Valdivia - Knowledge

53: 4428: 2087:. Water levels in Lake Riñihue rose more than 20 meters (66 feet), raising the danger of a catastrophic break and of destroying everything downriver. Government authorities drew plans for evacuating the city, but many people left on their own. Danger to the city was reduced after a large team of workers opened a drainage channel in the landslide; water levels of the lake slowly returned to normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575. After the Great Chilean earthquake Valdivia's economy and political status declined. Much of the city was destroyed and many inhabitants left. 4356: 4055: 4455: 2045: 2316: 80: 102: 3776:), as it has been known since 1917, is a long-held tradition that dates back to the foundation of the city. Starting February 9 each year, it commemorates the city's anniversary and also gives Valdivia the chance to promote itself as a tourism center. "Semana Valdiviana" features an allegorical parade of ships – a tradition that began in the seventeenth century as a protest against the Spaniard authorities – and also includes a big artisan market, fairground rides, and the election of the "queen" of 4305: 2586: 117: 4342: 92: 52: 6494: 4383: 4398: 4320: 4440: 4371: 1388: 1820: 3962: 4293: 4643: 4413: 1517: 1789:, saw an opportunity to gain absolute independence from Spain, organized a coup on 1 November 1811, and joined other Chilean cities that were already revolting against the old order. Four months after the coup, on 16 March 1812 a counterrevolutionary coup took control of the city and created a War Council. The War Council broke trade relations with the rest of Chile and confirmed Valdivia's loyalty to the Spanish government. 4551: 1758: 4568: 4541: 4524: 3789: 4103:. The project is called Transporte Fluvial Sustentable (TFS, or "Sustainable Water Transportation" in English). So far, the company has a fleet of three river taxis, and a small, sustainable and locally designed floating village that includes a pier, a café and the company's offices. The community produces its own electricity, water supply and processes its own wastewater with a bacterial solution. 2172: 124: 2749: 1656: 2214:). Every year during the summer months of January and February the municipality organizes many free cultural events along the river site, such as concerts, sporting events, and other entertainment. To mark and celebrate the end of the touristic summer months, halfway through February all entertainment reaches its climax with the celebration of 1812:, but failed to liberate Chiloé. Cochrane's land-based attack took the Spanish by surprise, avoiding a direct confrontation with the highly defended forts at the entrance to the Valdivia River. When loyal troops in Valdivia heard the news about the fall of Corral they sacked the city and fled south to reinforce Chiloé, passing by 2218:(Valdivian night). During this night many local groups and communities present themselves on boats during a night parade over the river. Every boat has its own theme related with one theme of that year. At the end a jury picks the winners in different categories. The parade is by tradition started by a boat which presents 3784:

and theatre performances on the closing night, known as "Noche Valdiviana" (Valdivian Night). The center of the city has a rich architectural heritage. One of its most visited buildings is the "Mercado Municipal" ("municipal market"), a local produce market that is also now a gastronomic and cultural

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corsair Sebastian de Cordes occupied the site of Valdivia for some months, giving the Dutch government information about this abandoned part of the Spanish Empire. The Spaniards returned on 13 March 1602, when captain Francisco Hernández Ortiz established a fort on the ruins of the city. On September

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Viceroy of Peru (1639–1648) knew of the strategic importance of Valdivia and decided to repopulate and fortify it once and for all. He financed partly the expedition to repopulate Valdivia with his own capital. The contingent in charge of the mission was organized in Peru and consisted of seventeen

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times. The city itself was built on a riverine terrace but expanded later over adjacent wetlands. Nowadays the city is virtually surrounded by hills by all sides except north where Valdivia's lowlands connect to the flatlands of San José de la Mariquina. Some hilly areas around Valdivia are covered

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During much of the colonial period, Valdivia was essentially a military camp, a walled city surrounded by hostile natives. The coastal defenses and their garrisons made up a large part of the population. After several fires and earthquakes, nearly all buildings from this period were destroyed, with

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Beginning in the mid-18th century, Valdivia left behind its past as an enclave and a period of agricultural expansion begun. The expansion, that mainly directed to the south, was done mostly by pacific means, but hostilities with indigenous Huilliches did occur. After the Valdivian colonization had

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to be contaminated with saline water from the coast. The effects of saline water entering the water supply of Valdivia were particularly noticeable in March 2015 when there was a surge in complains about the taste of the water. The saltwater in the rivers near Valdivia during autumn is expected to

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We shall be honest and laborious Chileans as the best of them, we shall defend our adopted country joining in the ranks of our new countrymen, against any foreign oppression and with the decision and firmness of the man that defends his country, his family and his interests. Never will have the

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Valdivia is a historic tourist destination in Chile, valued for the beauty of the city and surrounding areas, the area's culture and its history. It is an all season city, but during the summer months in particular (December, January, February) tourism is a major source of income for Valdivia's

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in downtown Valdivia, which were rebuilt with modern concrete buildings. By 1911 lumber production, from clearing of native forests, became the most important industry. Cattle-raising was a growing industry, and wheat was grown on the cleared lands. Lumber, cattle, leather, flour and beer were

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is 1,750 millimeters (70 in), distributed through the year, but primarily between March and October. Hail occurs with some frequency during winter, but snow falls rarely. The last times it snowed in Valdivia were in August 2020, July 2007, and in August 1995 during the so-called

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One of the most suggestive hypotheses of the entire polygenetic theory is the probable trip that some members of the Japanese Jōmon culture made to the New World and its strong influence on the Valdivia culture, which developed in present-day Ecuador in the third millennium BC.

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Eleven days after the first destruction of Valdivia, a group of 270 Spanish soldiers arrived from Perú. The commander of the troops, colonel Francisco del Campo was convinced that the city of Valdivia needed to be repopulated. After Francisco del Campo's expedition left, the

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Until highway bridges were built, Valdivia's economy and citizens depended on boat traffic on the surrounding rivers, but with a contraction of bridges and highways, the river has lost its importance. Today, the rivers are used by the commercial ships built or repaired in

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area were often poor farmers, Valdivia received more educated immigrants, including political exiles and merchants. Some of the immigrants that arrived in Valdivia established workshops and built new industries. One of the most famous immigrants was

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who arrived in Valdivia in 1850 and in 1858 founded Chile's first German school. Other Germans left the city and became settlers, drawn by the promise of free land. They were often given forested land, which they cleared to turn into farms. Native

5812: 1619:, learned about the situation in Valdivia, and decided to establish a base there for further attacks against the Viceroy of Peru. This plan was well accepted as the Netherlands was at war with Spain. The Dutch had previously taken the North of 1230:

According to the polygenetic theory of the French scholar Paul Rivet, people from Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia and northern Asia arrived, in a period between 30 and 4 millennia ago, to the coasts of the New World, sailing in improvised boats.

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The city of Valdivia spans 42.39 km (16 sq mi) had a population of 127,750 and 35,217 homes, giving it a population density of 3,013.7/km (7,805/sq mi). The commune is divided into 19 census districts with one recognized

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ships filled with building materials and supplies that astounded contemporaries by its magnitude. The local government of Chile could not secure Valdivia as it was engaged in continuous war with the Mapuches and was deeply dependent on the

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Although in recent years the rivers have not had a major role in Valdivia's public transportation, a new private project is being developed by "Los Solares", an environmentally friendly company that operates solar-powered river taxis on

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attraction. Also popular are the "Convento San Francisco" (Saint Francis Convent) and the European-style buildings dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, used today by the city's universities, cultural centers and government.

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Valdivia, situated at some distance from the coast, on the Calle-calle river, is a German town. Everywhere you meet German faces, German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish. There is a large German school, a church and various

4937: 1627:, and the idea of creating a South American empire was attractive. In spite of his advanced age, Hendrik Brouwer left his post as governor in the East Indies to personally lead the expedition. The Dutch fleet destroyed the Fort of 609:, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, at magnitude 9.5. The earthquake caused c. 2 m of subsidence around Valdivia leaving large areas of former pastures and cultivated fields permanently flooded. Today there are various 1372:

observed that "there is not much cleared land near Valdivia." This suggests that pre-Hispanic agriculture in Valdivia was far more extensive than the agriculture practiced in the early 19th century at the time of his visit.

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increase in the future. Estimations indicate that whenever the sum of the water discharge of Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers falls below 74 m/s (2,600 cu ft/s) saltwater reaches the supply site at Cuesta Soto.

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During the summer months (December, January and February) the average temperature is about 17 °C (63 °F), while in winter the temperature descends to 8.5 °C (47.3 °F). The annual average temperature for

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Within the population, the presence of descendants of migrants of German origin and of Spanish origin also stands out, colonies that are grouped into different social, educational, sports and cultural institutions.

