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319:, even though they now had very little contact with Germany. German-language instruction ended at many schools and universities, and the federal government imposed restrictions on German-language publications. The younger generation generally demanded the switch to the exclusive use of English society affairs, which allowed many Turner societies to continue to function.
183:
politicians. Besides serving as physical education, social, political, and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in public education and labor movements. They were leading promoters of gymnastics in the United States as a sport and as a school subject. In the United
304:, and supported German-language teaching in public high schools, as well as gymnastics. Women's auxiliaries were formed in the 1850s and 1860s. The high point in membership came in 1894, with 317 societies and about 40,000 adult male members, along with 25,000 children and 3000 women.
325:
and both World Wars with
Germany took a gradual toll on membership, with some halls closing and others becoming regular dance halls, bars, or bowling alleys. As of 2011, 54 Turner societies still existed around the U.S. The current headquarters of American Turners is in
174:
After the failure of the 1848 Revolution in
Germany, the Turner movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany, some emigrating to the United States, especially to the Ohio Valley region, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. Several of these
307:
In the 1904 Olympics several competitors represented various
Turners organizations in Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, and some of the teams at the Olympics were sponsored by Turners organizations.
134:
63:
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220:
and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first
American to open a public gymnasium in the U.S. in Portland, Maine in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the
2527:
86:
292:. Many Republican leaders in German communities were members. They provided the bodyguard at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861, and at his funeral in April 1865. In the
984:
147:
meaning “club, union”) were not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric "national gymnastic" organizations in Europe (such as the Czech
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2517:
2523:
2453:
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made a contribution to the integration of German-Americans into their new home. The organizations continue to exist in areas of heavy German immigration, such as
2728:
672:
2833:
509:
2848:
2853:
2782:
344:
The
Turnverein in Sacramento, founded in 1854, claims to be the oldest institution within the city still in existence. The Turnverein Vorwaerts of
1479:. "German Turners in America: Their Role in Nineteenth Century Exercise Expression and Physical Education Legislation." in Earle F. Zeigler ed.,
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842:
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in
Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the States in 1826 at
657:
2818:
2651:
2346:
937:
911:
2656:
2618:
2238:
1492:. "Knights of Cause and Exercise: German Forty-Eighters and Turnvereine in the United States during the Antebellum Period."
200:
The Turner movement was preceded by the first wave of gymnastics in the United States in the 1820s, led by
Germans, such as
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1454:
642:
353:
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37:
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About 1000 Turners served as Union soldiers during the Civil War. Anti-slavery was a common element, as typified by
2813:
2808:
2754:
1974:
745:
2461:
760:
1571:
778:
996:
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1619:
626:
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Website of the Los
Angeles Turners with history, photos, newsletters, and links to other Turners Organizations
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296:, a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal in
2074:
1002:
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1908:
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103:(1798–1872), were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study.
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just prior to the beginning of the war. After the Civil War, the national organization took a new name,
2385:
1871:
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1210:
Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and
Americanization: The American Turners and their new identity."
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148:
567:
2838:
2739:
2643:
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2419:
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1594:, including by-laws, correspondence, minutes and photographs, are available for research use at the
19:
This article is about German-American gymnastic club members. For the unincorporated community, see
2341:
1836:
1831:
1701:
127:
79:
24:
1519:
Kramer, William M., and Norton B. Stern. "The
Turnverein: A German Experience for Western Jewry."
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1964:
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1359:
1060:, a comparable movement for Czechs in Central Europe (Austria-Hungary) and the United States
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99:. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially
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349:
327:
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1281:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–250.
532:
8:
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1959:
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1264:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227–250.
1247:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–236.
1230:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232–233.
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1300:
Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".
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1425:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hugh McCulloch House"
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1408:. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology
1403:"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)"
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2014:
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802:
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1343:
Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia
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2129:
2099:
2019:
1984:
1949:
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A strong mind in a strong body: Libraries in the German-American Turner movement.
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Pfister, Gertrud. "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education,"
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3,000 Turners performed at the Federal Gymnastics Festival in Milwaukee, 1893.
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1502:. "America's First Turnverein: Commentary in Favor of Louisville, Kentucky."
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Postage stamp commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the American Turners
151:), who were participants in various national movements for independence. The
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States, the movement declined after 1900, and especially after 1917.
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Website of the Louisville Turners - Only Turners with Circus Program
1121:. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Max Kade Center.
1891:
1841:
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Gruen, Mardee. "Milwaukee Turners, local Jews go back 141 years."
