John Neal (writer)

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talents." Daggett said "he flashed youthful brilliance. He never quite caught up with it or conquered it, and so he sometimes wore the stamp of failure in the minds of his contemporaries." American literature scholar Alexander Cowie referred to Neal as "the victim of his own lust for words" with "no single work of fiction which deserves to be revived for its sheer merit" and no books "worth placing on the shelves of any library save as a 'believe it or not' specimen". In an 1848 poem, James Russell Lowell classified Neal as "a man who made less than he might have" who was good at "whisking out flocks of comets, but never a star" because he was "too hasty to wait till Art's ripe fruit should drop", and concluded that "could he only have waited he might have been great".

2015: 1351: 671: 401: 884: 995:." To achieve this he exploited distinctly American characters, settings, historical events, and manners of speech in his writing. This was a "caustic assault" on British literary elites viewed as aristocrats writing for personal amusement, in contrast to American authors as middle class professionals plying a commercial trade for sustenance. By mimicking the common and sometimes profane language of his countrymen in fiction, Neal hoped to appeal to a broader readership of minimally educated book buyers, thereby intending to guarantee the existence of an American national literature by ensuring its economic viability. 307: 770: 1759: 785: 951: 922:, though he achieved his major literary accomplishments between 1817 and 1835. His writing both reflects and challenges shifting American ways of life over those years. He started his career as an American reading public was just beginning to emerge, working immediately and consistently within the nation's developing "complex web of print culture". Throughout his adult life, especially in the 1830s, Neal was a prolific contributor to newspapers and magazines, writing essays on a wide variety of topics including but not limited to art criticism, literary criticism, 1144:. "David Whicher" challenged a body of popular literature that converged in the 1820s around a "divisive and destructive insistence on frontiersman and the Indian as implacable enemies". "Idiosyncrasies" is a "manifesto for human rights" in the face of "hegemonic patriarchalism". His stories in this period also used humor and satire to address social and political phenomena, most notably "Courtship" (1829), "The Utilitarian" (1830), "The Young Phrenologist" (1836), "Animal Magnetism" (1839), and "The Ins and the Outs" (1841). 1219:"It was there," said he, "there exactly where that horse is passing now, that they first fired upon me. I set off at a speed up that hill, but, finding nine of the party there, I determined to dash over that elevation in front; I attempted it, but shot after shot was fired after me, until I preferred making one desperate attempt, sword in hand, to being shot down, like a fat goose, upon a broken gallop. I wheeled, made a dead set at the son-of-a-bitch in my rear, unhorsed him, and actually broke through the line." 1054: 1200:, Neal's first novel, made him "the first in America to be natural in his diction" and the "father of American subversive fiction". Generally regarded as a failure, the book shows that "the gulf between Neal's prophetic vision of a native literature and his own capacity to fulfill that vision is painfully apparent". The productivity of Neal's Baltimore days is "hard to believe—until one reads the novels" and notices the haste with which they were written. 163: 2239:... can be permitted to exercise with white citizens of our free and equal-community. Hurra for New-England! We have no prejudices here—None but wholesome prejudices, at any rate." Disappointed they would not admit the Black men he sponsored for membership, Neal ended his involvement with the gym shortly thereafter. In fiction, Neal explored the differences between Northern and Southern prejudices against Black Americans, particularly in 2538:] I had to do with." American literature scholar Fred Lewis Pattee saw Neal's as "genius of a type that must be especially defined" with words like "energy and persistence" but also "ignorance colossal". American literature scholar Theresa A. Goddu concluded that Neal had been canonized as "half wildman, half genius". Edgar Allan Poe was "inclined to rank John Neal first, or at all events second, among our men of indisputable 9304: 2558:, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are all known to have enjoyed and been influenced by Neal's early poems and novels. Smith is most famous for his "Jack Downing" humor series, which was likely influenced by Neal's humorous use of regional dialect. It is also likely that Edgar Allan Poe developed many of his characteristic traits as a writer under the influence of Neal's articles in 2577:, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville. Biographer Benjamin Lease pointed to Neal's comparatively better remembered immediate predecessors, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, as lacking an obvious link to those mid-century masters that Neal clearly demonstrates. He further argued that Neal's ability to influence such disparate figures as Poe and Whitman demonstrates the weight of his work. 1286:". Running counter to Neal's purported nationalist theme, "the diverse linguistic styles" used in the novel "subvert the fiction of a unified, national whole" in the US. The novel's "greatest achievement its faithful if irreverent representation of American customs and American speech" that nevertheless "was read by American reviewers as outright slander" against the US and "aroused a terrible storm 743:

story genre. He began traveling as a lecturer in 1829, reaching the height of his influence in the women's rights movement in 1843 when he was delivering speeches before large crowds in New York City and reaching wider audiences through the press. This period of juggling literary, activist, athletic, legal, artistic, social, and business pursuits was captured by Neal's law apprentice

755:... a boxing-master, and fencing-master too, and as a printer's devil came in, crying "copy, more copy," he would race with a huge swan's quill, full gallop, over sheets of paper as with a steam-pen, and off went one page, and off went another, and then a lesson in boxing, the thump of glove to glove, then the mask, and the stamp of the sandal, and the ringing of the foils. 1721:. His regionalism was distinct from those later in the century "who tended to portray regional spaces in nostalgic or sentimental terms as 'enclaves of tradition' that were posed against an increasingly urban and industrial nation." Instead, "Neal remained committed to imagining regions as dynamic, future-oriented spaces whose identities would—and should—remain elusive." 872:. In 1869 he published his "most readable book, and certainly one of the most entertaining autobiographies to come out of nineteenth-century America". Reflecting on his life this way inspired Neal to amplify his activism and assume regional leadership roles in the women's suffrage movement. His last two books are a collection of pieces for and about children titled 1554:" Hackett rejected the play upon receipt as unsuitable for production: too many roles requiring a rural Maine accent, unrealistic set requirements, and too much scheduled improvisation. The play nevertheless represents "a significant advance in early American theatrical realism" and is the "fullest detailing of Yankee dialect" of any work Neal produced. 1809:. Women's rights became a favorite topic of his frequent lecture engagements between 1832 and 1843 throughout the northeastern states. As they were almost always published afterward and often covered in newspaper reviews, these events broadened Neal's sphere of influence and made his ideas accessible to readers not necessarily aligned with his views. 427:, John Pierpont, and four other men. Neal felt indebted to this "high-minded, generous, unselfish" association of "intellectual and companionable" people for many of the happy memories and employment connections he enjoyed in Baltimore. While writing his earliest poetry, novels, and essays he was studying law as an unpaid apprentice in the office of 1450:

critic as "melodramatic, addicted to exaggeration, superficial, inconsistent, ill-informed, naive". These descriptors apply less to his final essays on art (1868 and 1869) that conspicuously lack the qualities of Neal's boastful, confident, and passionate style in the 1820s. His opinions from that earlier period "to a remarkable degree