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while in charge of the Dutch part of Brazil had equipped the expedition and had secretly appointed Elias Herckman as commander if Brouwer died. Herckman finally occupied the ruins of Valdivia in 1643, renaming it

6033: 3753:, is part of the city's German heritage and is preserved as part of the local heritage. Trade, restaurants and hotels link to the tourism industry which represent an important part in Valdivia's growing economy. 5764: 2414:

The Valdivia Book Fair is organized annually by the Municipal Cultural Corporation in Parque Saval. Likewise, the Society of Writers of Chile, through its subsidiary Valdivia and with the collaboration of the

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Ramirez, C., E. Carrasco, S. Mariani & N. Palacios. 2006. La desaparición del luchecillo (Egeria densa) del Santuario del Rio Cruces (Valdivia, Chile): una hipótesis plausible. Ciencia & Trabajo, 20:

1573:. On the morning of 24 November 1599, the Huilliche attacked the city and massacred its inhabitants, some few being rescued by the ships in the harbour. The border of the Spanish Empire shifted north of the 5918: 5248:"Reseña de "La frontera de arriba en Chile colonial. Interacción hispano-indígena en el territorio entre Valdivia y Chiloé e imaginario de sus bordes geográficos, 1600–1800" de MARÍA XIMENA URBINA CARRASCO" 5802: 3914:

and some other sports are available throughout the area. Rowing is practiced in Valdivia in three clubs: Club Deportivo Phoenix Valdivia, Club Centenario de Remeros and Club Arturo Prat. Valdivian rowers

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The expansion and economic development of the city were limited in the early 19th century. To jump-start economic development, the Chilean government initiated a highly focussed immigration program under

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24 natives attacked the fort unsuccessfully, but laid siege. The Spaniards could not acquire food or supplies, and on 3 February 1604 abandoned the fort, with the last starving survivors rescued by ship.

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were difficult for Valdivian society. Valdivians resented to be punished first by a major earthquake and then by being placed under the administration of what they perceived to be a less-deserving city,

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with the Spanish against the northern Mapuche in the Arauco War. But that year 4,000 Indians who had been fighting in Martín Ruiz de Gamboa's army rebelled after returning to the area of Valdivia.

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the exception of the military defenses. Valdivia's best known historical landmarks are now the two towers which were part of a former city wall, built by the Spaniards to defend the city, known as

5492: 4927: 2479:, UACh), one of the original eight Chilean state universities, has its main campus in Valdivia. In the last decade Valdivia gained prestige as an important cultural and scientific venue: the 5300: 5522: 1569:, the Mapuche and Huilliche made a mass rebellion. The Indians destroyed or forced the abandonment of all the Spanish settlements and forts in their lands, in what came to be known as the 3871: 2843:

in the interior help to keep an average relative humidity of 80% for the region as whole and there are no months with less than 75% average humidity. The precipitation is generated by

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as the regional capital. Many Valdivians resented the decision, and felt theirs should have been the legitimate regional capital—while Valdivia was founded in 1552, and had resisted

3867: 2491:, a physicist and winner of Chile's National Prize in Exact Sciences, is the Director of CECS. Some research areas where CECS and UACH have gained widespread recognition include: 2186:

Valdivia is often promoted for its unique characteristics, that make it different from other cities in Chile: Valdivia has an early Spanish colonial past, plus a later history of

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Image of Torreón El Canelo restored in the 1850s. It is one of two remaining Spanish towers in Valdivia used to defend the city and one of the few remaining colonial structures.

2398:, despite being celebrated in late January or February of every year (during the local summer, when there is the largest influx of tourists). The main sponsor and organizer is 2447:, the commune of Valdivia spans an area of 1,015.6 km (392 sq mi) and has 140,559 inhabitants (68,510 men and 72,049 women). Of these, 129,952 (92.5%) lived in 5595:"Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a late Pleistocene incised valley fill: a depositional and paleogeographic model for "Cancagua" deposits in north-western Patagonia, Chile" 1365:(one league is roughly 4.2 km) from the city. Other historians consider these numbers too high and argue that early Spaniards usually exaggerated in their descriptions. 5860: 4770: 1777:

captive. Many juntas, as was the case of Chile, declared plans to rule their territory in the absence of the legitimate king. At the time of the first governing junta of

6030: 1496:, continued. The Spanish made many attempts to defeat the Mapuche and defend the cities and forts built on their territory. On March 17 of 1575 the city was damaged by 1353:, among other crops. The population has been estimated by some historians as 30 to 40 thousand inhabitants as of 1548, based on descriptions made by the conquistadors. 2463:, Niebla, with an area of 1.55 square kilometers (0.60 sq mi), population of 2,202 (in 1,169 homes) and population density of 1,420.6/km (3,679/sq mi). 5400: 2228: 1337:(English: Riverside Market) on the banks of Valdivia River. The surroundings of Valdivia were described as extensive plains having a large population that cultivated 4062:

The new Caucau bridge was intended to provide a faster route from the city centre to the Pichoy airport via Isla Teja, but the faulty construction made it unusable.

1246:, but it is not related to the city of Valdivia. This archaeological culture flourished near the small village of Valdivia in Ecuador between 3500 BCE and 1500 BCE. 5201:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares" 1785:, Albert Alexander Eagar, led the celebration of what was seen as an affirmation of the legitimacy of the Spanish king. However, Valdivian independentists, such as 5930: 6416: 3621:

issues have dominated the political scene of Valdivia in recent years. The communist lawyer Wladimir Riesco headed the legal actions against pulp mill enterprise

2294: 3862:(Deutsche Schule Valdivia) founded in 1858 is Chile's second oldest German school after the Instituto Alemán de Osorno (1854). Other notable private schools are 2419:, regularly holds literary gatherings, a space in which books are presented and local letters are shared with the student community. Several authors born in the 5960: 4981: 5834: 5203:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares]. 2310: 2187: 1748: 975: 599: 598:

that turned Valdivia into one of the most fortified cities of the New World. In the mid-19th century, Valdivia was the port of entry for German immigrants who

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an ecologist group formed to protect black-necked swans and the natural environment that surrounds the city, particularly wetlands created or expanded by the

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Parts of city is built on poor soils made up of former wetlands or artificial fills that are prone to suffer during earthquakes as demonstrated in 1960 and

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is 11 °C (52 °F), while the mean temperature amplitude is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) and the daily is 11 °C (51.8 °F). Average annual

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was built in 1890 the railroads advanced further south, reaching Valdivia in 1895. The first passenger train arrived in 1899. In 1909 a fire destroyed 18

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Museum; Historical and Anthropologic Museum Maurice van de Maele; St. Francisco Church; Prochelle House; Dreams Hotel & Casino; Los Lotos Lagoon on

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During the 16th century, the economy of Valdivia was sustained by trade in agricultural products from nearby areas and by the coining and export of

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crossing the Valdivia River was built in 1954. Valdivia came to be one of the most important industrial centers in Chile together with the capital

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Since the liberalization of the economy in Chile in the 1980s the forestry sector in Valdivia boomed, first by exporting wood chips to Japan from

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meant a decrease in ship traffic all over Chile since ships travelling from the north Atlantic to north Pacific no longer had to pass through the

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settled in the area, incorporating then-modern technology and know-how to develop agriculture and industry. While immigrants that arrived to the

7161: 6236:(Geographic dictionary of the Republic of Chile), SEGUNDA EDICIÓN CORREGIDA Y AUMENTADA, NUEVA YORK, D. APPLETON Y COMPAÑÍA, 1899. pg. 859–862 4486: 171: 7181: 4865: 4015:

Calle-Calle Bridge, the first bridge built in the city, connects Valdivia with Las Animas and forms the northern highway access to the city.

3945: 1551:" Many merchants of Lima had envoys in Valdivia, and the city developed a large ship building industry. It produced the largest ships in the 651: 2645:. Other places are used for recreational purposes or conservation of native ecosystems. Additional Northern Hemisphere exotic trees such as 2265:. The recent creation of a new, smaller, but more independent region (Los Ríos), with Valdivia as its capital, reduced the previous stigma. 6172: 3730: 6409: 6011: 1979:

The economic prosperity of Valdivia continued throughout the first half of the 20th century. In 1917 the first "Valdivian Week" (Spanish:

3934: 3834:. Since the liberalization of higher education in Chile in the 1980s other universities have established campuses in Valdivia, including 2424: 2330:

migrated to Valdivia in the mid-1840s, German cultural influence has been visible in the city. Germans in Valdivia settled mostly in the

4663: 4658: 5741: 5255: 1430:. It was the southernmost Spanish settlement in the Americas at the time of the founding. Following the establishment of the church of 6079: 4799: 7206: 6853: 3686: 2519: 2335: 6191: 6232: 3653:) ecology group. Action for the Swans attracted the attention of the national newspapers and succeeded in temporarily closing down 2501: 2103: 4904: 2542:

that, together with the numerous rivers that circle the city, have heightened the residents' awareness of living close to nature.

