Jim Crow laws - Knowledge

4287: 3696:, stipulated a guarantee that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations, such as inns, public transportation, theaters, and other places of recreation. This Act had little effect in practice. An 1883 Supreme Court decision ruled that the act was unconstitutional in some respects, saying Congress was not afforded control over private persons or corporations. With white southern Democrats forming a solid voting bloc in Congress, due to having outsize power from keeping seats apportioned for the total population in the South (although hundreds of thousands had been disenfranchised), Congress did not pass another civil rights law until 1957. 4074: 3860: 2646: 3411: 60: 14419: 4575: 4026:(ACC) of flagship state universities in the Southeast took the lead. First they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. Finally, ACC schools – typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups – integrated their teams. With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC schools were successful in their endeavor – as Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win: 4474: 4561: 18961: 16986: 16166: 12376: 12340: 3949: 4176:; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner 12386: 17006: 3673: 3875:(NAACP) had been engaged in a series of litigation cases since the early 20th century in efforts to combat laws that disenfranchised black voters across the South. Some of the early demonstrations achieved positive results, strengthening political activism, especially in the post-World War II years. Black veterans were impatient with social oppression after having fought for the United States and freedom across the world. In 1947 621: 18971: 16996: 16195: 4547: 4417:

for conviction. Oregon and Louisiana, however, allowed juries of at least 10–2 to decide a criminal conviction. Louisiana's law was amended in 2018 to require a unanimous jury for criminal convictions, effective in 2019. Prior to that amendment, the law had been seen as a remnant of Jim Crow laws, because it allowed minority voices on a jury to be marginalized. In 2020, the Supreme Court found, in

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Additionally, some all-black communities, such as Mound Bayou, Mississippi and Ruthville, Virginia served as sources of pride and inspiration for black society as a whole. Over time, pushback and open defiance of the oppressive existing laws grew, until it reached a boiling point in the aggressive, large-scale activism of the 1950s civil rights movement.

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era, libraries were only available sporadically. Prior to the 20th century, most libraries established for African Americans were school-library combinations. Many public libraries for both European-American and African-American patrons in this period were founded as the result of middle-class activism aided by matching grants from the

3606: – an appointee of the President – was heard to express his opinion of black and white women working together in one government office: "I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women. Is there any reason why the white women should not have only white women working across from them on the machines?" 4416:

grants criminal defendants the right to a trial by a jury of their peers. While federal law required that convictions could only be granted by a unanimous jury for federal crimes, states were free to set their own jury requirements. All but two states, Oregon and Louisiana, opted for unanimous juries

4132:, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. The result in Birmingham was compromise by which the new mayor opened the library, golf courses, and other city facilities to both races, against the backdrop of church bombings and assassinations. 3727:

In 1892, Plessy bought a first-class ticket from New Orleans on the East Louisiana Railway. Once he had boarded the train, he informed the train conductor of his racial lineage and took a seat in the whites-only car. He was directed to leave that car and sit instead in the "coloreds only" car. Plessy

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By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been underway for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The

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and his police forces by using young teenagers as demonstrators – and Connor arrested 900 on one day alone. The next day Connor unleashed billy clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses to disperse and punish the young demonstrators with a brutality that horrified the nation. It was very bad

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has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says "protective socialization by black people themselves" was

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In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring separate accommodations for colored and white passengers on railroads. Louisiana law distinguished between "white", "black" and "colored" (that is, people of mixed European and African ancestry). The law had already specified that black people could not ride

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Like schools, public libraries for black people were underfunded, if they existed at all, and they were often stocked with secondhand books and other resources. These facilities were not introduced for African Americans in the South until the first decade of the 20th century. Throughout the Jim Crow

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Voter turnout dropped dramatically through the South as a result of these measures. In Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the state's population. By 1910, only 730 black people were registered, less than 0.5% of eligible black

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discusses the present-day Jim Crow legacy of felony disenfranchisement, and states that part of Mississippi's 1890 constitution was not erased by the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. The article states the constitutional felony disenfranchisement clause "takes away – for life – the right to

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ended legally sanctioned state barriers to voting for all federal, state and local elections. It also provided for federal oversight and monitoring of counties with historically low minority voter turnout. Years of enforcement have been needed to overcome resistance, and additional legal challenges

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legislatures for the first time in most Southern states, those for black children were consistently underfunded compared to schools for white children, even when considered within the strained finances of the postwar South where the decreasing price of cotton kept the agricultural economy at a low.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to

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One rationale for the systematic exclusion of African Americans from southern public society was that it was for their own protection. An early 20th-century scholar suggested that allowing black people to attend white schools would mean "constantly subjecting them to adverse feeling and opinion",

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being challenged throughout the South, many whites sought to protect their former status by threatening African Americans who exercised their new rights." White Southerners used their power to segregate public spaces and facilities in law and reestablish social dominance over black people in the

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Those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, and their interests were overlooked. While public schools had been established by Reconstruction

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Black people were still elected to local offices throughout the 1880s in local areas with large black populations, but their voting was suppressed for state and national elections. States passed laws to make voter registration and electoral rules more restrictive, with the result that political

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The Wilson administration introduced segregation in federal offices, despite much protest from African-American leaders and white progressive groups in the north and midwest. He appointed segregationist Southern politicians because of his own firm belief that racial segregation was in the best

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However, this did build the foundation for later generations to advance racial equality and de-segregation. Chafe argued that the places essential for change to begin were institutions, particularly black churches, which functioned as centers for community-building and discussion of politics.

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The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full

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editorial wondered if the "reunion" of 1913 was a reunion of those who fought for "the extinction of slavery" or a reunion of those who fought to "perpetuate slavery and who are now employing every artifice and argument known to deceit" to present emancipation as a failed venture. Historian

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around it, which lasted more than a year and resulted in desegregation of the privately run buses in the city. Civil rights protests and actions, together with legal challenges, resulted in a series of legislative and court decisions which contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system.

3308:; sometimes, there were no facilities for the black community at all. Far from equality, as a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, political and social disadvantages and second class citizenship for most African Americans living in the United States. After the 5707:, 30 July 1887: "No 'Jim Crow' Cars": "The answer further avers that the cars provided for the colored passengers are equally as safe, comfortable, clean, well ventilated, and cared for as those provided for whites. The difference, it says, if any, relates to matters aesthetical only." 3526:

meant that black voters were eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896 to 1904. The growth of their thriving middle class was slowed. In North Carolina and other Southern states, black people suffered from being made invisible in the political system: "ithin a decade of

3259:. Formal and informal racial segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even as several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures ( 4248:, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights enforcement legislation. President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings soon began on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. 4031:

participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype – black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs... the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.

3585:"), was exempted from the literacy requirement; but the only men who had the franchise before that year were white or European-American. European Americans were effectively exempted from the literacy testing, whereas black Americans were effectively singled out by the law. 4448:

Interpretation of the Constitution and its application to minority rights continues to be controversial as Court membership changes. Observers such as Ian F. Lopez believe that in the 2000s, the Supreme Court has become more protective of the status quo.

4111:, sponsored by rural segregationists who largely controlled the state legislatures. Southern liberals, who counseled moderation, were shouted down by both sides and had limited impact. Much more significant was the civil rights movement, especially the 3928:

created inside the community in order to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as "walking the tightrope", such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s.

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It largely displaced the old, much more moderate NAACP in taking leadership roles. King organized massive demonstrations, that seized massive media attention in an era when network television news was an innovative and universally watched phenomenon.

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project. The disappearance of the three activists captured national attention and the ensuing outrage was used by Johnson and civil rights activists to build a coalition of northern and western Democrats and Republicans and push Congress to pass the

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murder of the three voting-rights activists in Mississippi in 1964 and the state's refusal to prosecute the murderers, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism against black people, had gained national attention. Finally, the

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called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader

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Racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the Southern agenda in the 1950s and 1960s. Involved were issues of equality, racism, and the alumni demand for the top players needed to win high-profile games. The

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had become by 1838 a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation directed against African Americans at the end of the 19th century, these statutes became known as Jim Crow laws.

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to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the government withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained political power in every Southern state. These Southern, white,

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disrupted Republican organizing, ran Republican officeholders out of town, and lynched black voters as an intimidation tactic to suppress the black vote. Extensive voter fraud was also used. In one instance, an outright coup or

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to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools, and to deny funds for discriminatory programs. Martin Luther King launched a huge march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the

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during the first half of the 20th century. Because opportunities were very limited in the South, African Americans moved in great numbers to cities in Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western states to seek better lives.

4156:, at the time the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation. 3914:

As the civil rights movement gained momentum and used federal courts to attack Jim Crow statutes, the white-dominated governments of many of the southern states countered by passing alternative forms of resistance.

3734:(1896), in which the Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. The finding contributed to 58 more years of legalized discrimination against black and colored people in the United States. 3711:

company for discrimination, citing its provision of different cars for white and black/colored passengers. The company successfully appealed for relief on the grounds it offered "separate but equal" accommodation.

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After World War II, people of color increasingly challenged segregation, as they believed they had more than earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their military service and sacrifices. The

3655:, several towns adopted residential segregation laws between 1910 and the 1920s. Legal strictures called for segregated water fountains and restrooms. The exclusion of African Americans also found support in the 9774: 4349:

was hired as the first African American to play in Major League Baseball; he permanently broke the color bar. Baseball teams continued to integrate in the following years, leading to the full participation of

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Although in theory, the "equal" segregation doctrine governed public facilities and transportation too, facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to facilities for

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New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black

3839:(1944) issued that day). Murphy used the word in five separate opinions, but after he left the court, "racism" was not used again in an opinion for two decades. It next appeared in the landmark decision of 3566:(1890s–1920s), it was also becoming customary. Even in cases in which Jim Crow laws did not expressly forbid black people from participating in sports or recreation, a segregated culture had become common. 13791: 13786: 8468: 3830:

during World War II, the Court was sinking into "the ugly abyss of racism". This was the first time that "racism" was used in Supreme Court opinion (Murphy used it twice in a concurring opinion in

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was steeply slanted against the interests of African Americans. Most black Americans still lived in the South, where they had been effectively disfranchised, so they could not vote at all. While

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to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld by the

4187:, Johnson asked Congress to "let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined." On June 21, civil rights workers 3577:

and literacy requirements banned many poor or illiterate people from voting, these stipulations frequently had loopholes that exempted European Americans from meeting the requirements. In

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SCLC, student activists and smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across the South. National attention focused on Birmingham, Alabama, where protesters deliberately provoked

9101: 8538: 8184: 8058: 8030: 4107:(1954), declaring segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Enforcement was rapid in the North and border states, but was deliberately stopped in the South by the movement called 3793:. Social segregation, from housing to laws against interracial chess games, was justified as a way to prevent black men from having sex with white women and in particular the rapacious 15451: 15380: 13803: 9821: 9263: 8732: 4168:

with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the southern filibuster was broken and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by vote of 73 to 27.

9558: 9216: 8921: 8688: 8405: 3883:'s Urban League, for instance, led a demonstration against employment discrimination by the city's department stores. It was the beginning of his own influential political career. 8812: 8753: 8048: 4101:. A complex interaction of factors came together unexpectedly in the period 1954–1965 to make the momentous changes possible. The Supreme Court had taken the first initiative in 3630:

How complete the union has become and how dear to all of us, how unquestioned, how benign and majestic, as state after state has been added to this, our great family of free men!

9494: 8870: 8610: 8569: 8390: 8334: 8171: 7983: 13474: 9564: 8835: 8774: 8620: 8531: 8063: 8053: 6731: 8706: 3539:, tens of thousands of poor whites were also disenfranchised, although initially legislators had promised them they would not be affected adversely by the new restrictions. 3347:

The earliest known use of the phrase "Jim Crow law" can be dated to 1884 in a newspaper article summarizing congressional debate. The term appears in 1892 in the title of a

3599:. Some quickly began to press for segregated workplaces, although the city of Washington, D.C., and federal offices had been integrated since after the Civil War. In 1913, 14532: 9107: 8385: 8287: 8068: 7415: 4423:, that unanimous jury votes are required for criminal convictions at state levels, thereby nullifying Oregon's remaining law, and overturning previous cases in Louisiana. 10043: 8951: 8817: 8544: 8301: 7325: 4310:

African American athletes faced much discrimination during the Jim Crow era with white opposition leading to their exclusion from most organized sporting competitions.

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Smith, J. Douglas. "The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922–1930: "Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro."

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men. "In 27 of the state's 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer; in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was." The cumulative effect in

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wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."

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White Southerners encountered problems in learning free labor management after the end of slavery, and they resented African Americans, who represented the

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led to the violent removal of democratically elected Republican party executive and representative officials, who were either hunted down or hounded out.

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refused and was immediately arrested. The Citizens Committee of New Orleans fought the case all the way to the United States Supreme Court. They lost in

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have been made in the courts to ensure the ability of voters to elect candidates of their choice. For instance, many cities and counties introduced

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vote upon conviction for several low-level crimes, like theft and bribery, that the 1890 drafters felt would be mostly committed by Black people."

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in 1861–1865. Companion laws excluded almost all African Americans from the vote in the South and deprived them of any representative government.

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Blackman, Dexter Lee (2016). ""The Negro Athlete and Victory": Athletics and Athletes as Advancement Strategies in Black America, 1890s–1930s".

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election of council members, which resulted in many cases of diluting minority votes and preventing election of minority-supported candidates.

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with white people, but colored people could ride with white people before 1890. A group of concerned black, colored and white citizens in

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In summer 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, with over 100,000 participants, and 15,000 arrests. In

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was a Democrat elected from New Jersey, but he was born and raised in the South, and was the first Southern-born president of the post-

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In January 1865, an amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery in the United States was proposed by Congress and ratified as the

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In 1954, segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case

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article about Louisiana requiring segregated railroad cars. The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "

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John McCutheon. The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons by John T. McCutcheon, New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. 1905.

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Demas, Lane. “Beyond Jackie Robinson: Racial Integration in American College Football and New Directions in Sport History.”

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Pauley, Garth E., "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

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Martin, Charles H., "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference".

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Miller, Patrick B. "Slouching toward a new expediency: College football and the color line during the depression decade."

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Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asians, 1910 to 1950

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Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights

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Smith, J. Douglas. "Patrolling the Boundaries of Race: Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia, 1922–1932."

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The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics

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which might lead to "a morbid race consciousness". This perspective took anti-black sentiment for granted, because

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Romero, Francine Sanders. "'There are only white champions': The rise and demise of segregated boxing in Texas."

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was energized by a number of flashpoints, including the 1946 police beating and blinding of World War II veteran

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observed that the "Peace Jubilee" at which Wilson presided at Gettysburg in 1913 "was a Jim Crow reunion, and

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Martin, Charles H. "Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American South."

6651: 5680:"Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights Acts of Congress Referenced in Black Americans in Congress" 3758: 3700: 3495: 3275: 3049: 2916: 2846: 2831: 2739: 2510: 2218: 883: 232: 3274:

In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former

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Numerous boycotts and demonstrations against segregation had occurred throughout the 1930s and 1940s. The

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Hutchison, Phillip. "The legend of Texas Western: journalism and the epic sports spectacle that wasn’t."

