1759:
Praetorius, F. Raine, H. Börnstein, C. L. Bernays, Karl D. A. Douai, Emil Rothe and Eduard Leyh. He also notes: "There were strong men among the political refugees between 1818 and 1848 prominent in journalistic work, as
Friedrich Münch (Missouri), J. A. Wagener (Charleston, South Carolina), H. A. Rattermann (Cincinnati). It must be conceded, however, that the great progress in German journalism in the United States came with the advent of the political refugees of 1848, and immediately thereafter. A large number of new journals were founded by these 'forty-eighters', and as a rule they commanded a better German style and furnished a greater amount of desirable information in politics and literature. The presumption of the 'forty-eighters' in many cases offended the older class (of 1818–1848), and a journalistic warfare arose between the two parties ('die Grauen' and 'die Grünen'). The result, however, was favorable to the cause of journalism, and the Grays and the Greens, as explained before, soon united in the great struggle against secession and slavery."
192:
1216:"A large number of refugees from almost all parts of the European continent had gathered in London since the year 1848, but the intercourse between the different national groups – Germans, Frenchmen, Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Russians – was confined more or less to the prominent personages. All, however, in common nourished the confident hope of a revolutionary upturning on the continent soon to come. Among the Germans there were only a few who shared this hope in a less degree. Perhaps the ablest and most important person among these was
2077:
2042:
2156:
38:
950:
berthed at Port
Adelaide on 7 August 1849, with 161 emigres, including Johann Friedrich Mosel. Johann, born in 1827 in Berlin in the duchy of Brandenburg, had taken three weeks to travel from his home to the departure point of the 350-tonne vessel at Hamburg. This voyage had been well planned by two
1082:
August Eduard
Wilhelm Hector Achilles d'Orey (b. 1820, Wusterhausen/Dosse – d. unknown) was a participant in the Revolutions of 1848-49. After the revolutions failed, he fled to Portugal, where he settled and established himself as a merchant. Despite his relocation, he maintained close ties to his
1758:
gives the following list of 48er journalists: Carl Schurz, F. R. Hassaurek, Carl
Heinzen, Friedrich Hecker, Christopher Esselen, Lorenz Brentano, Theodor Olshausen, Hermann Raster, Friedrich Kapp, Franz Sigel, Oswald Ottendorfer, Wilhelm Rapp, Kaspar Beetz, Friedrich Lexow, Carl Dilthey, Emil
743:, organ builder, saw hard service as a soldier where he was a compatriot of Gen. Franz Sigel and Carl Schurz in the revolutions of 1847–48. He was banished from his native country Germany and first located in New York City. Later he relocated his business to St. Louis.
967:
to sail to South
Australia. The passengers were mainly middle-class professionals, academics, musicians, artists, architects, engineers, artisans, and apprentices, and were among the core of liberal radicals, disillusioned with events in Germany.
319:, Forty-eighters supported improved labor laws and working conditions. They also advanced the country's cultural and intellectual development in such fields as education, the arts, medicine, journalism, and business.
308:, a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal just prior to the beginning of the American Civil War. About 200,000 German-born soldiers enlisted in the
1343:, a Hungarian politician, who joined Kossuth on his tour of England and the United States, became involved in Italian revolutionary activities and was imprisoned, and then was pardoned and returned home in 1866.
199:
Germans migrated to developing midwestern and southern cities, developing the beer and wine industries in several locations, and advancing journalism; others developed thriving agricultural communities.
1128:
first fled to
Brussels in 1849. In 1851, he was appointed professor of classical philology at the University of ZĂĽrich. By 1864, he was back in Germany as a professor at the University of Heidelberg.
1083:
family in
Germany, frequently returning to his homeland. His life, marked by political upheaval and cross-border connections, was highlighted in a 2018 exhibition at the Wegemuseum in Wusterhausen.
