42:
346:
114:
295:, using their own extant calendar, states Walter Fischel – a scholar of Oriental history of Jewish people. The letter said, among other things, "... now all this was written and sealed with the King's seal, and cut on a bronze tablet with an iron pen and diamond point, so that his successors may never accuse us of lying or change the agreement. This was done in the year 4520 after the creation of the world, and that bronze tablet is still present to our eyes." This date, states Fischel, would correspond to 490 CE in the Gregorian calendar.
3417:
3429:
3455:
3441:
337:(and the constant threat of invasion from them). The Cochin Jewish community likely were already supporting the Chera state and once the Chola attacks on Kerala began in c. 998–999 CE, these plates and rights granted therein are "quite possibly" the reward for the financial or military assistance and support from the Jewish leader to the Chera king.
172:
Anjuvannam, the old
Malayalam form of hanjamana/anjuman was a south Indian merchant guild organised by Jewish, Christian, and Islamic merchants from West Asian countries. The document is dated by historians to c. 1000 CE. It is also evident from the tone of the copper plates that the Jews were not
164:
along with several other rights and privileges. Rabban is exempted from all payments made by other settlers in the city of
Muyirikkode (at the same time extending to him all the rights of the other settlers). These rights and privileges are given perpetuity to all his descendants. The document is
271:
It is evident from the language of Jewish copper plates that the Jews were not newcomers to the
Malabar Coast at the time of its decree. The language of the plates "certainly prove that they were present in the midst of the local people for at least several generations if not centuries".
212:
This is the gift that His
Majesty , King of Kings , Sri Parkaran Iravivanmar, who is to wield sceptre for several thousand years, was pleased to make during the thirty sixth year opposite to the second year of his reign, on the day when he was pleased to reside at Muyirikkottu.
220:, tolls by the boat and by other carts, ancuvannam dues, the right to employ the day lamp, decorative cloth, palanquin, umbrella, kettledrum, trumpet, gateway, arch, arched roof, weapon and rest of the seventy two privileges. We have remitted duty and weighing fee.
159:
in the vernacular of medieval Kerala on three sides of two copper plates (28 lines). It records a grant by king
Bhaskara Ravi Varma (Malayalam: Parkaran Iravivanman) to Joseph/Yusuf Rabban (Malayalam: Issuppu Irappan) of the rights of merchant guild
204:
characters . The charter ends with a list of witnesses to the deed which includes several chieftains of southern and northern Kerala, the
Commander of the Eastern Forces, and the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communications.
226:
To
Issuppu Irappan, proprietor of the ancuvannam, his male and female issues, nephews, and sons-in-law, ancuvannam shall belong by hereditary succession as long as the sun and moon endure—
223:
Moreover, according to this copper-plate grant given to him, he shall be exempted from payments made by other settlers in the town to the king , but he shall enjoy what they enjoy.
723:
302:, Narayanan dates them to c. 1000 CE, basing his analysis on the 38th (2 + 36) "A-series" regnal year of king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya who ruled between 962 and 1021 AD.
1073:
3026:
906:
305:
Nathan Katz states that the Kochi Jews trace their history to many centuries earlier for good reasons, yet these plates are more likely from the 10th or 11th-century.
1078:
361:
The grant is or was cherished by both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the
Spanish Jews) of Cochin as a historical document and their "original" settlement deed.
1108:
3202:
1118:
1098:
1093:
681:
992:
3222:
1128:
874:
1133:
1030:
2683:
2053:
1113:
1088:
835:
3433:
1123:
1103:
1083:
691:
41:
3526:
526:
291:
Another date was documented in a letter dated 1676 CE from the leaders of Cochin Jews to
Portuguese-Sephardic community of
17:
3486:
3481:
3421:
2529:
985:
639:
The
Historical Traditions of the Jews of Kochi, Studies in History, Volume 21, Number 2, SAGE Publications, pp. 129–130
1138:
1040:
845:
1020:
3516:
3506:
2928:
1053:
1025:
1419:
2781:
2549:
2158:
1848:
978:
3501:
3445:
3291:
1958:
1399:
1158:
399:
250:
This writing is executed by Vanralaceri Kantan-Kunrappolan, the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communication.