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Otero, Luis, La Huella del Fuego: Historia de los bosques y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile (Valdivia, Editorial Pehuen)

2525: 1652:. The Dutch did not find the gold mines they expected and the hostility of the natives forced them to leave on 28 October 1643. 7176: 4766: 1566: 60:: Valdivia waterfront; town square; Hotel Naguilán (top); Sciences Building of Austral University (bottom); Los Canelos tower; 5147:– Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reynos de Chile – Ended in 1558. Transcription of Irving Leonard published by 1293:

seemed to have been an important trade center; it was a port on the sea and had access to the interior via the network of the

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research center, Valdivia is now considered a major research center in Chile, particularly in areas related to nature such a

1987:) began the same year. The city evolved as an early tourist center in Chile, while popular songs that named Valdivia and the 5264: 4837: 4740: 1700: 7166: 6846: 5392: 2480: 1472:

and site for populate a city and riverside of such good river, and having such good harbour he founded a city and named it

1197: 5645:"Fossil leaves from the last interglacial in Central-Southern Chile: Inferences regarding the vegetation and paleoclimate" 4031:(connecting Las Animas with Isla Teja) was destroyed, while all other bridges were repaired and are still in use. In 1987 3859: 2356: 2133:

and several earthquakes, Puerto Montt was a relatively new city founded only in 1853 (three hundred and one years later).

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On February 20, 1835, Valdivia was affected by the worst earthquake in the area in several decades, an event witnessed by

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Pedro de Valdivia later travelled by land to the river described by Pastene, and founded the city of Valdivia in 1552 as

5123: 4083:. Fishing boats also travel inland from the coast to the River Market. Today, just one ferry is still in operation, the 4479: 4355: 4304: 2677: 2094:

and the military's actions that followed brought dozens of detainees to Valdivia and saw the imposing of a nationwide

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Until 1575, the Huilliche of Valdivia did not organize any notable resistance against the Spanish. They had fought as

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company, founded by German nationals, but since bought out by the largest beer and beverages company in Chile (CCU).

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were severely damaged, while soil subsidence destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands of the

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by railroad to central Chile which meant that Valdivia lost the quality of being the port that connected Osorno to

1577:. Valdivia was re-established but it was a Spanish enclave surrounded by native Huilliche territory. Together with 5893: 5681:"Sedimentologic development of a Late Oligocene–Miocene forearc embayment, Valdivia Basin Complex, southern Chile" 462: 7186: 6536: 6334: 6310: 5453: 5174: 2145: 2117:

By 1974, the military junta reorganized the political divisions of Chile and declared Valdivia a province of the

1570: 5423: 4439: 2152:, but also created new jobs for people with limited education. Valdivia also benefitted from the development of 2006:

The commercial and human flux Valdivia suffered two setbacks in the early 20th century, first the connection of

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country that adopts us as its children, reason to repent of such illustrated, human and generous proceeding,...

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south of Valdivia in 1821, to secure the way to Osorno, a city that had been repopulated in 1796 by his father

1212: 5594: 4382: 2091: 1442:". Many of Chile's most influential conquistadors and future governors were granted land in Valdivia, such as 7191: 6297: 6104: 5973:

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL DE LOS RÍOS. October 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2014.

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Historic Earthquakes – Chile – 1960 May 22 19:11:14 UTC – Magnitude 9.5: The Largest Earthquake in the World.

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where it won the 2001 season. In 1977 and 2001 Valdivia hosted South Americas Men's Basketball Championship.

1416: 2487:(CECS) is now housed in the recently modernized, German-style hotel Schuster located by the Valdivia River. 4418: 3819: 3793: 3567: 3563: 3556: 2476: 2237: 1603: 1382: 905: 637: 6053: 5680: 5326: 4412: 3839: 116: 6869: 4705: 4341: 2825: 2600:, the geography of the Valdivia area consists of wetlands and alluvial terraces. Several rivers, such as 2416: 1080: 572: 4454: 3673:

and other forestry-related activities (the harvesting and processing of wood from nearby plantations of

3579: 2073: 1330: 559:), of whom 150,048 were living in the city. The main economic activities of Valdivia include tourism, 7171: 3607: 2776:

of the Valdivia basin. About 23.5 million years ago this stable period was interrupted by a major

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which contrasted with the description made by early Spaniards of large fields and extensive croplands.

801: 777: 7010: 5765:"Científicos proyectan en 80 años la llegada de mar a toma de agua en Valdivia para buscar soluciones" 3843: 2507: 2144:

in Mariquina (50 km northeast of Valdivia). This led to deforestation and substitution of native

91: 4629: 4115:, lying 32 km northeast of the city via the north entrance road that connects the city with the 1941:

were the largest recorded private investment in Chile at the time, and were the first steel mills in

1828: 17: 4679: 1715:, became later soldier-settlers once they had served their sentence. Close contacts with indigenous 1354: 6323: 4862: 4347: 4197: 4024: 4016: 3965: 3847: 3599: 3571: 2538:

The city is surrounded by many nature reserves and large areas of forest plantations, wetlands and

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and the German-style wood houses. The governments of Spain and Germany currently maintain honorary

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just some 15 km west of Valdivia. This river network made Valdivia a trade center even since

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exported. In 1895 the city's population was 8,062 inhabitants and was estimated at 9,704 in 1902.

1875: 1192:(less than 200 km south of Valdivia), which would place it about a thousand years before the 6009:

El Indicador de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER) presentó alza de 3,4% respecto a doce meses

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accessible by road. Calle-Calle Bridge, the main access to the city, was enlarged in the 1990s.

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won the first place in Men's Lightweight Coxless Pair-Oared Shells at the world championship in

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in Valdivia. The city is commonly seen as a tourist magnet in Chile, and sometimes described as

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to finance the army of Chile. The Valdivia enclave was placed directly under the control of the

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On May 22, 1960, Chile suffered the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the

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stood where present-day downtown Valdivia has been developed. The Huilliche called the river,

555:. The national census of 2017 recorded the commune of Valdivia as having 166,080 inhabitants ( 7082: 3863: 3552: 2852: 2809: 2781: 2772:

allowed erosion to create deep valleys in the Coast Range and peat swamps at what is now the

2734: 2665: 2191: 2069: 1848: 1840: 1708: 1689: 1451: 1412: 1392: 595: 292: 6950: 6798: 6675: 6656: 5738: 4157: 4120: 1333:, an agricultural zone northeast of Valdivia. A remnant of this ancient trade is the modern 583: 7061: 6885: 6763: 5803:"El mar se acerca a principal toma de agua dulce en Valdivia y amenaza calidad del recurso" 5694: 4792: 4116: 3997: 3887: 2703: 416: 6662: 5144: 4397: 4333: 4292: 4036: 1461: 1136: 8: 6608: 6188: 4928:"Reconocen como humedales urbanos a Angachilla y el sector de Isla Teja en Valdivia]" 4900: 4054: 3766: 3674: 2840: 2738: 2707: 2691: 2641: 2019: 1909: 1883: 1809: 1735:, Spanish authorities pushed for connecting the city of Valdivia with the settlements at 1704: 1681: 1174: 794: 591: 6525: 6425: 6083: 5698: 5298:

Investigación aplicada sobre Geografía Urbana: Un caso práctico en la ciudad de Valdivia

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lived isolated from the city, where it was common that children first learned to speak

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are lesser but also important industries that contribute to the region's economy. The

3614: 2821: 2420: 2364:'s oldest German schools. German descendants also form Valdivia's oldest fire station 2180: 2039: 1844: 1155: 548: 220: 7156: 6699: 6603: 6520: 6502: 6440: 6198:

www.livingatlaschile.com released on February 18, 2014 retrieved on February 23, 2014

6131: 5045: 3989: 3981: 3941: 3737:

industry, a symbol of the area and another important part of the local economy, with

3690: 3626: 3540: 3458: 3410: 2874: 2777: 2605: 2455:. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 15.1% (18,391 persons). 2176: 1996: 1988: 1946: 1563: 1536: 1521: 1455: 1420: 1298: 822: 564: 552: 528: 524: 509: 260: 232: 43: 5219: 2315: 6705: 6643: 6468: 6458: 6432: 6319: 5702: 5608: 5569: 5559: 5214: 5007: 4609: 4557: 4508: 4032: 3907: 3618: 3574:) and Roberto Delmastro (RN) as part of the 53rd electoral district, together with 2836: 2831: 2715: 2257: 2126: 2118: 2060:, with Valdivia being the most affected city. The earthquake generated devastating 1922: 1888: 1852: 1720: 1552: 1439: 1396: 1362: 1239: 1118: 501: 496: 215: 84: 6566: 2079:

Large sections of the city flooded after the earthquake, and a landslide near the