249:. There they helped define the distinct German culture of the neighbourhood, and in some cases also brought a rebellious nature with them from Germany. Cincinnati was the southern terminus of the
955:, who had been implicated in the revolution. Otto had been jailed in 1847 for his activities as a student revolutionary. The brothers, along with others including Frau Jeanne von Kreussler and Dr
975:
or worked in the wine industry; others founded
Lutheran churches. By 1860, for example, about 70 German families lived in Germantown, Victoria. (When World War I broke out, the town was renamed
1058:
and worked in a bank from 1852 until the amnesty of 1866 allowed him to return to
Germany. Carl Schurz was in France for a time before moving to England. He stayed there with Adolf Strodtmann.
2142:
Von republikanischen
Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitätswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850–1861
2080:
2045:
96:, and sometimes ordered by local governments to emigrate because of their involvement in the revolution, they gave up their old lives to live abroad. They emigrated to
1972:
1409:
946:
left Hamburg 26 March 1849, in the spring, bound for South Australia via Rio de Janeiro. The voyage took 135 days, which was considered slow, but nevertheless the
959:, formed a migration group, the South Australian Colonisation Society, one of many similar groups forming throughout Germany at the time. Sponsored by geologist
166:
764:
253:, and large numbers of emigrants from modern Germany, beginning with the Forty-eighters, followed the canal north to settle available land in western Ohio.
1240:. Along with several of the above, Sabine Freitag also lists Gustav Adolf Techow, Eduard Meyen, Graf Oskar von Reichenbach, Josef Fickler and Amand Goegg.
728:
474:
583:
620:
120:, Italians, among many others. A large number were respected, politically active, wealthy, and well-educated, and found success in their new countries.
470:
352:
1844:
1814:
1784:
1574:
1161:, then a suburb of London. The baroness was a Russian of German descent who was sympathetic with the goals of the revolutionaries. Guests included
574:(band leader in Sherman's army who later settled in Lexington, Kentucky, where he conducted the first band at the University of Kentucky; friend of
624:
268:
in 1849. Protests took place also in 1854; Forty-eighters were held responsible for the killing of two law enforcement officers in the two events.
755:
724:
571:
2181:
1493:
312:, ultimately forming about 10% of the North's entire armed forces; 13,000 Germans served in Union Volunteer Regiments from New York alone.
931:, on 13 February. Many of those on board were political refugees. Some Germans also travelled to Australia via London. In April 1849, the
927:
2010:
1957:
1118:
moved to Switzerland in 1866 after living in England. He was a professor of archaeology and the history of art at the Polytechnikum in
1259:, a Hungarian revolutionary, toured England & Scotland and then the United States. He returned to Great Britain, where he formed a
2186:
1750:
45:
1990:
1617:
219:
2216:
1417:
2226:
1529:
1149:
In the early years after the failure of the revolutions of 1848, a group of German Forty-eighters and others met in a
1469:
1134:, novelist and literary critic, fled to Switzerland and eventually became a professor at the Polytechnikum in Zurich.
759:
1838:
1808:
260:, in which one demonstrator was killed, Forty-eighters violently protested the visit of the papal emissary Cardinal
2206:
1871:
1854:
1734:
1688:
1671:
1591:
2196:
2160:
1220:, a quiet, retiring man of great capacity and acquirements, who occupied himself with serious political studies."
44:
in 1860. A participant of the 1848 revolution in Germany, he immigrated to the United States and became the 13th
31:
1995:
758:, one of the "Slavonic Artillerymen" of the 24th Illinois Infantry Regiment, and one of the co-founders of the
154:
17:
1568:
1778:
903:
634:
85:
1633:
646:
92:. Disappointed at their failure to permanently change the system of government in the German States or the
935:
was the first ship to bring assisted German vinedresser families to New South Wales. The second ship, the
2211:
1919:
1705:
1206:
2129:
1511:
The German Forty-eighters and the Socialists in Milwaukee: A Social Psychological Study of Assimilation
1043:
888:
704:
678:
610:
206:, was a port of entry to many Forty-eighters. Some settled there and in Houston, but many went to the
1008:
952:
544:
442:
400:
316:
2201:
1833:
1803:
1773:
1563:
1198:
825:
700:
563:
536:
1886:
Anarchy and Anarchist: A history of the red terror and the social revolution in America and Europe
1140:, the composer, first fled to Paris and then settled in Zurich. He eventually returned to Germany.
