origins of Judaism 2825:Early Christianity 2817:prophesied Messiah 2532:Jewish Koine Greek 2074:Dominican Republic 1355:Judaism by country 1034:Jews and Christmas 889:Assyrian captivity 398:Judaism portal 13435: 13434: 13427:WP:Jewish history 13285:Under Muslim rule 13273:Battle of Khaybar 13188:Synagogal Judaism 13169: 13168: 13111:Bar Kokhba revolt 13074:Jewish-Roman Wars 13038:Hasmonean kingdom 12980:Kingdom of Israel 12849: 12848: 12826:Eastern Orthodoxy 12694:Finnish Awakening 12649:Holiness movement 12590:Congregationalism 12549: 12548: 12409:Metrical psalters 11846:Eastern Orthodoxy 11790:Neo-Scholasticism 11497:Canon development 11398:Jewish Christians 11088:978-0-8006-2679-2 10910:978-0-7139-9059-1 10763:978-0-06-065517-4 10739:978-0-8006-2549-8 10665:978-0-86554-373-7 10565:978-0-300-08457-3 10519:. Tyndale House. 10510:. Harper Collins. 10477:978-0-19-518249-1 10458:978-0-8010-3114-4 10422:978-0-334-02998-4 10325:978-0-385-42583-4 10297:978-0-8308-2807-4 9771:, pp. 105–6. 9526:978-0-19-280290-3 9376:Jesus and Judaism 9306:978-1-58023-313-2 9202:978-0-674-75076-0 9175:978-0-8047-3704-3 8887:978-3-16-152337-3 8862:See for instance: 8846:978-0-8006-2681-5 8816:978-1-4616-3610-6 8741:978-0-8091-3610-0 8620:Feldman, Louis H. 8456:Galatians 2 from 8424:Galatians 2 from 8420:"Footnote on 2:9" 8398:978-0-19-063664-7 8383:. pp. 1–30. 8347:978-1-936270-13-2 7923:978-1-894667-71-5 7575:978-2-204-10068-7 7470:978-0-19-280290-3 7109:, pp. 143ff. 6934:on April 6, 2024. 6603:Jewish Christians 6445:, pp. 79–80. 6277:Habermas (2005), 6259:Justin S. Holcomb 5796:Synagogal Judaism 5751:Messianic Judaism 5623:Dispensationalism 5578:Christian Zionism 5402:Messianic Judaism 5342:Hebrew Christians 5200:authority of the 4906:Canonical gospels 4832:Jewish sacrifices 4798:voluntary poverty 4689:Jewish scriptures 4674:Jewish scriptures 4666:covenant with God 4652:mentioned in the 4598: 4597: 4444:Nicene Christians 4440:Marcion of Sinope 4432:Jewish–Roman wars 4406:Shaye J. D. Cohen 4395:Council of Jamnia 4328:contemporary Jews 4206:persona non grata 4075:canonical gospels 3810:Craig L. Blomberg 3802:Liberal Christian 3775:canonical gospels 3600:Jewish–Roman wars 3596:Bar Kokhba revolt 3562:Jesus' appearance 3445:early Catholicism 3287:Ministry of Jesus 3262: 3261: 3254: 3158:Jewish messianism 3110:ministry of Jesus 2837:Oriental Orthodox 2797:Jewish Christians 2794: 2793: 2743: 2742: 2491: 2490: 2238:Reconstructionist 2182: 2181: 1334: 1333: 1141: 1140: 978:Jewish–Roman wars 926:Hasmonean dynasty 842:Kingdom of Israel 746: 745: 447: 446: 276:Gospel of Matthew 176:Messianic Judaism 36:Messianic Judaism 16:(Redirected from 13505: 13423: 13259:Mohammedan Wars 13183:Rabbinic Judaism 13136:Byzantine Empire 13089:Galilee campaign 13069:Judean Civil War 13064:Maccabean Revolt 13057:Wars and revolts 13054: 13053: 13043:Herodian kingdom 13000:Babylonian Yehud 12975:Kingdom of Judah 12912:Military history 12876: 12869: 12862: 12853: 12852: 12268: 12267: 11655:Non-Chalcedonian 11636:Constantinople I 11428:General epistles 11423:Pauline epistles 11403:Paul the Apostle 11381:Great Commission 11199: 11192: 11185: 11176: 11175: 11109: 11100: 11071: 11042: 11041:. Penguin Books. 11039:The Resurrection 11033:(6th German ed.) 11032: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10975: 10966: 10954: 10940: 10931: 10914: 10895: 10876:Price, Robert M. 10871: 10852:Price, Robert M. 10847: 10838: 10820: 10810: 10801: 10792: 10776: 10767: 10743: 10717: 10708: 10699: 10690: 10669: 10646: 10616: 10607: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10589:on 26 March 2017 10588: 10581: 10569: 10548: 10530: 10511: 10502: 10498:978-0-06220644-2 10481: 10462: 10443: 10434: 10407: 10402:, archived from 10390: 10371: 10370:. Paulist Press. 10362: 10329: 10310: 10301: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10257:. Archived from 10255:Ariel Ministries 10247: 10241: 10231:2012 Survey Maps 10228: 10222: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10161:. October 2013. 10151: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10100: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10034:, p. 21–31. 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9917: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9750: 9739: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9655: 9649: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9508: 9502: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9370: 9364: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9292: 9286: 9279: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9159: 9153: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9099: 9093: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8998: 8992: 8985:James D. G. Dunn 8981: 8975: 8974: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8899: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8779: 8753: 8727: 8721: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8590:Brill Publishers 8568: 8562: 8556: 8547: 8535:The Canon Debate 8532: 8526: 8525: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8351: 8333: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8106: 8100: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8053: 8044: 8041:Kloppenborg 1994 8038: 8029: 8023: 8010: 8009: 8004:. Archived from 7993: 7987: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7950: 7941: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7842:, pp. 9–10. 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7721: 7715: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7650: 7644: 7630: 7624: 7610: 7604: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7510:, p. 45-46. 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7452: 7446: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7336: 7330: 7329:45:2 (May 2006). 