Revolutions of 1848

1678: 2548: 3316: 1168: 186: 2236: 1733: 1378: 6946: 1443: 1137:. Harvests of rye in the Rhineland were 20% of previous levels, while the Czech potato harvest was reduced by half. These reduced harvests were accompanied by a steep rise in prices (the cost of wheat more than doubled in France and Habsburg Italy). There were 400 French food riots from 1846 to 1847, while German socio-economic protests increased from 28 from 1830 to 1839, to 103 from 1840 to 1847. Central to long-term peasant grievances were the loss of communal lands, forest restrictions (such as the French Forest Code of 1827), and remaining feudal structures, notably the robot (labor obligations) that existed among the serfs and oppressed peasantry of the 6071: 6384: 1846: 2223:. Two successive abortive coups weakened the new government, and its international status was always contested by Russia. After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from Ottoman political leaders, the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats. In September 1848 by agreement with the Ottomans, Russia invaded and put down the revolution. According to Vasile Maciu, the failures were attributable in Wallachia to foreign intervention, in Moldavia to the opposition of the feudalists, and in Transylvania to the failure of the campaigns of General 3376: 2686: 37: 3346: 5955: 2352: 3166: 5899: 3181: 1942: 3286: 3001: 3241: 1014: 3331: 6786: 1927: 2161: 771: 3361: 6836: 6796: 3256: 6816: 3151: 3211: 928: 3271: 2017:, was initially successful against the Habsburg forces. Although Hungary took a national united stand for its freedom, some minorities of the Kingdom of Hungary, including the Serbs of Vojvodina, the Romanians of Transylvania and some Slovaks of Upper Hungary supported the Habsburg Emperor and fought against the Hungarian Revolutionary Army. Eventually, after one and a half years of fighting, the revolution was crushed when Russian Tsar 6776: 3301: 3196: 3226: 6826: 6806: 1969:, which included the demand for freedom of press, an independent Hungarian ministry residing in Buda-Pest and responsible to a popularly elected parliament, the formation of a National Guard, complete civil and religious equality, trial by jury, a national bank, a Hungarian army, the withdrawal of foreign (Austrian) troops from Hungary, the freeing of political prisoners, and union with 1782:. It is said that the Danish king's first words after signing away his absolute power were, "that was nice, now I can sleep in the mornings". Although army officers were dissatisfied, they accepted the new arrangement which, in contrast to the rest of Europe, was not overturned by reactionaries. The liberal constitution did not extend to 2329:. Although its population was made up largely of Catholics, and sociologically of agricultural workers, tensions arose from the political over-representation, in positions of power, of landowners of Protestant background who were loyal to the United Kingdom. From the 1810s a conservative-liberal movement led by 2963:

anxiety and different approaches between bourgeois revolutionaries and radicals led to the failure of revolutions. Many governments engaged in a partial reversal of the revolutionary reforms of 1848–1849 as well as heightened repression and censorship. The Hanoverian nobility successfully appealed to

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by an alliance of Radicals, Liberals and liberal Conservatives led by Generals Espartero and O'Donnell. In 1856, the more conservative half of this alliance launched a second revolution to oust the republican Radicals, leading to a new 10-year period of government by conservative-liberal monarchists.

2046:, which is today divided between Ukraine and Poland. On 19 April 1848, a group of representatives led by the Greek Catholic clergy launched a petition to the Austrian Emperor. It expressed wishes that in those regions of Galicia where the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) population represented the majority, the 1079:

increased urban unemployment: 10,000 Viennese factory workers lost jobs, and 128 Hamburg firms went bankrupt over the course of 1847. With the exception of the Netherlands, there was a strong correlation among the countries that were most deeply affected by the industrial shock of 1847 and those that

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posits that many goals were achieved by the 1870s, but the credit primarily goes to the enemies of the 1848 revolutionaries, commenting: "Most of what the men of 1848 fought for was brought about within a quarter of a century, and the men who accomplished it were most of them specific enemies of the