2319:(1830) and popular literature that supported it, Neal published the short story "David Whicher" (1832) to explore peaceful multiethnic coexistence in the US. The tale also "contested how popular literature employed colonial violence to provide a model of and justification for its continuation in the name of national expansion". 828:'s first agent in Maine, earning enough in commissions that he decided to retire from the lecture circuit, law practice, and most writing projects. Neal began developing and managing local real estate, operating multiple granite quarries, developing railroad connections to Portland, and investing in land speculation in 1214:... incest and cannibalism". By "elevating emotional effect over coherence, the novel excites its readers to death." It challenged the national narrative of American Indians' foreordained disappearance in the face of White Americans' territorial expansion and collapsed racial boundaries between the two groups. 2545:

Contemporaries and scholars of Neal alike are disposed to lament his inability to achieve what others saw as the potential of his abilities. Biographer Donald A. Sears classified him as "a writer without a masterpiece" who "lived to be eclipsed by writers of lesser genius but greater control of their

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Neal began his campaign against public executions after witnessing one in Baltimore. He attacked capital punishment by writing in newspapers, magazines, novels, and debates, achieving national influence in the US and reaching a more limited audience in the UK. Late in life he related still "having no

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Believing that "sudden emancipation of the whole , at once, is impossible" and that it would perpetuate Black Americans' status as "a much-to-be-dreaded caste" in the US, he supported "gradual emancipation has done well in the New England states; and in New York." Because New England had "nothing to

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magazine, Neal wrote about women almost exclusively in fiction but only occasionally about feminist issues in periodicals. He mused about crossdressing and the performative nature of gender in "Masquerading" (1864), "one of the most interesting essays of his career". He followed this with two women's

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Neal delivered America's first women's rights lecture as an Independence Day address in Portland, Maine in 1832. He declared that under coverture and without suffrage, women were victims of the same crime of taxation without representation that caused the Revolutionary War. He reached the peak of his

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when it ceased publication at the end of 1829. When starting his last stint as editor, he declared, "Having ten or fifteen minutes to spare, we have made up our minds to edit a newspaper." After Neal left in a huff few weeks later, the next editor announced, "John Neal has retired from the editorship

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His efforts to subvert the influence of the British literary elite and to develop a rival American literature were largely credited to his successors until more recent twenty-first century scholarship shifted that credit to Neal. His short stories are "his highest literary achievement" and are ranked

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After the 1830s, Neal became less active in literary circles and increasingly occupied with business, activism, and local arts and civic projects, particularly after receiving inheritances from two paternal uncles that dramatically reduced his need to rely on writing as a source of income. James Neal

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Neal's time in Baltimore between his business failure in 1816 and his departure for London in 1823 was the busiest period of his life as he juggled overlapping careers in editorship, journalism, poetry, novels, law study, and later, law practice. During this period he taught himself to read and write

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Neal used literary criticism in magazines and novels to encourage desired changes in the field and to uplift new writers, most of them women. Noted for his "critical vision", Neal expressed judgments that were widely accepted in his lifetime. "My opinion of other writings", he said, "has never been

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challenged Neal to a duel. Having established himself six years earlier as an outspoken opponent of dueling, Neal refused and the two engaged in a battle of printed words in the fall of that year. Neal became "weary of the law—weary as death", feeling that he spent those years in "open war, with the

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Neal's reputation as an intellectually dispersed and uncontrolled genius is supported by biographer Windsor Daggett, who said "he scattered his genius into many channels at a loss." Historian Edward H. Elwell said "he wrote for everything because he could not write long for anything." By Neal's own

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In his first novel (1817), Neal portrayed dueling as a holdover from an aristocratic era that is immoral, pointless, antidemocratic, and anti-American, charging "that here, in America, a gentleman may cut another's throat, or blow out his brains with complete impunity." His "Essay on Duelling" that

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Neal was America's first women's rights lecturer and one of the first male advocates of women's rights and feminist causes in the US. At least as early as 1817 and late as 1873, he used journalism, fiction, lectures, political organizing, and personal relationships to advance feminist issues in the

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in the lead, but Cooper showed no interest. Written in verse and heavily inspired by the works of Lord Byron, John Pierpont considered the play too dense and wrote to Neal that it needed "a sky-light or two" cut into it. It was also described as "at once both mystifying and trite". Neal brought the

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Neal was the first American art critic, though he did not receive this recognition until the twentieth century. Scholar William David Barry argued that Neal's impact in this field may be superior to his role in fiction. Starting in 1819 with articles in Baltimore newspapers, Neal expanded to a much

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Aligned with their twentieth-century predecessors, both Lease and Sears in the 1970s classified John Neal as a transitional figure in literature who came after the initial wave of British-imitating American literature but before the great American Renaissance that occurred after Neal had published

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movement, and in 1836 Neal engaged in public debates with his cousin to defend moderate wine drinking as an alternative to total abstinence. It was in this period between the late 1830s and late 1840s that Neal became disillusioned with the temperance movement, which had moved away from a focus on

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Comparatively constant is Neal's taste for bold, unlabored approaches to painting that utilize "an offhand, free, sketchy style, without high finish". The same could be said of Neal's "fantastic mixture of common sense and absurdity, of intelligent observation and dross" that portrays Neal the art

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Neal published three novels from material he produced in London and focused his new creative writing efforts on a body of short stories that represents his greatest literary achievement. Neal published an average of one tale per year between 1828 and 1846, helping to shape the relatively new short

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before the recession following the war upended the firm and left Pierpont and Neal bankrupt in Baltimore in 1816. Though the "Pierpont, Lord, and Neal" wholesale/retail chain proved to be short-lived, Neal's relationship with Pierpont grew into the closest and longest-lived friendship of his life.

1861:, and social hierarchy. Of these, "women's rights were the cause for which he fought longer and more consistently than for any other." Much of Neal's writing and lecturing on these topics demonstrated "a basic distrust of institutions and a continuing plea for self-examination and self-reliance". 832:. He led the movement to incorporate Portland as a city and build the community's first parks and sidewalks. He became interested in architecture, interior design, and furniture design, developing pioneering, simple, and functional solutions that influenced other designers outside his local area. 174:(August 25, 1793 – June 20, 1876) was an American writer, critic, editor, lecturer, and activist. Considered both eccentric and influential, he delivered speeches and published essays, novels, poems, and short stories between the 1810s and 1870s in the United States and Great Britain, championing 2331:

and maintained this personal conviction throughout his life. He did not associate himself with the temperance movement until after he returned to Portland, Maine, from London. His first invitation to lecture an audience was for the annual address for the Portland Association for the Promotion of

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Neal's most noteworthy work of theatrical criticism is his five-installment essay "The Drama" (1829). Condemning stilted dialogue, Neal contended that "when a person talks beautifully in his sorrow, it shows both great preparation and insincerity" and urged that playwrights should, "avoid poetry

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Considered his best short stories, "Otter-Bag, the Oneida Chief" (1829) and "David Whicher" (1832) "overshadow the less inspired efforts of his more famous contemporaries and add a dimension to the art of storytelling not to be found in Irving and Poe, rarely in Hawthorne, and rarely in American

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reflected an aversion for self-criticism and revision, relying instead on "nearly automatic writing" to define his style, enhance the commercial viability of his works, and craft a new American literature. As a pioneer of "talk on paper" or "natural writing", Neal was "the first in America to be

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US and UK, reaching the height of his influence in this field around 1843. Neal supported female writers and organizers, affirmed intellectual equality between men and women, fought coverture laws against women's economic rights, and demanded suffrage, equal pay, and better education for women.