7319: 7313: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7262: 7256: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7198: 7179: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6996: 6986: 6980: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6930:. Archived from 6919: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6807: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6712: 6707:Michele Murray, 6705: 6699: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6574: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6380: 6378: 6353: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6310: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6256: 6239: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6212: 6201: 6195: 6184: 6178: 6160: 6154: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058:The Christ Cults 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5963: 5952: 5946: 5931: 5925: 5897: 5891: 5848: 5661:Higher criticism 5648:but rejects the 5628:Hebrew Catholics 5531:, opposition to 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5440:Hebrew Catholics 5271:In the field of 5243:(Simeon/Simon), 5139:Classical Arabic 4787: 4777: 4776: 4762:Paul the Apostle 4748:. They used the 4593: 4590: 4572: 4565: 4527:Rabbinic Judaism 4519:Early Christians 4426: 4410:Rabbinic Judaism 4296:one and only God 4247:in terms of the 4241:Greek philosophy 4218:pontifex maximus 4210:James D. G. Dunn 4198:L. Michael White 4083:Epistle of James 3995:'s depiction of 3978:Jewish holy days 3829:Paula Fredriksen 3787: 3666:Maccabean Revolt 3620:Pauline epistles 3546:Jerusalem Church 3463:Babylonian exile 3456:Jesus was Jewish 3437:James D. G. Dunn 3422:gentile converts 3356:Jesus of history 3348:mission of Jesus 3338:Historical Jesus 3312:to usher in the 3298:various miracles 3257: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3174:Shaye J.D. Cohen 3106:Rabbinic Judaism 3078:Rabbinic Judaism 2926: 2914: 2894: 2893: 2871:first century AD 2833:Eastern Orthodox 2807:during the late 2803:that emerged in 2786: 2779: 2772: 2635: 2634: 2516: 2337: 2331: 2312: 2276: 2275: 2223: 2170:New Zealand 2122: 2085:El Salvador 2075: 2007:Northern America 1999: 1593: 1349: 1348: 1260:Crimean Karaites 1156: 1155: 1134: 1132: 1053: 1051: 1043: 1037: 1028: 1016:Rabbinic Judaism 997: 991: 985: 973: 961: 927: 920:Maccabean Revolt 897: 890: 884: 876: 869: 863: 855: 837: 761: 760: 735: 630: 629: 562: 550: 449: 448: 439: 432: 425: 408: 407: 396: 395: 394: 372:Quartodecimanism 347:Aramaic of Jesus 327:Book of Elchasai 281:Epistle of James 231:Paul and Judaism 91:John the Baptist 64: 41: 40: 21: 18:Jewish-Christian 13513: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13421: 13413: 13402:Israeli history 13345:Jewish question 13333: 13246: 13175:Rabbinic period 13165: 13117: 13099:Diaspora revolt 13094:Siege of Masada 13052: 13004: 12946: 12917:Genetic history 12885: 12880: 12850: 12845: 12795: 12782:Christian right 12684:Oxford Movement 12659:Restorationists 12630: 12545: 12478: 12413: 12364:Presbyterianism 12335: 12315:Book of Concord 12266: 12190: 12188: 12180: 11947: 11837: 11830: 11666: 11565: 11557: 11516:Clement of Rome 11446: 11439: 11343: 11337: 11226: 11208: 11203: 11170:Wayback Machine 11144: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11108:. Mohr Siebeck. 11089: 11029: 11011:Strecker, Georg 10996: 10994: 10963: 10945:Stanton, Graham 10911: 10892: 10868: 10818: 10791:]. Servire. 10764: 10748:Mack, Burton L. 10740: 10722:Mack, Burton L. 10687: 10666: 10643: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10566: 10546: 10527: 10499: 10478: 10459: 10423: 10387: 10326: 10309:. Mohr Siebeck. 10298: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10264: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10238:Wayback Machine 10229: 10225: 10219:Wayback Machine 10210: 10206: 10197: 10195: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10168: 10166: 10153: 10152: 10145: 10136: 10134: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10109: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10006: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9867: 9863: 9839: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9718: 9716: 9698: 9694: 9685:. p. 318. 9679: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9606: 9599: 9580: 9576: 9567: 9565: 9550: 9546: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9501:, 1898, p. 70). 9491:Wayback Machine 9482: 9478: 9467: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9418: 9416: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9358: 9354: 9348:Fredriksen 2000 9346: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9307: 9293: 9289: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9254:10.2307/1455460 9220:(Book review). 9214: 9210: 9203: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9160: 9156: 9139: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9091:Wayback Machine 9077: 9073: 9066: 9052: 9048: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9014: 9010: 8999: 8995: 8982: 8978: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8888: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8789: 8782: 8742: 8728: 8724: 8718:Wayback Machine 8705: 8701: 8694: 8668: 8664: 8655: 8653: 8646: 8617: 8613: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8550: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8508: 8504: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8468: 8466: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8436: 8434: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8368: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8334: 8325: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8109: 8101: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8070: 8068: 8055: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8013: 8002:Huffington Post 7995: 7994: 7990: 7981: 7977: 7968: 7964: 7951: 7944: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7828:Fredriksen 2000 7826: 7822: 7816:Fredriksen 2000 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7675: 7668: 7651: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7597:Wayback Machine 7587: 7583: 7576: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7453: 7449: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405:. p. 709. 