2221:
2191:
2176:
1951:
1515:
1461:
The visit of Archbishop Gaetano Bedini to the United States of America: June 1853 – February 1854
1245:
1071:
1059:
830:
815:
732:
446:
257:
172:
81:
1714:
1490:
1275:
1755:
1233:
859:
594:
499:
420:
146:
69:
1607:
300:
and slavery, in keeping with the liberal ideals that had led them to flee from Europe. In the
191:
1837:
1807:
1459:
1186:
1174:
1002:
378:
211:
137:
realised there might be adverse effects on his life and career. As a result, he emigrated to
1154:
1070:
Ludwig Bamberger was in the Netherlands for a time, as were Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim and
540:
1609:
Zur medialen Konstruktion des Nationalen: Die Schillerfeiern 1859 in Europa und Nordamerika
1397:
1326:
956:
922:
840:
708:
250:
65:
8:
1260:
1202:
1102:
to work in early-childhood education. He lived and worked there until his death in 1899.
1020:
976:
736:
520:
412:
386:
305:
301:
297:
89:
61:
2123:
1508:
1438:
1829:
1799:
1769:
1567:
1559:
1158:
696:
516:
486:
392:
207:
1777:
1613:
1465:
1443:
1358:
1150:
998:
916:
684:
654:
575:
548:
524:
462:
428:
424:
372:
360:
1125:
1014:
774:
1710:
1363:
1282:
1225:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1115:
960:
864:
810:
805:
658:
638:
630:
454:
436:
223:
203:
176:
142:
504:
482:
76:. Although many Americans felt very sympathetic to them, many Forty-Eighters were
1497:
1373:
1368:
1353:
1131:
1095:
845:
720:
716:
670:
650:
559:
512:
508:
290:
150:
93:
1675:. Vol. IX, Part 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1963. pp. 392–3.
1595:. Vol. IV, Part 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1959. pp. 322–3.
134:
1875:. Vol. V, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1961. pp. 505–6.
1858:. Vol. X, Part 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1964. pp. 581–2.
1340:
1194:
1170:
1137:
712:
666:
590:
552:
528:
416:
346:
261:
238:
101:
2128:
Wittke, Carl. "The German forty-eighters in America: a centennial appraisal."
1738:. Vol. VIII, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 444–445.
133:
Disappointed by the failure of the Prussian Revolution in 1848, the biologist
84:
and shared its traditional hostility towards tolerating religious practice or
2170:
1946:
1330:
1314:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1217:
835:
820:
768:
692:
674:
606:
598:
432:
396:
356:
227:
105:
1692:. Vol. IV, Part 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 383–384.
1651:
1999:(in German), vol. 24, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 396–399
1537:
1300:
1285:
used London as a place of refuge before and after the revolutions of 1848.
983:, a German Club was founded in 1854, which played a major role in society.
783:
688:
662:
602:
579:
532:
490:
466:
458:
450:
382:
265:
138:
77:
73:
1931:
The Board's List, reel 2459, GRK; fiche 851, Germans on Bounty Ships, GRK.
179:
emigrated to Chile following the failed revolution. In 1850 he settled in
2116:
1334:
1267:
1237:
1229:
1182:
1162:
1105:
1099:
1038:
994:
869:
642:
616:
567:
408:
404:
364:
338:
289:
and their descendants contributed to the development of that city's long
183:. He was joined there by numerous other German immigrants of the period.
41:
1950:
2133:
1296:
1241:
368:
342:
309:
281:
279:, helping solidify that city's progressive political bent and cultural
242:
117:
1920:
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Workshop/2299/parland1849.html:departure
939:, left London on 13 March 1849, and arrived in Sydney on 5 July 1849.