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to mark the 100th anniversary of the movement in the country.
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212:. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the U.S. in 1825 at the
1581:
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Jahn Monument in Berlin with memorial plaques from American
230:, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.
170:
Group portrait of the St. Louis, Missouri Turnverein in 1860
254:
238:
1545:
Research guide to the Turner movement in the United States
1187:
Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture
990:
Central Turn-Verein, East 67th Street, New York, New York
875:
Detail, South Side Turnverin Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
1481:
American Sport and Physical Education History (to 1875)
1317:"THE ROLE OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN CIVIL WAR - MISSOURI"
114:
in the early 19th century when Germany was occupied by
106:
In Germany, a major gymnastic movement was started by
931:
Interior ca. 1910, Turner Hall, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1116:
434:
179:went on to become Union soldiers, and some became
863:South Side Turnverein Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
501:
315:groups, the Turners experienced suspicion during
2795:
1319:. The Missouri Civil War Museum. Archived from
187:
23:. For the New Zealand automotive retailer, see
1422:
2447:
1620:
1538:International Journal of the History of Sport
1212:International Journal of the History of Sport
1160:
1119:"150 years of Turnerism in the United States"
159:in nature, and many Turners took part in the
1278:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1261:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1244:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1227:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1184:George Eisen; David Kenneth Wiggins (1995).
352:from 1906 until 1966. It was listed on the
1077:
2834:History of gymnastics in the United States
2454:
2440:
1627:
1613:
1528:A brief history of the American Turnerbund
1314:
1156:
1154:
1131:
1112:
1110:
110:("father of gymnastics") and nationalist
2849:Sports organizations established in 1848
2470:Artistic gymnastics in the United States
918:Turner Hall (1882), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
708:East Turner Hall (1891), Davenport, Iowa
191:
165:
49:
31:
2854:People associated with physical culture
2557:World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1382:"Homepage of the Sacramento Turnverein"
1274:
1257:
1240:
1223:
1151:
2796:
1450:"National Register Information System"
1395:
1107:
143:meaning “to practice gymnastics,” and
16:German-American gymnastic club members
2435:
1608:
1299:
1117:Annette R. Hofmann (August 3, 1998).
527:Davenport, Iowa Turngemeinde Monument
126:
78:
2778:
1650:Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
1634:
1588:American Turners, Wilmington Records
1543:Pumroy, Eric, and Katja Rampelmann.
1494:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1455:National Register of Historic Places
1442:
1165:. Texas State Historical Association
678:Germania Singing and Sport Society,
515:Jahn Monument in St. Louis, Missouri
354:National Register of Historic Places
2824:American Civil War political groups
1568:American Turners Records, 1853-2017
13:
1596:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1470:
1358:. American Turners. Archived from
1304:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
1082:. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
139:; "gymnastic unions"; from German
14:
2865:
2680:The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars
1577:American Turner Topics newsletter
1551:
1037:German-Americans in the Civil War
2777:
2768:
2767:
2755:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
2463:
2415:
2414:
1423:Karen Anderson (November 1979).
1044:: Owned by the Milwaukee Turners
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365:Vintage photos of the Milwaukee
1572:Indiana University Indianapolis
1558:Website of the American Turners
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1308:
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1268:
1251:
602:
435:Other Wisconsin Turners in 1915
1234:
1217:
1204:
1177:
1125:
1094:
1071:
975:Turn-Verein, East 4th Street,
502:Monuments in the United States
1:
2819:German-American organizations
1521:Western States Jewish History
1439:and Accompanying photographs.
1356:"Welcome to American Turners"
1275:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1258:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1241:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1224:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1064:
851:(1900), Indianapolis, Indiana
302:Nordamerikanischer Turnerbund
222:American Journal of Education
41:
1727:Edward William Barton-Wright
1104:April 29, 1994; p. 6, col. 1
693:Central Turner Hall (1888),
663:Central Turner Hall (1848),
188:History in the United States
7:
1030:
10:
2870:
1675:Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
1592:Roxborough Turners Records
1540:26 (no. 13, 2009) 1893-925
1102:Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle
849:South Side Turnverein Hall
359:
128:[ˈtʊʁnfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪ̯nə]
18:
2763:
2708:
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2611:
2604:
2565:
2549:
2542:Trampoline & Tumbling
2506:
2499:
2476:
2409:
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2312:
2246:
2237:
1927:
1709:
1700:
1693:
1642:
1516:New York, NY: Peter Land.