7389: 7382: 7355: 7351: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7320: 7316: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7199: 7182: 7177:Wayback Machine 7165: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6987: 6983: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6715: 6706: 6702: 6694:Cynthia White, 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6651: 6629:Tabor, James D. 6626: 6619: 6611:Jewish identity 6597: 6589:. p. 162. 6575: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6543: 6539: 6533:Wayback Machine 6519: 6515: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6478:Wayback Machine 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6443:Cwiekowski 1988 6441: 6437: 6376: 6374: 6355: 6354: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6311: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6219: 6215: 6202: 6198: 6185: 6181: 6161: 6157: 6142:orthodox Church 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6090:Judaea Province 6079: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5953: 5949: 5932: 5928: 5922:Kyrios Christos 5907: 5898: 5894: 5883: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5756:Nazarene (sect) 5731:Judeo-Christian 5504: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5338:Jewish identity 5314: 5273:Quranic studies 5269: 5085:cultural base, 5032:Some typically 5030: 5013: 5007: 4946:, and probable 4850: 4844: 4781:, derived from 4729: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4638: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4578:needs expansion 4563: 4557: 4551: 4494: 4488: 4424: 4391:Heinrich Graetz 4388: 4380:Biblical Hebrew 4364:Judeo-Christian 4320:Jerusalem roots 4316: 4311: 4305: 4226: 4091: 4032: 4027: 3986: 3954: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3869: 3856: 3794:burial of Jesus 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3710: 3670:Seleucid Empire 3650: 3642:Main articles: 3640: 3616: 3542: 3540:Flight to Pella 3536: 3509:Jewish calendar 3499:with continued 3481:Jewish movement 3430:proto-orthodoxy 3414: 3360:Christ of faith 3344: 3336:Main articles: 3334: 3332:Scholarly views 3289: 3281:Main articles: 3279: 3277:Christian views 3274: 3268: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3151: 3135:Main articles: 3133: 3070: 3021:Ptolemaic Egypt 2994: 2986:Main articles: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2956: 2919:in the city of 2887: 2790: 2745: 2744: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2612:Judeo-Malayalam 2592:Judaeo-Georgian 2512: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2393:Yiddish theatre 2335: 2273: 2263: 2262: 2221: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2120: 2073: 1997: 1591: 1375:Genetic studies 1346: 1336: 1335: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1130: 1129: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1031: 1026: 1008:and Middle Ages 1006:Rabbinic period 993: 987: 980: 968: 939: 925: 895: 888: 879: 871: 867: 858: 853:in Judaism 850: 835: 758: 748: 747: 627: 617: 616: 560: 548: 493: 443: 414: 402: 392: 390: 382: 381: 342: 341: 332: 331: 266: 265: 256: 255: 221: 220: 211: 210: 196: 195: 186: 185: 166: 165: 156: 155: 136: 135: 126: 125: 101:Twelve Apostles 84:in Christianity 74: 73: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13511: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13392: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13365:Reform Judaism 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13331: 13326: 13324:Ottoman Empire 13321: 13320: 13319: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13256: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13179: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13127: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13058: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13033:Yehud Medinata 13030: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13012: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12956: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12897:Historiography 12893: 12891: 12887: 12886: 12883:Jewish history 12879: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12856: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12779: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12747:Pentecostalism 12744: 12742:Jesus movement 12739: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12570: 12565: 12559: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12536: 12533:Martyrs Mirror 12529: 12524: 12519: 12517:Martyrs' Synod 12514: 12509: 12507:Swiss Brethren 12504: 12499: 12494: 12488: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12345: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12311: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12276: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12252:Law and Gospel 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12196: 12194: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Ottoman Empire 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11842: 11840: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11676: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11662:Biblical canon 11659: 11658: 11657: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11573: 11571: 11563:Late antiquity 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11511:Church Fathers 11504: 11499: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11451: 11449: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11202: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11115:External links 11113: 11111: 11110: 11101: 11087: 11072: 11043: 11034: 11027: 11003: 10977: 10976: 10967: 10961: 10941: 10932: 10915: 10909: 10896: 10890: 10872: 10866: 10848: 10839: 10811: 10802: 10793: 10780: 10777: 10768: 10762: 10744: 10738: 10718: 10709: 10700: 10691: 10685: 10670: 10664: 10647: 10641: 10617: 10608: 10599: 10570: 10564: 10549: 10544: 10531: 10525: 10512: 10503: 10497: 10482: 10476: 10463: 10457: 10444: 10435: 10421: 10408: 10391: 10385: 10372: 10363: 10359:10.1086/682212 10351:10.1086/682212 10345:(2): 225–253. 