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Poe was Neal's most historically impactful discovery and when he quit poetry for short stories it was likely due to Neal's influence. Poe thanked Neal for "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard". After Poe's death two decades later, Neal defended his legacy against

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Neal claimed his lifelong struggle with a short temper and violent tendencies originated in the public school, at which he was bullied and physically abused by classmates and the schoolmaster. To reduce his mother's financial burden, Neal left school and home at the age of twelve for full-time

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magazine with himself as editor, and continued publication through the end of 1829. He used its pages to vindicate himself to fellow Portlanders, critique American art and drama, host a discourse on the nature of New Englander identity, advance his developing feminist ideas, and encourage new

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Neal's relocation to London figured into three professional goals that guided him through the 1820s: to supplant Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper as the leading American literary voice, to bring about a new distinctly American literary style, and to reverse the British literary

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Neal returned to the United States from Europe in June 1827 with plans to settle in New York City, but stopped first in his native Portland to visit his mother and sister. There he was confronted by citizens offended by his derision of prominent citizens in the semi-autobiographical

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In spring 1827, Bentham financed Neal's return to the US. He left the UK having caught the attention of the British literary elite, published the novel he brought with him, and "succeeded to perfection" in educating the British about American institutions, habits, and prospects. Yet

529:'s 1820 then-notorious remark, "in the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book?". Whether it had more to do with Smith or Pinkney, Neal took less than a month after that dinner date to settle his affairs in Baltimore and secure passage on a ship bound for the 1079:, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow all received their first "substantial sponsorship or praise" in the magazine's pages. When submitting poetry to Neal for review, Whittier made the request, "if you don't like it, say so privately; and 2283:, Neal declared in his first novel (1817) that "the Indian is the only native American." In "A Summary View of America" (1824), Neal argued that American Indians "have never been the aggressors" in conflicts with European-Americans and that "no people, ancient or modern 379:

Neal's experience in business riding out the multiple booms and busts that eventually left him bankrupt at age twenty-two made him into a proud and ambitious young man who viewed reliance on his own talents and resources as the key to his recovery and future success.

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year attacked the institution as a gendered performance, or "the unqualified evidence of manhood", believing that "in his closet every man wishes duelling abolished, and if every man who wishes it sincerely in private would but speak as firmly in publick [

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Called "the inventor of the American short story", Neal's tales are "his highest literary achievement". He published an average of one per year between 1828 and 1846, helping to shape the relatively new short story genre, particularly early children's literature.

1746:" The magazine's greatest impact on literature was uplifting new voices like John Greenleaf Whittier, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Most of the new writers whose works he published and wrote about in 1949:(1859), Neal broke with writers of his generation by consciously and consistently including women and women's issues throughout his career as a writer of fiction. "Idiosyncrasies" explored the male feminist perspective through the character Lee who said, "we men 418:

and quickly became the magazine's second-most prolific contributor of poems, essays, and literary criticism, though he was never paid. Two years later he took over as editor for what ended up being the last issue. The magazine was closely associated with the

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magazine, of which he was editor. He used that magazine in 1843 to publish his own essays calling for equal pay and better workplace conditions for women, and to host a printed debate of correspondence on the merits of women's suffrage between himself and

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belief in the wisdom of strangulation, for men, women, and children, however they might seem to deserve it, and being fully persuaded that the worst men have most need of repentance, and that they who are unfit to live, are still more unfit to die."

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and the five presidents who had served to that point, was the first article by an American to appear in a British literary journal and was quoted and republished widely throughout Europe. As the first written history of American literature, the

2424:... under the militia law" which was designed "to defend property of the rich man. The rich, of course, do not appear in the field. The poor do. The latter cannot afford to keep away; the former can." He proposed replacing the poll tax with a 1938:. As a male writer insulated from many forms of attack leveled against earlier female feminist thinkers, Neal's advocacy was crucial to bringing the field back into published discourse in the US and UK after a lull at the turn of the century. 797:

In 1828, Neal married his second cousin Eleanor Hall and together they had five children between 1829 and 1847. The couple raised their children in the house he built on Portland's prestigious State Street in 1836. Also in 1836 he received an

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or any other judge as "your honor," claiming that "there is no greater humbug in the minds of men than this obsequious bowing to men of high station. The great thinkers of the world are the workers of the world, the producers of the world."

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All the public gymnasiums in the US that precede Neal's were established by Germans and none of the gyms established in the US by Americans that precede Neal's were open to the general public: one public gym in Boston founded by German

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circle and his utilization of popular styles and modes viewed at a lower artistic level. Despite this neglect in the 20th century, Neal's life and works started experiencing a resurgence in interest among scholars in the 21st century.

438:... and, after considering the matter for ten minutes or so, determined to try my hand at a novel." When he wrote his first book, fewer than seventy novels had been published by "not more than half a dozen authors; and of these, only 232:. As one of the first men to advocate women's rights in the US and the first American lecturer on the issue, for over fifty years he supported female writers and organizers, affirmed intellectual equality between men and women, fought 8610: 8588: 2742: 2010:... All you and others are doing to elevate woman, is only fitted to make her feel more sensibly the long abuse of her own understanding, when she comes to her senses. You might as well educate slaves—and still keep them in bondage. 1269:

trilogy twenty years later. As "one of the most emphatic, even shrill examples of U.S. nationalistic literature", it is "positively bristling with regional accents, from the New England twang of its protagonists through to bursts of

1010:"lays the groundwork for reading the nation itself as a collection of voices in conversation" and "asks readers to decide for themselves how to manage the multiple and contending sides of a federal union." To preserve variations in 2307:... No declaration of war follows; no ceremony; but, forth goes General Jackson—or general somebody else; wasting and firing the whole country. A truce follows: a ceding of the conquered country—for the protection of the whites. 2516:

On the whole, therefore, I think it safer for me, and better for the reader, whom I hope to be on good terms with, before he gets through, whatever may be his present notions upon the subject, not to trouble him with a Preface.

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Neal's approach to art criticism in the early 1820s was intuitive and showed disdain for connoisseurship, which he viewed as aristocratic and incompatible with American democratic ideals. Neal shows some initial influence from

1331:(1823), which communicated his opinions through the thin veil of the novel's protagonist. Though he continued work in this field at least as late 1869, his chief impact was in the 1820s. Neal around this time regularly visited 1238:

was Neal's favorite of his novels. When it was released in 1823, Neal was at the height of his prominence as a novelist, being at the time the chief rival of leading American author, James Fenimore Cooper. Inspired by Cooper's

1972:"Men and Women" (1824), his first feminist essay, recalls the eighteenth-century priority of female education: "Wait until women are educated like men—treated like men—and permitted to talk freely, without being put to shame, 489:

from his Delphian Club associates. By these means he was able to pay his expenses while completing his apprenticeship and independently studying law. He was admitted to the bar and started practicing law in Baltimore in 1820.