921:
In 1848, the first non-British ship carrying immigrants to arrive in
787:
778:
276:
272:
97:
2094:
Exiles from European revolutions: refugees in mid-Victorian England
1754:(Boston: Houghton and Mifflin, 1909, Vol. II, Chapter VII, p. 369),
1119:
980:
180:
2076:
2041:
237:
More than 30,000 Forty-eighters settled in what became called the
972:
873:
791:
323:
231:
109:
2155:
1109:
740:
113:
2111:
Revolutionary refugees: German socialism in Britain, 1840–1860
1255:
became a British citizen and worked as a historian in London.
37:
2011:"Von der Dosse an den Atlantik – Das Leben des Achill d'Orey"
1224:
Other Germans who fled to the United Kingdom for a time were
1112:
after touring the Orient. He eventually returned to Germany.
1055:
215:
2120:
Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America
234:
precincts voted decisively against the secession ordinance.
1464:. Editrice Pontificia UniversitĂ Gregoriana. p. 96ff.
246:
1732:
Zucker, Adolf Edward (1963). "Schnauffer, Carl Heinrich".
1658:. November 8, 1908. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
695:(known as "Chief of the Scouts" in Arizona, who fought at
141:
in 1852, with his brother August and their wives, to join
1491:
Officer Down Memorial Page: Deputy Sheriff Thomas Higdon
1398:
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pnf01
88:, than by the American Republic's traditional belief in
2092:
Sabine Freitag, German Historical Institute in London,
1612:(in German). Göttingen: V&R unipress. p. 298.
1530:"The Role of German Immigrants in Civil War – Missouri"
1709:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
167:
German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue
60:) were Europeans who participated in or supported the
1248:
was in England for a time during his years of exile.
723:(founder of the Germania Life Insurance Company, now
214:. Due to their liberal ideals, they strongly opposed
997:, the conductor and composer who wrote the tune for
1212:Carl Schurz wrote in his memoir about this time:
1011:, later director of the Adelaide Botanical Gardens
296:In the United States, most Forty-eighters opposed
72:, a more democratic government, and guarantees of
1457:
739:(father of adequate pharmaceutical legislation).
337:Architects, engineers, scientists: Louis Burger,
2168:
707:with Hecker, Schurz, and Sigel, and then in the
497:); Carl F. Bauer and Sigismund Löw (founders of
1157:and her husband Ludolf August von Bruiningk in
543:; Charles L. Bernays; Emil Rothe; Eduard Leyh;
149:. There, he studied the natural history of the
1988:
1908:Australien und seine Vortheile fur Auswanderer
1686:Marmer, H. A. (1960). "Hassaurek, Friedrich".
1091:The following were all refugees from Germany:
725:The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
230:, another destination for Forty-eighters, the
2122:, Philadelphia: Univ. of Penn. Press, 1952.
1906:recruited by Wilhelm Kirchner, who published
2061:, Riga: N. Kymmels, 1913, table of contents.
1961:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1941:
1939:
1937:
1703:Bergquis, James M. (1999). "Rapp, Wilhelm".
1299:was a destination for refugees, for example
1845:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1828:
1815:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1798:
1785:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1768:
1575:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1558:
1451:
1320:
1244:became a writer in Great Britain. Bohemian
264:, who had repressed revolutionaries in the
1278:found relief in Great Britain for a time.
799:Notable Hungarian Forty-eighters in the US
1982:
1934:
1715:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601346
1945:
1702:
539:; Kaspar Beetz; Carl Dilthey; F. Raine;
190:
36:
27:Europeans supporting revolutions of 1848
2059:Das Geschlecht von Bruiningk in Livland
1751:The German Element in the United States
1329:, a German physician, emigrated to the
1295:In addition, the British possession of
897:Notable Polish Forty-eighters in the US
882:Notable French Forty-eighters in the US
547:(who was also a banker); Albert Sigel;
331:Notable German Forty-eighters in the US
293:. Others settled throughout the state.
46:United States Secretary of the Interior
14:
2169:
1731:
1685:
1437: Charles Christopher Jackson:
1402:
853:Notable Irish Forty-eighters in the US
749:Notable Czech Forty-eighters in the US
271:Many German Forty-eighters settled in
80:who were more influenced by post-1789
1605:
1023:, chairman of the Agricultural Bureau
951:of the founding passengers, brothers
1527:
1448:. Retrieved December 23, 2008..