10330: 10324: 10311: 10302: 10296: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10242: 10223: 10204: 10175: 10143: 10114: 10107: 10084: 10072: 10068:Shoemaker 2018 10060: 10048: 10036: 10024: 10012: 10010:, p. 228. 10000: 9996:Zellentin 2013 9988: 9941: 9929: 9888: 9876: 9861: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9797: 9785: 9783:, p. 364. 9773: 9761: 9725: 9701:Krauss, Samuel 9692: 9673: 9663: 9650: 9636: 9627: 9615: 9597: 9574: 9544: 9542:, p. 282. 9532: 9525: 9503: 9476: 9461: 9449: 9437: 9425: 9400: 9385: 9365: 9352: 9340: 9320: 9305: 9287: 9271: 9259: 9224:(3): 586–588. 9208: 9201: 9181: 9174: 9154: 9133: 9131:, p. 228. 9121: 9109: 9094: 9071: 9064: 9046: 9029:978-1513616483 9028: 9008: 8993: 8976: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8915:(2): 171–200. 8900: 8886: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8822: 8815: 8795: 8793:, p. 190. 8780: 8740: 8722: 8699: 8692: 8662: 8644: 8611: 8572:Kraabel, A. T. 8563: 8548: 8527: 8520: 8502: 8475: 8443: 8411: 8397: 8353: 8346: 8323: 8312: 8301: 8290: 8278: 8275:on 2019-03-31. 8255: 8252:on 2019-03-31. 8232: 8230:, p. 289. 8220: 8218:, p. 294. 8205: 8193: 8191:, p. 109. 8181: 8169: 8149: 8143:978-0664253950 8142: 8124: 8107: 8088: 8077: 8045: 8030: 8011: 8008:on 2018-08-22. 7988: 7975: 7962: 7942: 7929: 7922: 7902: 7887: 7875: 7856: 7854:, p. 711. 7844: 7832: 7820: 7805: 7803:, p. 139. 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7716: 7696: 7684: 7666: 7645: 7625: 7605: 7581: 7574: 7551: 7547:Bockmuehl 2010 7539: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7498:, p. 116. 7488: 7476: 7469: 7447: 7418: 7412:978-9053565032 7411: 7380: 7369:(2): 119–154. 7349: 7331: 7314: 7289: 7277: 7257: 7253:978-0805443653 7237: 7228: 7180: 7154: 7142: 7126: 7111: 7107:Stanton (2002) 7099: 7088: 7075: 7066: 7054: 7037: 7022: 7015: 6997: 6989:Graham Stanton 6981: 6961: 6959:, p. 187. 6949: 6937: 6914: 6912:, p. 168. 6899: 6886:978-1400842285 6885: 6865: 6851: 6831: 6815:978-0520928749 6814: 6792: 6779:978-1595584687 6778: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6713: 6700: 6687: 6675: 6661:death of James 6650:978-1439134986 6649: 6643:. p. 24. 6617: 6595: 6562: 6550: 6537: 6513: 6502: 6491: 6482: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6417:christological 6335: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6270: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6213: 6196: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6155: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6073: 6063: 6045: 6036: 6024:Restorationism 6020:Great Apostasy 6007: 5997: 5988: 5978: 5964: 5947: 5926: 5892: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5786:Sabbatarianism 5783: 5778: 5773: 5771:Philo-Semitism 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Jews for Jesus 5713: 5711:Jewish schisms 5708: 5703: 5701:Jewish history 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5646:New Testaments 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5495: 5492:History portal 5481: 5478:Judaism portal 5467: 5451: 5448: 5410:Hebrew prayers 5392:Jews in Russia 5313: 5310: 5268: 5265: 5198:jurisdictional 5194:Greek Catholic 5190:Greek Orthodox 5185:Hatay Province 5150:Middle-Eastern 5143:Ancient Hebrew 5068:Hatay Province 5064:Greek Catholic 5049:church service 5029: 5026: 5009:Main article: 5006: 5003: 4966:; and a first 4932:Church Fathers 4846:Main article: 4843: 4840: 4768:. Their name ( 4725:Main article: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4637: 4634: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4575: 4573: 4553:Main article: 4550: 4547: 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4417:Daniel Boyarin 4387: 4384: 4346:were far less 4326:together with 4315: 4312: 4307:Main article: 4304: 4301: 4277:God of Abraham 4237:A Radical Jew, 4233:Daniel Boyarin 4225: 4222: 4113:". Though the 4099:Jewish customs 4090: 4087: 4051:James the Just 4031: 4028: 3985: 3982: 3953: 3950: 3922:Burton L. Mack 3868: 3865: 3855: 3852: 3709: 3706: 3682:Judea Province 3662:Kingdom of God 3639: 3638:Messiah/Christ 3636: 3615: 3612: 3583:Church History 3556:were leaders. 3550:James the Just 3535: 3529: 3489:Jewish messiah 3426:Bart D. Ehrman 3413: 3410: 3384:Pontius Pilate 3378:of Jesus. The 3333: 3330: 3314:Kingdom of God 3278: 3275: 3264:Main article: 3260: 3259: 3218: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3170:Kingdom of God 3132: 3129: 3069: 3066: 3026:religio licita 3002:Land of Israel 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2955: 2952: 2886: 2883: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2673:Territorialism 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557:Judaeo-Spanish 2554: 2552:Judaeo-Iranian 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998:United Kingdom 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1431:Bilad-el-Sudan 1428: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1384:Land of Israel 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1242:Related groups 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094:Jewish atheism 1091: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050:Islamic–Jewish 1045: 1038: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 975: 962: 934: 929: 922: 917: 915:Yehud Medinata 909: 908: 902: 901: 900: 899: 892: 885: 877: 864: 856: 844: 839: 832: 824: 823: 821:Ancient Israel 817: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 777:Land of Israel 774: 766: 765: 759: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 743: 742: 741: 736: 732:Shulchan Aruch 727: 722: 717: 712: 704: 703: 702: 701: 696: 688: 687: 681: 680: 679: 678: 673: 665: 