208:, and Americans, such as
155:in Germany was generally
2829:Gymnastics organizations
1504:Journal of Sport History
1190:. ABC-CLIO. p. 28.
25:Turners Automotive Group
2814:German-American culture
2809:German-American history
2685:Gold Over America Tour
1138:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1080:"The German Turnverein"
889:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
723:(1882), Davenport, Iowa
472:Madison Bears (seniors)
95:gymnastic clubs called
2619:National Championships
2347:Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao
1506:11.1 (1984): 134-137.
1341:Steven A. Reiss, ed.,
946:New Orleans, Louisiana
832:Independent Turnverein
819:Holyoke, Massachusetts
597:Washington, D.C., 1911
197:
171:
71:
55:
47:
38:Turner Hall, Milwaukee
2371:Battle of the Systems
2215:Warren Lincoln Travis
1980:Marie Bjelke Petersen
1787:Edith Margaret Garrud
1655:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
1500:Barney, Robert Knight
1490:Barney, Robert Knight
1477:Barney, Robert Knight
1460:National Park Service
1406:(Searchable database)
1302:Maine Sunday Telegram
1163:"TURNVEREIN MOVEMENT"
1024:Rock Island, Illinois
887:Germania Turnverein,
835:Indianapolis, Indiana
721:Northwest Turner Hall
323:Cultural assimilation
195:
169:
112:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
53:
35:
2729:At the Heart of Gold
2332:Seetharaman Sundaram
2294:Kodi Rammurthy Naidu
2279:Jatindra Charan Guho
2175:Dudley Allen Sargent
1797:George Hackenschmidt
1660:Johann Baptist Krebs
1512:Hoyt, D. J. (1999).
1214:19.1 (2002): 91-118.
902:Turner Hall (1868),
751:Turner Hall (1888),
648:Pilsen Turner Hall,
350:Hugh McCulloch House
328:Louisville, Kentucky
2844:Politics and sports
1832:Jørgen Peter Müller
1496:13.2 (1982): 62-79.
1161:Mary Lou LeCompte.
943:Turners Hall (1868)
816:Holyoke Turner Hall
767:Eldridge Turn-Halle
619:Boonville, Missouri
549:The Berlin monument
346:Fort Wayne, Indiana
339:commemorative stamp
294:Camp Jackson Affair
161:Revolutions of 1848
36:Gymnastics room in
2745:Nissen-Emery Award
2274:Ambika Charan Guha
2190:Genevieve Stebbins
1867:Clara Schlaffhorst
1547:(Greenwood, 1996).
1345:(2011) pp 913-916.
977:New York, New York
962:New Ulm, Minnesota
904:Madison, Wisconsin
585:Philadelphia, 1861
267:Syracuse, New York
198:
172:
56:
48:
2791:
2790:
2704:
2703:
2639:Nastia Liukin Cup
2600:
2599:
2573:Magnificent Seven
2429:
2428:
2386:Muscular religion
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2233:
2232:
2185:Amos Alonzo Stagg
2120:Bernarr Macfadden
2085:Annette Kellerman
2030:Keene Fitzpatrick
1935:Marguerite Agniel
1914:Emily Diana Watts
1882:Lionel Strongfort
1782:Gustav Frištenský
1757:Launceston Elliot
1747:François Delsarte
1078:Claire E. Nolte.
753:Duluth, Minnesota
650:Chicago, Illinois
214:Round Hill School
91:) are members of
21:Turners, Missouri
2861:
2839:Physical culture
2781:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2609:
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2524:Women's artistic
2518:Olympic gymnasts
2504:
2503:
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2418:
2417:
2391:Yoga as exercise
2244:
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2195:Alois P. Swoboda
2105:Diocletian Lewis
2080:George F. Jowett
2025:Carrica Le Favre
2015:Ludwig Durlacher
2005:C. Ward Crampton
1877:Mary Bagot Stack
1812:F. A. Hornibrook
1807:Oscar Heidenstam
1752:Edmond Desbonnet
1707:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1670:Franz Nachtegall
1665:Pehr Henrik Ling
1636:Physical culture
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1526:Metzner, Henry.
1464:
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1362:on April 6, 2011
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1328:
1323:on March 3, 2012
1315:Scott Williams.