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A tendency common in the revolutionary movements of 1848 was a perception that the liberal monarchies set up in the 1830s, despite formally being representative parliamentary democracies, were too oligarchical and/or corrupt to respond to the urgent needs of the people, and were therefore in need of

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marched into Hungary with over 300,000 troops. As result of the defeat, Hungary was thus placed under brutal martial law. The leading rebels like Kossuth fled into exile or were executed. In the long run, the passive resistance following the revolution, along with the crushing Austrian defeat in the

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attempted to respond militarily to the first attempts at armed revolt, but faced with the approach of Bolognese volunteers to support the insurgents, in order to avoid bloodshed he preferred to leave the city promising a constitution and amnesties. On 21 March 1848 he left for Bolzano. A provisional

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pressure, and migration, both within and from Europe, especially to the Americas. Peasant discontent in the 1840s grew in intensity. Peasant occupations of lost communal land increased in many areas; those convicted of wood theft in the Rhenish Palatinate increased from 100,000 in 1829–30 to 185,000

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In the United States, opinions were polarized, with Democrats and reformers in favour, although they were distressed at the degree of violence involved. Opposition came from conservative elements, especially Whigs, southern slaveholders, orthodox Calvinists, and Catholics. About 4,000 German exiles

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region), a part of Prussia since its annexation in 1815. The Poles tried to establish a Polish political entity, but refused to cooperate with the Germans and the Jews. The Germans decided they were better off with the status quo, so they assisted the Prussian governments in recapturing control. In

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has suggested that in the period after 1825, poorer urban workers (particularly day laborers, factory workers and artisans) saw their purchasing power decline relatively steeply: urban meat consumption in Belgium, France and Germany stagnated or declined after 1830, despite growing populations. The

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The most serious threat of revolutionary contagion, however, was posed by Belgian émigré groups from France. In 1830 the Belgian Revolution had broken out inspired by the revolution occurring in France, and Belgian authorities feared that a similar 'copycat' phenomenon might occur in 1848. Shortly

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In other countries, the relative calm could be attributed to the fact that they had already gone through revolutions or civil wars in the preceding years, and therefore already enjoyed many of the reforms which Radicals elsewhere were demanding in 1848. This was largely the case for Belgium (the

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decreased, causing an increase in unemployment. During the revolution, to address the problem of unemployment, workshops were organized for men interested in construction work. Officials also set up workshops for women when they felt they were excluded. Artisans and unemployed workers destroyed

1912:, all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to achieve either autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities. The nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states, which moved toward greater German national unity. 1398:. In a number of major German and Italian states, and in Austria, the old leaders were forced to grant liberal constitutions. The Italian and German states seemed to be rapidly forming unified nations. Austria gave Hungarians and Czechs liberal grants of autonomy and national status. 3140:. More widely, many disillusioned and persecuted revolutionaries, in particular (though not exclusively) those from Germany and the Austrian Empire, left their homelands for foreign exile in the New World or in the more liberal European nations; these emigrants were known as the 2917:

1848 movement. Thiers ushered in a third French Republic, Bismarck united Germany, and Cavour, Italy. Deák won autonomy for Hungary within a dual monarchy; a Russian czar freed the serfs; and the British manufacturing classes moved toward the freedoms of the People's Charter."

4643:(1960). p. 668. "... the rising tide of revolutionary bourgeois liberalism in Austrian political life, as demonstrated by students' activities, the March riots of 1848, the rising in Hungary, the open revolt in Vienna itself in October 1848, and the course of the revolution." 2062:

and consisted of 30 permanent members. Its main goal was the administrative division of Galicia into Western (Polish) and Eastern (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) parts within the borders of the Habsburg Empire, and formation of a separate region with a political self-governance.

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The liberalization of trade laws and the growth of factories had increased the gulf between master tradesmen, and journeymen and apprentices, whose numbers increased disproportionately by 93% from 1815 to 1848 in Germany. Significant proletarian unrest had occurred in

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The revolutions arose from such a wide variety of causes that it is difficult to view them as resulting from a coherent movement or set of social phenomena. Numerous changes had been taking place in European society throughout the first half of the 19th century. Both

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The revolutions suffer a series of defeats in summer 1849. Reactionaries returned to power and many leaders of the revolution went into exile. Some social reforms proved permanent, and years later nationalists in Germany, Italy, and Hungary gained their objectives.