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In January 1964, President Lyndon Johnson met with civil rights leaders. On January 8, during his first

4147:. Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill, and ordered Attorney General 4073: 18897: 17672: 17349: 17080: 16593: 15765: 15712: 15253: 15076: 14846: 14841: 14557: 14259: 14196: 14186: 13736: 13494: 13454: 12811: 12505: 11817: 11802: 11667: 11181: 10523: 10299: 10269: 10234: 9339: 8699: 8625: 6669: 6608: 4184: 3818: 3054: 3044: 2956: 2896: 2861: 2826: 2783: 2651: 2530: 1277: 938: 653: 340: 6268: 4013:) public school segregation was unconstitutional. The decision had far-reaching social ramifications. 3859: 444: 313: 18250: 18064: 17961: 17841: 17503: 17471: 17136: 17070: 16909: 16753: 15737: 15732: 15175: 14898: 14599: 14168: 13981: 13813: 13374: 12873: 12711: 12518: 12307: 12292: 12282: 12241: 12163: 12128: 11698: 10765: 10592: 10562: 10331: 9725: 9452: 9344: 9237: 9222: 8934: 8855: 8645: 8347: 8105: 7859: 7172: 6582: 6505:"Relics of Racism: Big Rapids Museum Lets Its Memorabilia Tell the Ugly Story of Jim Crow in America" 6235:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21" 6047:"The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus" 5665:"Colored Methodists Indignant Over the Expulsion of Their Senior Bishop From a Florida Railway Car", 5443:

The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow.

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temporarily permitted some illiterate white people to vote but gave no relief to most black people.

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The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South

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The NAACP Legal Defense Committee (a group that became independent of the NAACP) – and its lawyer,

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to test it; he was a man of color who was of fair complexion and one-eighth "Negro" in ancestry.

3263:) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the 3157: 2951: 2891: 2886: 2821: 2816: 2426: 2406: 2260: 2250: 2208: 1826: 1667: 1516: 1511: 1481: 1476: 1419: 1354: 1339: 1272: 1245: 1230: 604: 76: 43: 17851: 15820: 10219: 7385: 1456: 18892: 18865: 18855: 18335: 18315: 18178: 18049: 17941: 17886: 17856: 17836: 17764: 17744: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17620: 17591: 17564: 17535: 17530: 17456: 17121: 17111: 16884: 16787: 16707: 16536: 16477: 16379: 16276: 16219: 16140: 16059: 15760: 15243: 15185: 15126: 14106: 13836: 13074: 12868: 12858: 12796: 12606: 12545: 12333: 12317: 12256: 12083: 11998: 11942: 11226: 11158: 11094: 11022: 10787: 10540: 10485: 10396: 10319: 10224: 10209: 8860: 8767: 8499: 8041: 7920: 7675: 4116: 4061: 3908: 3677: 3615: 3470:

for years, with increasing violence against black Americans during campaigns from 1868 onward.

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The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions

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An African American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in

4206:, where they were volunteering in the registration of African American voters as part of the 4144: 4057: 3985: 3850: 3611: 3278:

and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of

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Buddy, J., & Williams, M. (2005). "A dream deferred: school libraries and segregation",

4955: 4759:

Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws

3826:(1944). In his dissenting opinion, Murphy stated that by upholding the forced relocation of 18731: 18265: 18139: 17966: 17846: 17804: 17754: 17729: 17545: 17508: 17244: 17106: 16894: 16760: 16404: 16341: 16311: 16296: 16281: 16170: 16119: 16114: 15805: 15046: 14851: 14811: 14773: 14604: 14423: 13831: 13594: 13405: 13357: 13229: 13119: 13024: 12791: 12781: 12753: 12618: 12472: 12389: 12208: 12173: 12078: 12053: 11742: 11239: 11191: 11131: 10967: 10888: 10748: 10671: 10629: 10508: 10458: 10443: 10426: 10326: 10214: 10184: 10016: 9613: 9507: 9315: 9179: 9155: 9142: 8802: 8603: 8463: 7958: 7903: 7744: 7512: 7220:

From desegregation to integration: Race, football, and 'Dixie' at the University of Florida

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Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920

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Fultz, M. (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation".

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In 1908, Congress defeated an attempt to introduce segregated streetcars into the capital.

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Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

5621:"Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South" 5315: 5298: 4800:"Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South" 4143:

escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the

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Learning to win: Sports, education, and social change in twentieth-century North Carolina

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The decisive action ending segregation came when Congress in bipartisan fashion overcame

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Bond, Horace Mann. "The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States."

2645: 18680: 18675: 18665: 18613: 18603: 18578: 18520: 18478: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18290: 17581: 16944: 16924: 16583: 16514: 16482: 16449: 16439: 16321: 15877: 15860: 15855: 15830: 15815: 15747: 15727: 15717: 15687: 15392: 15283: 15238: 15205: 15016: 15004: 15000: 14885: 14655: 14624: 14507: 14279: 14216: 13959: 13417: 13184: 13164: 13069: 12994: 12821: 12726: 12716: 12704: 12595: 12492: 12467: 12213: 12188: 12093: 12033: 12008: 11978: 11968: 11567: 11562: 11552: 11542: 11255: 11233: 10753: 10612: 10587: 10557: 10518: 10401: 10244: 9870: 9657: 9514: 9410: 9360: 9126: 8900: 8850: 8795: 8712: 8630: 8362: 8197: 8190: 8177: 8137: 8010: 7978: 7871: 7815: 7705: 7685: 7557: 7265: 7033: 6714:

Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism

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Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

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had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the

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On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the

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most black people and tens of thousands of poor white people through a combination of

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Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America

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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality

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Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century

5749:

Congress rejected by a majority of 140 to 59 a transport bill amendment proposed by

5478:

Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction

4128:

for business, and for the image of a modernizing progressive urban South. President

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Spivey, Donald. "The black athlete in big-time intercollegiate sports, 1941–1968."

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A More Beautiful and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History

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Framing the South: Hollywood, television, and race during the Civil Rights Struggle

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were also passed by other states. Anti-miscegenation laws were not repealed by the

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In some cases, progressive measures intended to reduce election fraud, such as the

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And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Basketball Game That Changed American Sports

5882: 4345:, which featured many famous players. A major breakthrough occurred in 1947, when 3410: 481: 18917: 18825: 18721: 18670: 18530: 18515: 18495: 18460: 18173: 18084: 18019: 17809: 17759: 17540: 17394: 16989: 16954: 16846: 16679: 16598: 16573: 16541: 16531: 16499: 16494: 16389: 16346: 16336: 16326: 16291: 16271: 16256: 16124: 15896: 15785: 15042: 15028: 14974: 14826: 14512: 14497: 13877: 13704: 13614: 13609: 13540:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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Interracialism black-white intermarriage in American history, literature, and law

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The Integration of the Pacific Coast League: Race and Baseball on the West Coast

6597:

The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s.

5013: 4882:

Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation

59: 18912: 18870: 18840: 18830: 18748: 18741: 18726: 18716: 18552: 18488: 18430: 18425: 18410: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18069: 18004: 17518: 17491: 17339: 17051: 16966: 16620: 16489: 16176: 16094: 16069: 16064: 15977: 15456: 15106: 14801: 14796: 14698: 14569: 14564: 14314: 13719: 13682: 13672: 13432: 13427: 13369: 13204: 13134: 13064: 13059: 12563: 12487: 11926: 10994: 10972: 10950: 10928: 10923: 10448: 10379: 10309: 10054: 10011: 9828: 9781: 9694: 9530: 9229: 8910: 8875: 7915: 7844: 7822: 7710: 7562: 7552: 7497: 7482: 6949: 6771: 6634:

More Justice, More Peace: The Black Person's Guide to the American Legal System

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The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s

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instituted in the 1880s had informally barred black people from playing in the

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State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States

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Although sometimes counted among Jim Crow laws of the South, statutes such as

18989: 18924: 18547: 18468: 18330: 18295: 18275: 18146: 18089: 18024: 17416: 17319: 16782: 16429: 16394: 16306: 16266: 16159: 15955: 15840: 15697: 15267: 15086: 14924: 14906: 14894: 14871: 14816: 14688: 14502: 14482: 13272: 13254: 13244: 13214: 13159: 13114: 13099: 13044: 13034: 13019: 12969: 12964: 12934: 12731: 12482: 11136: 10913: 10021: 9958: 9718: 9669: 7854: 7827: 7754: 7097: 6981:"Complex Relations: An African-American Attorney Navigates Jim Crow Atlanta". 6809: 6324:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

5994:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

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Robert E. Gilbert, "John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans."

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formed an association dedicated to rescinding the law. The group persuaded

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The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

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Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football

6882:"A nation of minorities": race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness 6446:"A nation of minorities: race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness" 6287:"A nation of minorities: race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness" 5821:

Loving: Interracial Intimacy in America and the Threat to White Supremacy

5788:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

4401: 4326: 4240:, by county and state troopers on peaceful Alabama marchers crossing the 4124: 3996: 3963: 3717: 3415: 2285: 2245: 2213: 2074: 2034: 1868: 1781: 1732: 1707: 1607: 1282: 995: 978: 933: 853: 501: 15673:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

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was chosen, symbolically, as an important catalyst in the growth of the

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might be said to have been the silent, invisible master of ceremonies".

3514:

and comprehension tests, and residency and record-keeping requirements.

3357:", a song-and-dance caricature of black people performed by white actor 3292:" legal doctrine concerning facilities for African Americans. Moreover, 18934: 18929: 18810: 18805: 18701: 18685: 18542: 18435: 18393: 18355: 18163: 18151: 18124: 18114: 18034: 17433: 17428: 17399: 17334: 17183: 16770: 16424: 16414: 16351: 16145: 16002: 15997: 15982: 15364: 15061: 15051: 15038: 14996: 14966: 14915: 14791: 13139: 13124: 13094: 13089: 12838: 12806: 12645: 12613: 11104: 11012: 10918: 10851: 10624: 10026: 8275: 8255: 8088: 7610: 7130: 6976:

1941. Reprint, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.

6726: 5978: 4566: 4041: 3948: 3880: 3794: 3740: 3331:(1964). In general, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overturned by the 3236: 3132: 3079: 2981: 2567: 2562: 2443: 2438: 2334: 2310: 2159: 2054: 2012: 1968: 1776: 1764: 1737: 1727: 1647: 1022: 1017: 988: 923: 764: 323: 98: 13475:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

10940: 7278:, Ronald L. F. Davis – A series of essays on the history of Jim Crow. 6391: 5347:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction. 5297:

Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (May 11, 2019).

5067: 4942: 3966:

ruled unanimously that public school segregation was unconstitutional.

3903:, ending racial discrimination in the armed services. That same year, 3325:

continued to rule against Jim Crow legislation in other cases such as

18835: 18783: 18500: 18099: 17209: 16934: 16869: 16374: 16037: 15970: 15825: 15288: 15195: 15081: 15071: 14991: 14982: 14861: 13753: 13599: 13104: 12888: 12826: 12721: 10770: 10389: 10239: 7866: 7778: 5230:

Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019

4933: 4594: 4318: 3479: 3467: 3439: 3362: 3260: 3029: 2684: 2468: 2416: 2117: 1712: 798: 538: 328: 259: 254: 249: 188: 132: 12400: 6955:

Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice

4915:"Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans" 4560: 3911:, effectively starting the desegregation of education in the South. 3672: 3426:

of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the

18800: 18630: 18557: 18208: 18134: 18039: 17999: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17279: 17274: 17219: 16904: 16130: 15190: 15096: 14986: 14978: 14954: 14949: 14708: 14226: 14221: 13731: 11146: 11084: 10856: 10775: 7910: 7839: 7795: 7766: 7761: 7717: 5535:

Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government

5376: 4624: 4299: 4257: 3578: 3494:

began to decrease. Between 1890 and 1910, ten of the eleven former

3431: 2433: 2255: 2174: 1821: 1747: 1652: 1612: 953: 948: 943: 868: 863: 808: 15381:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

15309:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

13490:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

6666:

Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights

6664:

Dailey, Jane; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth and Simon, Bryant (eds.),

5973:, "Presidential Address: 'The Gods Bring Threads to Webs Begun'." 17284: 17188: 17168: 17141: 17116: 17020: 16864: 16104: 16074: 14763: 14693: 12843: 8563: 7739: 7680: 6539:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

6418:"Louisiana votes to eliminate Jim Crow jury law with Amendment 2" 5377:"Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", 2000, pp. 12, 27 4009: 3775: 3536: 3438:

gradually regained power in the Southern legislatures as violent

873: 769: 749: 722: 697: 620: 402: 6462:"How Mississippi's Jim Crow Laws Still Haunt Black Voters Today" 5907:

Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981

4052:

doing the same thing nine months earlier – but the Parks act of

18260: 17269: 17173: 17151: 17146: 17096: 16242: 16099: 13677: 7400: 7125:

Clement, Rufus E. "Racial integration in the field of sports."

6261:"LBJ for Kids – Civil rights during the Johnson Administration" 5382: 3813: 3618:, Wilson addressed the crowd on July 4, the semi-centennial of 1873: 858: 754: 732: 727: 677: 14656:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

8775:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History

8233:

Tennessee implements poll tax (state constitution 1870) (1889)

7053:

The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Brief Account of Segregation

6998:

Managing: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia

6818:

The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945

5345:

Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908

5042:"Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice" 3745: 18270: 17101: 16879: 13489: 7898: 6943:

Jim Crow's Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930.

6579:

Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit.

6367:. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–34. 5392:, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp. 135–36. 3779: 3147: 1883: 682: 93: 14533:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7029:"Churches once abandoned by Jim Crow are being rediscovered" 6936:

An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.

4333:

in Berlin) gained prominence during the era. In baseball, a

4044:

refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in

18882: 18711: 13534: 10044:

Category:History of racial segregation in the United States

7370:

Reports of the Death of Jim Crow Prove Greatly Exaggerated.

7062:. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1951. 6774:: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow 5260:

Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South

2515: 2344: 8666:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8249:

Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railroad v. Mississippi

6732:

Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

5550:; Christopher Miller; Robert Cherny; James Gormly (2011). 3873:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3778:

was widespread in the South after slavery became a racial

3502:, passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively 3391: 3310:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

16211: 6900:

Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow

6865:

Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow

4508:

took inspiration from the Jim Crow laws when writing the

4007:

decision. The Supreme Court found that legally mandated (

15259:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

9523:

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

7323:

Interview with David Pilgrim, founder of Jim Crow Museum

6974:

Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son.

6945:

Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.

6561:

The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction.

5727:. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from 5619:

Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (January 6, 2020).

