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85:. Conner and Rice were both engaged for a summer season at the city theater, which at the back overlooked a livery stable. An elderly and deformed slave working in the stable yard often performed a song and dance he had improvised for his own amusement. The actors saw him, and Rice "watched him closely, and saw that there was a character unknown to the stage. He wrote several verses, changed the air somewhat, quickened it a good deal, made up exactly like Daddy, and sang it to a Louisville audience. They were wild with delight..." According to Conner, the livery stable was owned by a white man named Crow, whose name the elderly slave adopted.
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A more likely explanation behind the origin of the character is that Rice had observed and absorbed
African-American traditional song and dance over many years. He grew up in a racially integrated Manhattan neighborhood, and later Rice toured the Southern slave states. According to the reminiscences
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makeup made of burnt cork to his face and hands and impersonated a very nimble and irreverently witty
African-American field-hand who sang, "Come listen all you galls and boys, I'm going to sing a little song, my name is Jim Crow, weel about and turn about and do jis so, eb'ry time I weel about I
77:, whose owner was one Mr. Crow. Several sources describe Rice encountering an elderly black stableman working in one of the river towns where Rice was performing. According to some accounts, the man had a crooked leg and a deformed shoulder. He was singing about Jim Crow and punctuating each
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Rice's famous stage persona eventually lent its name to a generalized negative and stereotypical view of black people. The shows peaked in the 1850s, and after Rice's death in 1860 interest in them faded. There was still some memory of them in the 1870s however, just as the "Jim Crow"
203:, in which many performers imitated Rice's use of blackface and stereotypical depiction, touring around the United States. Those performers continued to spread the racist overtones and ideas manifested by the character to populations across the United States, contributing to
98:, where he introduced his Jim Crow act, impersonating a black slave. He sang a song, 'I Turn About and Wheel About', and each night composed new verses for it, catching on with the public and making a great name for himself."
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who described the development of the genre in an interview given in 1907, Rice appeared on stage at
Louisville, Kentucky, in the 1830s and learned there to mimic local black speech: "Coming to New York he opened up at the old
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The "Jim Crow" character as portrayed by Rice popularized the perception of
African-Americans as lazy, untrustworthy, unintelligent, and unworthy of social integration. Rice's performances helped to popularize American
233:, portrayed as a literal crow, was originally named "Jim Crow" on the original model sheets, although his name is never mentioned in the film. The character was renamed in the 1950s to "Dandy Crow" in attempt to avoid
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The actual origin of the Jim Crow character has been lost to legend. One story claims it is Rice's emulation of a black slave that he had seen on his travels throughout the
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during the 1950s, later suggested that the original name 'Jim Crow' was "taking a cartoony jab at the oppressive Jim Crow laws in the South" in an article entitled
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By 1838, and through to the end of the 19th century, the term "Jim Crow" was used as an offensive term towards black people, well before it became associated with
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and animals, in the first-ever movie viewing in the White House, he signed segregation laws that first targeted black people in government.
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The
American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures produced in the United States. F4,1. Feature films, 1941 – 1950, film entries, A – L
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with a little jump. According to Edmon S. Conner, an actor who worked with Rice early in his career, the alleged encounter happened in
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460:"The Lay of the Last of the Old Minstrels; Interesting Reminiscenses of Isaac Odell, Who Was A Burnt Cork Artist Sixty Years Ago"
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of 1840), concludes "It's the custom, at Rome, new names to bestow, So they canonized him by the name of Jim Crow!".
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named Jim Crow that had long been popular among enslaved black people. Rice also adapted and popularized a traditional
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41:(1808–1860) and popularized through his minstrel shows. The character is a stereotypical depiction of
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The character conventionally dresses in rags and wears a battered hat and torn pants. Rice applied
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developing a negative view of
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laws were surfacing in the United States. The Jim Crow period was later revived by
President
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727:"Disney Legend Floyd Norman Defends "Dumbo" Crow Scene Amid Rumors of Potential Censorship"
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8:
260:", Gambino shoots a man in the back of the head while posing like a Jim Crow caricature.