240:, equal pay, and better education for women. He was the first American to establish a public gymnasium in the US and championed athletics to regulate violent tendencies with which he himself had struggled throughout his life. 835:

Many of his literary contemporaries interpreted Neal's change in focus as a disappearance. Hawthorne wrote in 1845 of "that wild fellow, John Neal", who "surely has long been dead, else he never could keep himself so quiet."

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Composing his first and only bound volume of poetry was Neal's nighttime distraction from laboring sixteen hours a day, seven days a week, for more than four months to produce an index for six years of weekly publications of

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was accompanied by his acknowledgment of the artist's often conflicting priorities: preserving likeness of the subject without offending the customer. Neal was also unique in his effort in this period to raise the status of

1050:(1824) is the earliest written history of American literature, and was reprinted as a collection in 1937. Neal dismissed almost all of the 120 authors he critiqued in that series as derivative of their British predecessors. 1988:

men, in their intellectual properties" and "would have women treated like men, of common sense." The article more fully explores the concept he raised in "Essay on Duelling" (1817), in which when he urged women to use "the

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in 1848 claimed he had "wasted in Maine the sinews and cords of his pugilist brain". Friend and fellow Portland native Henry Wadsworth Longfellow described Neal in 1860 as "a good deal tempered down but fire enough still".

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a century later) began telling their tales." Ironically, "David Whicher" was published anonymously and not attributed to Neal until the 1960s. "The Haunted Man" (1832) is noteworthy as the first work of fiction to utilize

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establishment's disdain for American writers. He followed Irving's precedent of using temporary residence in London to earn more money and notoriety from the British literary market. London publishers had already pirated

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Defying the rigid moralism and sentimentality of his American contemporaries Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, Neal's early novels between the late 1810s and 1820s depict dark, physically-flawed, conflicted

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in 1851. Through deepened religiosity he found new moral arguments for women's rights, potential release from his violent tendencies, and inspiration for seven religious essays. Neal collected these "exhortations" in

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When asked without notice to address the theme of freedom in Portland, Maine, on Independence Day 1832, Neal accepted and gave an unprepared speech that was his first on women's rights. He used the principles of the

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about an eighty-one year-old Neal physically overpowering a man in his early twenties who was smoking on a non-smoking streetcar. John Neal died on June 20, 1876, and was buried in the Neal family plot in Portland's

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Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism: Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Philosophers, and Other Creative Writers Who Died between 1800 and 1899, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current

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was published in 1843, though Neal's "Landscape and Portrait-Painting" (1829) anticipated many of those Ruskinesque changes by distinguishing between "things seen by the artist" and "things as they are".

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in a US work of fiction. He attained his greatest literary achievements between 1817 and 1835, during which time he was America's first daily newspaper columnist, the first American published in British

2590:", but "scattered across it." American literature scholars Edward Watts, David J. Carlson, and Maya Merlob contended that Neal was written out of the Renaissance because of his distance from the Boston– 1691:, which he founded only a few months after returning from London in 1827. Maine's first literary periodical, it ran weekly until, for financial reasons, it merged with a Boston magazine and was renamed 739:

literary voices, most of them women. Neal also edited many other periodicals between the late 1820s and the mid 1840s and was during this time a highly sought-after contributor on a variety of topics.

1300:(1828) is widely considered to be John Neal's most successful novel, most readable for a modern audience, and most successful at manifesting his desire for a national American literature. Along with 729:. Neal's athletic pursuits modeled "a new sense of maleness" that favored "forbearance based on strength" and helped him regulate the violent tendencies with which he struggled throughout his life. 659:, engaged in verbally and physically violent exchanges with Neal in the streets, and conspired to block his admission to the bar. Neal defiantly resolved to settle in Portland instead of New York. 2349:,' were furiously intemperate on the subject of temperance; making total abstinence the condition of citizenship, and almost of civilization." Neal remained convinced of "the evils of intemperance 1996:

Over the 1820s, Neal shifted his focus from educational and intellectual ideas to political and economic issues like coverture and suffrage. In an 1845 letter to activist Margaret Fuller, he said

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so that future generations of "the negroes of America would no longer be a separate, inferior class, without political power, without privilege, and without a share in the great commonwealth".

9721: 3030:$ 80,000 in 1870 was approximately equal to between fifty and seventy years' wages for industrial management workers at the time and is approximately equivalent to $ 1,927,579 in 2023. 2959: 2477:

Neal became active in bankruptcy law reform shortly after his own bankruptcy in 1816. As a young Baltimore lawyer he took an unpopular stance against Chief Justice Marshall's opinion in

571:] for books here, they would not be able to starve me, since I could live upon air, and write faster than any man that ever lived." His financial situation had become desperate when 1426:

After Neal had accumulated sufficient wealth and influence toward the middle of the nineteenth century, he began patronizing and uplifting artists in the Portland, Maine area. Painter

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Neal became prominently involved as an organizer in the women's suffrage movement following the Civil War, finding influence in local, regional, and national organizations. When the

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in the US by showcasing and contrasting coexisting regional and multicultural differences within the United States. The collection of essays and stories he published in his magazine

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as a woman of "clear intellect, and no little self-reliance and independence of will", made up the lost family income by establishing her own school and renting rooms in her home to

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Using magazine and newspaper articles, short stories, novels, lectures, political organizing, and personal relationships, Neal throughout his adult life addressed issues including

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was not received as the great American novel and it failed to earn Neal the level of international fame he had hoped for, so he returned to the US no longer Cooper's chief rival.

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from Bowdoin College, the same institution at which Neal made a living as a self-employed teenage penmanship instructor and that later educated the more economically privileged

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on August 25, 1793, the only children of parents John and Rachel Hall Neal. The senior John Neal, a school teacher, died a month later. Neal's mother, described by former pupil

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in 1827, making him the first American to establish a public gym in the US. He offered lessons in boxing and fencing in his law office. The same year he started gyms in nearby

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series was Neal's most noteworthy contribution to the magazine. Blackwood provided the platform for Neal's earliest written works on gender and women's rights and published

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Neal's final years in Baltimore were his most productive as a novelist. He published one novel in 1822 and three more the following year, eventually rising to the status of

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As an American literary nationalist, he called for "faithful representations of native character" in literature that utilize the "abundant and hidden sources of fertility

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In 1819, he published a play and took his first paying job as a newspaper editor, becoming the country's first daily columnist. The same year he wrote three-quarters of

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his most influential periodical. His "Rights of Women" speech (1843) at the peak of his influence as a feminist had a considerable impact on the future of the movement.

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in government that suffrage opponents argued women could enjoy through men: "Just reverse the condition of the two sexes: give to Women all the power now enjoyed by Men

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By 1870, in his old age, he had amassed a comfortable fortune, valued at $ 80,000. His last appearance in the public eye was likely an 1875 syndicated article from the

7964:

Eisenberg, Christiane (2007). "'German Gymnastics' in Britain, or the Failure of Culture Transfer". In Manz, Stefan; Beerbühl, Margrit Schulte; Davis, John R. (eds.).