3367:
3301:
2935:
2753:
2188:
1883:
1807:
1777:
1747:
1173:
394:
280:
The plates have been variously dated by different historians to the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 11th-century.
369:
to India in 2003, the then provincial minister presented him with a replica of the Jewish copper plates.
333:
The decree of the plates by the Chera ruler of Kerala needs to be taken in the context of the expanding
3536:
3496:
3117:
2198:
2148:
2133:
1143:
928:
Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast".
3402:
3145:
3040:
2858:
2401:
2391:
2376:
1938:
1903:
1704:
129:
834:
Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State".
140:. The charter shows the status and importance of the Jewish colony in Kodungallur (Cranganore) near
3227:
2178:
2163:
2128:
2118:
1863:
1619:
1494:
1454:
350:
3511:
3387:
3278:
2977:
2893:
2088:
2038:
1948:
1943:
1797:
1634:
1424:
1389:
1329:
1153:
354:
794:
345:
3521:
3392:
3327:
3005:
2970:
2921:
2907:
2704:
2315:
2259:
2254:
2033:
1908:
1893:
1853:
1554:
1068:
1048:
1015:
884:
113:
3082:
2900:
2504:
2426:
2371:
2269:
2229:
2143:
2123:
2028:
2013:
1843:
1694:
1679:
1674:
1519:
1148:
3248:
3531:
3347:
3012:
2998:
2865:
2655:
2544:
2534:
2476:
2274:
2193:
2183:
1978:
1963:
1878:
1649:
1549:
1474:
1339:
1001:
3253:
722:
Veluthat, Kesavan (2004). "Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre".
8:
3491:
3352:
3263:
3232:
3159:
2524:
2341:
2336:
2068:
1928:
1802:
1772:
1742:
1669:
1479:
1434:
197:
3212:
3296:
3110:
2963:
2739:
2711:
2539:
2386:
2063:
2058:
2018:
1933:
1689:
1574:
1364:
1354:
1334:
1274:
1269:
1239:
957:
945:
910:
816:
760:
622:
599:
377:
317:
298:
In his thesis of 1972, later published in 1996 and reprinted several times in India as
256:
177:
558:, Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), pp. 67–68
3337:
3217:
3207:
3033:
2837:
2823:
2788:
2718:
2626:
2575:
2346:
2310:
2239:
2168:
2108:
2078:
2008:
1913:
1898:
1858:
1684:
1624:
1534:
1359:
1349:
1324:
841:
820:
752:
687:
517:
Y. Subbarayalu (1 June 2015). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century".
321:
176:
The plates are carefully preserved in an iron box, known as the Pandeal, within the
3362:
3342:
3124:
2949:
2802:
2774:
2732:
2697:
2662:
2466:
2290:
2103:
1918:
1717:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1539:
1489:
1264:
1234:
1168:
1163:
937:
806:
313:
309:
864:, Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), p. 69
3397:
3382:
3377:
3357:
3322:
2991:
2646:
2621:
2606:
2585:
2580:
2519:
2486:
2451:
2431:
2411:
2295:
2203:
1973:
1923:
1792:
1732:
1639:
1514:
1504:
1369:
1309:
1304:
1279:
1224:
1209:
1183:
961:
621:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul-Sep, Vol. 87, No. 3 pp. 233-234,
3173:
3103:
3089:
2844:
2795:
2760:
2631:
2509:
2481:
2446:
2361:
2244:
2138:
2098:
2083:
2048:
1953:
1838:
1727:
1722:
1699:
1589:
1529:
1524:
1429:
1409:
1319:
1314:
1249:
1229:
1214:
1204:
1063:
1058:
201:
156:
73:
491:
Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin."