664: 658: 657: 656: 655: 650: 645: 637: 636: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 557: 552: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 510: 505: 498:God in Judaism 494: 489: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 469: 468: 458: 457: 445: 444: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 416: 415: 413: 412: 400: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 343: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 313: 312: 308: 307: 302: 297: 291: 290: 284: 283: 278: 272: 271: 267: 263: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 222: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 197: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 173: 167: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 137: 134:Ancient groups 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 106:James the Just 103: 98: 93: 88: 87: 86: 75: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13510: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13428: 13425: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13390:The Holocaust 13388: 13387: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13380:United States 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13360:Enlightenment 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13336: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13112: 13109: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12877: 12872: 12870: 12865: 12863: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12836:Protestantism 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12798: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12777: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709:Azusa Revival 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12689:Laestadianism 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12626:Old Lutherans 12623: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12292:Diet of Worms 12290: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12192:Protestantism 12187: 12183: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11943:North America 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11564: 11560: 11554: 11553:Early African 11551: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11536:Justin Martyr 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11356:Life of Jesus 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344:Apostolic Age 11340: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11200: 11195: 11193: 11188: 11186: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11107: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11054:(2): 175–96. 11053: 11049: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11028:0-664-22721-X 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10964: 10962:0-19-924616-5 10958: 10953: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10897: 10893: 10891:9781591021216 10887: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10867:9781573927581 10863: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10688: 10686:9780826469793 10682: 10679:. Continuum. 10678: 10677: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10642:0-06-065587-9 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10585: 10578: 10577: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10550: 10547: 10545:0-415-33312-1 10541: 10538:, Routledge, 10537: 10532: 10528: 10526:0-8423-7089-7 10522: 10518: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10491:. HarperOne. 10490: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10442:. De Gruyter. 10441: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10406:on 2013-03-09 10405: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10388: 10386:0-664-25017-3 10382: 10378: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10261:on 2015-04-12 10260: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10110: 10108:9780310244905 10104: 10097: 10096: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10056:Reynolds 2019 10052: 10045: 10044:Reynolds 2014 10040: 10033: 10028: 10021: 10020:Griffith 2011 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9884:Strousma 2015 9880: 9872: 9869:Bar Ilan, Y. 9865: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9831:, p. 90. 9830: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9789: 9782: 9777: 9770: 9765: 9747: 9743: 9742:TorahResource 9736: 9729: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9667: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9643:David C. Sim 9640: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9604: 9600: 9598:0-06-250585-8 9594: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9480: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9434: 9429: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9386:0-8006-0743-0 9382: 9378: 9377: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9337: 9336:0-300-04864-5 9333: 9330: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9268: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9185: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9151: 9150:0-664-25017-3 9147: 9143: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9012: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8829: 8827: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8799: 8792: 8787: 8785: 8777: 8776:0-19-511875-8 8773: 8769: 8765: 8764:0-8028-4498-7 8761: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707:Keith Akers, 8703: 8695: 8693:0-567-08525-2 8689: 8685: 8684:T&T Clark 8681: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8651: 8647: 8645:0-8143-2361-8 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8531: 8523: 8521:0-06-052655-6 8517: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8479: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8358: 8349: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8321: 8320:Acts 15:39–40 8316: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8210: 8203:, p. 98. 