861:(1854), which "rambles passionately for two hundred pages and closes with breathless metaphor" in an effort to convert "the reasoning and thoughtful among believers". 9366: 525:

By late 1823, Neal was ready to relocate away from Baltimore. According to him, the catalyst to move to London was a dinner party with an English friend who quoted

497:'s chief rival for recognition as America's leading novelist. In this turbulent period he quit the Delphian Club on bad terms and accepted excommunication from the 1265: 8036:

Fleischmann, Fritz (1987). "Yankee Heroics: New England Folk Life and Character in the Fiction of Portland's John Neal (1793–1876)". In Vaughan, David K. (ed.).

620:. In late 1825 Bentham offered him rooms at his "Hermitage" and a position as his personal secretary. Neal spent the next year and a half writing for Bentham's 9561: 397:

in a community known for rigorous requirements, and contributed prodigiously to newspapers and literary magazines, two of which he edited at different points.

3017:

John Neal built two mirror-image row houses, moving into number 173 (right) and selling 175 (left). In 1970 they were listed as contributing buildings in the

32: 9456: 2105: 2287:... have been so deplorably oppressed, belied, and wronged, in every possible way." He called for recognition of Indigenous sovereignty, decrying that "the 2027:

influence on feminist issues at the time of his "Rights of Women" speech (1843) before a crowd of 3,000 people in New York City. He attacked the concept of

4798: 405: 2116:

in 1868, organized Portland's first public meeting on women's suffrage in 1870, and cofounded Maine's first statewide Woman Suffrage Association in 1873.

4847:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

8849:

Watts, Edward (2012). "Chapter 10: He Could Not Believe that Butchering Red Men Was Serving Our Maker: "David Whicher" and the Indian Hater Tradition".

1128:

Like his magazine essays and lectures, Neal's stories challenged American socio-political phenomena that grew in the period leading up to and including

254:

Neal is considered an author without a masterpiece, though his short stories are his highest literary achievements and ranked with the best of his age.

9411: 9396: 2167:

Neal supported the American Colonization Society, founding the Portland, Maine local chapter in 1833, serving as its secretary, and later meeting with

663:'Verily, verily,' said I, 'if they take that position, here I will stay, till I am both rooted and grounded—grounded in the graveyard, if nowhere else. 2384:" In "A Summary View of America" (1824) he decried that the US had fallen away from its ideals of equality to a place in which "titles are multiplying 2231:... or excluded, by fear". Wary of "practical racism" among White Northerners, Neal drew attention to members of his gymnasium who in 1828 "voted that 9711: 9501: 9175: 1869: 247:

at twenty-two to pursue dual careers in law and literature. By middle age, Neal had attained comfortable wealth and community standing in his native

1474:

brought him little fame or money, it is considered the best poetic description of Niagara Falls up to that time. Poems by Neal are also featured in

608:

After a short time earning much less money writing articles for other British periodicals, thirty-two year-old John Neal met seventy-seven year-old

9391: 2380:

society. He mocked them with humorous works like the title page of his first novel (1817) that claimed the book was "Reviewed By—Himself—'Esquire.

2000:

I tell you there is no hope for woman, till she has a hand in making the law—no chance for her till her vote is worth as much as a mans [

393:

for four years, completed an independent course of law study in eighteen months that was designed to be completed in seven-to-eight years, earned

442:

had received more than enough to pay for the salt in his porridge." Neal was nevertheless inspired by Pierpont's financial success with his poem

434:

Neal's business failure had left him without enough "money to take a letter from the post-office", so Neal "cast about for something better to do

1434:

both became steadily patronized as a result of Neal's encouragement, patronage, and connections. Neal also helped guide the work and careers of

2542:", but in the same paragraph rated his work as "massive and undetailed", "hurried and indistinct", and "deficient in a sense of completeness". 1858: 1817:". His most well-attended and influential address was the 1843 "Rights of Women" speech at New York City's largest auditorium at the time, the 9551: 2937:

Neal became fluent in French, but also became able to easily converse and write in Spanish, Italian, and German. In addition, he "could manage

8939: 6837: 1121:. "The Old Pussy-Cat and the Two Little Pussy-Cats" and "The Life and Adventures of Tom Pop" (1835) are both considered pioneering works of 605:, but a back-and-forth over manuscript revisions in autumn 1825 soured the relationship and Neal was once again without a source of income. 9571: 9340: 1687:

Neal found his first two positions as editor through fellow members of the Delphian Club in Baltimore. His longest stint as editor was for

299:

community. Neal grew up in "genteel poverty", attending his mother's school, a Quaker boarding school, and the public school in Portland.

4882: 1813:

admired Neal's "magnetic genius", "lion heart", and "sense of the ludicrous" as a lecturer, though she poked fun at his "exaggeration and

1524:

script with him to London with plans to revise it and have it produced for the stage while he was there, but he never achieved that goal.

1308:, it is notable for depicting peculiar American folkways, accents, and slang. One hundred years later it provided source material for the 9526: 9381: 8208:

Isham, Matthew (2013). "A Press That Speaks Its Opinions Frankly and Openly and Fearlessly". In Slap, Andrew L.; Thomas, Michael (eds.).

817:

died in 1832 and Stephen Neal in 1836, but the second inheritance was held up until 1858 in a legal battle involving Stephen's daughter,

9686: 9521: 9506: 9426: 9416: 2698: 2999:

in early 1827 and multiple school and college gymnasiums in the northeastern states founded by Germans and Americans in 1826 and 1827.

2440:(1822). His argument that the law should treat lotteries the same as other forms of gambling found influence across the US and in the 1035:

corroborated this statement seventy years after Neal's death: "Where he condemned, time has almost without exception condemned also."

9386: 9376: 2264: 2125: 2054:

The "Rights of Women" speech was widely covered, albeit dismissed, by the press, and Neal printed it later that year in the pages of

1253:

was criticized at the time for its use of profanity and was recognized later as the first work of American fiction to use the phrase

394: 337: 8003:

Fleischmann, Fritz (2012). "Chapter 12: "A Right Manly Man" in 1843: John Neal on Women's Rights and the Problem of Male Feminism".

2928:

In 1847, John Neal named his youngest child John Pierpont Neal in honor of his closest friend. In 1866 he wrote Pierpont's obituary.

2299:... war has never been declared against them". Outlining the process by which the US government seized Indigenous land, Neal said, 2275:

Neal published essays, novels, and short stories to advocate the rights of American Indians. At a time when "native American" was a

9556: 9491: 9401: 9371: 1717:, Neal dedicated much more space in its pages to reinforcing Northern New England's standing on the national stage and championing 818: 589: 237: 8017:

Fleischmann, Fritz (2007). "John Neal (1793–1876)". In Gardiner, Judith Kegan; Pease, Bob; Pringle, Keith; Flood, Michael (eds.).