876:via Switzerland, France and England)
153:in that region, and wrote the book
24:
441:Journalists, writers, publishers:
123:
25:
2238:
2148:
1144:
988:Notable Australian Forty-eighters
377:Businessmen, investment bankers:
2187:1848 in the German Confederation
2182:History of Australia (1851–1900)
2154:
2075:
2040:
1872:Dictionary of American Biography
1855:Dictionary of American Biography
1735:Dictionary of American Biography
1689:Dictionary of American Biography
1672:Dictionary of American Biography
1592:Dictionary of American Biography
1337:investigating Mayan linguistics.
1333:and spent his time there and in
906:, Civil War general and engineer
186:
2103:
2086:
2064:
2051:
2029:
2003:
1965:
1925:
1913:
1900:
1891:
1879:
1862:
1822:
1792:
1762:
1742:
1725:
1696:
1679:
1662:
1644:
1626:
1599:
1122:, where he died 16 years later.
910:
586:, music teacher in Philadelphia
32:Forty-eighters (disambiguation)
1996:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1652:"News of the German Societies"
1582:
1552:
1521:
1502:
1484:
1431:
1386:
1086:
1065:
777:, Czech language publisher in
760:Workingmen's Party of Illinois
155:Facts and Arguments for Darwin
145:'s new colony in the State of
68:, the Forty-eighters favoured
13:
1:
1640:. January 1, 1899. p. 5.
1534:The Missouri Civil War Museum
1379:
291:Socialist political tradition
86:Classical Christian education
2144:. Röhrig: St. Ingbert, 2012.
1991:Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard
1852:"Weber, Gustav Carl Erich".
1634:"Die Todten des Jahres 1898"
1054:Ludwig Bamberger settled in
1027:
963:, the society chartered the
891:(also in Belgium for a time)
647:US Secretary of the Interior
7:
1839:"Weber, Gustav C. E."
1809:"Krackowizer, Ernest"
1706:American National Biography
1347:
1207:Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim
1077:
953:Richard and Otto Schomburgk
10:
2243:
2217:Hungarian-American history
2130:American Historical Review
1888:by Michael J Schaack, 1889
1638:Der Deutsche Correspondent
1458:James F. Connelly (1960).
1108:, a dramatist, settled in
1044:Victor Prosper Considerant
1032:
914:
889:Victor Prosper Considerant
555:(who was also a physician)
195:St. Louis Turnverein, 1860
164:
64:that swept Europe. In the
29:
2227:German-Australian culture
2057:Hermann Baron Bruiningk,
1973:Chapter XII of Volume One
1952:"Bamberger, Ludwig"
1897:Wittke (1952), pp. 89–90.
1049:
1009:Moritz Richard Schomburgk
443:Mathilde Franziska Anneke
401:Alexander Schimmelpfennig
322:Many were members of the
128:
1989:Karl Wipperman (1887), "
1848:. New York: D. Appleton.
1818:. New York: D. Appleton.
1788:. New York: D. Appleton.
1606:Logge, Thorsten (2014).
1578:. New York: D. Appleton.
1394:Handbook of Texas Online
1321:Wandering Forty-eighters
1199:Alexander Schimmelfennig
904:WĹ‚odzimierz KrzyĹĽanowski
537:Carl Heinrich Schnauffer
495:Belletristisches Journal
160:
2207:German-American history
2096:, Berghahn Books, 2003.
1958:Encyclopædia Britannica
1721:(subscription required)
1516:University of Wisconsin
1246:Anton Heinrich Springer
1072:Anton Heinrich Springer
1060:Anton Heinrich Springer
831:Albin Francisco Schoepf
816:Phineas Mendel Heilprin
786:, Moravian musician in
633:(later a member of the
447:Karl Theodor Bayrhoffer
258:Cincinnati riot of 1853
173:Bernhard Eunom Philippi
171:After being advised by
82:republicanism in France
2197:Czech-American history
2132:53.4 (1948): 711-725.