2874:, which implemented a variety of liberal reforms. Among other things, these reforms confiscated religious property, aimed to promote economic development and to stabilize a nascent republican government. The reforms led directly to the so-called Three Years War or 2649:

In yet other countries, the absence of unrest was partly due to governments taking action to prevent revolutionary unrest, and pre-emptively grant some of the reforms demanded by revolutionaries elsewhere. This was notably the case for the Netherlands, where King

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were beginning to industrialize. During the decade of the 1840s, mechanized production in the textile industry brought about inexpensive clothing that undercut the handmade products of German tailors. Reforms ameliorated the most unpopular features of rural

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in January 1848. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more

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and the Statute of Basic Rights, while the number of arrests in Habsburg territories increased from 70,000 in 1850 to one million by 1854. Nicholas I's rule in Russia after 1848 was particularly repressive, marked by an expansion of the secret police (the

891:) and workers; however, the coalitions did not hold together for long. Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed, as tens of thousands of people were killed, and even more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of 1997:

with the emperor, a constitutional government would be founded. The Diet then passed the April laws that established equality before the law, a legislature, a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and an end to the transfer and restrictions of land use.

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And if then, as shown in the third article of Marx, in the spring of 1850 developments had concentrated the real ruling power in the bourgeois republic that had emanated from the 'social' revolution of 1848 in the hands of the big bourgeoisie ...

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should be taught at schools and used to announce official decrees for the peasantry; local officials were expected to understand it and the Ruthenian clergy was to be equalized in their rights with the clergy of all other denominations.

2085:) took place in the Swedish capital of Stockholm. Declarations with demands of political reform were spread in the city and a barricade at Norra Smedjegatan was stormed by the military. In the end, there were 18–30 casualties in total. 1223:

and other democratic rights, the establishment of civilian militia, liberation of peasants, liberalization of the economy, abolition of tariff barriers and the abolition of monarchical power structures in favour of the establishment of

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rule; this one produced an independent state that lasted only 16 months before the Bourbons came back. During those months, the constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of a unified

2828:, lasted from November 1848 to 1852. Unresolved conflicts from the period of the regency and local resistance to the consolidation of the Brazilian Empire that had been proclaimed in 1822 helped to plant the seeds of the revolution. 1389:

The world was astonished in spring 1848 when revolutions appeared in so many places and seemed on the verge of success everywhere. Agitators who had been exiled by the old governments rushed home to seize the moment. In France, the

1353:'Socialism' in the 1840s was a term without a consensus definition, meaning different things to different people, but was typically used within a context of more power for workers in a system based on worker ownership of the 2857:

in Mexico. It was the catalyst for revolts in many parts of Mexico, which led to the resignation of Santa Anna from the presidency, never to vie for office again. The next Presidents of Mexico were the liberals,

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The "March Revolution" in the German states took place in the south and the west of Germany, with large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations. Led by well-educated students and intellectuals, they demanded

1808:, a region containing both Danes (a North Germanic population) and Germans (a West Germanic population), was a part of the Danish monarchy, but remained a duchy separate from the Kingdom of Denmark. Spurred by 3084:

eliminated feudalism by 1850, improving the lot of the peasants. European middle classes made political and economic gains over the next 20 years; France retained universal male suffrage. Russia would later

4713:(2020). "The discrepancy of aims between bourgeois revolutionaries such as Alphonse de Lamartine and A. T. Marie and the radicals, led by Louis Blanc, contributed to the eventual failure of the revolution." 2299:

and defeated. Several smaller groups managed to infiltrate Belgium, but the reinforced Belgian border troops succeeded and the defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium.