3676:

Sign for the "colored" waiting room at a bus station in

3243:

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced

9287:

Alston v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Virginia

8883:

Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States 1889-1918

7196:

Joe Louis: Sports and Race in Twentieth-Century America

6893:

Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy

5522:

The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice

5046:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

3749:

1904 caricature of "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars by

3610:

interest of black and European Americans alike. At the

3365:, first performed in 1828. As a result of Rice's fame, 6648:

The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South

5336: 5334: 6696:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

3895:

while he was in U.S. Army uniform. In 1948 President

3816:" into the lexicon of U.S. Supreme Court opinions in 6341:"How a Pivotal Voting Rights Act Case Broke America" 6071:. Virginia Commonwealth University. January 20, 2011 6025:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003), p. 297, 4542: 3785:

Justifications for white supremacy were provided by

3741:

Racism in the United States and defenses of Jim Crow

9487:

Levi Pearson v. Clarendon County Board of Education

6761:

The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking

6478:(2020). "The Nazis and the Acceleration of Caste". 5435: 5331: 5114:Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. (2001), 4798:Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (April 2020). 4761:, 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978). 3667: 9246:Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County 6833:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969. 5606:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 4850:"Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans" 4687: 18846:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 16930:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 7014:Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 6615:Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds. 5845:"Full text of Korematsu v. United States opinion" 4774:Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past 4438:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 4414:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 3490:participation by most black people and many poor 2479:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 18987: 15609:List of Indian reservations in the United States 15274:Native American recognition in the United States 13525:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 10084: 7346:, Missouri (esp. see section "Jim Crow is Born") 5540: 5299:"Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics" 4885:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 0–339. 4718:Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee 4690:The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History 4302:in the South were major factors that led to the 4016: 3800: 3486:rule specifically directed at one racial group. 3255:. The last of the Jim Crow laws were overturned 18506:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 13570:Black players in professional American football 13520:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 8021:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 7305:PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride, in 1947. 7045:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2019. 6215:The Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary Reader 5618: 5500:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 108–. 5497:Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920 5263:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 138–. 5068:"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States" 4797: 4605:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 3535:from the minds of white North Carolinians." In 2123:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 30:"Jim Crow" redirects here. For other uses, see 17988:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 15334:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 9775:The Disfranchisement of the Negro in the South 8487:Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House 5875:"Former Pa. House speaker K. Leroy Irvis dies" 5553:Making America: A History of the United States 5219:Harriot, Michael (2021). "Reconstruction". In 3935: 3833:Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co 3466:elections were close and had been disputed in 1601:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 19066:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 17036: 16227: 15658: 14759:Native American identity in the United States 14450: 12416: 10355:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 10070: 9944:Judicial aspects of race in the United States 8425:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 7416: 7162:International Journal of the History of Sport 7041:Wood, Amy Louise and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), 5355: 5353: 4708: 3380:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 3328:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3212: 2604: 581: 19001:1960s disestablishments in the United States 16010:Residential segregation in the United States 15604:State-recognized tribes in the United States 15386:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 13283:Historically black colleges and universities 11279:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 9547:Rosana Aubert v. Orleans Parish School Board 9385:Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education 6991:Race Relations in the Urban South, 1856–1890 6749:. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 6646:Cole, Stephanie and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), 6304:"Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws" 6069:VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project 5937:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture 5455: 5453: 5451: 5296: 5185: 4452: 4364:Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 4244:en route from Selma to the state capital of 19056:Democratic backsliding in the United States 18204:List of people killed for being transgender 7043:Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South. 6850:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 6213:For primary sources see John A. Kirk, ed., 5484: 5283:Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. 4764: 4068: 3863:Educational segregation in the US prior to 1817:List of people killed for being transgender 19036:Political terminology of the United States 17043: 17029: 16234: 16220: 15665: 15651: 14580:Native Americans in the American Civil War 14464: 14457: 14443: 12423: 12409: 10077: 10063: 9202:New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. 7423: 7409: 7055:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955. 6335: 5897: 5350: 5247: 5158: 5135:. New York. December 21, 1892. p. 1. 4714: 4276: 4159:After Kennedy was assassinated, President 3219: 3205: 2611: 2597: 588: 574: 18996:1870s establishments in the United States 16900:Interminority racism in the United States 15587:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 14595:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 13500:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 10803:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8469:Alabama Constitutional Convention of 1901 7291:– Origins of the term and system of laws. 7266:The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 7151:Cougars of Any Color: The Integration of 7009:vol. 68 (February 2002), pp. 65–106. 7000:University of North Carolina Press, 2002. 6986:, Winter 2007, vol. 91, issue 4, 453–477. 6532: 6474: 5625:Studies in American Political Development 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5448: 5371: 5369: 5363:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. 5314: 5233:. New York: One World. pp. 234–238. 5198:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–. 4941: 4804:Studies in American Political Development 4630:Mass racial violence in the United States 4504:There is evidence that the government of 4370:Interracial marriage in the United States 3662: 3191:Mass racial violence in the United States 19061:Human rights abuses in the United States 19016:History of African-American civil rights 17300:Social determinants of health in poverty 14945:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 9039:Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 7336:Jim Crow Era, History in the Key of Jazz 7075: 6948: 6622:Chin, Gabriel, and Karthikeyan, Hrishi. 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 5924: 5612: 5191: 5168:Encyclopedia of African American Society 5110: 5108: 5106: 4770: 4721:. Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 27–. 4285: 4281: 4113:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 4072: 3947: 3858: 3744: 3671: 3595:period. He appointed Southerners to his 3409: 3390: 889:Social determinants of health in poverty 10958:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 9164:Garner v. Mississippi Light & Power 9022:Jessie De Priest tea at the White House 8726:Universal Negro Improvement Association 7144:Critical Studies in Media Communication 7060:The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913 6359: 5490: 5480:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 5218: 5014:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka" 4912: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4843: 4841: 4640:Racial segregation in the United States 4357: 4298:The Jim Crow laws and the high rate of 4229:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 14: 18988: 16972:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 14399:Topics related to the African diaspora 13505:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 9934:Voter suppression in the United States 9904:List of Jim Crow law examples by state 8167:Ohio Public Accommodations Law of 1884 7309:List of laws enacted in various states 6840:. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943. 6716:. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003. 6503:Carter, Kelley L. (February 5, 2001). 6502: 6313:. United States Department of Justice. 6065:"Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation" 5903: 5815: 5715: 5713: 5587: 5582:Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace 5570: 5366: 5253: 5164: 4878: 4847: 4685: 4620:List of Jim Crow law examples by state 4003:unanimously (9–0) overturned the 1896 3918: 3460:insurrection in coastal North Carolina 3060:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 17024: 16215: 15646: 15319:National Congress of American Indians 15264:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 15227:National Congress of American Indians 15166:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 14754:Native American disease and epidemics 14528:European colonization of the Americas 14438: 14379:Landmark African-American legislation 12430: 12404: 11886: 11648: 11310: 10114: 10058: 9989:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 9788:Southern Politics in State and Nation 9428:President's Committee on Civil Rights 8440:Little River County race riot of 1899 7404: 7332:from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum 6924:. 2d ed. 1997 (Davison Douglas ed.). 6612:vol. 4 (July 1935), pp. 321–327. 6480:Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents 6415: 6386: 6384: 6281: 6220: 5672: 5401: 5316:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519 5277: 5103: 5036: 5034: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4978: 4976: 4906: 4679: 4660:Timeline of the civil rights movement 4529:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 4431:In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court (the 3977:Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 3531:campaign had erased the image of the 3318:Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 19051:White supremacy in the United States 18970: 18010:Capital punishment for homosexuality 17305:Social determinants of mental health 16995: 16194: 15324:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 15181:Native American people and Mormonism 15025:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 13510:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 9763:The Three Phases of Colored Suffrage 9481:Southern Conference Educational Fund 8036:Tennessee State Constitution of 1870 7386:A History of Central Florida Podcast 7026: 6831:Populism to Progressivism in Alabama 6735:. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. 6691:vol. 87 (June 2000), pp. 65–91. 5930: 5761:'Jim Crow Cars' Denied by Congress". 5472: 5466: 4867: 4838: 4777:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–. 4468: 4445:of students to achieve integration. 4426: 4341:, leading to the development of the 3999:. In its pivotal 1954 decision, the 1623:Capital punishment for homosexuality 894:Social determinants of mental health 19011:Discrimination in the United States 18130:Genital modification and mutilation 16385:Discrimination based on nationality 16015:Segregation academy (United States) 15930:Sex segregation in public restrooms 15592:List of federally recognized tribes 13864:African-American Vernacular English 9801:Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 8987:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 7297:– The basics of Jim Crow etiquette. 6867:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. 6409: 6057: 5710: 5556:. Cengage Learning. pp. 578–. 5461:Libraries & The Cultural Record 5405:History, Education, and the Schools 4354:in the Major Leagues in the 1960s. 1743:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 19046:Repealed United States legislation 19026:Legal history of the United States 17050: 15355:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 15350:Black Indians in the United States 15314:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 14590:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 13782:U.S. cities with large populations 13485:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 10645:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 10635:Assassination of James A. Garfield 9310:Fair Employment Practice Committee 9045:Sainte Genevieve race riot of 1930 8396:Ohio Anti-Mob Violence Act of 1896 7656:Fair Employment Practice Committee 7344:Washington University in St. Louis 7303:"You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!" 6792:University of North Carolina Press 6776:. New York: Penguin Press, 2019. 6763:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. 6526: 6416:Lopez, German (November 6, 2018). 6381: 5867: 5303:Annual Review of Political Science 5129:"Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid" 5031: 5001: 4973: 4848:Perdue, Theda (October 28, 2011). 4323:world heavyweight boxing champions 4238:unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965 25: 19077: 15279:Native American women in politics 14630:Native Americans and World War II 14615:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 12655:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 12651:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 12458:African American founding fathers 10677:Assassination of William McKinley 9888:Sproule v. Fredericks (Tennessee) 9643:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 9194:Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada 9102:Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill 8539:Streetcar Segregation Act of 1903 8185:Illinois Civil Rights Act of 1885 8059:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1873 8031:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1868 8016:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 7230: 7186:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 7027:Toth, Casey (December 26, 2017). 6911:We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson 6813:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. 6157:Southern Journal of Communication 5804:The Problems of the Present South 4329:(who won four gold medals at the 3251:" being a pejorative term for an 3239:and local laws introduced in the 3186:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 3181:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 2812:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 18969: 18960: 18959: 18609:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 18446:Law for Protection of the Nation 18346:White genocide conspiracy theory 17004: 16994: 16985: 16984: 16193: 16165: 16164: 14911:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 14899:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 14635:American Indian boarding schools 14417: 13535:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 12680:Nadir of American race relations 12384: 12375: 12374: 12339: 12338: 10896:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 10689:Nadir of American race relations 10568:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 9994:Stereotypes of African Americans 9822:The Shaping of Southern Politics 9264:Wagner-Gavagan antilynching bill 8204:Assassination of John M. Clayton 8026:Nadir of American race relations 7538:African-American representatives 7430: 6601:Louisiana State University Press 6007:North Carolina Historical Review 4600:Black Codes in the United States 4573: 4559: 4545: 4533:stereotypes of African Americans 4472: 4464: 3791:stereotypes of African Americans 3668:Early attempts to break Jim Crow 2872:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 2644: 2234:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2065:Law for Protection of the Nation 1959:White genocide conspiracy theory 619: 206: population exchange 58: 18451:MSM blood donation restrictions 18199:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 17005: 15329:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 12541:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 12531:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 10598:First transcontinental railroad 9559:Virginia referendum on poll tax 9217:Arkansas referendum on poll tax 9120:National Council of Negro Women 9009:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 8922:North Carolina repeals poll tax 8689:Jack Johnson race riots of 1910 8419:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 8406:Nevada County race riot of 1897 6938:New York: Harper and Row, 1944. 6821:University Press of Mississippi 6688:The Journal of American History 6496: 6468: 6454: 6435: 6353: 6329: 6316: 6297: 6275: 6253: 6207: 6191: 6175: 6162: 6149: 6133: 6120: 6101: 6083: 6039: 6015: 5999: 5983: 5964: 5951: 5855: 5837: 5809: 5793: 5773: 5764: 5743: 5698: 5659: 5527: 5514: 5422: 5395: 5290: 5212: 5121: 5099:. December 18, 1884. p. 2. 5085: 5060: 4879:Lowery, Malinda Maynor (2010). 