2044: 1797: 1640: 1582: 6744: 6648: 6338: 6301: 6195: 6176: 6157: 6111: 6037: 6015: 5967: 5745: 5651: 5304: 5247: 4985: 4869: 4829: 3722: 3591: 2805: 2687: 2488: 2351: 2347: 1983:) was celebrated. Chile's oldest beauty contest, "Queen of The Rivers" (Spanish: 1972: 1950: 1766: 1696:. Valdivia's original site, downtown of modern Valdivia was repopulated in 1684. 1616: 467: 6686: 6591: 6244: 5892:(in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from 7123: 6838: 6725: 6618: 5656: 5599: 5077: 4993: 4446: 4112: 4100: 4076: 3977: 3899: 3895: 2886: 2870: 2860: 2844: 2725:. This volcanic sandstone is known as "cancagua" and deposited during the late 2613: 2495: 1859: 1736: 1693: 1639:

at the mouth of the Valdivia River. Hendrik Brouwer died the 7th of August in

1529: 1369: 1193: 587: 532: 513: 6382: 4464: 2428: 2222:. In recent years Valdivians have showed an increasing interest in nature and 1912:(created in 1853) as consequence of German immigration to the Llaquihue area. 369: 7150: 6990: 6819: 6812: 6755: 6448: 5923:

World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

5613: 5564: 5545: 5196: 5119: 4958: 4654: 4649: 4579: 4533: 4192: 4088: 4084: 4040: 4009: 3587: 3548: 3289: 2864: 2650: 2635: 2621: 2601: 2585: 2361: 2327: 2137: 2011: 2007: 1942: 1938: 1813: 1724: 1712: 1685: 1632: 1624: 1578: 1544: 1509: 1205: 1185: 568: 544: 540: 536: 427: 423: 406: 402: 288: 186: 173: 7071: 6681: 2025: 2000: 1294: 519:, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its 150:

The City of Rivers, The Pearl of the South of Chile, Chile's Brewery Capital

7092: 7020: 6770: 6453: 3920: 3822:(UACh) that was founded by decree in 1954 as one of Chile's seven original 3781: 3706: 3666: 3603: 3575: 2730: 2658: 2625: 2609: 2376: 2262: 2160: 2122: 2107: 2015: 1836: 1801: 1774: 1673: 1590: 1481: 1255: 808: 275: 2084: 2035: 1933:, the Rudloff shoe factory, the Anwandter beer company and many more. The 539:

Rivers, approximately 15 km (9 mi) east of the coastal towns of

6940: 6915: 6718: 6586: 6493: 6478: 4182: 4177: 3992:, are connected to it by bridges. The main access points to the city are 3830:

but it has other minor campus and properties spread through the city and

3718: 3710: 3678: 2856: 2793: 2726: 2695: 2630: 2395: 2156: 2111: 1892: 1732: 1613: 1609: 1278:. Their main language was a variant of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language. 1189: 65: 6980: 6970: 4667:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 844. 3858:

Like in the rest of Chile, most of Valdivia's best schools are private.

2513: 1387: 1215:, southern Chile was populated by indigenous groups who shared a common 6667: 6638: 6633: 6613: 6189:

Valdivia’s River neighbourhood Short documentary with English subtitles

5574: 5205: 5173:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from 3933:

is Valdivia's main basketball team and plays in Chiles first division,

3911: 3815: 3694: 2785: 2699: 2617: 2452: 2448: 2273: 2245: 2223: 2149: 2130: 1954: 1934: 1819: 1636: 1493: 1404: 1358: 1263: 1201: 1184:

The area around Valdivia may have been populated since 12,000 – 11,800

994: 354: 343: 6826: 6691: 5363:"Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre la 29° Feria del Libro de Valdivia" 3961: 2847:

that cross the zone, which produce cloudiness and few clear days. The

2080: 1929:

Valdivia prospered with industries, including shipyards, the Hoffmann

7102: 6628: 6331: 4619: 4325: 4311: 4228: 4152: 4020: 3985: 3827: 3738: 3726: 3714: 2784:

caused an uplift of the landscape and renewed erosion. However basin

2765: 2718:. The city itself is chiefly built upon terraces made up of hardened 2597: 2531: 2399: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2179:'s visit to Valdivia in 2007, in which she confirmed the creation of 1930: 1901: 1855:

and was in 1826 incorporated as one of the eight provinces of Chile.

1684:

that administered Valdivia from its repopulation in 1645 until 1740.

1628: 1597: 1415:, who took possession of it in 1544 in the name of the Spanish king, 1314: 1259: 1224: 1220: 560: 397: 283: 7113: 6905: 5861:"Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Pichoy, Valdivia Ad. (390006)" 5835:"Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" 5485:""La escritura le aportó sentido, coherencia e identidad a mi vida"" 5068:, Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1865. Available in www.memoriachilena.cl 5039: 5035: 3996:

from the north and a southern route. Both connect the city with the

3788: 1677: 1516: 6930: 6920: 6710: 6623: 6580: 6473: 6269: 6260: 4624: 4584: 4329: 4238: 4202: 4080: 4048: 4044: 4005: 3831: 3750: 3746: 2761: 2757: 2141: 1782: 1770: 1338: 1326: 613:

within the urbanised area of Valdivia as well as in its outskirts.

477: 255: 6463: 6294: 6286: 5393:"Invitan a nueva tertulia literaria Tren de letras bajo la lluvia" 4648:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4513: 4004:

runs from Valdivia southeast connecting the city with the town of

3583: 2171: 2064:

that affected Japan, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, and

7134: 6895: 6750: 6510: 5961:

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL DE LOS RÍOS

4404: 4252: 4247: 4172: 4124: 3924: 3734: 3701:

and repairs are also important industries, with the companies of

3610:) as part of the 16th senatorial constituency (Los Ríos Region). 3535: 2848: 2773: 2769: 2748: 2719: 2654: 2371:

German immigrants and their descendants formed their social club

2269: 2249: 2061: 1897: 1879: 1757: 1716: 1489: 1477: 1469: 1361:, wrote that there were half a million Indians living within ten 1350: 1271: 1243: 364: 6355: 6277: 3948:

and as of 2013, will play in the Primera B (or Second Division)

3641:

In response to the alleged contamination of Cruces River by the

3504:

Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity 1970–2000)

2268:

Valdivia's varied influences are reflected by its multicultural

7030: 6731: 5066:

Crónica del reino de Chile, Colección de historiadores de Chile

4274: 4233: 4072: 4058:

The New Cau Cau bridge in Valdivia has been restored and fixed.

3891: 3811: 3702: 2742: 2440: 2153: 2095: 2065: 1620: 1346: 1322: 1306: 5863:(in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from 5837:(in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from 4709: 2159:

in the 1990s, but to a much lesser extent than places such as

1800:

remained loyal to the Spanish King. By 1820 the newly created

7000: 6960: 6784: 6777: 6567: 6388: 4269: 4264: 4092: 3682: 3622: 3530: 2646: 2594: 2431:, Aldo Astete Cuadra, Efraín Miranda Cárdenas, among others. 2394:, a celebration that could be described as a small, regional 1949:

according to a law that created such subdivisions. After the

1778: 1408: 1342: 516: 208: 5307:

Víctor Figueroa, Jorge Gayoso, Edgardo Oyarzun, Lenia Planas

4023:, where many German immigrants once lived. During the Great 1792:

Even after several defeats of the Spanish troops during the

1655: 6376: 5312: 4361: 3903: 3742: 3510: 2722: 2706:. Topographically Valdivia lies in a depression amidst the 2403: 1643:

while waiting for better winds to sail north to Valdivia.

1532: 1318: 1227:

located some 35 km north of Valdivia along the coast.

3693:

have established wood processing factories near Valdivia.

1908:. The Osorno department of Valdivia Province was moved to 6287:

Geology and geomorphology of Valdivia and Los Ríos Region

5084:(Editorial Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 2001) 5008:"Was Jōmon the origin of the Valdivia culture? • Neperos" 4683: 2577:

and Valdivia referring to the rainy climate of the city.

2026:

Great Chilean earthquake and Los Lagos Region (1960–2006)

1878:

as government agents. Through this program, thousands of

1585:, it was one of the southernmost colonies of the Empire. 6391:, an introductory guide for moving to Valdivia and Chile 6363: 5515:"Aldo Astete Cuadra – El Ser que acecha entre la Lluvia" 4926:

Vallejos, Gabriel; Salgado, Daniela (10 December 2021).

2812:

influences. The natural vegetation of the region is the

1179: 5543: 2383:. German workers once had their own club simply called 590:. From 1645 to 1740, the city depended directly on the 547:. Since October 2007, Valdivia has been the capital of 6570:

cities with a population of over 150,000 (2017 census)

3733:) contributes to the image of the region, as does the 2780:

and 23 mya ago an increase in convergence rate at the

2311:

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

1749:

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

1742: 3645:

cellulose pulp mill, a group of citizens formed the

3555:

party. The prior mayor was Omar Sabat Guzmán of the

1991:

made it better known in Chilean popular culture. The

6371: 5763:

Jara, Yonatan; Stuardo, Manuel (21 September 2020).