1756:Albert Bernhardt Faust
1234:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
1222:
1153:organized by Baroness
1017:, in the wine industry
925:was from Germany; the
860:Thomas Francis Meagher
687:(founder of the first
601:; Ernest Krackowizer;
595:Ferdinand Ludwig Herff
500:Pittsburger Volksblatt
421:Peter Joseph Osterhaus
196:
70:unification of Germany
49:
1589:"Girsch, Frederick".
1569:"Burger, Louis"
1214:
1187:Malwida von Meysenbug
1175:Ferdinand Freiligrath
1003:The Song of Australia
629:Political activists:
609:, Gustav C. E. Weber
449:; Gustav Bloede (see
194:
40:
2163:at Wikimedia Commons
1910:in Frankfurt in 1848
1779:"Sigel, Franz"
1669:"Solger, Reinhold".
1420:on December 17, 2013
1327:Karl Hermann Berendt
1276:Louis-Nicolas MĂ©nard
971:Many Germans became
841:Edward R. Straznicky
709:Battle of Gettysburg
387:Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
251:Miami and Erie Canal
66:German Confederation
30:For other uses, see
2109:Lattek, Christine.
1656:The Pittsburg Press
1261:government in exile
1203:Wilhelm Loewe-Kalbe
1021:Friedrich Krichauff
737:John Michael Maisch
521:Friedrich Hassaurek
373:Adelbert John Volck
306:St. Louis, Missouri
302:Camp Jackson Affair
287:Acht-und-vierzigers
210:in the vicinity of
90:freedom of religion
62:Revolutions of 1848
2212:Hungarian diaspora
2113:, Routledge, 2006.
1496:2008-11-21 at the
1410:"Carlos Anwandter"
1392:"Forty-Eighters",
1251:Hungarian refugee
1197:and Bertha Ronge,
1155:MĂ©ry von Bruiningk
733:Dresden barricades
729:Pauline Wunderlich
541:Heinrich Börnstein
517:Oswald Ottendorfer
487:Karl Peter Heinzen
475:Christian Essellen
393:American Civil War
208:Texas Hill Country
197:
50:
2159:Media related to
1922:date given as May
1619:978-3-8471-0237-3
1528:Williams, Scott.
1509:Holzman, Hani M.
1444:Handbook of Texas
1359:German Australian
999:Caroline Carleton
917:German Australian
685:Margarethe Schurz
655:Gustav von Struve
584:Carl August Braun
576:John Philip Sousa
549:Franz Umbscheiden
525:Theodor Olshausen
463:Carl Adolph Douai
429:Joseph Weydemeyer
425:Frederick Salomon
241:neighbourhood of
222:in 1861. In the
16:(Redirected from
2234:
2158:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2081:Vol. 1, Chap. 13
2079:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2046:Vol. 1, Chap. 13
2044:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1869:"Krez, Konrad".
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1796:
1790:
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1597:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1540:on March 3, 2012
1536:. Archived from
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1455:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1416:, archived from
1406:
1400:
1390:
1364:German Canadians
1283:Giuseppe Mazzini
1266:French refugees
1226:Ludwig Bamberger
1191:Adolf Strodtmann
1179:Alexander Herzen
1116:Gottfried Kinkel
1062:visited France.
961:Leopold von Buch
811:Michael Heilprin
806:Alexander Asboth
767:, winegrower in
765:František Korbel
715:(founder of the
705:Chancellorsville
659:Wilhelm Weitling
639:Friedrich Hecker
545:George Schneider
471:Bernard Domschke
455:Henry Boernstein
437:Friedrich Hecker
391:Soldiers in the
361:Theodore Kaufman
353:Friedrich Girsch
204:Galveston, Texas
143:Hermann Blumenau
108:. They included
21:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2202:German diaspora
2167:
2166:
2151:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1836:, eds. (1889).
1827:
1823:
1806:, eds. (1892).
1797:
1793:
1776:, eds. (1900).
1767:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1668:
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1649:
1645:
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1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1566:, eds. (1900).