4867:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

243:

A largely self-educated man who attended no schools after the age of twelve, Neal was a child laborer who left self-employment in

9616: 9581: 9441: 9436: 1850: 1550:, who asked Neal to "squat right down & in your ready style in two or three days conjure me together something 'curious nice. 9566: 9541: 9486: 9471: 8739:

Sivils, Matthew Wynn (2012). "Chapter 2: "The Herbage of Death": Haunted Environments in John Neal and James Fenimore Cooper".

2441: 2113: 1210:

tapestry" of "superstition, supernatural suggestions, brutality, sensuality, colossal hatred, delirium, rape, insanity, murder

9706: 9611: 9536: 9481: 3008:

Clockwise from top: John Neal, daughter Mary Neal, wife Eleanor Hall Neal, daughter Margaret Eleanor Neal, and son James Neal

1838: 1762: 825: 452:. He resolved that "there was nothing left for me but authorship, or starvation, if I persisted in my plan of studying law". 3080:

Neal published "Battle of Niagara" under the pen name "John O'Cataract", which is a variation on his Delphian Club pen name.

9621: 9461: 9406: 1910: 9190: 2483:(1819) and played a prominent role in the movement for a national bankruptcy law. He continued by attacking the policy of 8327:

Merlob, Maya (2012). "Chapter 5: Celebrated Rubbish: John Neal and the Commercialization of Early American Romanticism".

3071:

series under the pen name "Carter Holmes" – one of many British personas he used while writing for magazines from London.

2513:

My book itself is only a Preface. And what, after all, is any Life but a preface?—a preface to something better—or worse?

2109: 2006:] vote. When it is—woman will not be fobbed off with a six-pence a day for the very work a man would get a dollar for 1283: 1245:, Neal based his story on historical research compiled a few years earlier while helping his friend Paul Allen write his 1156:(1859), John Neal published all of his novels between 1817 and 1833. The first five he wrote and published in Baltimore: 2144:... In the Southern States of America, where coloured women are sought after, purchased, and cohabited with by white men 9716: 9601: 9496: 9476: 9466: 2397: 1922:. His early feminist essays from the 1820s fill an intellectual gap between eighteenth-century feminists and their pre- 903: 94: 565:

Neal brought enough money to survive for only a few months on the assumption that "if people gave any thing [

336:

and misrepresenting merchandise quality and quantity. Laid off multiple times due to business failures resulting from

9546: 9451: 9431: 8872: 8820: 8762: 8729: 8680: 8369: 8350: 8255: 8236: 8217: 8198: 8129: 8091: 8072: 8026: 7973: 7954: 7917: 7862: 7826: 7807: 7788: 7769: 2811: 2801: 2783: 2777: 2566: 2425: 2176: 2101: 679: 229: 2807: 2079:... had a wide, silent influence, preparing the way for action. It was a scathing satire, and men felt the rebuke." 9646: 9631: 9586: 9511: 2789: 2337: 581:. For the next year and a half, Neal was "handsomely paid" to be one of the magazine's most prolific contributors. 9279: 8775:

Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Proceedings of the Maine Press Association, for the Year Ending February 1, 1886

6554: 987:, but Neal felt his colleagues' work relied too much on British conventions. By contrast, he felt that "to succeed 9741: 9701: 9606: 9596: 4896: 3018: 2795: 2413: 1806: 1735: 1484: 1380:, but largely broke with those sensibilities over the course of the decade. By the late 1820s he came to dismiss 991:..., I must be unlike all that have gone before me" and issue "another Declaration of Independence, in the great 183: 4806: 1318:

and influenced John Greenleaf Whittier and Nathaniel Hawthorne to include witchcraft in their creative writing.

9731: 9651: 9072:. Vol. 3 (January–June, 1817), no. 2. Baltimore, Maryland: Neale Willis & Cole. pp. 132–146. 8996: 8705:

Richter, Jörg Thomas (2003) . "Exemplary American: Logan, the Mingo Chief, in Jefferson, Neal, and Doddridge".

8053: 1941:

From the "feminist undertones" in his first novel (1817) through the illustrations of "patriarchal cruelty" in

1310: 1014:

he feared might disappear in an increasingly nationalist climate, he became one of the first writers to employ

675: 9641: 9446: 9421: 2569:

earned their reputations by employing techniques learned from Neal's work earlier in the century, among them

2260: 1782: 1739: 1718: 999: 984: 466:

magazine, which Niles admitted was "the most laborious work of the kind that ever appeared in any country".

179: 175: 8972:. Vol. 11. New York, New York: G.P. Morris. pp. 69–70, 76–77, 84–85, 92–93, 100–101, 109, 117–118. 8492:

Neal, John; Baldwin, Harvey; Macalister, Charles; Randall, Josiah; Clark, Luther C.; Nichols, Lyman (1858).

3117: 864:

At the urging of Longfellow and other friends, John Neal returned to novel writing late in life, publishing

9726: 9666: 9516: 8549:

Orestano, Francesca (2012). "Chapter 6: John Neal, the Rise of the Critick, and the Rise of American Art".

8495:

The Past, Present and Future of the City of Cairo, In North America: With Reports, Estimates and Statistics

4874: 4854: 2376:

Neal's Quaker upbringing likely instilled in him an aversion to "worldly titles" he said were unfitting in

2212: 2132:... Ergo—They may abolish the government, which, by keeping them as they are kept, has 'violated its trust. 2056: 1834: 1659: 1396:. The positive attention Neal paid to American portrait painters trained in the "humbler contingencies" of 191: 8795:

A Sketch of the Life of John M. Todd (Sixty-two Years in a Barber Shop) And Reminiscences of His Customers

6325: 5385: 2586:

the bulk of his work. More recent scholarship placed Neal "Not exactly 'beneath' the 'American Renaissance

9736: 9676: 9636: 6477: 1980:

by women". Going further than his predecessors on intellectual equality, he "maintain that women are not

1734:] from church to state, from the tallest tome, no matter how thick, down to the smallest affairs, of 522:

American writer, Neal was also alienating friends, critics, and the general public at an alarming rate."

2436:

Neal made his earliest arguments against lotteries in Baltimore newspapers as a law apprentice, then in

1724:

Controversial at the time for its lack of association with any political party or other interest group,

942:. John Neal is often considered an influential American literary figure with no masterpiece of his own. 8041: 4662: 2396:... between the families of yesterday, and those of the day before." As a lawyer he refused to address 2093: 810: 372: 2014: 1314:. A historical fiction like many of Neal's other novels, it is the first hardcover novel based on the 9671: 9661: 9531: 8959: 8896:

Weyler, Karen A. (2012). "Chapter 11: John Neal and the Early Discourse of American Women's Rights".

7036: 6848: 2067: 1789:, self-education, self-reliance, and self-distrust, progress of opinion, &c., &c., &c.". 1644: 744: 617: 329: 8175:

Holt, Kerin (2012). "Chapter 9: Here, There, and Everywhere: The Elusive Regionalism of John Neal".