4058:post-1954 civil rights movement 4035: 3634:In sharp contrast to Wilson, a 3025:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3015:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 2735:Expulsions of African Americans 2070:MSM blood donation restrictions 1812:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 18464:(as religious or racial quota) 16890:Go back to where you came from 15429:Native American Pidgin English 15234:American Indian Movement (AIM) 14610:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 14493:Archaic period in the Americas 13530:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 12536:Civil right movement 1896–1954 9809:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 9114:National Labor Relations Board 8813:Philadelphia race riot of 1918 8754:Walnut Ridge race riot of 1912 8558:Mississippi State Penitentiary 8049:Chicot County massacre of 1871 7651:National Labor Relations Board 7395:American Civil Liberties Union 6652:Texas A&M University Press 6141:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5285:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 5116:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 4791: 4752: 4735: 4715:Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016). 4515: 4407: 4325:) and track and field athlete 3705:Interstate Commerce Commission 3657:Republican lily-white movement 3395:Cover of an early edition of " 2083:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 18878:Second-generation gender bias 18594:Constitutional colorblindness 17295:Social determinants of health 15127:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 14903:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 14891:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 13710:Cherokee freedmen controversy 12686:The Negro Motorist Green Book 9091:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 8871:Washington, D.C. riot of 1919 8788:The Passing of the Great Race 8653:Springfield race riot of 1908 8611:Springfield race riot of 1906 8570:Springfield race riot of 1904 8391:Polk County race riot of 1896 8335:Ohio Civil Rights Act of 1894 8172:Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1884 7984:Union Labor Party of Arkansas 7646:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 6918:States' Law on Race and Color 6838:Patterns of Negro Segregation 6636:. Lawrence Hill Books, 2002. 5686:. US House of Representatives 5576:Schulte Nordholt, J. W., and 5445:Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 4984:"Brown v. Board of Education" 4747:Upfront Magazine - Scholastic 4017:Integrating collegiate sports 3801:World War II and post-war era 3571:presidential election of 1912 3569:In the Jim Crow context, the 3400: 3276:Confederate States of America 3050:Springfield race riot of 1908 2511:Second-generation gender bias 2219:Constitutional colorblindness 884:Social determinants of health 52:Racial and ethnic segregation 15222:Native American civil rights 15132:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 15117:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 15112:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 15034:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 14661:Native American civil rights 11766:Hispanic and Latino American 10620:Second Industrial Revolution 10454:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 10160:Exploration of North America 10086:History of the United States 9565:Texas referendum on poll tax 9097:National Housing Act of 1934 9056:Federal Home Loan Bank Board 8965:Racial Integrity Act of 1924 8836:Charleston race riot of 1919 8781:Lynching of Jesse Washington 8621:Greensburg race riot of 1906 8532:Brownfield v. South Carolina 8493:Louisiana State Penitentiary 8464:Robert Charles riots of 1900 8064:Illinois School Laws of 1874 8054:Illinois School Laws of 1872 7256:Resources in other libraries 7224:Florida Historical Quarterly 7115:(U of Nebraska Press, 2018). 7084:(1). Human Kinetics: 46–68. 6984:Georgia Historical Quarterly 6904:University of Illinois Press 6170:The South in Modern America 4988:Landmark Supreme Court Cases 4741:Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). 4673: 4553:Civil rights movement portal 3974:– brought the landmark case 3703:lodged a complaint with the 3342: 3090:Washington race riot of 1919 7: 18789:Medical model of disability 18641:Hate speech laws by country 15872:Brown v. Board of Education 15575:Native American politicians 15565:Native American War Leaders 15043:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 15029:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 15021:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 15017:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 15001:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 14929:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 14651:Native American Rights Fund 13580:Black players in ice hockey 13515:National Urban League (NUL) 13341:American Society of Muslims 12579:Selma to Montgomery marches 12499:Brown v. Board of Education 11290:Indictments of Donald Trump 10481:First Industrial Revolution 10315:Declaration of Independence 10305:Second Continental Congress 9604:Counterculture of the 1960s 9335:Congress of Racial Equality 8808:East St. Louis riot of 1917 8707:El Dorado race riot of 1910 7271:Jim Crow and Reconstruction 7122:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 7006:Journal of Southern History 6922:University of Georgia Press 6786:Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. 6700:University of Alabama Press 5975:Journal of American History 5684:History, Art & Archives 5379:. Retrieved March 10, 2008. 4645:Racism in the United States 4538: 4204:Neshoba County, Mississippi 4104:Brown v. Board of Education 3955:Brown v. Board of Education 3944:Brown v. Board of Education 3937:Brown v. Board of Education 2977:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 2422:Medical model of disability 2266:Hate speech laws by country 10: 19082: 18898:Social model of disability 17350:Discrimination against men 16241: 15781:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 15254:Occupation of Wounded Knee 14971:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 14959:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 14941:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 14937:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 14842:American Revolutionary War 13737:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 13495:Nashville Student Movement 12506:Children of the plantation 11887: 11649: 11311: 11182:Killing of Osama bin Laden 10270:First Continental Congress 10115: 9440:Columbia race riot of 1946 9340:Beaumont race riot of 1943 9108:Louisiana repeals poll tax 8851:Longview race riot of 1919 8700:Franklin v. South Carolina 8626:1906 Atlanta race massacre 8545:Bonanza race riot of 1904 8386:Canfield race riot of 1896 8288:Separate Coach Law of 1891 8069:Vagrancy Law (Mississippi) 7127:Journal of Negro Education 7023:(1943) detailed statistics 6972:Percy, William Alexander. 6670:Princeton University Press 6609:Journal of Negro Education 6032:December 15, 2018, at the 5910:. Routledge. p. 159. 5192:Milewski, Melissa (2017). 5165:Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). 4913:Wolfley, Jeanette (1990). 4367: 4361: 4185:State of the Union address 3941: 3819:Korematsu v. United States 3377: 3373: 2652:1906 Atlanta race massacre 2531:Social model of disability 939:Discrimination against men 29: 18955: 18694: 18571: 18364: 18251:Opposition to immigration 17975: 17605: 17442: 17202: 17152:Race / Ethnicity 17089: 17058: 16980: 16857: 16690: 16458: 16360: 16249: 16154: 16028: 15943: 15895: 15826:Apartheid in South Africa 15746: 15678: 15622: 15542: 15444: 15436:Native American languages 15406: 15373: 15342: 15297: 15214: 15176:Native American religions 15158: 15140: 14925:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 14907:Red River War (1874–1875) 14895:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 14772: 14674: 14600:Indian Appropriations Act 14473: 14407: 14374:Index of related articles 14252: 14167: 13891: 13824: 13762: 13662: 13623: 13555: 13548: 13463: 13383: 13375:Doctrine of Father Divine 13321: 13263: 12912: 12767: 12759:Women's suffrage movement 12712:Reconstruction Amendments 12519:Voting Rights Act of 1965 12438: 12360: 12326: 12270: 12234: 12222: 11961: 11935: 11897: 11893: 11882: 11655: 11644: 11317: 11306: 11172: 11075: 11003: 10904: 10815: 10766:Wall Street Crash of 1929 10697: 10578: 10563:Emancipation Proclamation 10494: 10417: 10365: 10332:Articles of Confederation 10285: 10170:Native American epidemics 10150: 10125: 10121: 10110: 10092: 10039: 9879: 9858: 9845: 9744: 9635: 9628: 9596: 9453:Journey of Reconciliation 9345:Detroit race riot of 1943 9256: 9223:Alexandria Library sit-in 9031: 8952:Catcher race riot of 1923 8947:Rosewood massacre of 1923 8935:Newberry v. United States 8893: 8856:Chicago race riot of 1919 8818:Chester race riot of 1918 8733:United States v. Reynolds 8675: 8646:Berea College v. Kentucky 8448: 8348:Atlanta Exposition Speech 8302:Hampton race riot of 1892 8240: 8106:Strauder v. West Virginia 8097: 8003: 7996: 7931: 7666: 7533:African-American senators 7445: 7438: 7366:Examples of Jim Crow laws 7251:Resources in your library 7069: 7016:21 (August 2001): 273–91. 6617:The Jim Crow Encyclopedia 6583:Columbia University Press 5637:10.1017/S0898588X19000208 5408:. Springer. p. 145. 4816:10.1017/S0898588X19000208 4749:. Retrieved June 7, 2021. 4453:Felony disenfranchisement 4253:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4099:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4024:Atlantic Coast Conference 3624:all men are created equal 3601:Secretary of the Treasury 3337:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3085:Chicago race riot of 1919 1864:Opposition to immigration 733:Race / Ethnicity 32:Jim Crow (disambiguation) 18246:Occupational segregation 18015:Compulsory sterilization 15249:Trail of Broken Treaties 15077:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 15067:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 15047:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 15009:Colorado War (1863–1865) 14424:United States portal 13859:African-American English 13288:Inventors and scientists 12980:George Washington Carver 12584:Chicago Freedom Movement 12252:Northern Mariana Islands 10825:Strike wave of 1945–1946 9939:Historical race concepts 9752:Bibliography of Jim Crow 9434:Airport Homes race riots 9392:Georgia repeals poll tax 9303:United States v. Classic 9187:Florida repeals poll tax 8866:Elaine race riot of 1919 8616:Chattanooga riot of 1906 8401:Atkins race riot of 1897 6958:. New York: Free Press. 5584:. 1991, pp. 99–100. 5520:Tomlins, Christopher L. 4771:Bartlett, Bruce (2008). 4394:) in a unanimous ruling 4380:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4213:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4095:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4083:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4069:End of legal segregation 3686:Civil Rights Act of 1875 3333:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3045:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 1859:Occupational segregation 1628:Compulsory sterilization 409:West Bank settlement law 19031:Native American history 18774:Internalized oppression 18636:Fighting Discrimination 18626:Fat acceptance movement 18584:Anti-discrimination law 18224:Native American mascots 16920:Psychometrics of racism 16370:Anti-miscegenation laws 16050:Anti-miscegenation laws 15885:Anti-miscegenation laws 15424:American Indian English 15360:Louisiana Creole people 15150:Native American studies 15102:Bannock Uprising (1895) 15057:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 15013:Powder River War (1865) 14921:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 14739:Mesoamerican literature 14734:Indigenous Peoples' Day 14543:Partus sequitur ventrem 14347:African-American firsts 13396:Back-to-Africa movement 13365:Black Hebrew Israelites 13145:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 12693:Partus sequitur ventrem 11787:Middle Eastern American 11604:Technology and industry 10474:Seneca Falls Convention 10275:Continental Association 10175:Settlement of Jamestown 9969:Residential segregation 9899:Anti-miscegenation laws 9769:William Alexander Mabry 9736:Moving polling stations 9685:Property qualifications 9554:Peekskill riots of 1949 9459:Fernwood Park race riot 9355:Agana race riot of 1944 9087:(1933) (North Carolina) 8942:Tulsa race riot of 1921 8928:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 8841:Omaha race riot of 1919 8694:Slocum massacre of 1910 8638:Hodges v. United States 8596:Clyatt v. United States 8516:The Souls of Black Folk 8482:Omaha race riot of 1901 8412:Williams v. Mississippi 8308:Baltimore Afro-American 8146:United States v. Harris 7276:The History of Jim Crow 7212:March 19, 2022, at the 6913:. Pelican. March, 2003. 6650:. College Station, TX: 6565:Oxford University Press 6542:. New York: New Press. 6009:, 76.3 (1999): 253–84. 5904:Taylor, Jon E. (2013). 5879:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5441:Battles, D. M. (2009). 5171:. Sage. pp. 864–. 4590:Anti-miscegenation laws 4521:Ferris State University 4376:anti-miscegenation laws 4277:Influence and aftermath 4270:Shelby County v. Holder 4174:Civil Rights Commission 4139:in June 1963, Governor 3991: (1954) before the 3158:Back to Africa movement 2705:Anti-miscegenation laws 2407:Internalized oppression 2261:Fighting Discrimination 2251:Fat acceptance movement 2209:Anti-discrimination law 1837:Native American mascots 184:French colonial empire 77:Anti-miscegenation laws 18893:Social identity threat 18866:Reverse discrimination 18856:Racial color blindness 18336:Violence against women 18316:Sex-selective abortion 16885:Ethnic plastic surgery 16380:Biological determinism 16141:White Australia policy 16060:Corporative federalism 15244:Occupation of Alcatraz 15186:Native American church 15052:Mohave War (1858–1859) 15039:Yakima War (1855–1858) 14997:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 14975:White River War (1879) 14963:Walker War (1853–1854) 14847:Cherokee–American wars 14315:Spingarn Medal winners 13804:States and territories 13575:Black NFL quarterbacks 13075:Martin Luther King Jr. 12607:Dred Scott v. Sandford 12546:Montgomery bus boycott 11907:Admission to the Union 11273:Afghanistan withdrawal 11268:January 6 insurrection 11187:Rise in mass shootings 11159:Virginia Tech shooting 10712:Paris Peace Conference 10486:Second Great Awakening 10225:American Enlightenment 9495:To Secure These Rights 9078:Highlander Folk School 8911:Ocoee massacre of 1920 8861:Knoxville riot of 1919 8768:Guinn v. United States 8282:Tillman Act (Arkansas) 8228:Dortch Law (Tennessee) 8042:Blyew v. United States 7921:Allen Caperton Braxton 7733:Ambrose H. Sevier, Jr. 7676:Southern United States 7321:Voices on Antisemitism 7314:Ferris University page 6989:Rabinowitz, Howard N. 6909:Medley, Keith Weldon. 6309:March 4, 2007, at the 5977:86.4 (2000): 1531–51. 4686:Fremon, David (2000). 4400:(1967). Chief Justice 4352:black baseball players 4295: 4117:Martin Luther King Jr. 4086: 4062:Montgomery bus boycott 4060:; activists built the 3967: 3909:University of Arkansas 3868: 3754: 3681: 3678:Durham, North Carolina 3663:Historical development 3632: 3527:disfranchisement, the 3419: 3407: 3388:on December 18, 1865. 3241:Southern United States 3128:Anti-lynching movement 3065:1917 Chester race riot 3055:Johnson–Jeffries riots 2922:Laura and L. D. Nelson 2526:Social identity threat 2499:Reverse discrimination 2489:Racial color blindness 1949:Violence against women 1929:Sex-selective abortion 213: in Europe 123:Housing discrimination 18861:Religious intolerance 18821:Political correctness 18651:Intersex human rights 18599:Cultural assimilation 18281:Religious persecution 18045:Disability hate crime 17820:Jewish / Antisemitism 16805:In Jewish communities 16783:Hispanic & Latino 16110:Religious intolerance 15107:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 15082:Modoc War (1872–1873) 15072:Snake War (1864–1869) 14987:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 14983:Bluff War (1914–1915) 14933:Tonto War (1871–1875) 14684:Mississippian culture 14647:Civil rights movement 14548:Five Civilized Tribes 13625:Athletic associations 13560:Negro league baseball 13331:African-American Jews 13050:Ketanji Brown Jackson 13015:Henry Highland Garnet 12874:Negro National Anthem 12624:George Floyd protests 12589:Post–civil rights era 11899:Territorial evolution 11263:George Floyd Protests 11246:Unite the Right rally 11115:Oklahoma City bombing 11110:Republican Revolution 11057:Space Shuttle program 10879:Civil Rights Movement 10847:North Atlantic Treaty 10655:Sherman Antitrust Act 10640:Chinese Exclusion Act 10230:French and Indian War 10220:Prelude to Revolution 10205:First Great Awakening 10165:European colonization 9609:Civil Rights Movement 9580:State of Iowa v. Katz 9466:Patton v. Mississippi 9446:Mendez v. Westminster 9423:1946 Georgia lynching 9404:Civil Rights Congress 8906:1920 Duluth lynchings 8876:"If We Must Die" poem 8760:The Birth of a Nation 8740:National Urban League 8659:Twining v. New Jersey 8575:Watkinsville lynching 8371:Gibson v. Mississippi 8262:Sevier Law (Arkansas) 8216:Myers Law (Tennessee) 8075:Pig Law (Mississippi) 7503:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7355:National Park Service 7205:44.2 (1983): 116–25. 7188:108.1 (2004): 26–41. 7177:Pennington, Richard. 7153:University of Houston 7090:10.1123/shr.2015-0006 6891:Kantrowitz, Stephen. 6767:Gates, Henry Louis Jr 6628:9 Asian L.J. 1 (2002) 6577:Barnes, Catherine A. 6143:12.3 (1982): 386–99. 6116:online free to borrow 5931:Buckelew, Richard A. 5823:. 2017 Beacon Press. 5800:Murphy, Edgar Gardner 4321:(both of whom became 4289: 4282:African American life 4226:in the landmark case 4145:University of Alabama 4076: 3952:In the landmark case 3951: 3889:civil rights movement 3862: 3812:introduced the word " 3748: 3675: 3628: 3622:'s declaration that " 3612:Great Reunion of 1913 3413: 3394: 3020:Phoenix election riot 3005:Rock Springs massacre 2662:Historical background 2494:Religious intolerance 2454:Political correctness 2276:Intersex human rights 2224:Cultural assimilation 1894:Religious persecution 1658:Disability hate crime 1425:Jewish / Antisemitism 544:Racial discrimination 368:South Asian labourers 301:Contemporary examples 18266:Political repression 17255:Anti-left handedness 17245:Anti-intellectualism 16895:Herrenvolk democracy 16120:Second-class citizen 16115:Reservation in India 15841:United Arab Emirates 15771:Bulgaria and Romania 15122:Last Massacre (1911) 15087:Nez Perce War (1877) 14955:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 14852:Northwest Indian War 14605:Racial Integrity Act 13832:Afro-Seminole Creole 13358:Azusa Street Revival 13230:Booker T. Washington 12754:Underground Railroad 12619:Free people of color 12473:Atlantic slave trade 11813:Palestinian American 11240:Obergefell v. Hodges 11132:September 11 attacks 10968:Second-wave feminism 10889:Cuban Missile Crisis 10749:Bath School disaster 10667:Spanish–American War 10630:The Gospel of Wealth 10509:California Gold Rush 10469:Mexican–American War 10459:Nullification crisis 10427:Era of Good Feelings 10327:Confederation period 10235:Proclamation of 1763 10185:Atlantic slave trade 9964:Military segregation 9835:Struggle for Mastery 9663:Understanding clause 9614:Black Power movement 9508:Executive Order 9981 9502:Executive Order 9980 9398:Executive Order 9908 9316:Executive Order 8802 9180:Breedlove v. Suttles 9172:University v. Murray 9156:Brown v. Mississippi 9143:Patterson v. Alabama 8916:Nineteenth Amendment 8803:Houston riot of 1917 8604:The Chicago Defender 8379:Smith v. Mississippi 8210:Paragould race riots 7904:Alexander W. Terrell 7642:Federal bureaucracy 7513:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7328:May 6, 2009, at the 7226:88.4 (2010): 469–96. 