1557:
1553:
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1526:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1498:Wayback Machine
1489:
1485:
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1456:
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1432:
1423:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1374:German Mexicans
1369:Nueces massacre
1354:German American
1350:
1323:
1159:St. John's Wood
1147:
1132:Johannes Scherr
1096:Friedrich Beust
1089:
1080:
1068:
1052:
1035:
1030:
965:Princess Louise
948:Princess Louise
944:Princess Louise
919:
913:
872:(she fled from
846:Charles Zagonyi
731:(fought at the
721:Hugo Wesendonck
717:Spiegel Catalog
671:Louis F. Schade
651:Friedrich Sorge
631:Lorenz Brentano
560:Charles Ansorge
513:Emil Praetorius
509:Reinhold Solger
324:Turner movement
189:
169:
163:
151:Atlantic forest
131:
126:
124:In the Americas
94:Austrian Empire
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:1848 in Europe
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Czech diaspora
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Forty-Eighters
2165:
2164:
2161:Forty-Eighters
2150:
2149:External links
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:Daniel Nagel,
2137:
2136:
2126:
2124:at archive.org
2114:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2085:
2063:
2050:
2028:
2002:
1981:
1964:
1949:, ed. (1911).
1947:Chisholm, Hugh
1933:
1924:
1912:
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1341:Ferenc Pulszky
1338:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1171:Johanna Kinkel
1146:
1145:United Kingdom
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:Richard Wagner
1135:
1129:
1126:Hermann Köchly
1123:
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1103:
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1018:
1015:Hermann BĂĽring
1012:
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991:
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915:Main article:
912:
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900:
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826:Lázár Mészáros
823:
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813:
808:
802:
801:
795:
794:
781:
775:Vojta Náprstek
772:
762:
752:
751:
745:
744:
713:Joseph Spiegel
701:Fredericksburg
691:in the U.S.);
681:
667:Edward Salomon
627:
625:Rudolf Puchner
621:Edmund Märklin
613:
611:William Wagner
591:Abraham Jacobi
587:
556:
553:Edward Morwitz
529:Hermann Raster
439:
417:August Willich
389:
375:
349:
347:Charles Pfizer
334:
333:
262:Gaetano Bedini
239:Over-the-Rhine
212:Fredericksburg
188:
185:
177:Karl Anwandter
175:among others,
162:
159:
147:Santa Catarina
130:
127:
125:
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102:United Kingdom
54:Forty-eighters
26:
18:Forty-Eighters
9:
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2117:Wittke, Carl.
2115:
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2089:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2072:Reminiscences
2070:Carl Schurz.
2067:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:Reminiscences
2035:Carl Schurz.
2032:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1977:Reminiscences
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1968:
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1830:Wilson, J. G.
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1805:
1801:
1800:Wilson, J. G.
1795:
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1770:Wilson, J. G.
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1561:
1560:Wilson, J. G.