478:
Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin."
3475:
3138:
3075:
3061:
3047:
2956:
2886:
2767:
2570:
2514:
2471:
2436:
2416:
2406:
2331:
2264:
2113:
2043:
1983:
1868:
1767:
1757:
1629:
1569:
1544:
1499:
1188:
811:
756:
373:
145:
133:
105:
3459:
3306:
3268:
3197:
3068:
2984:
2942:
2816:
2636:
2616:
2456:
2441:
2366:
2351:
2219:
2153:
2023:
2003:
1998:
1968:
1817:
1762:
1737:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1564:
1469:
1384:
1294:
1284:
1254:
1244:
1178:
366:
334:
181:
741:"A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of Their Trade"
3286:
3273:
2830:
2725:
2356:
2249:
2173:
1993:
1988:
1873:
1833:
1812:
1752:
1614:
1559:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1374:
285:
247:
This is attested by Murkkan Cattan, the Commander of the Eastern Forces.
764:
740:
619:
The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast
3258:
3096:
2914:
2879:
2872:
2809:
2746:
2611:
2601:
2565:
2421:
2396:
2381:
2224:
2073:
1659:
1604:
1599:
1509:
1404:
1344:
1259:
1219:
970:
217:
161:
152:
137:
63:
949:
626:
603:
238:
This is attested by Manavepala Manaviyan, the utaiyavar of Eralanatu.
3372:
2676:
2669:
2300:
2093:
1449:
1394:
879:
292:
244:
This is attested by Kotai Iravi, the utaiyavar of Netumpuraiyurnatu.
235:
This is attested by Kotai Cirikantan, the utaiyavar of Venpalinatu.
3180:
3054:
2690:
2461:
2234:
1888:
1787:
1709:
1484:
1414:
1379:
1289:
941:
907:"Here's what PM Narendra Modi gifted Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu"
241:
This is attested by Irayaran Cattan, the utaiyavar of Valluvanatu.
232:
This is attested by Kovarttana Mattandan, the utaiyavar of Venatu.
3332:
3166:
3152:
3131:
3019:
2305:
1439:
1299:
196:
The plate is engraved in vernacular of medieval Kerala using the
349:
A modern replica of the Jewish copper plateswhich was gifted to
1609:
381:
185:
166:
680:
Karashima, Noboru, ed. (2014). "States in Deccan and Kerala".
284:
The traditional date for these copper plates according to the
165:
attested by a number of chieftains from southern and northern
2851:
1782:
540:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
506:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
420:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
141:
95:
91:
1074:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography
683:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
652:
Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
725:
South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros
173:
newcomers to the Malabar Coast at the time of its decree.
780:
A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World
576:
453:
566:
564:
745:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
324:
agrees with Narayanan's 1971-72 dating (c. 1000/01 AD).
1109:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions
1079:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature
561:
3203:
Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum
1119:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature
862:
Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin
709:
The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India
556:
Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin
1099:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works
795:"Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala"
728:. École Française D'Extrême-Orient. pp. 482–83.
654:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 160.
3027:
Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha
1094:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism
422:
New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136, 144.
376:, the Prime Minister of India, to Prime Minister
3473:
542:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47
508:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. p. 139
308:Historians Y. Subbarayalu, Ranabir Chakravarti,
799:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
667:Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century
3223:State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications
986:
738:
1129:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation
686:. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–47.
1134:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue
840:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
664:
649:
29:10th-century Indian copper plate manuscript
993:
979:
613:
611:
40:
1031:Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society
956:
833:
810:
782:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
679:
598:, Asian Music, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 23-28,
582:
495:, Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.
482:, Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.
450:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, pp 451-52.