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In the post-revolutionary decade after 1848, little had visibly changed, and many historians considered the revolutions a failure, given the seeming lack of permanent structural changes. More recently,

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Hewitson, Mark. "'The Old Forms are Breaking Up, ... Our New Germany is Rebuilding Itself': Constitutionalism, Nationalism and the Creation of a German Polity during the Revolutions of 1848–49",

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of 1845–1848. Derived from this catastrophe and chronic stability problems, the Liberal Party started a reformist movement. This movement, via elections, led liberals to formulate the

2473:, prompting fears that the Moderates sought to reach out to Absolutists and permanently exclude the Progressives. The left-wing of the Progressive Party, which had historical links to 1755:, a moderate reformer but still an absolutist, died in January 1848 during a period of rising opposition from farmers and liberals. The demands for constitutional monarchy, led by the 1001:

The middle and working classes thus shared a desire for reform, and agreed on many of the specific aims. Their participation in the revolutions, however, differed. While much of the

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according to which the proletariat should strengthen democratic bourgeois revolutionary forces until the proletariat itself is ready to seize power. The Prussian Prime Minister

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was decisively defeated by the Protestant cantons, which had a larger population. A new constitution of 1848 ended the almost-complete independence of the cantons, transforming

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In France, bloody street battles exploded between the middle class reformers and the working class radicals. German reformers argued endlessly without finalizing their results.

2935:, 1848 was the springtime of hope, when newly emerging nationalities rejected the old multinational empires, but the end results were not as comprehensive as many had hoped. 2981:) and stricter censorship; there were more Russians working for censorship organs than actual books published in the period immediately after 1848. In France, the works of 2424:

ended when police reinforcements arrived. After the arrest of the Young Ireland leaders, the rebellion collapsed, though intermittent fighting continued for the next year,

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expressed disappointment at the bourgeois character of the revolutions. Marx elaborated in his 1850 "Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League" a theory of

2802:. He took power in 1849 and launched major reforms, abolishing slavery and the death penalty, and providing freedom of the press and of religion. The resulting turmoil in 2658:

to reform elections and voluntarily reduce the power of the monarchy. The same might be said of Switzerland, where a new constitutional regime was introduced in 1848: the

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faced great criticism from within one of its two main parties, and by 1854 a radical-liberal revolution and a conservative-liberal counter-revolution had both occurred.

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drastic democratic overhaul or, failing that, separatism to build a democratic state from scratch. This was the process that occurred in Ireland between 1801 and 1848.

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The German population in Schleswig and Holstein revolted, inspired by the Protestant clergy. The German states sent in an army, but Danish victories in 1849 led to the

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The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was the longest in Europe, crushed in August 1849 by Austrian and Russian armies. Nevertheless, it had a major effect in freeing the

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Governments after 1848 were forced into managing the public sphere and popular sphere with more effectiveness, resulting in the increased prominence of the Prussian

2871: 1820: 1046:. Many unskilled laborers toiled from 12 to 15 hours per day when they had work, living in squalid, disease-ridden slums. Traditional artisans felt the pressure of 959:

began to emerge. Some historians emphasize the serious crop failures, particularly those of 1846, that produced hardship among peasants and the working urban poor.

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has argued that this development is tied to the revolutions in Europe, but described the Canadian approach to the revolutionary year of 1848 as "talking their way

2291:" attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. There were two divisions which were formed. The first group, travelling by train, were stopped and quickly disarmed at 5700: 2387:. This tendency grew into a movement for social, cultural and political reform during the 1830s, and in 1839 was realized into a political association called 1621:

This revolution was driven by nationalist and republican ideals among the French general public, who believed the people should rule themselves. It ended the

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Evans, Robert; Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut (2000). "1848 in European Collective Memory". In Evans, Robert John Weston; Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (eds.).

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Evans, Robert; Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut (2000). "1848 in European Collective Memory". In Evans, Robert John Weston; Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (eds.).