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Jump Jim Crow Lost Plays, Lyrics, and Street Prose of the First
Atlantic Popular Culture
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220:(1851), a young schoolboy buys two gingerbread "Jim Crow" cookies for a penny apiece.
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395:. University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008
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429:"An Old Actor's Memories: what Mr Edmon S. Conner recalls about his career"
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143:, bitterly fought against this policy. In the 1960s, when the struggle for
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shore near
Hunters Quay, eventually repainted as the Puffin Rock.
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AFI Catalog of
Feature Films: The First 100 Years 1893–1993
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and of their culture. Rice based the character on a folk
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178:The poem "The Jackdaw of Rheims" by English writer
725:Newsdesk, Laughing Place Disney (April 30, 2019).
295:. Harvard University Press. p. vii Preface.
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485:Dickens, C.; Ainsworth, W.H.; Smith, A. (1837).
25:Actor Thomas Dartmouth Rice as "Jim Crow" (1836)
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241:, the first African-American animator hired at
121:: after he saw a showing of the motion picture
592:Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary
289:Rice, Daddy; W. T., Lhamon; Crow, Jim (2003).
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501:they canoniz'd him by the name of Jem Crow!
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768:Literary characters introduced in 1828
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524:. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
518:Woodward, C.V.; McFeely, W.S. (2002).
362:"Who Was Jim Crow? – Jim Crow Museum"
249:in which he defended the character.
147:gained national attention, President
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696:"Black Crows and Other PC Nonsense"
491:. Richard Bentley. pp. 529–532
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622:. University of California Press.
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773:Anti-African and anti-black slurs
616:Institute, American Film (1999).
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247:Black Crows and Other PC Nonsense
223:A character featured in the 1941
145:civil rights in the United States
778:Stereotypes of African Americans
694:Norman, Floyd (April 27, 2019).
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646:. July 28, 1997. Archived from
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389:"Origin of the term 'Jim Crow'"
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521:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
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131:and portrayed black people as
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758:Blackface minstrel characters
331:. Ken Padgett. Archived from
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217:The House of the Seven Gables
788:Culture of the United States
182:, published in 1837 (and in
127:(1915), which glorified the
16:Blackface minstrel character
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589:Hischak, Thomas S. (2011).
474:– via Newspapers.com.
325:"Blackface! Minstrel Shows"
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595:. McFarland. p. 238.
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552:The House of Seven Gables
413:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
368:. Ferris State University
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89:of Isaac Odell, a former
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37:developed by entertainer
252:In the music video for
243:Walt Disney Productions
227:animated feature film
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75:Southern United States
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335:on September 27, 2014
185:The Ingoldsby Legends
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124:The Birth of a Nation
33:persona is a theater
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488:Bentley's Miscellany
83:Louisville, Kentucky
644:"Reversal of Roles"
212:Nathaniel Hawthorne
464:The New York Times
437:The New York Times
270:Eldred Kurtz Means
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27:
731:LaughingPlace.com
629:978-0-520-21521-4
602:978-0-7864-8694-6
531:978-0-19-514690-5
43:African-Americans
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466:. May 19, 1907
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172:Firth of Clyde
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734:. Retrieved
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708:. Retrieved
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137:Ida B. Wells
129:Ku Klux Klan
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654:January 29,
506:text online
387:Doe, John.
235:controversy
225:Walt Disney
151:signed the
115:segregation
752:Categories
366:ferris.edu
276:References
201:minstrelsy
57:" (1828).
51:slave song
537:August 1,
495:August 1,
62:blackface
47:trickster
35:character
783:Jim Crow
409:cite web
372:March 3,
308:April 7,
264:See also
91:minstrel
53:called "
31:Jim Crow
736:May 27,
574:July 3,
444:July 3,
399:May 24,
393:uic.edu
133:rapists
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159:Legacy
79:stanza
69:Origin
570:. AFI
432:(PDF)
230:Dumbo
141:NAACP
29:The
738:2020
712:2019
681:2021
656:2021
624:ISBN
597:ISBN
576:2020
539:2022
526:ISBN
497:2022
472:2019
446:2020
415:link
401:2015
374:2018
341:2014
310:2021
297:ISBN
256:'s "
674:D23
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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