5588: 1967:, large shoe-factories, and, of course, breweries... 1688:, located on the river entrance to Valdivia, became 6394: 6160:

Solaresdevaldivia.cl retrieved on February 17, 2014

5149:

Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico José Toribio Medina

4798:(in Spanish). National Statistics Institute. 2019. 4769:(in Spanish). National Statistics Institute. 2019. 3866:and Colegio San Luis de Alba. Among public schools 2714:that crops out in the hills around the city are of 620: 106:

Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region

5544:Rojas Hoppe, Carlos; Díez Lorente, Silvia (2013). 5327:"Aspectos diacrónicos en la toponimia de Valdivia" 4963:Monteverde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile 3976:Most of Valdivia lies on the southern side of the 1719:meant many soldiers were bilingual in Spanish and 1663: 1598:Ruins of Valdivia and Dutch occupation (1604–1645) 1488:After Pedro de Valdivia's death, the war with the 1198:"Clovis First" model of migration to the New World 68:; Mapuche's Rewe; and Botanical Garden of Valdivia 6379:, Valdivian designer/builder of custom catamarans 6021:. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014. 5589:Vega, Rodrgo; Mella, Mauricio; Nielsen, Sven N.; 4965:(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1989) 4893:"Ley de Humedales Urbanos 21.202 y su Reglamento" 3665:The city and commune of Valdivia rely heavily on 2098:. In October a group of 12 young men, among them 1464:, a chronicler who witnessed the founding wrote: 1419:. He named the river after the Governor of Chile 1376: 7148: 6868: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5674: 5672: 5670: 4605:Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 3763:Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 6234:Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile 6043:. munivaldivia.cl. Retrieved February 18, 2014. 5927:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4979:"Geoarqueología del sitio arcaico Chan-Chan 18" 4925: 4494: 4091:line, as it is much quicker to reach Corral by 3810:Valdivia is home to several public and private 2470: 2190:. Both eras left visible landmarks such as the 1524:, conquistador of Chile and founder of Valdivia 586:were once the two southernmost outliers of the 5827: 5678: 5324: 5161: 5159: 5157: 2283: 2256:and the national government's creation of the 1864:"there is not much cleared land near Valdivia" 1703:, authorities sent convicts from all-over the 1434:in Valdivia, more buildings were constructed. 605:In 1960, Valdivia was severely damaged by the 6854: 6552: 6410: 6372:Anime related internet forum made in Valdivia 6170:Barrio Flotante en Valdivia ya está en marcha 5789: 5667: 5537: 4480: 4433:A German-styled house on General Lagos Street 4130: 4123:is used primarily by small aircraft, with no 4019:was built in 1954 and connects the city with 4000:and run through forested areas and wetlands. 2741:— this interglacial is known in Chile as the 1188:, according to archaeological discoveries in 645: 6231:Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, 6212:South Pacific Continental Report Annual 1998 5758: 5756: 5245: 4885: 4875: 4857: 4855: 3805: 2483:became the most important in Chile, and the 6119: 5919:"Pichoy Valdivia Climate Normals 1991–2020" 5762: 5154: 4793:"Ciudades, pueblos, aldeas y caceríos 2019" 3818:. The largest and oldest university is the 2855:is minimal due to its low height (715 m at 2106:in the Andes to be executed in Valdivia by 1904:either sold their land or were pushed into 1727:had a strong presence in the area by then. 6861: 6847: 6559: 6545: 6417: 6403: 6098: 5189: 4759: 4487: 4473: 3944:, founded in 2003, plays currently in the 3520: 2226:. An example of this was the formation of 1399:'s "Histórica relación del Reyno de Chile" 1301:rivers, both tributaries of the Valdivia. 1274:were both referred to by the Spaniards as 1254:By the time of the arrival of the Spanish 652: 638: 527:, and is located at the confluence of the 7202:1552 establishments in the Spanish Empire 5753: 5612: 5573: 5563: 5422:Marimón, Guido Macari (27 October 2020). 5218: 5195: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4861:U.S. Geological Survey (March 7, 2006). 4852: 3525:The commune of Valdivia is a third-level 1773:occupied Spain and held the Spanish king 1690:one of the most fortified bay at the time 600:settled in the city and surrounding areas 6210:, AGSO - Marine And Petroleum Division, 5122:. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre. 1971. 4824: 4822: 4820: 4653: 4053: 3960: 3787: 2747: 2612:, join near the city forming the larger 2584: 2573:is a mix of the Spanish word for rain – 2314: 2170: 2104:Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli 2076:– a new aquatic park north of the city. 2043: 1818: 1761:A painting of the assault on Corral fort 1756: 1654: 1515: 1458:, apart from Pedro de Valdivia himself. 1438:described it as "the second city in the 1386: 6125: 6072: 5853: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5519:comunidadcreativalosrios.cultura.gob.cl 5458:comunidadcreativalosrios.cultura.gob.cl 5421: 5114: 5112: 5110: 4698: 4680:"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades" 1723:. A 1749 census in Valdivia shows that 1223:, named for the archaeological site of 308:1,015.6 km (392.1 sq mi) 7149: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5053: 5018: 4785: 4672: 3660: 2873:has caused the city's water supply in 2338:suburban areas. Until the building of 1851:. Valdivia had been a province of the 1699:Once Spanish presence in Valdivia was 1305:may be described as "a kind of little 1196:in North America. This challenges the 1167: 923:City relocated to its current location 7162:Populated places in Valdivia Province 6842: 6540: 6398: 6341:, biggest bookstore in south of Chile 5679:le Roux, J.P.; Elgueta, Sara (2000). 5482: 5343:from the original on 24 February 2017 5270:from the original on 20 December 2016 5138: 5126:from the original on 18 February 2007 4840:from the original on 27 December 2022 4817: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4468: 3984:but other areas of the city, such as 3741:the most famous brewery in Valdivia. 1562:in 1598, in which the Mapuche killed 1180:Pre-Hispanic times (12,000 BC – 1543) 630: 594:, which financed the building of the 495: 7182:Populated places established in 1552 6251:, Instituto Geográfico Militar 1950. 6151:Rutas de Los Solares Transportes TFS 6130:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 475. 5990:from the original on 7 February 2012 5800: 5725: 5373:from the original on 3 December 2022 4968: 4502: 3956: 3772:economy. "Valdivian Week" (Spanish: 3636: 3590:. The commune is represented in the 2729:. As terraces took shape during the 2616:. Valdivia River in turn empties to 2589:Map of Valdivia and its surroundings 2423:also stand out in the city, such as 2304: 2110:due to alleged participation in the 1468:"Having the governor seen such good 1204:and not across a land-bridge in the 1145: 1126: 1107: 1089: 1070: 1051: 1035: 1019: 1003: 983: 965: 947: 929: 913: 895: 879: 861: 845: 829: 623: 6249:Fundamentos de la geología de Chile 5887:"Estadistica Climatologica Tomo II" 5879: 5464:from the original on 18 August 2022 5424:"Muere la poeta y actriz Maha Vial" 5246:Couyoumdjian, Juan Ricardo (2009). 5087: 4830:"The Defensive Complex of Valdivia" 4773:from the original on 2 January 2018 4747:from the original on 6 January 2019 3796:situated just above the Niebla fort 2889:) 1991–2020, extremes 1966–present 2629:with exotic forest species such as 2502:Biophysics and molecular physiology 2014:. Later on 1911 the opening of the 1827:, born in Valdivia, was one of the 1781:in 1810 the Valdivian governor, an 1743:Independence and growth (1810–1959) 1676:, an annual payment of silver from 1500:. It has since been likened to the 1289:(now known as the Valdivia River). 571:. The city is also the home of the 25:City and Commune in Los Ríos, Chile 13: 6060:from the original on 25 April 2014 5801:Lara, Emilio (16 September 2020). 5621:from the original on 7 August 2018 4834:Entry on the UNESCO Tentative List 4724: 3872:Liceo Rector Armando Robles Rivera 2885:Climate data for Valdivia, Chile ( 2475:The Southern University of Chile ( 1765:Self-governing juntas appeared in 1711:. The convicts, many of whom were 14: 7218: 6295:Museo de Arte Contemporanea (MAC) 6270:Ilustre Municipalidad de Valdivia 6255: 5815:from the original on 8 March 2022 5777:from the original on 8 March 2022 5713:from the original on 8 March 2022 5525:from the original on 16 June 2022 5434:from the original on 16 June 2022 5332:Anales de la Universidad de Chile 5171:Museo de Sitio Castillo de Niebla 4940:from the original on 2 March 2022 4907:from the original on 2 March 2021 4805:from the original on 13 July 2019 4615:Iglesia San Francisco de Valdivia 3860:Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter 3705:and Alwoplast based in the area. 3631:Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary 3566:, Valdivia is represented in the 2657:are common in residential areas. 