7155:Athletics, 1964–1968 7146:33.2 (2016): 154–67. 7135:Fitzpatrick, Frank. 7078:Sport History Review 6979:Pye, David Kenneth. 6836:Johnson, Charles S. 6805:Griffin, John Howard 6511:on December 24, 2007 6444:(February 1, 2007), 6392:"Loving v. Virginia" 6285:(February 1, 2007). 6241:on December 29, 2011 6168:Grantham, Dewey W., 5933:"Silas Herbert Hunt" 5862:Steele v. Louisville 5757:, 23 February 1908: 5721:"Plessy v. Ferguson" 5524:. 2005, p. 195. 4743:"The Jim Crow North" 4650:Second-class citizen 4581:United States portal 4525:Big Rapids, Michigan 4443:desegregation busing 4382:, but were declared 4358:Interracial marriage 4331:1936 Summer Olympics 4242:Edmund Pettus Bridge 4091:Southern filibusters 3995:under Chief Justice 3962:under Chief Justice 3901:Executive Order 9981 3604:William Gibbs McAdoo 3445:groups, such as the 3386:Thirteenth Amendment 3070:East St. Louis riots 3040:Evansville race riot 3035:Robert Charles riots 1879:Political repression 844:Anti-left handedness 834:Anti-intellectualism 397:Palestinian enclaves 228:Portugal & Spain 108:Institutional racism 18769:Historical eugenics 18306:Segregation academy 18286:Religious terrorism 18075:Enemy of the people 17983:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 17487:Jehovah's Witnesses 17375:Perpetual foreigner 16915:Perpetual foreigner 15988:Exclusionary zoning 15935:Separatist feminism 15713:Partition of Bengal 15398:Reservation poverty 15343:Ethnic subdivisions 15215:Political movements 14876:Second Seminole War 14787:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 14227:Trinidad and Tobago 13842:Black American Sign 13669:By African descent 13663:Ethnic subdivisions 13650:Southwestern (SWAC) 13565:Baseball color line 13480:Black Panther Party 13384:Political movements 13301:in computer science 12960:Carol Moseley Braun 12749:Tulsa race massacre 12742:Treatment of slaves 12574:March on Washington 12569:Birmingham movement 12262:U.S. Virgin Islands 11748:Lithuanian American 11704:Vietnamese American 11050:End of the Cold War 11040:Invasion of Grenada 10990:Iran hostage crisis 10739:Tulsa race massacre 10546:Election of Lincoln 10541:Dred Scott decision 10529:Kansas–Nebraska Act 10432:Missouri Compromise 10350:Northwest Ordinance 10340:Pennsylvania Mutiny 10335:and Perpetual Union 10295:American Revolution 10210:War of Jenkins' Ear 9979:Housing segregation 9707:Multiple box ballot 9680:Cumulative poll tax 9587:Englewood race riot 9377:An American Dilemma 9369:Pollock v. Williams 9350:Harlem riot of 1943 9330:"Double V" campaign 9271:Chambers v. Florida 9150:Harlem riot of 1935 8994:Corrigan v. Buckley 8846:Bisbee riot of 1919 8524:Tarrance v. Florida 8500:The Leopard's Spots 8433:Imperium in Imperio 8321:Lea Law (Tennessee) 8315:Sayre Law (Alabama) 8222:Lea Law (Tennessee) 7789:Ernest Kruttschnitt 7548:William E. Chandler 7478:William Howard Taft 7218:White, Derrick E. " 7171:40.3 (1999): 5–30. 7164:10.1 (1993): 68–86. 7108:5.2 (2007): 675–90. 7058:Woodward, C. Vann. 7034:News & Observer 6996:Smith, J. Douglas. 6888:, February 1, 2007. 6886:Stanford Law Review 6878:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6790:. Chapel Hill, NC: 6534:Alexander, Michelle 6450:Stanford Law Review 6442:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6337:Newkirk II, Vann R. 6291:Stanford Law Review 6283:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6265:University of Texas 5990:Patterson, James T. 5957:Bartley, Numan V., 5751:James Thomas Heflin 5375:Richard H. Pildes, 5359:Kousser, J. Morgan, 4232:379 US 241 (1964). 4046:Montgomery, Alabama 3919:Decline and removal 3549:Carnegie Foundation 3516:Grandfather clauses 3414:Freedmen voting in 3269:Lily-white movement 3133:Exodusters movement 3100:Tulsa race massacre 2994:Massacres and riots 2402:Historical eugenics 1919:Segregation academy 1899:Religious terrorism 1688:Enemy of the people 1596:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1084:Jehovah's Witnesses 964:Perpetual foreigner 514:Forced assimilation 148:Historical examples 128:Exclusionary zoning 118:Forced displacement 19041:Reconstruction Era 18681:Social integration 18676:Self-determination 18666:Racial integration 18614:Diversity training 18604:Cultural pluralism 18579:Affirmative action 18479:Racial segregation 18389:Crime of apartheid 18291:Religious violence 17784:Indigenous people 17179:Sexual orientation 16945:Racial integration 16925:Race and sexuality 16730:Japanese Americans 16450:Racial segregation 16440:Racial nationalism 15878:Massive resistance 15866:School segregation 15861:Separate but equal 15786:Dominican Republic 15688:Partition of India 15299:Civic and economic 15284:Tribal sovereignty 15239:Red Power Movement 15206:Longhouse Religion 15141:Education, science 15092:Bannock War (1878) 14886:American Civil War 14837:Lord Dunmore's War 14625:Blood quantum laws 14508:Post-Classic stage 14325:US representatives 14320:US cabinet members 14212:Dominican Republic 13799:Metropolitan areas 13640:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 13465:Civic and economic 13443:Self-determination 13264:Education, science 13185:Fred Shuttlesworth 13165:A. Philip Randolph 13070:Coretta Scott King 12995:Frederick Douglass 12822:Harlem Renaissance 12727:Separate but equal 12717:Reconstruction era 12705:Plessy v. Ferguson 12596:Cornerstone Speech 12510:Civil Rights Acts 12493:Black Lives Matter 12468:American Civil War 11912:Historical regions 11868:Transgender people 11426:Capital punishment 11285:Support of Ukraine 11234:Black Lives Matter 11142:War in Afghanistan 11067:Invasion of Panama 11023:Iran–Contra affair 10884:Early–mid Cold War 10754:Harlem Renaissance 10613:Compromise of 1877 10588:Reconstruction era 10524:Fugitive Slave Act 10519:Compromise of 1850 10464:Westward expansion 10402:Louisiana Purchase 10245:Stamp Act Congress 10190:King William's War 9974:School segregation 9954:Racial segregation 9871:Harlem Renaissance 9658:Grandfather clause 9515:Shelley v. Kraemer 9411:Morgan v. Virginia 9361:Smith v. Allwright 9238:Gone with the Wind 9127:Grovey v. Townsend 8901:Harlem Renaissance 8796:Buchanan v. Warley 8713:Pittsburgh Courier 8631:Brownsville Affair 8564:Day Law (Kentucky) 8363:Plessy v. Ferguson 8331:(1894) (Arkansas) 8198:Thibodaux massacre 8191:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 8178:Ex parte Yarbrough 8138:Civil Rights Cases 8011:Reconstruction Era 7979:Agricultural Wheel 7872:Robert Love Taylor 7816:Horatio F. Simrall 7706:George P. Harrison 7686:Joseph F. Johnston 7473:Theodore Roosevelt 7447:Federal government 7198:(Routledge, 2018). 7181:(McFarland, 1987). 7157:(McFarland, 2008). 7149:Lopez, Katherine. 7129:23.3 (1954): 222– 7019:Sterner, Richard. 6950:Oshinsky, David M. 6898:McMillen, Neil R. 6844:Klarman, Michael J 6816:Haws, Robert, ed. 6712:Fireside, Harvey. 6698:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 6595:Bartley, Numan V. 6159:63.1 (1997): 1–19. 6130:(LSU Press, 2000). 5961:(LSU Press, 1999). 5780:Gates, Henry Louis 5755:The New York Times 5667:The New York Times 5430:American Libraries 5402:Reese, W. (2010). 5287:. 2001, p. 6. 5133:The New York Times 5097:Sioux City Journal 5048:. October 11, 2017 4484:. You can help by 4420:Ramos v. Louisiana 4397:Loving v. Virginia 4388:U.S. Supreme Court 4296: 4109:Massive Resistance 4087: 4054:civil disobedience 3993:U.S. Supreme Court 3968: 3960:U.S. Supreme Court 3905:Silas Herbert Hunt 3869: 3842:Loving v. Virginia 3828:Japanese Americans 3755: 3751:John T. McCutcheon 3731:Plessy v. Ferguson 3694:Benjamin F. Butler 3682: 3583:grandfather clause 3533:black middle class 3496:Confederate states 3475:Compromise of 1877 3424:Reconstruction era 3420: 3408: 3290:separate but equal 3281:Plessy v. Ferguson 3265:Reconstruction era 3245:racial segregation 3138:Atlanta Compromise 3010:Thibodaux massacre 3000:Opelousas massacre 2774:Indiana White Caps 2745:Lynching postcards 2690:Compromise of 1877 2668:Reconstruction era 2306:Social integration 2301:Self-determination 2291:Racial integration 2239:Diversity training 2229:Cultural pluralism 2204:Affirmative action 2098:Racial segregation 2008:Crime of apartheid 1904:Religious violence 1389:Indigenous people 760:Sexual orientation 336:Bosnia–Herzegovina 285:Separate but equal 223:Partition of India 218:Pale of Settlement 113:Ethnic nationalism 82:Crime of apartheid 18983: 18982: 18851:Racism by country 18779:Intersectionality 18764:Heteronormativity 18563:Voter suppression 18311:Sexual harassment 18110:Forced conversion 18030:Cultural genocide 17683:African Americans 17497:post–Cold War era 17482:Eastern Orthodoxy 17240:Anti-drug addicts 17235:Anti-homelessness 17162:Scientific racism 17018: 17017: 16766:African Americans 16713:Chinese Americans 16410:Ethnic stereotype 16209: 16208: 16085:Majority minority 15966:Ethnic federalism 15748:Ethnic and racial 15708:Greece and Turkey 15640: 15639: 15171:Eagle feather law 15062:Paiute War (1860) 15005:Dakota War (1862) 14967:Tintic War (1856) 14881:Osage Indian War 14812:King Philip's War 14432: 14431: 14260:African Americans 14132:Dallas–Fort Worth 13727:Black Southerners 13658: 13657: 13110:Thurgood Marshall 13080:Bernard Lafayette 12675:Million Man March 12432:African Americans 12398: 12397: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12351: 11917:American frontier 11878: 11877: 11808:Lebanese American 11793:Egyptian American 11728:Estonian American 11718:Albanian American 11712:European American 11689:Japanese American 11679:Filipino American 11640: 11639: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11251:COVID-19 pandemic 11154:Hurricane Katrina 11095:Los Angeles riots 10985:Watergate scandal 10830:Start of Cold War 10798:Manhattan Project 10385:Whiskey Rebellion 10215:King George's War 10180:Thirteen Colonies 10141:Pre-Columbian Era 10052: 10051: 10035: 10034: 9816:J. Morgan Kousser 9624: 9623: 9418:Boswell Amendment 9295:Hasqett v. Werner 9175:(1936) (Maryland) 9135:Norris v. Alabama 9071:Powell v. Alabama 8747:Bailey v. Alabama 8551:Rogers v. Alabama 8272:(1890) (Michigan) 8153:Danville Massacre 8122:Ex parte Virginia 8114:Virginia v. Rives 7992: 7991: 7959:Farmers' Alliance 7939:African Americans 7833:Furnifold Simmons 7811:James K. Vardaman 7668:State governments 7589:US Supreme Court 7583:Joseph B. Foraker 7568:Benjamin Harrison 7543:Henry Cabot Lodge 7523:Lyndon B. Johnson 7488:Warren G. Harding 7463:Benjamin Harrison 7289:Creating Jim Crow 7237:Library resources 7049:Woodward, C. Vann 7021:The Negro's Share 6930:978-0-8203-1883-7 6668:. Princeton, NJ: 6632:Campbell, Nedra. 6619:(Greenwood, 2008) 6599:Baton Rouge, LA: 6549:978-1-59558-103-7 6476:Wilkerson, Isabel 6464:. April 12, 2024. 6339:(July 10, 2018). 6271:on July 20, 2012. 6198:Theoharis, Jeanne 5971:Chafe, William H. 5917:978-0-415-89449-4 5885:on March 19, 2022 5578:Rowen, Herbert H. 5563:978-0-495-90979-8 5507:978-0-252-00813-9 5270:978-0-8078-3324-7 5240:978-0-593-13404-7 5205:978-0-19-024919-9 5178:978-0-7619-2764-8 4961:on April 12, 2019 4922:Indian Law Review 4784:978-0-230-61138-2 4728:978-0-7660-7914-4 4502: 4501: 4458:Mississippi Today 4427:Later court cases 4189:Michael Schwerner 4161:Lyndon B. Johnson 4149:Robert F. Kennedy 4115:(SCLC) headed by 3972:Thurgood Marshall 3807:Associate Justice 3787:scientific racism 3498:, beginning with 3229: 3228: 3110:Rosewood massacre 2673:Voter suppression 2636:Nadir of American 2621: 2620: 2484:Racism by country 2412:Intersectionality 2397:Heteronormativity 2180:Voter suppression 1924:Sexual harassment 1723:Forced conversion 1643:Cultural genocide 1288:African Americans 1094:post–Cold War era 1079:Eastern Orthodoxy 829:Anti-drug addicts 824:Anti-homelessness 743:Scientific racism 598: 597: 524:Income inequality 16:(Redirected from 19073: 18973: 18972: 18963: 18962: 18903:Social privilege 18888:Social exclusion 18816:Police brutality 18737:Multiculturalism 18707:Amatonormativity 18538:Social exclusion 18374:Age of candidacy 18174:Homeless dumping 18080:Ethnic cleansing 17045: 17038: 17031: 17022: 17021: 17008: 17007: 16998: 16997: 16988: 16987: 16842:Racial supremacy 16800:Jewish Americans 16778:Native Americans 16747:Zainichi Koreans 16735:Japanese Koreans 16718:Zainichi Chinese 16691:Racism by target 16468:Global apartheid 16460:Racism by region 16445:Racial profiling 16435:Racial hierarchy 16236: 16229: 16222: 16213: 16212: 16197: 16196: 16168: 16167: 16136:Social apartheid 16020:Social exclusion 15993:Forced migration 15961:Ethnic cleansing 15951:Auto-segregation 15693:Northern Ireland 15667: 15660: 15653: 15644: 15643: 15550:Native Americans 15419:American English 14992:Posey War (1923) 14709:Iroquois culture 14575:Indian Territory 14523:Age of Discovery 14459: 14452: 14445: 14436: 14435: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14384:Lynching victims 13883:Louisiana Creole 13854:American English 13742:Louisiana Creole 13715:Choctaw freedmen 13553: 13552: 13090:Huddie Ledbetter 13030:Fannie Lou Hamer 13000:W. E. B. Du Bois 12990:Claudette Colvin 12985:Shirley Chisholm 12802:Family structure 12670:Military history 12552:Browder v. Gayle 12425: 12418: 12411: 12402: 12401: 12388: 12378: 12377: 12342: 12341: 12271:Outlying islands 12228:Washington, D.C. 12223:Federal District 11922:Manifest destiny 11895: 11894: 11884: 11883: 11826:Native Americans 11798:Iranian American 11772:Mexican American 11758:Serbian American 11743:Italian American 11733:Finnish American 11723:English American 11674:Chinese American 11661:African American 11646: 11645: 11451:Direct democracy 11441:The Constitution 11400:Higher education 11323:American Century 11308: 11307: 10761:Great Depression 10734:Women's suffrage 10724:Roaring Twenties 10650:Haymarket affair 10608:Enforcement Acts 10397:Jeffersonian era 10345:Shays' Rebellion 10265:Intolerable Acts 10260:Boston Tea Party 10195:Queen Anne's War 10123: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10000:The New Jim Crow 9929:Disfranchisement 9914:Social Darwinism 9795:C. Vann Woodward 9653:Character clause 9648:Loophole clauses 9633: 9632: 9572:Davis v. Schnell 9210:Hale v. Kentucky 9084:Hocutt v. Wilson 9002:Nixon v. Herndon 8980:Chandler v. Neff 8972:Love v. Griffith 8958:Moore v. Dempsey 8581:Niagara Movement 8295:Southern Horrors 8269:Ferguson v. Gies 8130:Neal v. Delaware 8082:Ex parte Siebold 8001: 8000: 7969:Bourbon Democrat 7954:Republican Party 7949:Democratic Party 7882:Josiah H. Dortch 7850:Benjamin Tillman 7784:Murphy J. Foster 7750:Thomas E. Watson 7701:William C. Oates 7468:William McKinley 7458:Grover Cleveland 7443: 7442: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7194:Sacks, Marcy S. 7169:American Studies 7118:Hawkins, Billy. 7111:Essington, Amy. 7101: 7038: 6969: 6934:Myrdal, Gunnar. 6827:Hackney, Sheldon 6759:Gaston, Paul M. 6694:Feldman, Glenn. 6683:Fairclough, Adam 6553: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6507:. Archived from 6500: 6494: 6493: 6482:. Random House. 6472: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6314: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6267:. Archived from 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6237:. Archived from 6231: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6195: 6189: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6137: 6131: 6124: 6118: 6108:McWhorter, Diane 6105: 6099: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6043: 6037: 6019: 6013: 6003: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5881:. Archived from 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5819:(June 6, 2017). 5813: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5790:. 1999, p. 1211. 5777: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731:on July 30, 2018 5717: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5616: 5610: 5601:Blight, David W. 5598: 5585: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5225:Blain, Keisha N. 5216: 5210: 5209: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5010: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4954:. Archived from 4945: 4934:10.2307/20068694 4919: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4876: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4683: 4666:The New Jim Crow 4615:Jim Crow economy 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4497: 4494: 4476: 4469: 4384:unconstitutional 4294:, Oklahoma, 1939 4154:Lincoln Memorial 4050:Claudette Colvin 3907:enrolled in the 3709:Georgia Railroad 3701:Rev. W. H. Heard 3688:, introduced by 3405: 3402: 3294:public education 3253:African American 3221: 3214: 3207: 3143:Niagara Movement 2947:Anthony Crawford 2937:Jesse Washington 2877:John Henry James 2867:Stephen Williams 2852:Ephraim Grizzard 2847:People's Grocery 2763:Vigilante groups 2678:Disfranchisement 2650:Violence in the 2648: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2536:Social privilege 2521:Social exclusion 2449:Police brutality 2370:Multiculturalism 2340:Amatonormativity 2155:Social exclusion 1993:Age of candidacy 1787:Homeless dumping 1693:Ethnic cleansing 623: 600: 599: 590: 583: 576: 519:Gender apartheid 440:Northern Ireland 302: 212: 205: 173:Indian hospitals 168:Separate schools 62: 39: 38: 21: 19081: 19080: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19071: 19070: 18986: 18985: 18984: 18979: 18951: 18826:Polyculturalism 18722:Civil liberties 18690: 18671:Reappropriation 18572:Countermeasures 18567: 18496:Racial steering 18462:Numerus clausus 18366: 18360: 18085:Ethnic conflict 18020:Corrective rape 17971: 17601: 17556:minority Muslim 17438: 17330:HIV/AIDS stigma 17198: 17147:Mental disorder 17085: 17054: 17049: 17019: 17014: 16976: 16955:Racism in sport 16853: 16847:White supremacy 16686: 16454: 16390:Ethnic conflict 16362: 16356: 16250:Types of racism 16245: 16240: 16210: 16205: 16150: 16125:Separate school 16030: 16024: 15939: 15891: 15742: 15674: 15671: 15641: 15636: 15618: 15538: 15440: 15402: 15369: 15338: 15302: 15300: 15293: 15210: 15154: 15142: 15136: 15097:Crow War (1887) 14768: 14694:Hohokam culture 14670: 14513:Woodland period 14498:Formative stage 14469: 14466:Native American 14463: 14433: 14428: 14418: 14416: 14403: 14369:Historic places 14362:US state firsts 14248: 14163: 13887: 13820: 13792:2010 majorities 13787:2000 majorities 13758: 13705:Black Seminoles 13654: 13645:Southern (SIAC) 13628: 13627:and conferences 13626: 13619: 13615:Serena Williams 13610:Jackie Robinson 13544: 13468: 13466: 13459: 13379: 13346:Nation of Islam 13317: 13265: 13259: 13200:Sojourner Truth 13190:Clarence Thomas 13155:Gabriel Prosser 13055:Michael Jackson 12930:Crispus Attucks 12920:Ralph Abernathy 12908: 12864:Musical theater 12763: 12629:Great Migration 12601:COVID-19 impact 12559:Sit-in movement 12434: 12429: 12399: 12394: 12348: 12322: 12266: 12230: 12218: 11957: 11931: 11889: 11874: 11780:Jewish American 11753:Polish American 11694:Korean American 11684:Indian American 11651: 11636: 11491:Merchant Marine 11461:Law enforcement 11313: 11294: 11168: 11164:Great Recession 11071: 11045:Reagan Doctrine 10999: 10978:Stonewall riots 10900: 10874:Project Mercury 10835:Truman Doctrine 10811: 10719:First Red Scare 10693: 10662:Progressive Era 10574: 10534:Bleeding Kansas 10490: 10437:Monroe Doctrine 10413: 10361: 10320:Treaty of Paris 10281: 10255:Boston Massacre 10250:Sons of Liberty 10146: 10117: 10106: 10088: 10083: 10053: 10048: 10031: 9919:White supremacy 9875: 9866:Great Migration 9854: 9841: 9740: 9726:At-large voting 9700:White primaries 9691:Voting devices 9620: 9592: 9252: 9063:Nixon v. Condon 9050:Scottsboro Boys 9027: 9015:Rope and Faggot 8889: 8720:Crumpacker Bill 8683:Great Migration 8671: 8508:Giles v. Harris 8475:Up from Slavery 8457:Carter v. Texas 8444: 8328:Dodson v. State 8236: 8160:Pace v. Alabama 8093: 7988: 7964:Greenback Party 7927: 7887:Benjamin J. Lea 7877:Thomas R. Myers 7806:James Z. George 7728:John N. Tillman 7696:Stouten H. Dent 7669: 7662: 7578:James G. Blaine 7558:John J. Ingalls 7518:John F. Kennedy 7508:Harry S. Truman 7493:Calvin Coolidge 7448: 7434: 7429: 7375:The Daily Beast 7359: 7357: 7351:"Jim Crow Laws" 7349: 7330:Wayback Machine 7284:Wayback Machine 7262: 7261: 7260: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7214:Wayback Machine 7106:History Compass 7072: 6966: 6916:Murray, Pauli. 