320:, Elizabeth Lambourn, Ophira Gamliel and
216:We have granted to Issuppu Irappan, the
2684:Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal
1000:
930:Journal of the American Oriental Society
883:. UNI. 10 September 2003. Archived from
777:
721:
706:
344:
112:
2054:Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
1114:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry
1089:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour
927:
875:"Sharon delighted with gift from Kochi"
792:
608:
570:
459:
14:
3474:
1124:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story
1104:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel
1084:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama
266:
974:
837:The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India
372:Similar replicas were also gifted by
126:Cochin plates of Bhaskara Ravi-varman
550:
548:
474:
472:
470:
468:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
3440:
715:
711:. Orient Longman. pp. 118–120.
365:During the visit of Prime Minister
128:, is a royal charter issued by the
24:
2530:Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran
921:
485:
25:
3548:
1139:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
669:. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 32.
545:
465:
425:
412:
3453:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3415:
1021:Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad
596:Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews
117:Jewish copper plates (c.1000 CE)
2929:Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil
1054:Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram
1026:Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham
899:
867:
854:
827:
786:
778:Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2018).
771:
732:
700:
673:
658:
643:
631:
588:
162:anjuman (Malayalam: anjuvannam)
136:, a Jewish merchant magnate of
132:king of Kerala, south India to
1714:Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty
532:
511:
498:
122:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
35:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
13:
1:
2943:Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal
2782:Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam
2550:Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
2159:Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
1849:Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
665:Chakravarti, Ranabir (2007).
405:
3292:Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam
1959:Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai
1400:Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai
1159:O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
966:. Kerala Historical Society.
963:Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala
739:Malekandathil, Pius (2007).
446:Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013),
400:Thomas of Cana copper plates
7:
3527:Kerala history inscriptions
3368:Malayalam triumvirate poets
3302:Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu
2936:Mucheettukalikkarante Makal
2189:Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
1884:Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
1808:Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
1778:Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode
1748:Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
1174:P. Kesavadev Literary Award
519:Studies in People's History
395:Quilon Syrian copper plates
388:
151:The charter is engraved in
10:
3553:
3118:Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
2199:Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon
2149:V. C. Balakrishna Panicker
2134:Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer
1144:Mathrubhumi Literary Award
707:Veluthat, Kesavan (1993).
617:Walter J. Fischel (1967),
328:
3487:11th-century inscriptions
3482:10th-century inscriptions
3411:
3403:Romanisation of Malayalam
3315:
3241:
3190:
3146:Vasanthathile Poomarangal
2645:
2594:
2558:
2495:
2402:M. Krishnan Nair (author)
2392:Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai
2377:Kesari Balakrishna Pillai
2324:
2283:
2212:
1939:Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
1904:Edappalli Raghavan Pillai
1826:
1705:Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu
1197:
1039:
1008:
860:M.G.S. Narayanan (2004),
554:M.G.S. Narayanan (2002),
340:
275:
101:
87:
79:
69:
59:
51:
39:
34:
3228:Viswasahityavijnanakosam
2179:Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
2164:Vallathol Narayana Menon
2129:Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
2119:Thirunalloor Karunakaran
1864:Balachandran Chullikkadu
1620:Pattathuvila Karunakaran
1495:Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
1455:Lalithambika Antharjanam
812:10.1177/0019464617745926
793:Gamliel, Ophira (2018).
594:Johanna Spector (1972),
538:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
504:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
493:Indian Historical Review
480:Indian Historical Review
418:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
380:during a state visit to
351:Prime Minister of Israel
3388:Mozhi (transliteration)
2978:Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
2894:Manushyanu Oru Aamukham
2789:Daivathinte Vikrithikal
2089:Puthussery Ramachandran
2039:Nellikkal Muraleedharan
1949:Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
1944:Kadathanat Madhavi Amma
1798:Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
1635:Perumbadavam Sreedharan
1425:Karur Neelakanta Pillai
1390:K. P. Joseph Kalarickal
1154:O. N. V. Literary Award
650:Subbarayalu, Y (2009).