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8162: 8161: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7979: 7972: 7966: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7933: 7925: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7872:(2): 107–123. 7871: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7777:Blomberg 2007 7773: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7549:, p. 52. 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7486:, p. 45. 7485: 7480: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7445:(Acts 15:1)." 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7325:. Provo, UT: 7324: 7318: 7312:(Acts 15:1)." 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7211:HarperCollins 7208: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7096:Ehrman (2012) 7092: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7064:, p. 85. 7063: 7058: 7051: 7047: 7044:According to 7041: 7034: 7033:Ehrman (2005) 7029: 7027: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6817: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6772:. New Press. 6771: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6495: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6457:, p. 65. 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6238:) still does. 6237: 6235: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138:Boyarin (1999 6134: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6001: 5992: 5982: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5956:E. P. Sanders 5951: 5944: 5943: 5942:false prophet 5938: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5880:Vulgate Latin 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Life of Jesus 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5496: 5493: 5482: 5479: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5426:New Testament 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380:American Jews 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241:Semaan/Simaan 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5202:patriarchates 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162:ethnocultural 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107:Eastern Roman 5104: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:ethnocultural 5071: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964:Divine Mother 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4836:vegetarianism 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752:, one of the 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4576:This section 4574: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4561:Quartodeciman 4556: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4393:postulated a 4392: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4310: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4185:Galatians 2:9 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129:) and at the 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115:Apostle Peter 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4059:proselytizing 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036:Larry Hurtado 4034:According to 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:New Testament 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3920:According to 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3886:Philippians 2 3883: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3834:According to 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:vision theory 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806:vision theory 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3742:Last Judgment 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:Messianic Age 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3632:Philippians 2 3629: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3576:According to 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376:birth stories 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3326:Last Judgment 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3273: 3267: 3256: 3253: 3245: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3219:This section 3217: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3125:messianic age 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3060:According to 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2925:Χριστιανισμός 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597:Judeo-Aramaic 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:Judeo-Italian 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567:Ghardaïa Sign 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192:Denominations 2188: 2187: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:United States 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:Guinea-Bissau 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360:Lists of Jews 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1135: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1119:The Holocaust 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 996: 990: 984: 979: 976: 972: 966: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 911: 910: 907: 904: 903: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 875: 870: 865: 861: 857: 854: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 825: 822: 819: 818: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 763: 762: 757: 752: 751: 740: 737: 734: 733: 728: 726: 723: 721: 720:Mishneh Torah 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 690: 689: 686: 683: 682: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 667: 666: 663: 660: 659: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 639: 638: 635: 632: 631: 626: 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 558: 556: 553: 551: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 503: 499: 496: 495: 492: 487: 486: 481: 480:Who is a Jew? 