6861:Litwack, Leon F 6745:Gaines, Kevin. 6557:Ayers, Edward L 6550: 6529: 6527:Further reading 6524: 6514: 6512: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6473: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6361:Sollors, Werner 6358: 6354: 6334: 6330: 6321: 6317: 6311:Wayback Machine 6302: 6298: 6280: 6276: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6221: 6212: 6208: 6196: 6192: 6180: 6176: 6172:(1994), 228–45. 6167: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6138: 6134: 6126:Carter, Dan T. 6125: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6090:Allison, Graham 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6034:Wayback Machine 6021:Pamela Grundy, 6020: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5988: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5939:. Butler Center 5929: 5925: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5817:Cashin, Sheryll 5814: 5810: 5798: 5794: 5784:Appiah, Anthony 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5617: 5613: 5599: 5588: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5545: 5541: 5533:King, Desmond. 5532: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5489: 5485: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5432:, 36(2), 33–35. 5427: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5388:Glenn Feldman, 5387: 5383: 5374: 5367: 5358: 5351: 5341:Perman, Michael 5339: 5332: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5255:Perman, Michael 5252: 5248: 5241: 5221:Kendi, Ibram X. 5217: 5213: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5145: 5143: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5093:"Congressional" 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4877: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4839: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4610:Group Areas Act 4579: 4574: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4518: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4482:needs expansion 4467: 4455: 4429: 4410: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4347:Jackie Robinson 4304:Great Migration 4284: 4279: 4220:Commerce Clause 4166:Everett Dirksen 4130:John F. Kennedy 4071: 4038: 4019: 3946: 3940: 3921: 3897:Harry S. Truman 3803: 3767:white supremacy 3743: 3670: 3665: 3647:white supremacy 3643:David W. Blight 3620:Abraham Lincoln 3564:Progressive Era 3529:white supremacy 3504:disenfranchised 3403: 3399:" sheet music ( 3382: 3376: 3345: 3306:white Americans 3284:, in which the 3225: 3196: 3195: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3153:Great Migration 3123: 3115: 3114: 3105:Perry race riot 3075:Elaine massacre 2995: 2987: 2986: 2802:Andrew Richards 2797: 2789: 2788: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2712:Convict leasing 2663: 2655: 2654: 2637: 2617: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2459:Polyculturalism 2355:Civil liberties 2327: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2296:Reappropriation 2196: 2195:Countermeasures 2188: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2113:Racial steering 2081:Numerus clausus 1985: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1698:Ethnic conflict 1633:Corrective rape 1588: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1213: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1153:minority Muslim 1041: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 919:HIV/AIDS stigma 791: 783: 782: 781: 780: 779: 728:Mental disorder 670: 662: 661: 660: 659: 658: 631: 594: 549: 548: 497: 496: 487: 486: 304: 303: 300: 292: 291: 150: 149: 140: 139: 72: 71: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19079: 19069: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18981: 18980: 18978: 18977: 18967: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18950: 18949: 18944: 18943: 18942: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18921: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18871:Reverse racism 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18841:Prisoner abuse 18838: 18833: 18831:Power distance 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18797: 18796: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18749:Ethnic penalty 18746: 18745: 18744: 18742:Neurodiversity 18739: 18729: 18727:Dehumanization 18724: 18719: 18717:Cisnormativity 18714: 18709: 18704: 18698: 18696: 18695:Related topics 18692: 18691: 18689: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18617: 18616: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18575: 18573: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18553:State religion 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18534: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18489:Nuremberg Laws 18486: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18431:Ghetto benches 18428: 18426:Gerrymandering 18423: 18418: 18413: 18411:Gender pay gap 18408: 18407: 18406: 18401: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18370: 18368: 18365:Discriminatory 18362: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18194:Lavender scare 18191: 18189:Kill Haole Day 18186: 18184:Indian rolling 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18149: 18144: 18143: 18142: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18070:Eliminationism 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18005:Cancel culture 18002: 17997: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17979: 17977: 17976:Manifestations 17973: 17972: 17970: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17862:Middle Eastern 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17801: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17696: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17664: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17612: 17610: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17599: 17597:Zoroastrianism 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17562: 17561: 17560: 17559: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17523: 17522: 17521: 17519:Untouchability 17516: 17506: 17501: 17500: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17448: 17446: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17425: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17404: 17403: 17402: 17397: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17340:Leprosy stigma 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17206: 17204: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17159: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17093: 17091: 17087: 17086: 17084: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17062: 17060: 17056: 17055: 17052:Discrimination 17048: 17047: 17040: 17033: 17025: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17012: 17002: 16992: 16981: 16978: 16977: 16975: 16974: 16969: 16967:Reverse racism 16964: 16963: 16962: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16940:Racial figleaf 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16861: 16859: 16858:Related topics 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16817:Middle Eastern 16814: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16802: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16780: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16768: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16732: 16722: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16700: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16687: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16609:United Kingdom 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16551: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16480: 16470: 16464: 16462: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16366: 16364: 16361:Manifestations 16358: 16357: 16355: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16246: 16239: 16238: 16231: 16224: 16216: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16162: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16095:Nuremberg Laws 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16070:Ghetto benches 16067: 16065:Discrimination 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16046: 16045: 16034: 16032: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16006: 16005: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15978:Ethnopluralism 15975: 15974: 15973: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15947: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15901: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15882: 15881: 15880: 15875: 15863: 15858: 15848: 15846:United Kingdom 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15752: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15684: 15682: 15676: 15675: 15670: 15669: 15662: 15655: 15647: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15600: 15599: 15589: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15546: 15544: 15540: 15539: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15514:North Carolina 15511: 15506: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15432: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15389: 15388: 15377: 15375: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15305: 15303: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15218: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15153: 15152: 15146: 15144: 15143:and technology 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15036: 15031: 14994: 14989: 14979:Ute War (1887) 14952: 14947: 14918: 14913: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14802:Peach Tree War 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14699:Plains Indians 14696: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14666:Discrimination 14663: 14658: 14653: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14570:Trail of Tears 14567: 14565:Indian removal 14562: 14561: 14560: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14471: 14470: 14462: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14439: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14414: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14335:Visual artists 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14295:Mathematicians 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14256: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14236: 14231: 14230: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14173: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14119: 14114: 14112:South Carolina 14109: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14082:North Carolina 14079: 14078: 14077: 14067: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14050: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14027:Massachusetts 14025: 14024: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14007: 14006: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13979: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13962: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13928: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13906: 13901: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13869:social context 13866: 13856: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13834: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13801: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13766: 13764: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13749: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13720:Creek Freedmen 13717: 13712: 13707: 13697: 13695:Alabama Creole 13692: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13666: 13664: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13635:Central (CIAA) 13631: 13629: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13556: 13550: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13471: 13469: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13428:Pan-Africanism 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13398: 13393: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13370:Black theology 13367: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13343: 13333: 13327: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13311:in STEM fields 13308: 13303: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13269: 13267: 13266:and technology 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13205:Harriet Tubman 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13135:Michelle Obama 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13065:Barbara Jordan 13062: 13060:Harriet Jacobs 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12950:Amelia Boynton 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12914: 12913:Notable people 12910: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12849:LGBT community 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12701: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12564:Freedom Riders 12561: 12556: 12548: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12508: 12503: 12495: 12490: 12488:Black genocide 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12444: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12428: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12405: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12382: 12372: 12370:Historiography 12367: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12336: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12308:Navassa Island 12305: 12300: 12295: 12293:Johnston Atoll 12290: 12285: 12283:Howland Island 12280: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12242:American Samoa 12238: 12236: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12164:South Carolina 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12129:North Carolina 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11953:The West Coast 11950: 11945: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11927:Indian removal 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11891: 11890: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11848: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11818:Saudi American 11815: 11810: 11805: 11803:Iraqi American 11800: 11795: 11783: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11738:Irish American 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11668:Asian American 11664: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11596:Sexual slavery 11586: 11579: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11466:Postal service 11463: 11458: 11456:Foreign policy 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11411: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11333: 11326: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11248: 11243: 11236: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11184: 11178: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11134: 11129: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11032: 11030:Crack epidemic 11027: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11009: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10995:Moral Majority 10992: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10973:Gay liberation 10970: 10965: 10963:Counterculture 10960: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10951:Fall of Saigon 10948: 10943: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10929:Apollo program 10926: 10924:Project Gemini 10916: 10910: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10842:Early Cold War 10839: 10838: 10837: 10827: 10821: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10795: 10790: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10703: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10584: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10526: 10521: 10514:Prelude to War 10511: 10506: 10504:Antebellum Era 10500: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449:Trail of Tears 10444:Jacksonian era 10441: 10440: 10439: 10434: 10423: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10380:Federalist Era 10377: 10375:Bill of Rights 10371: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10310:Lee Resolution 10307: 10302: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10129: 10127: 10119: 10118: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10082: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10012:All-white jury 10009: 10004: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9984:Public housing 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9831: 9829:Michael Perman 9826: 9818: 9813: 9805: 9797: 9792: 9784: 9782:V. O. Key, Jr. 9779: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9757:Walter C. Hamm 9754: 9748: 9746: 9745:Historiography 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9731:Gerrymandering 9728: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9695:Direct primary 9689: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9672: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9584: 9576: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9551: 9543: 9539:Elmore v. Rice 9535: 9531:Perez v. Sharp 9527: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9491: 9483: 9478: 9474:Elmore v. Rice 9470: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9299: 9291: 9283: 9279:Smith v. Texas 9275: 9267: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9242: 9234: 9230:Lane v. Wilson 9226: 9220: 9214: 9206: 9198: 9190: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9160: 9152: 9147: 9139: 9131: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9080: 9075: 9067: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9019: 9011: 9006: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8976: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8879: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8792: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8751: 8743: 8737: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8709: 8704: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8663: 8655: 8650: 8642: 8634: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8600: 8592: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8547: 8542: 8536: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8479: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8429: 8421: 8416: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8355:The Red Record 8351: 8345: 8341:Mills v. Green 8337: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8187: 8182: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8110: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7916:Alfred P. Thom 7908: 7907: 7906: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7860:Coleman Blease 7857: 7852: 7845:South Carolina 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7823:North Carolina 7820: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7711:Frank S. White 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7563:Henry W. Blair 7560: 7555: 7553:George F. Hoar 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7498:Herbert Hoover 7495: 7490: 7485: 7483:Woodrow Wilson 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7382:Jim Crow Signs 7379: 7367: 7347: 7333: 7317: 7316:about Jim Crow 7311: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7292: 7273: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231:External links 7229: 7228: 7227: 7216: 7199: 7192: 7182: 7175: 7165: 7158: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7039: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6914: 6907: 6902:. Urbana, IL: 6896: 6889: 6875: 6858: 6841: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6802: 6784: 6772:Stony the Road 6764: 6757: 6743: 6724: 6710: 6692: 6680: 6662: 6644: 6630: 6620: 6613: 6604: 6593: 6575: 6554: 6548: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6495: 6488: 6467: 6453: 6434: 6408: 6380: 6373: 6352: 6328: 6315: 6296: 6274: 6252: 6219: 6206: 6190: 6174: 6161: 6148: 6132: 6119: 6100: 6082: 6056: 6051:Democracy Now! 6038: 6014: 5998: 5982: 5963: 5950: 5923: 5916: 5896: 5866: 5854: 5836: 5830:978-0807058275 5829: 5808: 5806:. 