355:Prime Minister of India
191:
3517:Archaeological corpora
3507:Malayalam inscriptions
3393:Mullu Kurumba language
3328:Arabi Malayalam script
3006:Oru Sankeerthanam Pole
2971:Nakshathrangale Kaaval
2705:Anuragathinte Dinangal
2316:Kiliroor Radhakrishnan
2260:S. L. Puram Sadanandan
2255:Nalapat Narayana Menon
2074:Poonthanam Namboothiri
2034:Nalapat Narayana Menon
1909:Edasseri Govindan Nair
1894:Cherusseri Namboothiri
1555:Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
1069:Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
1049:Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
1016:Kerala Sahitya Akademi
358:
261:
118:
2901:Maranathinte Nizhalil
2505:A. R. Raja Raja Varma
2427:M. R. Chandrasekharan
2284:Children's literature
2270:T. N. Gopinathan Nair
2230:C. N. Sreekantan Nair
2144:V. Madhusoodanan Nair
2029:N. V. Krishna Warrier
2014:Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
1844:A. R. Raja Raja Varma
1695:Sudhakar Mangalodayam
1520:N. P. Chellappan Nair
1149:Muttathu Varkey Award
348:
207:
116:
46:Copper plate 1 side 1
3348:Mathrubhumi Yearbook
3013:Oru Theruvinte Katha
2999:Oru Desathinte Katha
2866:Khasakkinte Itihasam
2859:Kesavante Vilapangal
2656:Aalahayude Penmakkal
2545:R. Narayana Panickar
2535:Kottarathil Sankunni
2477:V. T. Bhattathiripad
2275:V. T. Bhattathiripad
2194:V Madhusoodanan Nair
1979:Kureepuzha Sreekumar
1964:Kavitha Balakrishnan
1879:Chandiroor Divakaran
1650:Punathil Kunjabdulla
1550:Omchery N. N. Pillai
1475:M. T. Vasudevan Nair
1340:Joy J. Kaimaparamban
1002:Malayalam literature
637:Nathan Katz (2005),
462:, pp. 230, 236.
198:Vattezhuthu (script)
3502:Judaic inscriptions
3353:Jewish copper plate
3264:Omanathinkal Kidavo
3160:Viddikalude Swargam
2754:Ayussinte Pusthakam
2342:C. S. Venkiteswaran
2337:C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
2069:Pala Narayanan Nair
1929:K. C. Kesava Pillai
1803:Vallachira Madhavan
1773:Unnikrishnan Puthur
1743:Tatapuram Sukumaran
1670:Santhosh Echikkanam
1480:Madampu Kunjukuttan
1435:Kottayam Pushpanath
958:Narayanan, M. G. S.
448:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
267:Dating and analysis
18:Jewish copper plate
3297:Unnuneeli Sandesam
3249:Atmopadesa Śatakam
3111:Sufi Paranja Katha
2540:Krishna Chaithanya
2387:Kuttikrishna Marar
2064:P. P. Ramachandran
2059:P. Kunhiraman Nair
2019:Moyinkutty Vaidyar
1934:K. V. Ramakrishnan
1924:K. Ayyappa Paniker
1690:Socrates K. Valath
1575:P. K. Balakrishnan
1365:K. P. Nirmal Kumar
1355:K. L. Mohana Varma
1335:Jose Panachippuram
1275:C. V. Raman Pillai
1270:C. V. Balakrishnan
1240:Ashtamoorthi K. V.