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 467: 463: 460: 459: 455: 451: 450: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 418: 417: 411: 406: 401: 399: 389: 388: 386: 385: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Yeshua (name) 350: 348: 345: 344: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 270:New Testament 269: 268: 260: 259: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 190: 189: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 164:Recent groups 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 130: 129: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 13385:World War II 13375:Soviet Union 13355:Emancipation 13350:Disabilities 13131:Roman Empire 13048:Roman Judaea 12752:Charismatics 12735: 12714:Gospel music 12644:Camp meeting 12636:1789–present 12568:Missionaries 12538: 12531: 12522:Menno Simons 12466: 12462:Church music 12313: 12284: 12169:Conciliarism 12154:Papal Schism 11996:Scandinavian 11888:Great Schism 11866:Nestorianism 11838:Christianity 11770:priest holes 11651:Chalcedonian 11614:Christianity 11568:Great Church 11376:Resurrection 11105: 11077: 11051: 11047: 11038: 11018: 10995:. Retrieved 10986: 10971: 10950: 10936: 10927: 10923: 10900: 10880: 10856: 10846:. Routledge. 10843: 10829:(1): 42–54. 10826: 10822: 10807:Resurrection 10806: 10797: 10788: 10784: 10772: 10752: 10729: 10713: 10704: 10695: 10675: 10655: 10628: 10612: 10603: 10591:. Retrieved 10584:the original 10575: 10554: 10535: 10516: 10507: 10487: 10467: 10448: 10439: 10412: 10404:the original 10399: 10376: 10367: 10342: 10338: 10315: 10306: 10286: 10277:Bibliography 10263:. Retrieved 10259:the original 10254: 10245: 10226: 10207: 10196:. Retrieved 10187: 10178: 10167:. Retrieved 10158: 10135:. Retrieved 10126: 10117: 10094: 10087: 10075: 10063: 10051: 10039: 10032:Shaddel 2016 10027: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9932: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9879: 9870: 9864: 9849: 9836: 9829:Gamliel 2009 9824: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9769:Cameron 1992 9764: 9753:. Retrieved 9741: 9728: 9717:. Retrieved 9708: 9695: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9666: 9658: 9653: 9644: 9639: 9630: 9618: 9607:. Retrieved 9587: 9583:Hyam Maccoby 9577: 9566:. Retrieved 9557: 9547: 9535: 9516: 9506: 9498: 9479: 9470: 9464: 9457:Dauphin 1993 9452: 9440: 9428: 9417:. Retrieved 9403: 9375: 9368: 9360: 9355: 9343: 9328: 9323: 9296: 9290: 9282: 9262: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9191: 9184: 9164: 9157: 9141: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9103: 9097: 9079: 9074: 9055: 9049: 9038:. Retrieved 9018: 9011: 9005:(45): 74–79. 9002: 8996: 8988: 8979: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8912: 8908: 8905:Recognitions 8904: 8868: 8855: 8835: 8805: 8798: 8767: 8755: 8731: 8725: 8708: 8702: 8675: 8665: 8654:. Retrieved 8627: 8614: 8581: 8575: 8566: 8559:Boyarin 1999 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8511: 8505: 8494: 8478: 8467:. Retrieved 8455: 8446: 8435:. Retrieved 8423: 8414: 8402:. Retrieved 8372: 8337: 8315: 8304: 8293: 8286:Maccoby 1986 8281: 8273:the original 8268: 8258: 8250:the original 8245: 8235: 8223: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8159: 8152: 8133: 8127: 8080: 8069:. Retrieved 8060: 8006:the original 8001: 7991: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7965: 7958:Resurrection 7957: 7956:, p.18. In: 7953: 7937: 7932: 7912: 7905: 7878: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7687: 7677:Price (2003) 7653: 7648: 7633: 7628: 7613: 7608: 7584: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7542: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7460: 7450: 7426: 7421: 7393: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7343: 7334: 7317: 7292: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7231: 7219:. Retrieved 7206: 7168: 7150:Sanders 1993 7145: 7137: 7102: 7091: 7083: 7078: 7069: 7062:Sanders 1993 7057: 7049: 7040: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6932:the original 6928:TheTorah.com 6927: 6917: 6890:. Retrieved 6875: 6868: 6856:. Retrieved 6841: 6834: 6826: 6819:. Retrieved 6803: 6795: 6783:. Retrieved 6768: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6708: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6654: 6632: 6602: 6600: 6587:Mohr Siebeck 6578: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6521: 6516: 6505: 6494: 6485: 6469:on Acts 19, 6462: 6450: 6438: 6382: 6375:. Retrieved 6360: 6327:. Retrieved 6318: 6279: 6273: 6254: 6231: 6216: 6199: 6191: 6188:Sherira Gaon 6182: 6158: 6133: 6121: 6114:Boyarin 1999 6109: 6097: 6076: 6066: 6054:Price (2000) 6048: 6039: 6022:as found in 6010: 6000: 5991: 5981: 5967: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5895: 5886: 5846: 5638:Hebrew Roots 5529:Anti-Zionism 5522:, a form of 5515:Anti-Judaism 5437: 5430: 5418:dietary laws 5400: 5373: 5346: 5315: 5304: 5288: 5276: 5270: 5247:(Manasseh), 5233:Eliyya/Elias 5210: 5147: 5130: 5126: 5100: 5096: 5072: 5031: 5014: 4988: 4916: 4914: 4910:Virgin Birth 4899: 4893:Law of Moses 4882: 4858:Book of Acts 4851: 4809:virgin birth 4804: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4778: 4742:virgin birth 4730: 4703:. Christian 4678: 4670:Circumcision 4639: 4627: 4604: 4586: 4582:adding to it 4577: 4543:new covenant 4535: 4531: 4495: 4470:such as the 4436:anti-Judaism 4429: 4422: 4414: 4403: 4389: 4337: 4317: 4283: 4281: 4269:circumcision 4245:Hebrew Bible 4236: 4227: 4217: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4139: 4135:Acts 15:6–35 4127:Gal. 2:11–21 4119:Apostle Paul 4092: 4072: 4044: 4033: 3996: 3958:Book of Acts 3955: 3940:and several 3935: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3840: 3833: 3818: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3736:such as the 3711: 3708:Resurrection 3651: 3622:incorporate 3617: 3581: 3575: 3565: 3543: 3532: 3517:circumcision 3485:Christianity 3478: 3474:Samaritanism 3460: 3449: 3415: 3392: 3372: 3352: 3345: 3320:such as the 3290: 3248: 3239: 3228:Please