260:

is considered his best novel, "Otter-Bag, the Oneida Chief" and "David Whicher" his best tales, and

9691: 9591: 9283: 5413: 4712: 4710: 4437:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Spring Street Historic District" 2981: 2976: 2674: 2479: 2243:(1833). He nevertheless believed in phrenological inferiority, explaining that "while we disregard 2161: 1122: 601: 295:. She also received assistance from the siblings' unmarried uncle, James Neal, and others in their 9130:. Vol. 5 (January–April, 1826). London, England: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. pp. 173–201. 7245: 7128: 2160:

much to gain by it; since the value of white labour would rise", Neal called for federally-funded

1384:

and show preference for "the unadulterated truth of the American locality and nature" he found in

1137: 348:

artist. At twenty years of age in 1814, he answered an ad for employment with a dry goods shop in

9681: 9113: 9098: 9083: 8210:

The Distracted and Anarchical People: New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War-Era North

5395: 2634: 2417: 2342: 1923: 1885: 1854: 1363: 1076: 577: 9235: 4707: 2148:... because the profit of the master is in direct proportion to the fruitfulness of the slave." 1993:

that Heaven has apportioned so equally between her, and her brother" to rid the world of duels.

9656: 9288: 9216: 9160:. Vol. 79 (July–December, 1829). Boston, Massachusetts: James Adams, Jr. pp. 295–298. 8227:

Kayorie, James Stephen Merritt (2019). "John Neal (1793–1876)". In Baumgartner, Jody C. (ed.).

4865: 4845: 4455: 2883: 2604: 2591: 2180: 2172: 2028: 1931: 1865: 1520: 1376: 1340: 1241: 915: 849: 726: 359:

and Pierpont's brother in-law, whereby they exploited supply chain constrictions caused by the

9117:. Vol. 16 (July–December 1824). Edinburgh, Scotland: William Blackwood. pp. 617–652. 9102:. Vol. 16 (July–December 1824). Edinburgh, Scotland: William Blackwood. pp. 387–394. 2315:(1822) to challenge racial boundaries between White and Indigenous Americans. Reacting to the 1710: 1194:(1833) while living in Portland, Maine, but all are reworkings of content he wrote in London. 9696: 7986:

Fourteenth Annual Report of the Proceedings of the Maine Press Association, for the Year 1877

6170: 4443: 4436: 3127: 2608: 1919: 1742:, and sleigh-rides and huskings, of politics and religion, and 'courting' and 'blackberrying. 1088: 853: 494: 444: 288: 9254: 9087:. Vol. 16 (July–December 1824). Edinburgh, Scotland: William Blackwood. pp. 91–97. 2941:... pretty well" writing and reading Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and 2532:

admission, a year-long stint as newspaper editor was "a long while, for any thing [

1976:

they are women". At that future time, he posited that the greatest of male writers "will be

1927: 9626: 9361: 9356: 8284: 7983:

Elwell, Edward H. (1877). "Historical Sketches: Cumberland County". In Wood, Joseph (ed.).

2345:

to enacting prohibition laws; Dow and his followers "instead of regarding the injunction, '

2328: 1559: 1003: 837: 656: 510: 501:

after his participation in a street brawl. In reaction to insults against prominent lawyer

8065:

A Right View of the Subject: Feminism in the Works of Charles Brockden Brown and John Neal

8: 9576: 9298: 9141: 8975: 8139: 8045: 6196: 5992: 4312: 2827: 2645: 2570: 2276: 2019: 1945:(1823) and "Idiosyncrasies" (1843) to the vindication of independent, unmarried women in 1905: 1818: 1794: 1778: 1697: 1547: 1443: 1431: 1393: 1371: 1226: 1141: 806: 544: 474: 221: 9145:. Vol. 4 (January–April, 1826). London, England: Hunt and Clarke. pp. 437–449. 8343:

Heralds of Promise: The Drama of the American People During the Age of Jackson 1829–1849

7819:

The Making of an Abolitionist: William Lloyd Garrison's Path to Publishing the Liberator

2874: 2460:... throughout our whole country". Lotteries fell into disfavor in the US in the 1830s. 2412:

In his "United States" essay (1826), Neal made his first published argument against the

9180: 9050: 9019:. Vol. 7, no. 5. Portland, Maine: Sale Publishing Co. June 1907. p. 480. 8229:

American Political Humor: Masters of Satire and Their Impact on U.S. Policy and Culture

2919:

Counterfeit money was very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century.

2720: 2716: 2554:

Neal's creative work had indirect influence on many writers during and after his life.

2484: 2316: 2091:(1867), the women's rights chapter of his autobiography (1869), and twelve articles in 1915: 1738:

and lady-actress's feet—of poets and dogs, of paintings and side-walks, of Bentham and

1439: 1412:

Reynolds's approach to art criticism would remain dominant in both the US and UK until

1389: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1315: 919: 821: 802: 622: 498: 345: 38: 9331: 9176:"Served Him Right: The Veteran John Neal Gives an Impertinent Young Rough His Deserts" 9079:"Speculations of a Traveler Concerning the People of the United States With Parallels" 8266: 8038:

Consumable Goods: Papers from the North East Popular Culture Association Meeting, 1986

7910:

Formalism, Experience, and the Making of American Literature in the Nineteenth Century

6733: 6578: 4520: 4488: 3043:

under the pen name "Somebody, M.D.C.", which stands for "Member of the Delphian Club".

2124:

Neal was "resolutely and heartily opposed to slavery", interpreting the ideals of the

2022:

as it appeared at the time of John Neal's "Rights of Women" speech on January 24, 1843

950: 9317: 9260: 9241: 8917: 8868: 8837: 8816: 8799: 8779: 8758: 8725: 8676: 8655: 8615: 8605: 8593: 8583: 8571: 8563: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8480: 8461: 8442: 8423: 8404: 8384: 8365: 8362:

A Nation of Counterfeiters: Capitalists, Con Men, and the Making of the United States

8346: 8315: 8294: 8272: 8251: 8232: 8213: 8194: 8149: 8125: 8108: 8087: 8068: 8049: 8022: 7990: 7969: 7950: 7932: 7913: 7896: 7877: 7858: 7841: 7822: 7803: 7784: 7765: 1873: 1786: 1774: 1758: 1385: 1032: 572: 439: 428: 333: 284: 187: 69: 8611:

American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)

8589:

American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)

8310:. Sources and Documents in the History of Art Series. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 7436: 2743:

American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)

1769:

Between 1829 and 1848, Neal supplemented his income as a lecturer. Traveling on the

670: 9308: 8772:

Thurston, Brown (1886). "Biographical Sketches: John Neal". In Wood, Joseph (ed.).

7929:

Observations on American Art: Selections from the Writings of John Neal (1793–1876)

4861: 4841: 3067: 2972: 2946: 2753:

Observations on American Art: Selections from the Writings of John Neal (1793–1876)

2487:

in his Baltimore novels and in American and British newspapers later in the 1820s.