911:The Indian Express
887:on 27 October 2003
378:Benjamin Netanyahu
359:
318:Pius Malekandathil
300:Perumals of Kerala
257:M. G. S. Narayanan
178:Paradesi Synagogue
157:Grantha characters
153:Vattezhuthu script
119:
3537:Judaism in Kerala
3497:History of Kerala
3469:
3468:
3338:Malayalam grammar
3316:Assorted articles
3218:Sarvavijnanakosam
3208:Kerala Panineeyam
3041:Peruvazhiyambalam
3034:Pathummayude Aadu
2824:Francis Itty Cora
2719:Ara Nazhika Neram
2627:Vadakkan Pattukal
2576:M. N. Sathyaardhi
2347:Joseph Mundassery
2325:Essayists/Critics
2311:Sippy Pallippuram
2240:G. Sankara Pillai
2169:Vayalar Ramavarma
2109:Savithri Rajeevan
2079:Pulikkottil Hyder
2009:Mary John Thottam
1914:G. Shankara Kurup
1899:D. Vinayachandran
1859:Attoor Ravi Varma
1685:Savithri Rajeevan
1625:Paul Chirakkarode
1360:K. N. Ezhuthachan
1350:Arch Deacon Koshy
1325:Jayasree Kalathil
693:978-0-19-809977-2
585:, pp. 79–82.
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
3544:
3460:India portal
3458:
3457:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3363:Malayalam script
3343:Malayalam poetry
3213:Nātyakalpadrumam
3125:Thottiyude Makan
2698:Anargha Nimisham
2663:Aalohari Anandam
2467:Sukumar Azhikode
2291:Malayath Appunni
2104:Satyan Madakkara
1919:Irayimman Thampi
1718:Subhash Chandran
1665:S. K. Pottekkatt
1655:Raghunath Paleri
1645:Ponkunnam Varkey
1490:Malayath Appunni
1265:C. Radhakrishnan
1169:Padmarajan Award
1164:Odakkuzhal Award
995:
988:
981:
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423:
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314:Kesavan Veluthat
310:Noboru Karashima
259:
155:with additional
124:, also known as
44:
32:
31:
21:
3552:
3551:
3547:
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3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3454:
3452:
3407:
3398:Pandy Malayalam
3383:Mappila dialect
3378:Mannan language
3358:Judeo-Malayalam
3323:Arabi Malayalam
3311:
3282:(play in verse)
3237:
3186:
2992:Ormayude Arakal
2641:
2590:
2586:Nileena Abraham
2581:N. K. Damodaran
2554:
2520:Hermann Gundert
2497:
2491:
2487:V. V. K. Valath
2452:S. Rajasekharan
2432:Narendra Prasad
2412:M. N. Karassery
2320:
2296:P. Narendranath
2279:
2208:
2204:Sreedevi Kakkad
1974:Kunchan Nambiar
1822:
1793:V. P. Sivakumar
1733:T. V. Kochubava
1640:Ponjikkara Rafi
1515:N. N. Pisharody
1505:Muttathu Varkey
1370:K. P. Ramanunni
1310:George Onakkoor
1305:G. R. Indugopan
1280:C. V. Sreeraman
1225:Anoop Sasikumar
1210:Akbar Kakkattil
1198:Fiction writers
1193:
1184:Vallathol Award
1041:Literary awards
1035:
1004:
999:
924:
922:Further reading
919:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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3512:Copper objects
3509:
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3467:
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3104:Smarakasilakal
3100:
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2796:Delhi Gadhakal
2792:
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2761:Balyakalasakhi
2757:
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2680:
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2632:Venmani School
2629:
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2510:Arnos Paathiri
2507:
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2489:
2484:
2482:Vijayakrishnan
2479:
2474:
2469:
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2454:
2449:
2447:S. Guptan Nair
2444:
2439:
2434:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
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2369:
2364:
2362:K. P. Sankaran
2359:
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2349:
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2328:
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2257:
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2247:
2245:K. T. Muhammed
2242:
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2227:
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2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
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2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Unnayi Variyar
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Satchidanandan
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Punaloor Balan
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:O. N. V. Kurup
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Kamala Surayya
1951:
1946:
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1936:
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1839:A. C. Sreehari
1836:
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1728:T. Padmanabhan
1725:
1723:T. P. Rajeevan
1720:
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1712:
1707:
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1590:P. R. Shyamala
1587:
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1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:N. S. Madhavan
1527:
1525:N. P. Mohammed
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Khadija Mumtaz
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:Kamala Surayya
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
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1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:I. K. K. Menon
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Babu Bharadwaj
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:Appu Nedungadi
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Ajijesh Pachat
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
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1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
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1116:
1111:
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1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Edasseri Award
1061:
1059:Cherukad Award
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
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1005:
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990:
983:
975:
969:
968:
954:
942:10.2307/597717
936:(3): 230–248.