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In some countries, uprisings had already occurred demanding similar reforms to the Revolutions of 1848, but with little success. This was the case for the

1710:. The uprisings were poorly coordinated, but had in common a rejection of traditional, autocratic political structures in the 39 independent states of the 119: 6521: 6110: 947:

Technological change was revolutionizing the life of the working classes. A popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as

6383: 1714:. The middle-class and working-class components of the Revolution split, and in the end, the conservative aristocracy defeated it, forcing many liberal 6039: 1966: 1151:. Peasant grievances exploded during the revolutionary year of 1848, yet were often disconnected from urban revolutionary movements: the revolutionary 1095:

Urban workers had no choice but to spend half of their income on food, which consisted mostly of bread and potatoes. As a result of harvest failures,

6034: 2599:, though formally unaffected by the revolt as it was a part of the Ottoman state, actively supported Serbian revolutionaries in the Habsburg Empire. 1360:

These concepts together—democracy, liberalism, nationalism and socialism, in the sense described above—came to be encapsulated in the political term

185: 2179:. Its goals were administrative autonomy, abolition of serfdom, and popular self-determination. It was closely connected with the 1848 unsuccessful 3793: 2295:

on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed the border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of

1547:

ended in the defeat of Sardinia, and Austrian forces reconquered the Republic of San Marco on 28 August 1849 following a long siege. Based on the

1505:(Fundamental Statute). However, only King Charles Albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots. Revolts broke out throughout the 2783: 2248: 2900:"We have been beaten and humiliated ... scattered, imprisoned, disarmed and gagged. The fate of European democracy has slipped from our hands." 931:

Map of Europe in 1848–1849 depicting the main revolutionary centers, important counter-revolutionary troop movements and states with abdications

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through the development of conspiracies that presented Jews as representative both of the forces of social revolution (apparently typified in

6571: 6121: 5491: 2547: 1827:. They reaffirmed the sovereignty of the King of Denmark, while prohibiting union with Denmark. The violation of the latter provision led to 2439:

While no revolution occurred in Spain in the year 1848, a similar phenomenon occurred. During this year, the country was going through the

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of the period, "society was cut in two: those who had nothing united in common envy, and those who had anything united in common terror."

1125:, and encouraged the raiding of manorial potato stocks in Silesia in 1847. The effects of the blight were most severely manifested in the 1005:

came from the middle classes, the physical backbone of the movement came from the lower classes. The revolts first erupted in the cities.

7499: 2770:... out of the empire's control system and into a new democratic model", a stable democratic system which has lasted to the present day. 2531:, as a revolt by Radicals and Liberals against the oligarchical, conservative-liberal parliamentary monarchy of the 1830s, mirrored the 1187:

Despite forceful and often violent efforts of established and reactionary powers to keep them down, disruptive ideas gained popularity:

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in France. In order to exclude absolute monarchists from government, power had alternated between two liberal parties: the center-left

1840: 1172: 1155:'s popular nationalist rhetoric in Budapest did not translate into any success with the Magyar peasantry, while the Viennese democrat 6997: 6503: 6491: 5567: 1437: 507: 3115:

of Vienna) and of international capital, as seen in the 1848 report from Eduard von Müller-Tellering, the Viennese correspondent of

2535:; while the Spanish Revolution of 1856, as a counter-revolution of conservative-liberals under a military strongman, had echoes of 2395:

of 1845–1849, an event that brought catastrophic social effects and which threw into light the inadequate response of authorities.

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the long-term, the uprising stimulated nationalism among both the Poles and the Germans and brought civil equality to the Jews.

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period. Initially, it seemed little different from other political plans of the era, but it is considered the first act of the

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In Mexico, the conservative government led by Santa Anna lost California and half of the territory to the United States in the

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In the United Kingdom, while the middle classes had been pacified by their inclusion in the extension of the franchise in the

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reported that his efforts to galvanize the Austrian peasantry had "disappeared in the great sea of indifference and phlegm".

458: 6515: 5943: 3076:(1856). Nevertheless, there were a few immediate successes for some revolutionary movements, notably in the Habsburg lands. 7079: 4372: 2883: 2348:

criticized the conservative-liberals for pursuing the aim of democratic equality with excessive compromise and gradualism.

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himself from Brussels in early March on accusations of having used part of his inheritance to arm Belgian revolutionaries.