1910, p. 37. 5792: 5772: 5763: 5742: 5725:Know Louisiana 5709: 5705:New York Times 5697: 5671: 5658: 5611: 5586: 5569: 5562: 5539: 5526: 5513: 5506: 5483: 5465: 5447: 5434: 5421: 5415:978-0230104822 5414: 5394: 5381: 5365: 5349: 5330: 5309:(1): 503–519. 5289: 5276: 5269: 5246: 5239: 5211: 5204: 5184: 5177: 5157: 5120: 5102: 5084: 5059: 5030: 5000: 4972: 4928:(1): 167–202. 4905: 4891: 4866: 4837: 4790: 4783: 4763: 4751: 4734: 4727: 4707: 4700: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4570: 4556: 4540: 4537: 4517: 4514: 4510:Nuremberg Laws 4500: 4499: 4479: 4477: 4466: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4428: 4425: 4409: 4406: 4362:Main article: 4359: 4356: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4208:Freedom Summer 4193:Andrew Goodman 4141:George Wallace 4070: 4067: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4015: 3942:Main article: 3939: 3934: 3920: 3917: 3877:K. Leroy Irvis 3802: 3799: 3765:defeat: "With 3742: 3739: 3690:Charles Sumner 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3637:Washington Bee 3589:Woodrow Wilson 3560:South Carolina 3524:North Carolina 3378:Main article: 3375: 3372: 3359:Thomas D. Rice 3350:New York Times 3344: 3341: 3288:laid out its " 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3176:Black genocide 3172: 3170:Related topics 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3095:Ocoee massacre 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2967:John Hartfield 2964: 2959: 2957:Jim McIlherron 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2897:Marie Thompson 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:Samuel J. Bush 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2832:Joe Vermillion 2829: 2827:George Meadows 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2729:Common actions 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2638:race relations 2632: 2631: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2504:Reverse racism 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474:Prisoner abuse 2471: 2466: 2464:Power distance 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2382:Ethnic penalty 2379: 2378: 2377: 2375:Neurodiversity 2372: 2362: 2360:Dehumanization 2357: 2352: 2350:Cisnormativity 2347: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2326:Related topics 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2170:State religion 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106:Nuremberg Laws 2103: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2050:Ghetto benches 2047: 2045:Gerrymandering 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Gender pay gap 2027: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1807:Lavender scare 1804: 1802:Kill Haole Day 1799: 1797:Indian rolling 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1683:Eliminationism 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618:Cancel culture 1615: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1587:Manifestations 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1467:Middle Eastern 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1194:Zoroastrianism 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1116:Untouchability 1113: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 993: 992: 991: 986: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 929:Leprosy stigma 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 795: 794: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 746: 745: 740: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 673: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 634: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 616: 615: 613:Discrimination 609: 608: 596: 595: 593: 592: 585: 578: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 551: 550: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 510: 509: 498: 494: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 406: 399: 389: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 350: 345: 344: 343: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 309:Anti-Romanyism 305: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 271:United States 269: 267:United Kingdom 264: 263: 262: 257: 247: 242: 241: 240: 238:Nuremberg Laws 230: 225: 220: 215: 211:Jewish ghettos 208: 201: 200: 199: 192: 182: 177: 176: 175: 170: 165: 157: 151: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 120: 115: 110: 101: 96: 91: 90: 89: 79: 73: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 46:of articles on 26: 18:Jim Crow south 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19078: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18976: 18968: 18966: 18958: 18957: 18954: 18948: 18945: 18941: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18925:Social stigma 18923: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18693: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18548:State atheism 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18513: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18484:Jim Crow laws 18482: 18481: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18469:One-drop rule 18467: 18465: 18463: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18384:Blood quantum 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18363: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18331:Victimisation 18329: 18327: 18326:Trans bashing 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18296:Religious war 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18276:Racialization 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18226: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18147:Glass ceiling 18145: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18090:Ethnic hatred 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18025:Counter-jihad 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17986: 17985: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17974: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17798:United States 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17785: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17662: 17661:United States 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17648: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17609: 17604: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17582:Protestantism 17580: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17566: 17563: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17511: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17492:LDS or Mormon 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17417:Transmisogyny 17415: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17408: 17405: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17392: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17320:Gerontophobia 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17250:Anti-intersex 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17225:Anti-albinism 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17201: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17094: 17092: 17088: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17066:Institutional 17064: 17063: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17046: 17041: 17039: 17034: 17032: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17011: 17003: 17001: 16993: 16991: 16983: 16982: 16979: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16856: 16848: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16837:Wine industry 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16689: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16666: 16665:South America 16663: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16653:United States 16651: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16644: 16643:North America 16641: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16461: 16457: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16430:Racialization 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16395:Ethnic hatred 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16359: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16312:Laissez-faire 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16297:Institutional 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16282:Environmental 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16237: 16232: 16230: 16225: 16223: 16218: 16217: 16214: 16202: 16201: 16192: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16163: 16161: 16160:Pillarisation 16157: 16156: 16153: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16080:Jim Crow laws 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16035: 16033: 16027: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15956:Balkanization 15954: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15942: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15886: 15883: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15851:United States 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15745: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15668: 15663: 15661: 15656: 15654: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15624: 15621: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445:By state/city 15443: 15437: 15434: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15372: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15341: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15304: 15296: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15268:Red handprint 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15228: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15139: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14872:Seminole Wars 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14832:Pontiac's War 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14817:Tuscarora War 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14749:Neighborhoods 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14689:Adena culture 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14620:Jim Crow laws 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14503:Classic stage 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14483:Paleo-Indians 14481: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14472: 14467: 14460: 14455: 14453: 14448: 14446: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14425: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14394:Neighborhoods 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14357:Sports firsts 14355: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14160: 14159:West Virginia 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14096:Pennsylvania 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14075:New York City 14073: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14005: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13920: 13919:San Francisco 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13892:By state/city 13890: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13837:American Sign 13835: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13770:Neighborhoods 13768: 13767: 13765: 13761: 13755: 13752: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13700:Black Indians 13698: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13622: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13462: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13382: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13278:Black schools 13276: 13274: 13273:Black studies 13271: 13270: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13255:Whitney Young 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13245:Oprah Winfrey 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13215:Denmark Vesey 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13160:Joseph Rainey 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13115:Toni Morrison 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13100:Joseph Lowery 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13045:Jesse Jackson 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13035:Kamala Harris 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13020:Marcus Garvey 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970:Blanche Bruce 12968: 12966: 12965:Edward Brooke 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955:James Bradley 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12935:James Baldwin 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12879:Neighborhoods 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12732:Silent Parade 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12660:Jim Crow laws 12658: 12656: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12483:Black cowboys 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12426: 12421: 12419: 12414: 12412: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12381: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12365:List of years 12363: 12362: 12359: 12345: 12337: 12335: 12334:Urban history 12332: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12313:Palmyra Atoll 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12288:Jarvis Island 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235:Insular areas 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12204:West Virginia 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12109:New Hampshire 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12069:Massachusetts 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11885: 11881: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11699:Thai American 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11647: 11643: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11537:Party Systems 11534: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11476:Voting rights 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11316: 11309: 11305: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11137:War on terror 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11035:Late Cold War 11033: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10914:Great Society 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869:Post-war boom 10867: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10687: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10068: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10022:Convict lease 10020: 10018: 10017:Sharecropping 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959:Miscegenation 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9720: 9719:Secret ballot 9717: 9713: 9712:Eight-box law 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9670:Literacy test 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323:Hill v. Texas 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7855:Robert Smalls 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Marion Butler 7826: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7755:M. Hoke Smith 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7723:J.E. Williams 7721: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7396: 7392: 7391:Black Justice 7389: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7372:Bill Morris, 7371: 7368: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280:Archive index 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7242:Jim Crow laws 7238: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6965:0-684-82298-9 6961: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:0-3945-2778-X 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:0-1951-2903-2 6853: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810:Black Like Me 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:0-8078-2287-6 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6782:0-5255-5953-1 6779: 6775: 6773: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6755:0-8078-2239-6 6752: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6741:0-0601-5851-4 6738: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:0-7867-1293-7 6719: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6708:0-8173-0984-5 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:0-6910-0192-8 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6660:1-6034-4582-X 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6642:1-5565-2468-4 6639: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6591:0-2310-5380-0 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6573:0-1950-3756-1 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6489:9780593230251 6485: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6401:September 29, 6397: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6376: 6374:1-280-65507-0 6370: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6182:Barrow, David 6178: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5767: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5548:Berkin, Carol 5543: 5537:. 1995, p. 3. 5536: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5492:Dittmer, John 5487: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5463:, 41(3), 338. 