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:. 5 July 2017.
898:
866:
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826:
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731:
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583:Narayanan 1972
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370:
342:
339:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:Manu Devadevan
306:
303:
296:
289:
277:
274:
268:
265:
255:Translated by
252:
193:
190:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
74:Grantha script
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3549:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Chera dynasty
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Daiva Daśakaṁ
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
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3193:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:Vasanavikriti
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:Rathinirvedam
3080:
3078:
3077:
3076:Randidangazhi
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:Premalekhanam
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
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3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:Naadan Premam
2954:
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2944:
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2938:
2937:
2933:
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2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:Manju (novel)
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
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2849:
2847:
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2842:
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2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:Aadujeevitham
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
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2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:M. K. Kumaran
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:George Mathan
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:V. C. Sreejan
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:O. V. Vijayan
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:M. N. Vijayan
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:M. Leelavathy
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
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2378:
2375:
2373:
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2368:
2365:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
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2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Annie Thayyil
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Thoppil Bhasi
2263:
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2184:Vijayalakshmi
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2044:Niranam poets
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2017:
2015:
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1984:Lalitha Lenin
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1009:Organisations
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146:Malabar Coast
143:
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134:Joseph Rabban
131:
130:Chera Perumal
127:
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115:
107:
106:Old Malayalam
104:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
3451:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3307:Krishnagatha
3279:
3269:Makarakoythu
3198:Aithihyamala
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
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3069:Randamoozham
3067:
3060:
3053:
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3039:
3032:
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3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:Odayil Ninnu
2983:
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2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:Ente Thankam
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2637:Vanchippattu
2617:Manipravalam
2496:Scholars and
2457:Sabeena Rafi
2442:P. Surendran
2372:K. M. George
2367:K. Damodaran
2352:K. M. Daniel
2220:C. J. Thomas
2154:V. M. Girija
2024:N. N. Kakkad
2004:Manoj Kuroor
1999:M. S. Banesh
1969:Kumaran Asan
1818:Vinoy Thomas
1763:U. A. Khader
1738:T. V. Varkey
1680:Sarah Thomas
1675:Sarah Joseph
1595:P. Surendran
1585:P. R. Nathan
1580:P. Kesavadev
1565:P. Surendran
1470:M. Sukumaran
1385:K. Surendran
1330:John Abraham
1295:E. Harikumar
1285:Chandramathi
1255:B. M. Suhara
1245:Aymanam John
1179:Ulloor Award
962:
933:
929:
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
878:
869:
861:
856:
836:
829:
802:
798:
788:
779:
773:
751:(2/3): 263.
748:
744:
734:
724:
717:
708:
702:
682:
675:
666:
660:
651:
645:
638:
633:
618:
595:
590:
578:
571:Fischel 1967
555:
539:
534:
525:(1): 21–26.
522:
518:
513:
505:
500:
492:
487:
479:
460:Fischel 1967
455:
447:
419:
414:
367:Ariel Sharon
360:
335:Chola Empire
332:
299:
279:
270:
262:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
229:Prosperity!
228:
225:
222:
215:
211:
209:Svasti Sri!