2357:Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter 2112:assault on Neltume police station 1428:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 242:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 58:From top to bottom, left to right 7207:South American sea lion colonies 6492: 6322:, a museum about the naturalist 6261:https://www.munivaldivia.cl/web/ 6179:elnaveghable.cl January 27, 2013 5951:Forbes List of Billionaires 2006 5739:Dirección Meteorológica de Chile 5495:from the original on 17 May 2022 5403:from the original on 18 May 2022 5227:from the original on 16 May 2020 4641: 4566: 4549: 4539: 4522: 4453: 4438: 4426: 4411: 4396: 4381: 4369: 4354: 4340: 4318: 4303: 4291: 3942:Club Deportivo Deportes Valdivia 3826:. Its main campus is located in 3824:Chilean Traditional Universities 3527:administrative division of Chile 2554:, Valdivia has also been called 1258:, Valdivia was inhabited by the 772:Pre-Hispanic settlement of Ainil 123: 122: 115: 100: 90: 78: 51: 6428:Communes and municipalities in 6364:Museo de las Telecomunicaciones 6348:Panorámicas de Valdivia en 360° 6201: 6182: 6163: 6144: 6054:"Mercado Municipal de Valdivia" 6046: 6031:CULTURA E IDENTIDAD DE VALDIVIA 6024: 6002: 5976: 5954: 5945: 5911: 5633: 5582: 5507: 5476: 5446: 5415: 5385: 5355: 5318: 5291: 5282: 5239: 5220:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 5071: 5000: 4952: 4919: 4741:"National Statistics Institute" 3868:Instituto Salesiano de Valdivia 3594:during the 2014–2022 period by 3547:). The city's current mayor is 3529:governed by a directly elected 3513:(precipitation days 1991–2020) 2678:Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex 2434: 2240:in 1954 and the arrival of the 2146:Valdivian temperate rainforests 2048:A street in Valdivia after the 1669:Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva 1664:Second Spanish city (1645–1810) 1571:Destruction of the Seven Cities 5325:Bernales Lillo, Mario (1984). 4119:. The smaller but much closer 2859:) and the gap in the range at 2814:Valdivian temperate rainforest 2796:, bayhead deltas and beaches. 2550:In addition to being known as 2540:Valdivian temperate rainforest 2485:Centro de Estudios Científicos 2350:before Spanish. Nowadays, the 1835:Chilean Supreme Director, and 1377:First Spanish city (1544–1604) 976:First German immigrants arrive 828: 577:Centro de Estudios Científicos 1: 7177:Capitals of Chilean provinces 6128:Chile: The Bradt Travel Guide 5707:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00096-2 4897:Ministerio del Medio Ambiente 4635: 4567: 4523: 4310:Libertad Walk & Valdivia 4111:The city is served mainly by 4039:, making the coastal town of 2445:National Statistics Institute 2409: 1368:Later the British naturalist 582:The city of Valdivia and the 162:("Most noble and most loyal") 6870:American Capitals of Culture 5397:Universidad Austral de Chile 5120:"Breve Historia de Valdivia" 4708:(in Spanish). Archived from 4682:(in Spanish). Archived from 4550: 4540: 4419:Universidad Austral de Chile 4065: 3951: 3820:Universidad Austral de Chile 3800: 3681:). Large businesses such as 3564:electoral divisions of Chile 2580: 2477:Universidad Austral de Chile 2471:Arts and Scientific research 2208:La ciudad mas linda de Chile 2114:and "guerrilla activities". 1945:. In 1891 Valdivia became a 1604:Dutch expedition to Valdivia 1504:of 1960 in terms of damage. 1403:The first European to visit 1383:Dutch expedition to Valdivia 1357:, an early conquistador and 1238:There was also a very early 7: 7167:Capitals of Chilean regions 5551:Investigaciones Geográficas 4598: 4495:Places adjacent to Valdivia 4106: 3878:have reached good results. 3362:Average precipitation days 3148:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3008:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2839:for White Earthquake). The 2567:Chile's most beautiful city 2417:Austral University of Chile 2284:Spanish colonial influences 2272:that include placenames of 2212:Chile's most beautiful city 2022:or visit any Chilean port. 1081:Austral University of Chile 769: 573:Austral University of Chile 551:and is also the capital of 10: 7223: 7197:Destroyed populated places 6278:Diario Austral de Valdivia 6225: 5483:Fernández, Antonio Cazás. 5082:Nueva historia de Valdivia 4994:Revista Geológica de Chile 4706:"Municipality of Valdivia" 4284: 4131:Twin towns – sister cities 3853: 3760: 3756: 3549:Carla Andrea Amtmann Fecci 3508: 3503: 2884: 2799: 2752:View of Valdivia from west 2675: 2671: 2308: 2166: 2029: 1853:General Captaincy of Chile 1746: 1601: 1391:Idealized illustration of 1380: 1172: 802:General Captaincy of Chile 778:General Captaincy of Chile 616: 575:, founded in 1954 and the 15: 6876: 6575: 6501: 6490: 6439: 5151:, Santiago de Chile, 1966 5064:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro, 5036:The Voyage of the Beagle 4630:Valdivian Coastal Reserve 4500: 3881: 3840:Universidad San Sebastián 3806:Universities and colleges 3456: 3408: 3361: 3287: 3217: 3147: 3077: 3007: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2764:stable period during the 2559:The key of the South seas 2545: 1831:of the Republic of Chile. 1013:Railroad reaches Valdivia 473: 461: 444: 434: 413: 396: 388: 380: 375: 363: 352: 341: 333: 325: 320: 312: 304: 299: 281: 271: 266: 254: 246: 238: 226: 214: 202: 167: 155: 147: 73: 50: 37: 30: 18:Valdivia (disambiguation) 6324:Rodolfo Armando Philippi 6220: 6080:"World Rowing Medalists" 5614:10.5027/andgeoV45n2-3030 5565:10.14198/INGEO2013.60.08 4348:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 4025:1960 Valdivia earthquake 4017:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 3966:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 3848:Universidad de Los Lagos 2871:Decreasing precipitation 2792:formed deep embayments, 2563:Gibraltar of the Pacific 2427:, Iván Espinoza Riesco, 2340:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 2322:Brewery, Valdivia, Chile 2254:Great Chilean earthquake 2234:Great Chilean earthquake 2102:, were brought from the 2092:1973 Chilean coup d'état 2074:Río Cruces y Chorocomayo 2032:Great Chilean earthquake 1999:and the main port city, 1993:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 1794:Chilean Independence War 1753:1960 Valdivia earthquake 1625:Spanish-Portuguese crown 1502:Great Chilean earthquake 1405:Valdivia River's estuary 1331:San José de la Mariquina 1249: 1100:Great Chilean Earthquake 662: 607:Great Chilean earthquake 478:Municipality of Valdivia 6332:La Librería de Valdivia 6300:11 October 2011 at the 5491:(in European Spanish). 5197:Urbina C., María Ximena 4872:Retrieved on 2007-01-09 4664:Encyclopædia Britannica 4445:Haverbeck Canal of the 4391:by the riverside market 3931:Club Deportivo Valdivia 3886:Facilities for playing 3844:Universidad Santo Tomás 3836:Universidad Arturo Prat 3671:pulp and paper industry 3657:through a court order. 3570:by Alfonso De Urresti ( 3521:Government and politics 2682:Santo Domingo Formation 2556:The pearl of the South, 2236:. With the founding of 2085:dammed the Riñihue Lake 1872:Bernhard Eunom Philippi 1558:After the demoralising 1329:, and other foods from 1281:A large village called 839:Discovery of Corral Bay 337:150/km (380/sq mi) 62:Rodolfo Amando Philippi 7187:1599 disestablishments 6313:, Niebla fort's museum 5986:. Gobiernodechile.cl. 5489:www.elcorreogallego.es 5454:"Iván Espinoza Riesco" 4059: 3973: 3946:Chilean third division 3797: 2753: 2686:Within the context of 2590: 2481:Valdivia Film Festival 2439:According to the 2002 2368:located in Isla Teja. 2323: 2204:The Pearl of the South 2183: 2140:and then by producing 2058:moment magnitude scale 2053: 1977: 1927: 1862:. He also stated that 1832: 1762: 1660: 1645:John Maurice of Nassau 1525: 1486: 1400: 1355:Pedro Mariño de Lobera 889:Mapuches sack the city 493:Spanish pronunciation: 7083:San Miguel de Allende 6304:, a modern art museum 6280:, Valdivian newspaper 6126:Burford, Tim (2005). 4376:Plaza de la República 4057: 3964: 3910:, indoor and outdoor 3791: 3780:. The week ends with 3647:Accion por los Cisnes 3553:Democratic Revolution 2853:Valdivian Coast Range 2751: 2743:Valdivia interglacial 2735:Llanquihue glaciation 2698:, in the Pacific, is 2690:, the city lies at a 2588: 2451:and 10,607 (7.5%) in 2318: 2229:Acción por los Cisnes 2174: 2070:forts around Valdivia 2047: 1960: 1914: 1876:Vicente Pérez Rosales 1822: 1760: 1747:Further information: 1709:Valdivian Fort System 1701:reestablished in 1645 1658: 1602:Further information: 1519: 1466: 1432:Santa María la Blanca 1413:Juan Bautista Pastene 1390: 1270:). The Huilliche and 596:Valdivian fort system 415: • Summer ( 316:5 m (16 ft) 187:39.81389°S 73.24583°W 7192:Port cities in Chile 6764:Rancagua conurbation 6424: 6337:21 July 2009 at the 4977:and Navarro, Rayen. 