5462: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5077:September 29, 5073: 5069: 5063: 5052:September 29, 5047: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5023:September 29, 5019: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4993:September 29, 4989: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4894: 4892:9780807833681 4888: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4527:, houses the 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4480:This section 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4465:International 4462: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343:Negro leagues 4340: 4339:major leagues 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4292:Oklahoma City 4288: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4265:Roberts Court 4263:In 2013, the 4261: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4178:Lester Maddox 4175: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925:William Chafe 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:Isaac Woodard 3890: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3856: (1967). 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3789:and negative 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556:Eight Box Law 3552: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3484:authoritarian 3481: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3464:Gubernatorial 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3398: 3397:Jump Jim Crow 3393: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:Jump Jim Crow 3352: 3351: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Supreme Court 3283: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233:Jim Crow laws 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962:George Taylor 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917:Walker family 2915: 2913: 2912:William Burns 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2857:Alfred Blount 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807:Michael Green 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2695:Jim Crow laws 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558:Social stigma 2556: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2165:State atheism 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102:Jim Crow laws 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088:One-drop rule 2086: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003:Blood quantum 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944:Victimisation 1942: 1940: 1939:Trans bashing 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1909:Religious war 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889:Racialization 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760:Glass ceiling 1758: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703:Ethnic hatred 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638:Counter-jihad 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403:United States 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266:United States 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1179:Protestantism 1177: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:LDS or Mormon 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006:Transmisogyny 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Gerontophobia 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:Anti-intersex 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 814:Anti-albinism 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 787: 786: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 666: 665: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Institutional 637: 636: 627: 626: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 606: 602: 601: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 571: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529:One-drop rule 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 507:Statelessness 505: 504: 503: 500: 499: 491: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450:United States 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 410: 407: 405: 404: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 351: 349: 346: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 296: 295: 286: 283: 281: 280:Jim Crow laws 278: 276: 273: 272: 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 209: 207: 204:Greek–Turkish 202: 198: 197: 193: 191: 190: 186: 185: 183: 181: 180:Fascist Italy 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 158: 156: 153: 152: 144: 143: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 105: 104:Environmental 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 19006:Debt bondage 18759:Gender-blind 18646:Human rights 18483: 18474:Racial quota 18461: 18441:Jewish quota 18421:Gerontocracy 18416:Gender roles 18394:Disabilities 18379:Blood purity 18351:Wife selling 18341:White flight 18321:Slut-shaming 18301:Scapegoating 18219:Murder music 17882:Palestinians 17825:Anti-Zionism 17693:South Africa 17678:Black people 17656:South Africa 17472:Christianity 17462:Baháʼí Faith 17385:Sectarianism 17325:Heterosexism 17290:Ephebiphobia 17260:Anti-Masonry 17127:Hair texture 16960:in Australia 16950:Racial quota 16594:Soviet Union 16537:Saudi Arabia 16478:South Africa 16405:Ethnic slurs 16400:Ethnic jokes 16302:Internalized 16198: 16169: 16079: 15920:Saudi Arabia 15870: 15836:Saudi Arabia 15723:Saudi Arabia 15393:Reservations 15374:Demographics 15045: / 15041: / 15027: / 15023: / 15019: / 15015: / 15011: / 15007: / 15003: / 14999: / 14985: / 14981: / 14977: / 14973: / 14969: / 14965: / 14961: / 14957: / 14943: / 14939: / 14935: / 14931: / 14927: / 14923: / 14909: / 14905: / 14901: / 14897: / 14893: / 14874: / 14827:Dummer's War 14649: / 14619: 14488:Lithic stage 14310:Sportspeople 14280:Billionaires 14197:Sierra Leone 14100:Philadelphia 13936:Jacksonville 13763:Demographics 13595:Jack Johnson 13585:Muhammad Ali 13418:Conservatism 13353:Black church 13250:Andrew Young 13235:Ida B. Wells 13225:David Walker 13220:C. T. Vivian 13175:Paul Robeson 13170:Hiram Revels 13150:Colin Powell 13130:Barack Obama 13085:James Lawson 13040:Jimi Hendrix 13010:James Farmer 13005:Medgar Evers 12975:Ralph Bunche 12925:Maya Angelou 12899:Middle class 12777:Afrofuturism 12703: 12691: 12684: 12659: 12605: 12550: 12497: 12463:Afrocentrism 12453:Abolitionism 12303:Midway Atoll 12298:Kingman Reef 12278:Baker Island 12257:Puerto Rico 12169:South Dakota 12159:Rhode Island 12154:Pennsylvania 12134:North Dakota 11850: 11843: 11824: 11785: 11778: 11764: 11710: 11666: 11659: 11602: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11535: 11509:Marine Corps 11496: 11489: 11482: 11446:Debt ceiling 11431:Civil Rights 11413: 11406: 11392: 11378: 11364: 11335: 11330:Antisemitism 11328: 11321: 11277: 11238: 11174:2008–present 11126:Bush v. Gore 11124: 11062:War on drugs 10936:Mid Cold War 10788:Pearl Harbor 10783:World War II 10603:Ku Klux Klan 10200:Dummer's War 10139: 10132: 10126:Pre-Colonial 10007:Sundown town 9998: 9886: 9880:Other topics 9833: 9820: 9807: 9799: 9786: 9773: 9578: 9570: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9521: 9513: 9493: 9485: 9472: 9464: 9444: 9409: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9359: 9321: 9301: 9293: 9285: 9277: 9269: 9244: 9236: 9228: 9208: 9200: 9192: 9178: 9170: 9162: 9154: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9082: 9069: 9061: 9013: 9000: 8992: 8978: 8970: 8956: 8933: 8881: 8822: 8794: 8786: 8766: 8758: 8745: 8731: 8711: 8698: 8657: 8644: 8636: 8602: 8594: 8588:The Clansman 8586: 8549: 8530: 8522: 8514: 8506: 8498: 8473: 8455: 8431: 8423: 8410: 8377: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8339: 8326: 8306: 8293: 8267: 8247: 8189: 8176: 8158: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8112: 8104: 8080: 8040: 7944:Ku Klux Klan 7772:James Hargis 7691:John B. Knox 7635:Warren Court 7629:Vinson Court 7617:Hughes Court 7599:Fuller Court 7573:John Sherman 7439:Participants 7432:Jim Crow Era 7431: 7373: 7360:November 17, 7358:. Retrieved 7340:Gerald Early 7320: 7241: 7223: 7202: 7195: 7185: 7178: 7168: 7161: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7081: 7077: 7059: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7020: 7013: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6973: 6954: 6942: 6941:Newby, I.A. 6935: 6917: 6910: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6864: 6847: 6837: 6830: 6817: 6808: 6787: 6770: 6760: 6746: 6730: 6713: 6695: 6686: 6665: 6647: 6633: 6623: 6616: 6607: 6596: 6578: 6560: 6538: 6513:. Retrieved 6509:the original 6498: 6479: 6470: 6456: 6449: 6437: 6425:. Retrieved 6421: 6411: 6399:. Retrieved 6395: 6364: 6355: 6346:The Atlantic 6344: 6331: 6323: 6318: 6299: 6290: 6277: 6269:the original 6255: 6243:. Retrieved 6239:the original 6214: 6209: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6156: 6151: 6140: 6135: 6127: 6122: 6111: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6022: 6017: 6006: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5941:. Retrieved 5936: 5926: 5906: 5899: 5887:. Retrieved 5883:the original 5878: 5869: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5820: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5775: 5766: 5754: 5745: 5733:. Retrieved 5729:the original 5724: 5704: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5683: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5631:(1): 71–90. 5628: 5624: 5614: 5604: 5581: 5572: 5552: 5542: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5496: 5486: 5477: 5474:Holt, Thomas 5468: 5460: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5360: 5344: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5284: 5279: 5259: 5249: 5229: 5214: 5194: 5187: 5167: 5160: 5151: 5144:. Retrieved 5132: 5123: 5115: 5096: 5087: 5075:. Retrieved 5071: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5045: 5021:. Retrieved 5017: 4991:. Retrieved 4987: 4965:November 27, 4963:. Retrieved 4956:the original 4925: 4921: 4908: 4898:November 27, 4896:. Retrieved 4881: 4859:November 27, 4857:. Retrieved 4853: 4810:(1): 71–90. 4807: 4803: 4793: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4737: 4717: 4710: 4689: 4681: 4664: 4655:Sundown town 4519: 4506:Nazi Germany 4503: 4490: 4486:adding to it 4481: 4456: 4447: 4436: 4433:Burger Court 4430: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4392:Warren Court 4373: 4315:Jack Johnson 4312: 4309: 4297: 4268: 4262: 4250: 4234: 4227: 4224:Warren Court 4217: 4197:James Chaney 4182: 4180:in Georgia. 4170: 4158: 4134: 4122: 4102: 4093:to pass the 4088: 4039: 4036:Public arena 4020: 4008: 4004: 4001:Warren Court 3975: 3969: 3958:(1954), the 3953: 3936: 3930: 3922: 3913: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3840: 3831: 3824:323 U.S. 214 3817: 3810:Frank Murphy 3804: 3797:stereotype. 3784: 3772: 3756: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3722:Homer Plessy 3714: 3707:against the 3698: 3683: 3651: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3608: 3587: 3568: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3520: 3492:white people 3488: 3472: 3451:White League 3447:Ku Klux Klan 3443:paramilitary 3421: 3383: 3348: 3346: 3326: 3323:Warren Court 3316: 3314: 3302: 3279: 3273: 3232: 3230: 2942:Newberry Six 2927:King Johnson 2902:Watkinsville 2779:Ku Klux Klan 2769:Black Legion 2757:Whitecapping 2752:Sundown town 2694: 2392:Gender-blind 2271:Human rights 2093:Racial quota 2080: 2060:Jewish quota 2040:Gerontocracy 2035:Gender roles 2013:Disabilities 1998:Blood purity 1964:Wife selling 1954:White flight 1934:Slut-shaming 1914:Scapegoating 1832:Murder music 1487:Palestinians 1430:Anti-Zionism 1298:South Africa 1283:Black people 1261:South Africa 1069:Christianity 1059:Baháʼí Faith 974:Sectarianism 914:Heterosexism 879:Ephebiphobia 849:Anti-Masonry 708:Hair texture 411: / 401: 358:Saudi Arabia 279: 250:South Africa 233:Nazi Germany 194: 187: 106: / 36: 18661:Nonviolence 18656:LGBT rights 18621:Empowerment 18589:Anti-racism 18511:Segregation 18456:No kid zone 18256:Persecution 18169:Hate speech 18120:Gay bashing 18095:Ethnic joke 18050:Dog whistle 17995:Blood libel 17673:Azerbaijani 17577:Neopaganism 17570:Persecution 17531:Persecution 17514:Persecution 17477:Catholicism 17457:Exclusivism 17407:Transphobia 17390:Supremacism 17345:Lesbophobia 17265:Aporophobia 17230:Anti-autism 17081:Taste-based 17076:Statistical 16875:Anti-racism 16616:Middle East 16510:South Korea 16505:North Korea 16420:Hate speech 16342:Substantive 16322:Neocolonial 16055:Black Codes 16003:labor camps 15910:Afghanistan 15201:Sweat lodge 14867:Arikara War 14857:War of 1812 14822:Yamasee War 14807:Esopus Wars 14797:Kieft's War 14782:Beaver Wars 14704:Anishinaabe 14585:Dawes Rolls 14330:US senators 14300:Republicans 14285:Journalists 14142:San Antonio 14107:Puerto Rico 14048:Mississippi 13941:Tallahassee 13914:Los Angeles 13605:Jesse Owens 13590:Arthur Ashe 13448:Nationalism 13438:Raised fist 13401:Black power 13306:in medicine 13240:Roy Wilkins 13195:Emmett Till 13180:Al Sharpton 12945:Julian Bond 12940:James Bevel 12904:Upper class 12894:Stereotypes 12787:Black mecca 12699:Plantations 12478:Black Codes 12318:Wake Island 12084:Mississippi 11999:Connecticut 11943:New England 11610:Agriculture 11529:Coast Guard 11524:Space Force 11372:Immigration 11100:WTC bombing 11018:Reaganomics 10946:Vietnam War 10862:McCarthyism 10744:Second Klan 10729:Prohibition 10707:World War I 10682:Square Deal 10672:Imperialism 10407:War of 1812 10134:Prehistoric 9949:Segregation 8824:Negro World 8212:(1888–1908) 7801:Mississippi 7637:(1953-1969) 7623:Stone Court 7605:White Court 7601:(1888–1910) 7593:Waite Court 7454:Presidents 6727:Foner, Eric 6322:Patterson, 6075:January 27, 5889:January 27, 5735:January 27, 5690:January 27, 5609:, pp. 9–11. 5146:February 6, 4635:Penal labor 4516:Remembrance 4408:Jury trials 4402:Earl Warren 4327:Jesse Owens 4313:The boxers 4200:disappeared 4125:Bull Connor 3997:Earl Warren 3964:Earl Warren 3759:Confederacy 3718:New Orleans 3500:Mississippi 3422:During the 3416:New Orleans 3404: 1832 2972:1920 Duluth 2952:Ell Persons 2892:David Wyatt 2887:George Ward 2822:Amos Miller 2817:Eliza Woods 2700:Segregation 2286:Nonviolence 2281:LGBT rights 2246:Empowerment 2214:Anti-racism 2128:Segregation 2075:No kid zone 1869:Persecution 1782:Hate speech 1733:Gay bashing 1708:Ethnic joke 1663:Dog whistle 1608:Blood libel 1278:Azerbaijani 1174:Neopaganism 1167:Persecution 1128:Persecution 1111:Persecution 1074:Catholicism 1054:Exclusivism 996:Transphobia 979:Supremacism 934:Lesbophobia 854:Aporophobia 819:Anti-autism 654:Taste-based 649:Statistical 502:Citizenship 470:Residential 353:Gulf states 275:Black Codes 163:Pass system 87:Allegations 18990:Categories 18935:Stereotype 18930:Speciesism 18811:Oppression 18806:Oikophobia 18702:Allophilia 18686:Toleration 18543:Sodomy law 18436:Internment 18356:Witch-hunt 18234:Blackhawks 18164:Hate group 18152:Hate crime 18125:Gendercide 18115:Freak show 18105:Excellence 18065:Employment 18035:Defamation 17962:Vietnamese 17957:Venezuelan 17842:Lithuanian 17504:Falun Gong 17434:Xenophobia 17429:Vegaphobia 17412:Non-binary 17370:Pedophobia 17335:Homophobia 17157:Skin color 17117:Disability 17090:Attributes 17071:Structural 16754:Vietnamese 16527:Arab world 16425:Hate group 16415:Hate crime 16352:Xenophobia 16332:Scientific 16317:Linguistic 16158:See also: 16146:Xenophobia 15998:Internment 15983:Ethnocracy 15467:California 15365:Pretendian 14916:Cayuse War 14792:Pequot War 14640:gravesites 14275:Astronauts 14065:New Jersey 13909:California 13413:Capitalism 13210:Nat Turner 13140:Rosa Parks 13125:Diane Nash 13095:John Lewis 12884:Newspapers 12854:Literature 12839:Juneteenth 12792:Businesses 12646:Exodusters 12614:Free Negro 12199:Washington 12119:New Mexico 12114:New Jersey 11989:California 11484:Journalism 11436:Corruption 11415:Government 11366:Demography 11353:Newspapers 11202:Sandy Hook 11105:Waco siege 11013:Reagan era 10919:Space Race 10852:Korean War 10793:home front 10625:Gilded Age 10593:Amendments 10027:Chain gang 9924:Color line 8967:(Virginia) 8831:Red Summer 8541:(Arkansas) 8290:(Arkansas) 8276:Lodge Bill 8256:Lodge Bill 8089:Exodusters 7892:J.C. Myers 7611:Taft Court 6581:New York: 6563:New York: 6245:October 2, 5864:, Findlaw. 4943:1903/22633 4701:0766012972 4694:. Enslow. 4567:Law portal 4368:See also: 4335:color line 4246:Montgomery 4081:signs the 4077:President 4042:Rosa Parks 3923:Historian 3881:Pittsburgh 3795:Black Buck 3680:, May 1940 3616:Gettysburg 3575:poll taxes 3508:poll taxes 3455:Red Shirts 3428:U.S. South 3080:Red Summer 2982:Joe Pullen 2932:John Evans 2907:Ed Johnson 2837:Jim Taylor 2784:Red Shirts 2568:Stereotype 2563:Speciesism 2444:Oppression 2439:Oikophobia 2335:Allophilia 2311:Toleration 2160:Sodomy law 2055:Internment 1969:Witch-hunt 1847:Blackhawks 1777:Hate group 1765:Hate crime 1738:Gendercide 1728:Freak show 1718:Excellence 1678:Employment 1648:Defamation 1567:Vietnamese 1562:Venezuelan 1447:Lithuanian 1101:Falun Gong 1023:Xenophobia 1018:Vegaphobia 1001:Non-binary 959:Pedophobia 924:Homophobia 738:Skin color 698:Disability 669:Attributes 644:Structural 425:Mauritania 329:Roma walls 255:Bantustans 99:Xenophobia 18908:Christian 18836:Prejudice 18784:Masculism 18732:Diversity 18526:religious 18501:Redlining 18100:Ethnocide 18060:Education 17947:Ukrainian 17877:Pakistani 17867:Mongolian 17788:Australia 17770:Hungarian 17725:Colombian 17705:Bulgarian 17587:Rastafari 17536:Ahmadiyya 17444:Religious 17422:Trans men 17380:Pregnancy 17315:Gayphobia 17310:Fatphobia 17215:Acephobia 17210:Arophobia 17194:Viewpoint 16935:Race card 16870:Alt-right 16670:Argentina 16631:Palestine 16549:Australia 16375:Apartheid 16363:of racism 16038:Apartheid 15971:Bantustan 15856:Civil War 15680:Religious 15614:Massacres 15570:musicians 15534:Wisconsin 15497:Baltimore 15407:Languages 15289:Land Back 15196:Sun Dance 14862:Creek War 14558:ownership 14389:Monuments 14265:Activists 14117:Tennessee 14037:Michigan 14021:Baltimore 14011:Louisiana 14004:Lexington 13987:Davenport 13926:Cleveland 13825:Languages 13754:Melungeon 13732:Blaxicans 13600:Joe Louis 13455:Socialism 13391:Anarchism 13120:Bob Moses 13105:Malcolm X 13025:Fred Gray 12889:Soul food 12827:New Negro 12812:Folktales 12722:Redlining 12209:Wisconsin 12174:Tennessee 12079:Minnesota 12054:Louisiana 11948:The South 11519:Air Force 11394:Education 11256:recession 11212:Las Vegas 11120:Columbine 11077:1991–2008 11005:1980–1991 10906:1964–1980 10817:1945–1964 10771:Dust Bowl 10699:1917–1945 10580:1865–1917 10558:Civil War 10551:Secession 10496:1849–1865 10419:1815–1849 10390:Quasi-War 10367:1789–1815 10287:1776–1789 10240:Sugar Act 9597:Aftermath 9257:1940–1949 9032:1930–1939 8894:1920–1929 8676:1910–1919 8449:1900–1909 8241:1890–1899 8098:1880–1889 7867:Tennessee 7779:Louisiana 7631:(1946–53) 7625:(1941–46) 7619:(1930–41) 7613:(1921–30) 7607:(1910–21) 7595:(1874–88) 7529:Congress 7098:1087-1659 6536:(2012) . 6515:March 21, 6427:April 20, 5653:213551748 5645:0898-588X 5325:1094-2939 5141:0362-4331 4832:213551748 4824:0898-588X 4674:Footnotes 4595:Apartheid 4441:, upheld 4319:Joe Louis 4300:lynchings 4040:In 1955, 3805:In 1944, 3763:Civil War 3699:In 1887, 3593:Civil War 3468:Louisiana 3440:insurgent 3436:Democrats 3363:blackface 3343:Etymology 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