help 3220: 3182: 3156: 3152: 3114: 3071: 3068:Jewish sects 3059: 3024: 3018: 2995: 2938:origin with 2933: 2896: 2888: 2873:. While the 2864: 2857: 2796: 2795: 2736:Post-Zionism 2607:Judeo-Berber 2602:Judeo-Arabic 2562:Judeo-Gascon 2309:Pidyon haben 2228:Conservative 1774:Saudi Arabia 1592:South Africa 1581:Sierra Leone 1403:Israeli Jews 1317:Mosaic Arabs 1270:Kaifeng Jews 1131:Arab–Israeli 1114:Soviet Union 1099:Emancipation 983:Great Revolt 792:Anti-Judaism 787:Antisemitism 782:Name "Judea" 577:Baal teshuva 181:Hebrew Roots 53: 13252:Middle Ages 13161:Mesopotamia 12841:Catholicism 12778:Protestants 12772:Evangelical 12447:39 Articles 12442:Elizabethan 12419:Anglicanism 12399:Westminster 12309:Melanchthon 12272:Lutheranism 12237:Nicodemites 12215:Arminianism 12186:Reformation 12127:Bonaventure 12102:Inquisition 12097:Waldensians 12047:Investiture 12025:Kievan Rus' 11981:Anglo-Saxon 11961:Pelagianism 11953:Middle Ages 11876:Iconodulism 11751:Thomas More 11672:Catholicism 11594:Monasticism 11577:Constantine 11502:Persecution 11460:Adoptionism 11445:Ante-Nicene 11388:Holy Spirit 11371:Crucifixion 11342:Origins and 11243:2nd and 3rd 10221:. Sreda.org 9961:(1): 1–30. 9908:(10): 789. 9817:Jussay 2005 9793:Lapham 2003 9705:"Nazarenes" 9554:"Ebionites" 9513:"Ebionites" 9152:pp. 224–225 9117:Berard 2006 8957:(1): 3–22. 8592:: 113–126. 8298:Gal 2:11–18 8057:"Ebionites" 8026:Ehrman 2014 7852:Wright 2003 7840:Wright 2003 7801:Vermes 2008 7789:Vermes 2008 7753:Wright 2003 7692:Wright 2003 7664:, pp. 57–58 7508:Pagels 2005 7484:Pagels 2005 7457:"James, St" 7439:circumcised 7327:BYU Studies 7306:circumcised 7302:140510899-1 7255:pp. 124–125 7122:Porter 1999 7046:Karl Rahner 6957:Ehrman 2005 6409:Elchasaites 6377:17 December 5801:Therapeutae 5444:Catholicism 5388:Protestants 5365:Joseph Frey 5334:assimilated 5318:ethnic Jews 5259:(Joachim), 5255:(Solomon), 5227:(Ananias), 5021:Cochin Jews 4960:Holy Spirit 4956:Christology 4940:incarnation 4820:Christology 4817:Adoptionist 4811:and of the 4623:4th century 4452:4th century 4368:Koine Greek 4292:God-fearers 4179:and Jewish 4158:circumcised 3942:Sons of God 3876:Christology 3873:Adoptionist 3836:N.T. Wright 3825:Bart Ehrman 3814:Geza Vermes 3730:soon return 3724:was a core 3718:resurrected 3696:during the 3648:Eschatology 3521:kosher diet 3418:Jewish sect 3399:apocalyptic 3310:soon return 3306:resurrected 3302:crucifixion 3062:Burton Mack 3004:and in the 2853:crucifixion 2731:Revisionist 2721:Neo-Zionism 2328:Zeved habat 2121:Puerto Rico 1947:Netherlands 1779:South Korea 1764:Philippines 1644:Afghanistan 1511:Ivory Coast 1285:Crypto-Jews 1250:Bnei Anusim 1229:Bene Israel 1194:Beta Israel 1151:Communities 1058:Middle Ages 797:Persecution 572:Bereavement 246:Constantine 194:Pejoratives 96:Simon Peter 13442:Categories 13407:New Yishuv 13395:Resistance 12960:Israelites 12563:Revivalism 12484:Anabaptism 12432:Henry VIII 12257:Literature 11881:Iconoclasm 11861:Chrysostom 11814:Vatican II 11780:Jansenists 11766:Mass rocks 11702:Lateran IV 11621:Athanasius 11541:Tertullian 11485:Marcionism 11480:Gnosticism 11433:Revelation 11351:Background 10997:2019-03-31 10265:2011-01-25 10198:2016-06-07 10169:2016-06-07 10137:2016-06-07 10008:Crone 2015 9937:Crone 2015 9755:2007-08-13 9719:2007-08-23 9671:writers... 9609:2019-03-31 9568:2019-03-31 9445:Esler 2004 9433:Tabor 1998 9419:2020-07-30 9267:Küng, Hans 9129:Cohen 1987 9065:080063733X 9040:2020-06-19 8907:1.27–71". 8791:Wylen 1996 8656:2019-07-15 8469:2019-03-31 8437:2019-03-31 8071:2022-06-23 7898:Leman 2015 7883:Leman 2015 7712:0804205264 7662:0802816134 7641:1405108258 7621:0802837433 7435:1405108991 7273:0521812399 7016:080063733X 6977:0664257038 6945:White 2004 6910:Cohen 1987 6892:20 January 6858:20 January 6852:9004144846 6821:20 January 6785:20 January 6754:Cohen 1987 6742:Leman 2015 6596:3161480945 6520:Gill, J., 6429:apostatize 6329:2018-12-27 6246:References 6126:Segal 1986 6102:Cohen 1987 6026:. Most of 6016:pejorative 5911:, p. 5902:, p. 5860:Acts 19:23 5396:Christians 5384:Christians 5326:Protestant 5235:(Elijah), 5174:Macedonian 5083:Macedonian 5017:Knai Thoma 4962:is Jesus' 4948:temptation 4693:Septuagint 4681:Marcionism 4611:Jewish law 4589:March 2021 4559:See also: 4399:synagogues 4386:Trajectory 4376:sacerdotal 4324:synagogues 4288:proselytes 4181:proselytes 4166:Acts 15:19 4164:decision ( 4097:and adopt 4011:See also: 3790:empty tomb 3785:prōtotokos 3773:The later 3704:in 66 AD. 3538:See also: 3531:Jerusalem 3452:proselytes 3434:theologian 3270:See also: 3178:Bar Kokhba 3051:Gnosticism 3029:after the 2958:See also: 2913:Χριστιανός 2905:Acts 11:26 2821:Jewish law 2716:Maximalism 2668:Secularism 2648:Autonomism 2465:Literature 2258:Humanistic 1862:Azerbaijan 1824:Uzbekistan 1799:Tajikistan 1719:Kyrgyzstan 1704:Kazakhstan 1551:Mozambique 1526:Madagascar 1446:Cape Verde 1398:New Yishuv 1393:Old Yishuv 1344:Population 1322:Subbotniks 1280:Samaritans 1219:Romanyotim 1162:Ashkenazim 1104:Old Yishuv 1084:Sabbateans 1071:Modern era 1063:Golden Age 995:Bar Kokhba 715:Beit Yosef 582:Philosophy 317:Clementine 236:Marcionism 146:Elcesaites 13302:Byzantium 13200:Sanhedrin 13104:Kitos War 12922:Languages 12890:Overviews 12729:Ecumenism 12679:Adventism 12669:Mormonism 12605:Millerism 12600:Methodism 12555:1640–1789 12457:Civil War 12404:Orthodoxy 12359:Huguenots 12341:Calvinism 12326:Eucharist 12321:Orthodoxy 12205:Eucharist 12137:Five Ways 12087:Dulcinian 12040:Pomerania 11966:Gregory I 11810:Vatican I 11800:Modernism 11785:Molinists 11775:Guadalupe 11646:Chalcedon 11641:Ephesus I 11631:Augustine 11507:Apostolic 11490:Montanism 11455:Diversity 11231:Centuries 11068:143053857 10947:(2002) . 10623:(1994) . 10593:2 October 9975:0041-977X 9924:2077-1444 9902:Religions 9846:"Antioch" 9805:Weil 1982 9781:Koch 1990 9540:Dunn 2006 9495:proselyte 9315:178213811 9238:1553-0604 8971:1768-9260 8929:1086-3184 8896:0340-9570 8778:, p. 426. 8680:Edinburgh 8491:Judaizers 8461:. 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