4117:Pan American Highway 3998:Pan-American Highway 3651:Action for the Swans 3625:after the deaths of 2938:Record high °C (°F) 2704:South American Plate 2390:Valdivia also hosts 2354:is preserved by the 2220:la reina de los ríos 2100:José Gregorio Liendo 1843:founded the city of 1806:Lord Thomas Cochrane 1498:a massive earthquake 1444:Jerónimo de Alderete 1211:During at least the 1045:First Valdivian Week 855:Founding of Valdivia 334: • Density 192:-39.81389; -73.24583 159:Muy Noble y Muy Leal 16:For other uses, see 6792:Chillán conurbation 6311:Museo Fuerte Niebla 5984:"Gobierno de Chile" 5699:2000SedG..130...27L 5686:Sedimentary Geology 4901:Government of Chile 3767:Black Beer Festival 3661:Economy and tourism 3568:Chamber of Deputies 3218:Record low °C (°F) 3078:Daily mean °C (°F) 2739:last glacial period 2708:Chilean Coast Range 2642:Eucalyptus globulus 2295:Torreón Los Canelos 2280:and German origin. 2238:Universidad Austral 2192:forts of Corral Bay 2188:German colonization 2148:to plant pines and 2068:. Spanish-colonial 2020:Straits of Magellan 1910:Llanquihue Province 1705:Viceroyalty of Peru 1682:Viceroyalty of Peru 1635:before arriving at 1549:gold from Valdivia. 1268:People of the South 1175:History of Valdivia 795:Viceroyalty of Peru 625:History of Valdivia 592:Viceroyalty of Peru 497:[balˈdiβja] 183: / 6676:Greater Valparaíso 6657:Greater Concepción 6385:, local beer maker 6194:2014-04-25 at the 6175:2014-04-25 at the 6156:2014-04-25 at the 6110:2011-07-07 at the 6086:on 5 December 2012 6036:2014-04-25 at the 6014:2015-02-09 at the 5966:2016-03-04 at the 5744:2008-02-29 at the 5650:2016-12-02 at the 5303:2014-10-25 at the 5014:. 5 December 2023. 4984:2012-09-26 at the 4868:2009-10-07 at the 4712:on 18 October 2000 4121:Las Marías Airport 4060: 3994:Calle-Calle Bridge 3982:Calle-Calle Rivers 3974: 3940:The football club 3798: 3699:naval construction 3655:Valdivia Pulp Mill 3627:black-necked swans 3596:Alfonso de Urresti 2863:'s outflow to the 2754: 2591: 2552:the City of Rivers 2324: 2184: 2054: 1849:Ambrosio O'Higgins 1841:Bernardo O'Higgins 1833: 1763: 1661: 1560:Battle of Curalaba 1526: 1476:, and he assigned 1474:ciudad de Valdivia 1448:Rodrigo de Quiroga 1401: 1062:Calle-Calle Bridge 816:Spanish Reconquest 611:protected wetlands 584:Chiloé Archipelago 567:, metallurgy, and 389: • Women 326: • Total 305: • Total 148:Nickname(s): 7172:Communes of Chile 7144: 7143: 6836: 6835: 6700:Greater La Serena 6534: 6533: 6383:Cerveza Kunstmann 5309:Gestion Turistica 5145:Jerónimo de Vivar 5046:Project Gutenberg 5040:by Charles Darwin 4595: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4334:Río Cruces Bridge 4332:connected by the 4282: 4281: 4127:operating there. 4037:Río Cruces Bridge 3957:Roads and bridges 3794:Niebla lighthouse 3774:Semana Valdiviana 3691:Louisiana-Pacific 3637:Ecological action 3557:Independiente UDI 3541:municipal council 3517: 3516: 3411:relative humidity 2875:Calle-Calle River 2782:Peru–Chile Trench 2778:volcanic eruption 2727:Pleistocene epoch 2692:convergent margin 2392:Bierfest Valdivia 2379:changed names to 2342:, inhabitants of 2305:German influences 2299:Torreón del Barro 2177:Michelle Bachelet 1989:Calle-Calle River 1985:Reina de Los Ríos 1981:Semana Valdiviana 1810:captured Valdivia 1707:to construct the 1581:on the island of 1522:Pedro de Valdivia 1462:Jerónimo de Bibar 1456:Pedro de Villagra 1421:Pedro de Valdivia 1221:Chan-Chan Complex 1171: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1144: 1143: 1137:Río Cruces Bridge 1125: 1124: 1106: 1105: 1088: 1087: 1069: 1068: 1050: 1049: 1034: 1033: 1018: 1017: 1002: 1001: 982: 981: 964: 963: 946: 945: 928: 927: 912: 911: 894: 893: 878: 877: 860: 859: 844: 843: 823:Republic of Chile 765:2000 — 755:1950 — 745:1900 — 735:1850 — 725:1800 — 715:1750 — 705:1700 — 695:1650 — 685:1600 — 675:1550 — 665:1500 — 553:Valdivia Province 525:Pedro de Valdivia 486: 485: 272: • Type 261:Pedro de Valdivia 136:Location in Chile 7214: 7131: 7120: 7110: 7099: 7089: 7079: 7068: 7058: 7048: 7038: 7027: 7017: 7007: 6997: 6987: 6977: 6967: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6927: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6882: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6581:Greater Santiago 6561: 6554: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6496: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6330: 6318: 6309: 6293: 6285: 6276: 6268: 6215: 6205: 6199: 6186: 6180: 6167: 6161: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6082:. 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Archived from 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5899:on March 3, 2016 5898: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5798: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5736: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5676: 5665: 5639:Astorga, G. and 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5616: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5567: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5322: 5316: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5222: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5177:on 4 August 2020 5163: 5152: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5085: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5051: 5048: 5029: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4990: 4972: 4966: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4686:on 19 April 2011 4676: 4668: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4610:Flag of Valdivia 4570: 4569: 4553: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4526: 4525: 4503: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4442: 4430: 4415: 4400: 4385: 4373: 4364:Botanical Garden 4358: 4344: 4322: 4307: 4295: 4163:Neuquén Province 4135: 4134: 4033:Augusto Pinochet 3917:Cristian Yantani 3613:The creation of 3365: 2882: 2881: 2832:Terremoto Blanco 2804:Valdivia has an 2716:metamorphic type 2661:are occasional. 2326:Since the first 2258:Los Lagos Region 2216:noche Valdiviana 2200:La Perla del Sur 2119:Los Lagos Region 1975: 1925: 1923:Carlos Anwandter 1891:, an exile from 1889:Carlos Anwandter 1829:founding fathers 1825:Camilo Henríquez 1787:Camilo Henríquez 1769:and Spain after 1725:Afro-descendants 1631:and the city of 1612:governor of the 1553:Kingdom of Chile 1440:Kingdom of Chile 1436:Mariño de Lobera 1397:Alonso de Ovalle 1321:from the coast, 1242:on the coast of 1240:Valdivia culture 1151: 1146: 1132: 1127: 1119:Los Lagos Region 1117:Becomes part of 1113: 1108: 1095: 1090: 1076: 1071: 1057: 1052: 1041: 1036: 1025: 1020: 1009: 1004: 989: 984: 971: 966: 958:Major earthquake 953: 948: 940:Major earthquake 935: 930: 919: 914: 906:Dutch occupation 901: 896: 885: 880: 872:Major earthquake 867: 862: 851: 846: 835: 830: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 654: 647: 640: 634: 621: 499: 494: 482: 420: 381: • Men 198: 197: 195: 194: 193: 188: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 126: 125: 119: 104: 94: 82: 55: 28: 27: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7129: 7118: 7108: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7025: 7015: 7005: 6995: 6985: 6975: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6935: 6925: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6880: 6872: 6867: 6837: 6832: 6745:Greater Iquique 6737:Padre Las Casas 6571: 6565: 6535: 6530: 6497: 6488: 6435: 6430:Los Ríos Region 6423: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6339:Wayback Machine 6328: 6316: 6307: 6302:Wayback Machine 6291: 6283: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6206: 6202: 6196:Wayback Machine 6187: 6183: 6177:Wayback Machine 6168: 6164: 6158:Wayback Machine 6149: 6145: 6138: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6112:Wayback Machine 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6038:Wayback Machine 6029: 6025: 6018: 6016:Wayback Machine 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5968:Wayback Machine 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5799: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5746:Wayback Machine 5737: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5677: 5668: 5652:Wayback Machine 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5587: 5583: 5558:(60): 139–153. 5542: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5323: 5319: 5305:Wayback Machine 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263:(42): 281–283. 