2136:" In reaction to widespread rape of enslaved women, he reported that "white fathers 2062: 1969:... that where the evil was, there the remedy must be sought for, I went to work". 1881: 1798: 1493: 1435: 1381: 1275: 1133: 1113: 1011: 918:

spans almost sixty years from the end of the War of 1812 to a decade following the

722: 595: 306: 217: 9151: 9123: 9108: 9093: 9078: 9063: 8963: 8911: 8831: 8724:. Twayne's United States Author Series. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. 8649: 8531: 8512: 8474: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8288: 8143: 8102: 7890: 5790: 2892: 2865: 2843: 2747: 2729: 2707: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2639: 2628: 2112:

because of its insistence upon immediate suffrage for all women. He cofounded the

1031:... my judgment has been confirmed, sooner or later, without a single exception." 689:

Neal became a proponent in the US of athletics he had practiced abroad, including

400: 228:, a short story pioneer, a children's literature pioneer, and a forerunner of the 9136: 9032:. Vol. 7, no. 6. Portland, Maine: Sale Publishing Co. pp. 515–523. 9025: 9012: 8983: 8968: 8836:. Yale studies in English, v. 88. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 8793: 8773: 8645: 8493: 7984: 6443: 5746: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2502:

I AM called upon for a Preface. Like the "weary knife-grinder," when asked for a

2353:... They could not well be exaggerated; the only question was about the remedy." 2280: 2108:, Neal regretted the division of efforts, but lent his support to the subsequent 1935: 1810: 1770: 1418: 1332: 1291: 1064: 939: 935: 931: 829: 799: 784: 769: 714: 502: 462: 412:

Two months after Neal's bankruptcy trial, he submitted his first contribution to

280: 248: 65: 9313: 6489: 3145: 2565:

Many scholars conclude that most defining authors of the mid-nineteenth-century

2456:, and in our legislative halls, and never rested, until the system was up-rooted 9322: 9198: 8990:. Vol. 7, no. 1. Portland, Maine: Sale Publishing Co. pp. 28–31. 5048: 4193: 3537: 2996: 2288: 1479: 1427: 1263:

was the most "complex, ambitious, and demanding" American novel until Cooper's

1207: 1129: 705:

techniques he learned in Paris, London, and Baltimore. He opened Maine's first

690: 613: 609: 457: 424: 292: 211: 8522: 8446: 7900: 7845: 6745: 5131: 1095:, who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety". 883: 9350: 9245: 8921: 8668: 8631:

Nobody": John Neal, Genre, and the Making of American Literary Nationalism".

8619: 8597: 8465: 8388: 8311: 8298: 8276: 8161:

Hayes, Kevin J. (2012). "Chapter 13: How John Neal Wrote His Autobiography".

8153: 8112: 7881: 7309: 6153: 5337: 5000: 2400: 1877: 1397: 1118: 1071:

John Neal used his role as critic, particularly in the pages of his magazine

1015: 775: 550: 420: 356: 251:, through varied business investments, arts patronage, and civic leadership. 206: 8659: 8541: 8503: 8484: 8427: 8408: 2392:... has found root in that republican soil. There is a tremendous contention 1446:. Brown became Portland's most successful artist of the nineteenth century. 1053: 9335: 9326: 9264: 9094:"Men and Women: Brief Hypothesis concerning the Difference in their Genius" 8783: 8575: 8191:

History, Abolition, and the Ever-Present Now in Antebellum American Writing

7994: 7704: 3705: 2574: 1889: 1401: 1336: 1180:

in Baltimore, but revised and published it in London in 1825. He published

1092: 845: 526: 484: 9197:. Vol. 11, no. 25. New York, New York. p. 7. Archived from 8841: 8803: 8319: 7936: 7420: 6505: 4612: 2862:

One Word More: Intended for the Reasoning and Thoughtful among Unbelievers

2428:

to pay men serving in militias, thereby making the system more equitable.

1773:

circuit, he covered topics such as "literature, eloquence, the fine arts,

1468:

Battle of Niagara, A Poem, without Notes; and Goldau, or the Maniac Harper

868:

in 1859. To fill a gap in his income between 1863 and 1866 he wrote three

518:... at precisely the moment when was endeavoring to establish himself as 9068: 8148:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Ticknor and Fields. 6903: 6237: 5971: 5270: 4298: 4296: 3781: 2693: 2183:. The feud was not resolved until Neal declared in 1865 that "I was wrong 1588: 1413: 1182: 964: 710: 414: 390: 360: 321: 256: 9214:

Gallant, Cliff (July 13, 2012). "The Churlish and Brilliant John Neal".

9054: 8788:

The source URL includes multiple separate publications bundled together.

8271:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. 7999:

The source URL includes multiple separate publications bundled together.

5976: 5254: 4572: 4556: 1785:, law and lawyers, the study of languages, natural-history, phrenology, 980:

English", which was "the deadest language I ever met with or heard of".

717:. The year before he had published articles on German gymnastics in the 9156: 9038: 7596: 4774: 3165: 2555: 2196: 1616: 1504:

Neal authored two plays, neither of which were ever produced on stage:

1466:

while studying law in Baltimore. His only bound collection of poems is

1109: 1059: 998:

Starting in the late 1820s, Neal shifted his focus from nationalism to

960: 923: 869: 734: 364: 341: 262: 225: 9011: 8913:

Special Report on Immigration; Accompanying Information for Immigrants

8778:. Bar Harbor, Maine: Mount Desert Publishing Company. pp. 39–42. 5016: 4526: 4385: 4293: 3181: 2849:

Our Ephraim, or The New Englanders, A What-d'ye-call-it?–in three Acts

1510:

Our Ephraim, or The New Englanders, A What-d'ye-call-it?—in three Acts

983:

Neal's voice was one of many following the War of 1812 calling for an

162: 6008: 5898: 5858: 2942: 2453: 2065:. Looking back more than forty years later, the second volume of the 1802: 1406: 1279: 448:(1816) and encouraged by the reception of his initial submissions to 368: 325: 244: 233: 6096: 5774: 4077: 8124:(2nd ed.). Hallowell, Maine: Greater Portland Landmarks, Inc. 6417: 5655: 5080: 5032: 4667: 2377: 2333: 2177:

movement for "immediate, unconditional, and universal emancipation"

1904:

Neal's early focus on female education was primarily influenced by

1830: 1496:(1931). Griswold considered Neal one of the best poets of his age. 1075:, to draw attention to newer writers in whose work he saw promise. 9343:

on the Online Books Page of the University of Pennsylvania Library

8422:. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Published for the proprietors. 8403:. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Published for the proprietors. 7636: 6694: 6544: 6542: 6540: 2295:... their ambassadors have been seized, imprisoned, and butchered, 2071:(1887) remembered that the lecture "roused considerable discussion 1953:... imprison the soul of woman, and set a seal upon her faculties— 1140:, consolidation of federal power, racialized citizenship, and the 9294: 9195:

The Tobacco Leaf: Organ of the Tobacco Trade in the United States

7781:

The Irish of Portland, Maine: A History of Forest City Hibernians

7348: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7056: 6981: 6959: 6957: 6521: 5496: 5369: 4588: 3765: 3725: 2871:

Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life: An Autobiography

2524:

Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life: An Autobiography

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