1555:
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1473:
1471:88-7652-082-1
1467:
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1445:
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1439:Austin County
1434:
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1331:United States
1328:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:Pierre Leroux
1313:
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1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
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1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Pierre Leroux
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:Lajos Kossuth
1254:
1253:Gustav Zerffi
1249:
1247:
1243:
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1218:Lothar Bucher
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879:
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871:
868:
866:
865:John O'Mahony
863:
861:
858:
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851:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Julius Stahel
834:
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822:
821:Martin Koszta
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769:Sonoma County
766:
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757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:George Kilgen
738:
734:
730:
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722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
680:
679:Ernst Schmidt
676:
675:Emil Dietzsch
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
607:Wilhelm Loewe
604:
600:
599:Herman Kiefer
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Carl Bergmann
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Niclas MĂĽller
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Julius Fröbel
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
433:Gustav Struve
430:
426:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Louis Blenker
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Wilhelm Heine
354:
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240:
235:
233:
229:
228:Austin County
225:
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209:
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187:United States
184:
182:
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174:
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158:
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121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:United States
103:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2141:
2119:
2110:
2104:Bibliography
2093:
2088:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2036:
2031:
2021:17 September
2019:. Retrieved
2017:. Wegemuseum
2014:
2005:
1994:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1956:
1927:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1853:
1843:
1824:
1813:
1794:
1783:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1608:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1533:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1460:
1453:
1442:
1433:
1422:, retrieved
1418:the original
1413:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1307:
1301:Rudolf Dulon
1294:
1289:
1280:
1265:
1250:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1148:
1090:
1081:
1069:
1053:
987:
970:
964:
947:
943:
941:
936:
932:
926:
920:
911:In Australia
896:
881:
852:
798:
784:Hans Balatka
771:, California
756:Prokup Hudek
748:
689:kindergarten
663:Rudolf Dulon
603:Hans Kudlich
589:Physicians:
580:Carl Zerrahn
572:Herman Trost
533:Wilhelm Rapp
498:
494:
493:(founder of
491:Rudolf Lexow
478:
467:Carl Daenzer
459:Rudolf Doehn
451:Marie Bloede
385:founders of
383:Solomon Loeb
379:Abraham Kuhn
330:
321:
314:
295:
286:
280:
270:
266:Papal States
255:
236:
202:
198:
170:
139:South Brazil
135:Fritz MĂĽller
132:
78:Freethinkers
74:human rights
57:
53:
51:
1544:January 10,
1335:Mesoamerica
1268:Louis Blanc
1238:Franz Sigel
1230:Arnold Ruge
1183:Louis Blanc
1163:Carl Schurz
1106:Albert Dulk
1100:Switzerland
1098:settled in
1087:Switzerland
1066:Netherlands
1039:Louis Blanc
995:Carl Linger
957:Carl Muecke
870:Lola Montez
643:Carl Schurz
617:Konrad Krez
568:Otto Dresel
558:Musicians:
477:(editor of
409:Franz Sigel
405:Carl Schurz
365:Louis Prang
339:Adolf Cluss
42:Carl Schurz
2171:Categories
2015:Wegemuseum
1477:2010-10-25
1424:August 30,
1380:References
1297:Heligoland
1290:Heligoland
1242:Karl Blind
369:Henry Ulke
343:Henry Flad
315:After the
310:Union Army
282:Deutschtum
243:Cincinnati
165:See also:
118:Hungarians
104:, and the
2083:, p. 371.
1834:Fiske, J.
1804:Fiske, J.
1774:Fiske, J.
1564:Fiske, J.
1441:from the
1167:Gottfried
1028:In Europe
977:Grovedale
928:Goddefroy
788:Milwaukee
779:Milwaukee
693:Al Sieber
413:Max Weber
351:Artists:
317:Civil War
277:Wisconsin
273:Milwaukee
224:Bellville
220:secession
98:Australia
1494:Archived
1348:See also
1281:Italian
1195:Johannes
1078:Portugal
981:Adelaide
973:vintners
923:Victoria
697:Antietam
635:Congress
479:Atlantis
298:nativism
226:area of
181:Valdivia
1975:of his
1518:thesis.
1514:, 1948
1414:Icarito
1033:Belgium
937:Parland
874:Bavaria
792:Chicago
683:Other:
645:(later
615:Poets:
256:In the
110:Germans
2134:online
1719:
1616:
1468:
1446:Online
1308:Jersey
1274:, and
1120:ZĂĽrich
1110:Geneva
1050:France
979:.) In
933:Beulah
703:, and
285:. The
232:German
129:Brazil
114:Czechs
100:, the
1151:salon
1056:Paris
216:Texas
161:Chile
58:48ers
2023:2024
1971:See
1614:ISBN
1546:2011
1466:ISBN
1426:2013
1236:and
1205:and
1169:and
1001:'s "
942:The
790:and
247:Ohio
52:The
1993:",
1748:In
1711:doi
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2013:.
1955:.
1936:^
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1636:.
1572:.
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1303:.
1270:,
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2025:.
1979:.
1717:.
1713::
1622:.
1548:.
1480:.
1396:.
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56:(
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20:)
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