5250: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5165: 5164: 5155: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5088: 5078:Guarda, Gabriel 5076: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5033: 5030: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4986:Wayback Machine 4973: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4870:Wayback Machine 4860: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4657:, ed. (1911). " 4642: 4640: 4638: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4554: 4496: 4493: 4461: 4460:Valdivia, Chile 4458: 4449: 4443: 4434: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4345: 4336: 4323: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4298:Haverbeck Canal 4296: 4287: 4144:State / Region 4133: 4109: 4068: 4027:only the minor 3968:and the city's 3959: 3954: 3884: 3876:Liceo Comercial 3856: 3808: 3803: 3769: 3759: 3723:food processing 3663: 3639: 3615:Los Ríos Region 3523: 3518: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2845:frontal systems 2822:Los Ríos Region 2806:oceanic climate 2802: 2688:plate tectonics 2684: 2674: 2593:As part of the 2583: 2569:. The nickname 2548: 2489:Claudio Bunster 2473: 2437: 2421:Los Ríos Region 2412: 2352:German language 2313: 2307: 2286: 2181:Los Ríos Region 2169: 2131:hostile natives 2042: 2040:Los Ríos Region 2028: 1976: 1973:Carl Skottsberg 1971: 1951:Malleco Viaduct 1926: 1921: 1804:, commanded by 1796:, Valdivia and 1767:Spanish America 1755: 1745: 1666: 1617:Hendrik Brouwer 1606: 1600: 1385: 1379: 1252: 1182: 1177: 1159: 1156:Los Ríos Region 1149: 1140: 1130: 1121: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1074: 1065: 1055: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1014: 1007: 998: 987: 978: 969: 960: 951: 942: 933: 924: 917: 908: 899: 890: 883: 874: 865: 856: 849: 840: 833: 826: 825: 819: 818: 812: 811: 805: 804: 798: 797: 791: 790: 786: 785: 781: 780: 774: 773: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 658: 632: 626: 619: 569:beer production 563:manufacturing, 549:Los Ríos Region 492: 480: 440: 414: 250:9 February 1552 191: 189: 185: 182: 177: 174: 172: 170: 169: 163: 161: 156:Motto(s): 151: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 131: 127: 109: 108: 107: 98: 97: 88: 87: 69: 46: 33: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 7220: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7132: 7127: 7124:Aguascalientes 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6726:Greater Temuco 6722: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6389:Valdivia Guide 6386: 6380: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6326: 6320:Museo Philippi 6314: 6305: 6289: 6281: 6272: 6257: 6256:External links 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6200: 6181: 6162: 6143: 6136: 6118: 6097: 6071: 6045: 6023: 6001: 5975: 5953: 5944: 5910: 5878: 5867:on 23 May 2023 5852: 5841:on 23 May 2023 5826: 5811:(in Spanish). 5788: 5773:(in Spanish). 5752: 5724: 5693:(1–2): 27–44. 5666: 5657:Geologica Acta 5632: 5607:(2): 161–185. 5600:Andean Geology 5581: 5554:(in Spanish). 5536: 5506: 5475: 5445: 5414: 5384: 5369:(in Spanish). 5367:Diario Futrono 5354: 5335:(in Spanish). 5317: 5290: 5281: 5238: 5188: 5153: 5137: 5086: 5070: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5017: 4999: 4967: 4951: 4936:(in Spanish). 4918: 4899:(in Spanish). 4884: 4874: 4851: 4816: 4784: 4758: 4743:(in Spanish). 4723: 4697: 4670: 4655:Chisholm, Hugh 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4447:Valdivia River 4444: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4211:United States 4208: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4198:Mount Pleasant 4195: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4113:Pichoy Airport 4108: 4105: 4101:Valdivia River 4095:than by road. 4077:Mancera Island 4067: 4064: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3883: 3880: 3864:Windsor School 3855: 3852: 3832:southern Chile 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3758: 3755: 3662: 3659: 3638: 3635: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3459:sunshine hours 3454: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887:Pichoy Airport 2880: 2861:Valdivia River 2851:effect of the 2801: 2798: 2733:preceding the 2712:basement rocks 2673: 2670: 2614:Valdivia River 2582: 2579: 2547: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2472: 2469: 2436: 2433: 2411: 2408: 2387:(The German). 2309:Main article: 2306: 2303: 2285: 2282: 2168: 2165: 2127:pirate attacks 2052:of 22 May 1960 2027: 2024: 1969: 1919: 1860:Charles Darwin 1744: 1741: 1737:Chacao Channel 1713:Afro-Peruvians 1694:Mancera Island 1665: 1662: 1599: 1596: 1567:Óñez de Loyola 1378: 1375: 1370:Charles Darwin 1256:conquistadores 1251: 1248: 1217:lithic culture 1213:Middle Archaic 1194:Clovis culture 1181: 1178: 1173:Main article: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1000: 999: 992: 990: 980: 979: 974: 972: 962: 961: 956: 954: 944: 943: 938: 936: 926: 925: 922: 920: 910: 909: 904: 902: 892: 891: 888: 886: 876: 875: 870: 868: 858: 857: 854: 852: 842: 841: 838: 836: 827: 821: 820: 814: 813: 807: 806: 800: 799: 793: 792: 789:City abandoned 788: 787: 784:City abandoned 783: 782: 776: 775: 771: 770: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 660: 659: 657: 656: 649: 642: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 588:Spanish Empire 504:: Ainil) is a 484: 483: 475: 471: 470: 465: 459: 458: 448: 442: 441: 438: 436: 432: 431: 421: 411: 410: 400: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 373: 372: 367: 361: 360: 357: 350: 349: 346: 339: 338: 335: 331: 330: 327: 323: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 297: 296: 286: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 264: 263: 258: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 206: 200: 199: 165: 164: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 135: 129: 128: 121: 120: 114: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 99: 95: 89: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 56: 48: 47: 38: 35: 34: 31: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7219: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6991:Santo Domingo 6989: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6756:Alto Hospicio 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6250: 6246: 6245:Brüggen, Juan 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6139: 6137:9781841620763 6133: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5957: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5808:Radio Bío-Bío 5804: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5770:Radio Bío-Bío 5766: 5759: 5757: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5285: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4959:Dillehay, Tom 4955: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933:Radio Bío-Bío 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650:public domain 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4534:Pacific Ocean 4532: 4531: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193:United States 4191: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029:Caucau Bridge 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745:, along with 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:environmental 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457:Mean monthly 3455: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3290:precipitation 3286: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2865:Pacific Ocean 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2826:precipitation 2823: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810:Mediterranean 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790:transgression 2788:and a marine 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:horsechestnut 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636:Pinus radiata 2632: 2627: 2623: 2622:Pacific Ocean 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381:Club la Unión 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:Latin America 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:Central Chile 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:South America 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1650:Brouwershaven 1646: 1642: 1641:Puerto Inglés 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1579:Castro, Chile 1576: 1575:Bío-Bío River 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Madre de Dios 1538: 1534: 1531: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1510:Indios amigos 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:War of Arauco 1492:, called the 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Feria Fluvial 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1206:Bering Strait 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1011: 1006: 1005: 997:hits Valdivia 996: 991: 986: 985: 977: 973: 968: 967: 959: 955: 950: 949: 941: 937: 932: 931: 921: 916: 915: 907: 903: 898: 897: 887: 882: 881: 873: 869: 864: 863: 853: 848: 847: 837: 832: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 779: 661: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 635: 629: 622: 614: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 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(2011). 5428:La Tercera 5274:30 January 5206:Magallania 5167:"Historia" 4809:1 November 4777:1 November 4751:7 February 4636:References 4220:Washington 3990:Las Animas 3912:basketball 3761:See also: 3731:Entrelagos 3695:Metallurgy 3675:eucalyptus 3545:consejales 3509:Source 2: 3364:(≥ 1.0 mm) 2786:subsidence 2768:and Early 2676:See also: 2618:Corral Bay 2532:Veterinary 2520:Glaciology 2410:Literature 2402:, a local 2246:glaciology 2224:ecotourism 2196:consulates 2150:eucalyptus 2050:earthquake 2030:See also: 2001:Valparaíso 1884:Llanquihue 1874:and later 1837:Libertador 1721:Mapudungun 1637:Corral Bay 1537:Villarrica 1381:See also: 1359:chronicler 1264:Mapudungun 1202:watercraft 1158:is created 1029:Major fire 995:waterspout 321:Population 267:Government 239:Founded as 178:73°14′45″W 175:39°48′50″S 7103:Zacatecas 6706:La Serena 6644:El Bosque 6629:Quilicura 6619:Peñalolén 6526:Río Bueno 6469:Mariquina 6459:Los Lagos 6377:Alwoplast 4844:15 August 4620:Pilolcura 4558:Los Lagos 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