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803:Galena, Illinois
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665:Cincinnati, Ohio
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80:[ˈtʊʁnɐ]
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2405:
2396:Natural hygiene
2376:Fitness culture
2351:
2322:Krishnamacharya
2308:
2259:Ramesh Balsekar
2229:
2130:William Muldoon
2100:W. R. C. Latson
2020:George Eiferman
1985:William Blaikie
1950:Sanford Bennett
1923:
1777:Bob Fitzsimmons
1732:Zishe Breitbart
1722:William Bankier
1689:
1638:
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1523:16 (1984): 227.
1473:
1471:Further reading
1468:
1467:
1462:. July 9, 2010.
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1132:John B. Jentz.
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2612:Competitions
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2304:Monotosh Roy
2284:Guru Hanuman
2254:Manohar Aich
2247:Bodybuilding
2224:
2200:Armand Tanny
2170:Tony Sansone
2155:Steve Reeves
2095:Jack LaLanne
1995:Alan Calvert
1862:Arthur Saxon
1857:Eugen Sandow
1767:Juan Ferrero
1680:Adolf Spiess
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1431:. Retrieved
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1360:the original
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1167:. Retrieved
1141:. Retrieved
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1084:. Retrieved
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603:Turner Halls
534:
484:New Holstein
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2579:Fierce Five
2299:Chandgi Ram
2269:B. C. Ghosh
2210:John Terpak
2180:Larry Scott
2165:Joe Rollino
2075:Bob Hoffman
2060:John Grimek
2035:Mark Forest
1897:Monte Saldo
1852:Joan Rhodes
1817:Thomas Inch
1762:Tony Emmott
1742:Victor Dane
1643:Antecedents
1327:January 10,
1003:Turner Hall
959:Turner Hall
800:Turner Hall
735:Turner Hall
632:Turner Hall
616:Turner Hall
535:Turnvereine
317:World War I
311:Like other
290:Carl Schurz
283:Los Angeles
235:Turnvereine
120:Turnvereine
97:Turnvereine
45: 1900
2798:Categories
2634:Winter Cup
2585:Final Five
2381:Gymnastics
2289:K. V. Iyer
2220:Al Treloar
2160:Leo Robert
2150:Bill Pearl
2140:Kid Parker
2110:Gilman Low
1990:Paul Bragg
1965:Joe Bonomo
1960:Mark Berry
1827:Dan McLeod
1737:Niels Bukh
1366:January 9,
1169:January 9,
1086:January 9,
1065:References
367:Turnverein
279:Sacramento
227:The Yankee
181:Republican
2722:Athlete A
2716:AAI Award
2533:Acrobatic
2205:Vic Tanny
2115:Dan Lurie
1928:New World
1887:Maxalding
1822:John Lees
1287:561890463
1021:Turnhalle
496:Sheboygan
356:in 1980.
298:St. Louis
259:Minnesota
247:Wisconsin
210:John Neal
108:Turnvater
64:‹See Tfd›
2773:Category
2740:Level 10
2566:In media
2539:Rhythmic
2528:Gymnasts
2507:National
2420:Category
1842:Reg Park
1710:European
1590:and the
1387:June 13,
1143:July 20,
1031:See also
271:Kentucky
263:Missouri
116:Napoleon
2783:Commons
2750:Turners
2550:Results
2536:Parkour
2401:Pilates
2364:Related
2225:Turners
2040:Ed Fury
1904:Vulcana
1702:Western
1694:Systems
1530:(1924)
1433:July 1,
1412:July 1,
1042:WMWG-LP
460:Madison
448:Kenosha
360:Gallery
251:Indiana
157:liberal
124:German:
76:German:
59:Turners
2682:(2008)
2664:GymACT
2605:Events
2593:(2024)
2587:(2016)
2581:(2012)
2575:(1996)
2342:Tiruka
2239:Indian
1892:Maxick
1532:online
1508:online
1485:online
1285:
1194:
1005:(1914)
281:, and
145:Verein
141:turnen
118:. The
72:Turner
68:German
2673:Tours
2657:women
2648:NCAA
2500:Teams
2486:USOPC
2314:Yogic
1872:Sokol
1428:(PDF)
1419:Note:
1058:Sokol
243:Texas
149:Sokol
2694:2024
2689:2021
1586:The
1435:2015
1414:2015
1389:2019
1368:2011
1329:2011
1283:OCLC
1192:ISBN
1171:2011
1145:2019
1088:2011
429:1915
417:1879
405:1875
393:1869
381:1866
255:Ohio
239:Iowa
233:The
224:and
204:and
2652:men
2491:FIG
1570:at
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