208:
195:
182:Mattancherry
175:
171:
150:
125:
121:
120:
26:
3532:Cochin Jews
3446:WikiProject
3287:Rani (poem)
3274:Puthen Pana
2831:Gurusagaram
2726:Arabi Ponnu
2559:Translators
2525:Jyeṣṭhadeva
2498:Grammarians
2357:K. P. Appan
2250:M. Govindan
2213:Playwrights
2174:Veerankutty
1994:M. P. Appan
1989:M. Govindan
1874:Bodheswaran
1834:A. Ayyappan
1753:Thikkodiyan
1615:Parappurath
1560:P. Ayyaneth
1465:M. Mukundan
1460:M. Govindan
1445:K. V. Anoop
1420:Karunakaran
1375:K. R. Meera
288:is 379 CE.
286:Cochin Jews
138:Kodungallur
3492:Vatteluttu
3476:Categories
3259:Jnanappana
3233:Yuktibhāṣā
3097:Shabdangal
2964:Naalukettu
2915:Mathilukal
2880:Kundalatha
2873:Kocharethi
2810:Ente Katha
2747:Avakasikal
2740:Asuravithu
2712:Agnisakshi
2612:Kilippattu
2602:Champukkal
2566:Leela Devi
2422:M. P. Paul
2397:M. K. Sanu
2382:Kozhikodan
2225:C. L. Jose
1660:S. Hareesh
1605:Padmarajan
1600:P. Valsala
1510:N. Mohanan
1405:Kakkanadan
1345:K. J. Baby
1260:B. Sandhya
1220:Anita Nair
406:References
218:ancuvannam
88:Discovered
83:c. 1000 AD
64:Vatteluttu
3422:Templates
3373:Malayanma
3191:Treatises
2838:Indulekha
2677:Aarachaar
2301:Sumangala
2094:S. Joseph
1450:Lajo Jose
1395:K. Thayat
880:The Hindu
821:149268133
805:(1): 53.
757:0022-4995
529:2348-4489
293:Amsterdam
3434:Category
3181:Yanthram
3055:Pravasam
2950:Muthassi
2803:Enmakaje
2775:Chemmeen
2733:Arohanam
2691:Anal Haq
2462:Sanjayan
2235:Cherukad
1889:Cherukad
1813:Vilasini
1788:V. K. N.
1710:Sohanlal
1535:Nandanar
1485:Madhupal
1415:Kanam EJ
1380:K. Rekha
1290:Cherukad
960:(1972).
765:25165196
389:See also
384:in 2017.
253:—
102:Language
52:Material
3333:Chakara
3280:Ramanan
3167:Visappu
3153:Verukal
3132:Ummachu
3020:Othappu
2306:Shebaly
1540:Narayan
1440:Kovilan
1300:E. Vasu
1235:Ashitha
353:by the
329:Context
202:Grantha
144:on the
80:Created
70:Symbols
60:Writing
3174:Yakshi
3090:Sarada
2845:Kaalam
2647:Novels
2124:Tholan
1610:Pamman
950:597717
948:
891:6 July
844:
819:
763:
755:
690:
627:597717
625:
604:833956
602:
382:Israel
341:Legacy
276:Dating
186:Cochin
167:Kerala
142:Cochin
55:Copper
3242:Poems
3048:Ponni
2852:Kayar
2768:Barsa
2622:Novel
2607:Drama
2595:Genre
1827:Poets
1783:Uroob
1700:Sethu
1315:Gracy
1215:Anand
946:JSTOR
817:S2CID
761:JSTOR
623:JSTOR
600:JSTOR
200:with
96:India
92:Kochi
2922:Maya
893:2017
842:ISBN
753:ISSN
688:ISBN
527:ISSN
192:Text
938:doi
807:doi
316:,
188:).
180:at
169:.
148:.
3478::
944:.
934:87
932:.
909:.
877:.
815:.
803:55
801:.
797:.
759:.
749:50
747:.
743:.
610:^
563:^
547:^
521:.
467:^
427:^
357:.
312:,
94:,
994:e
987:t
980:v
952:.
940::
895:.
850:.
823:.
809::
767:.
696:.
523:2
184:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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