2216: 1989:, the Austrian chancellor and foreign minister, resigning. The demands of the Diet were agreed upon on 18 March by Emperor 1593: 698: 2276:

after the revolution in France, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow

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recovered their manorial police powers from 1852 to 1855. In the Austrian Empire, the Sylvester Patents (1851) discarded

2107:("separate alliance") in 1845 led to a short civil conflict in November 1847 in which around 100 people were killed. The 2027: 1672: 2409:

In response, the Young Ireland Party launched its rebellion in July 1848, gathering landlords and tenants to its cause.

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Switzerland, already an alliance of republics, also saw an internal struggle. The attempted secession of seven Catholic

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appealed to the Habsburg court with demands for representative government and civil liberties. These events resulted in

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The national-liberal movement wanted to abolish absolutism, but retain a strongly centralized state. The king accepted

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lasted three decades; from 1851 to 1885, the country was ravaged by four general civil wars and 50 local revolutions.

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statesmen and journalists against the reactionary Kreuzzeitung faction. The Revolutions of 1848 were followed by new

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While no major political upheavals occurred in the Ottoman Empire as such, political unrest did occur in some of its

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Krzysztof Makowski, "Poles, Germans and Jews in the Grand Duchy of Poznan in 1848: From coexistence to conflict."

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wealth (and corresponding power) was synonymous with the ownership of farmlands and effective control over the

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Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War

3381: 3285: 2655: 2651: 2580: 2155: 1646: 1489:, granted the Constitution, with the general approval of his subjects. The Habsburg example was followed by 8065: 8060: 7277: 6972: 6533: 6237: 6232: 6201: 5709: 5645: 5615: 5605: 5477: 3526: 3453: 3180: 2973: 2470: 2417: 2180: 2151: 1921: 1864:

was threatened by revolutionary movements, which often had a nationalist character. The empire, ruled from

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throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread

671: 626: 589: 577: 522: 4950:"Progress and Its Limits: The Revolution of 1848 and European Jewry". Reinhard Rürup in Dowe, Dieter ed., 4184:"The US and the 1848 Hungarian Revolution." The Hungarian Initiatives Foundation. Accessed 26 March 2015. 3240: 7978: 7973: 7589: 7456: 7034: 6910: 6468: 6295: 5572: 3086: 3030: 3004:

A caricature by Ferdinand Schröder on the defeat of the revolutions of 1848–1849 in Europe (published in

2739: 2727:, but no revolution took place. Some of the reformers were encouraged by events in France in particular. 2674: 2288: 2198: 1787: 1521: 1471: 1458: 860: 785: 733: 5395:

Dénes, Iván Zoltán. "Reinterpreting a 'Founding Father': Kossuth Images and Their Contexts, 1848–2009,"

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The Emergence of the Extreme Left in Lower Languedoc, 1848–1851: Social and Economic Factors in Politics

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Despite its rapid gains and popular backing, the new administration was marked by conflicts between the

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with the simple lines of "We swear by the God of the Hungarians. We swear, we shall be slaves no more".

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The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes, the upper classes (the

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About 4,000 exiles went to the United States fleeing the reactionary purges. Of these, 100 went to the

2659: 2528: 2512: 2482: 2194: 1573: 1490: 1212: 611: 606: 5459: 4134: 3330: 1585:, an internal revolt ousted Pope Pius IX from his temporal powers and led to the establishment of the 1442: 8120: 8004: 7758: 7719: 7348: 7074: 6799: 6326: 5913: 5550: 5089: 3300: 2532: 2486: 2462: 2055: 1752: 1609: 1577: 1566: 1395: 718: 512: 470: 3360: 2786:, but, unlike their counterrevolutionary counterparts in Europe, they were ultimately unsuccessful. 2735:. Kossuth toured America and won great applause, but no volunteers or diplomatic or financial help. 8125: 6982: 6029: 5810: 3171: 2832: 2712:

of 1848. The repeal in 1846 of the protectionist agricultural tariffs – called the "

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sentiment, the Germans of Schleswig took up arms in protest at a new policy announced by Denmark's

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Mattheisen, Donald J. "History as Current Events: Recent Works on the German Revolution of 1848,"

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The spark for the Young Irelander Revolution came in 1848 when the British Parliament passed the "

2227:, and later to Austrian repression. In later decades, the rebels returned and gained their goals. 1092:, but industrial workers remained dissatisfied with these reforms and pressed for greater change. 8075: 8009: 7667: 7327: 7317: 7049: 6809: 6723: 6285: 6247: 5923: 5665: 4503: 3261: 3121: 3029:

declared that the state could no longer be run like the landed estate of a nobleman. In Prussia,

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movements. Nationalism had developed a broader appeal during the pre-1848 period, as seen in the

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has characterised the period that followed 1848 as one dominated by a revolution in government.

7833: 7662: 7358: 6925: 6728: 6527: 6443: 5908: 5610: 3306: 2994: 2990: 2905: 2887: 2775: 2747: 2596: 2524: 2501: 2493: 2466: 2454: 2392: 2100: 1990: 1986: 1824: 1767:, met the liberals' demands and installed a new Cabinet that included prominent leaders of the 1630: 1486: 1331: 1180: 1130: 1122: 321: 220: 4594: 3679: 3484: 3225: 7913: 7778: 7399: 7171: 7002: 6857: 6758: 6748: 6539: 6145: 6054: 3616:

XIV International Economic History Congress of the International Economic History Association

3126: 2924: 2779: 2334: 2209: 2183:, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the 1931: 1699: 1656: 1616: 1532: 1338:, which emphasised a national lineage of conflict with the Germans, or the popular patriotic 1255:

and the individual. The 1840s had seen the emergence of radical liberal publications such as

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of 1857. The liberals won this war but the conservatives solicited the French Government of

1845: 1228:, or at least the restriction of the prince power in the form of constitutional monarchies. 1026:) by Jan Lewicki (1795–1871), depicting the massacre of Polish nobles by Polish peasants in 7968: 7963: 7903: 7838: 7743: 7151: 6880: 6839: 6484: 6422: 6319: 6216: 6180: 6070: 5815: 4673:

Csizmadia, Andor (1983). "Hungarian Customary Law Before the Bourgeois Rebellion of 1848".

4470:

Saul, J.R. (2012). Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine & Robert Baldwin. Penguin Group (Canada).

3022: 2952: 2444: 2413: 2240: 2185: 2134: 2018: 1828: 1711: 1703: 1650: 1557: 1475: 1252: 1035: 912: 869: 856: 651: 646: 428: 405: 306: 258: 205: 200: 169: 111: 5785: 3100: 2402:". The Bill was essentially a declaration of martial law in Ireland, designed to create a 2175:

A Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist uprising began in June in the principality of

8: 7863: 7806: 7723: 7549: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7232: 7039: 6977: 6962: 6604: 6589: 6412: 6397: 6252: 6206: 5840: 5775: 5560: 3728:

Berger, Helge, and Mark Spoerer. "Economic Crises and the European Revolutions of 1848."

3607: 3458: 3448: 3438: 3026: 2913: 2803: 2798:, where Colombian students, liberals, and intellectuals demanded the election of General 2568: 2330: 2277: 2059: 2023: 1799: 1741: 1707: 1536: 1470:

confederation of states. The revolt's failure was reversed 12 years later as the Bourbon

1457:

The first of the numerous revolutions to occur in 1848 in Italy came in Palermo, Sicily,

1354: 755: 728: 681: 666: 582: 480: 475: 433: 363: 5979: 5830: 5770: 5323:

The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army and the Class War, 1848

5247:

The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848–1851

4963: 3099:

of 1867. The revolutions inspired lasting reform in Denmark as well as the Netherlands.

2265: 1957:. It started on 15 March 1848, when Hungarian patriots organized mass demonstrations in 919:

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The wave of uprisings ended in October 1849.

443: 8039: 7943: 7727: 7679: 7674: 7577: 7567: 7524: 7516: 7297: 7287: 7216: 7181: 7024: 6679: 6634: 6161: 6105: 5989: 5954: 5928: 5918: 5733: 5193: 4415: 4271:

Vasile Maciu, "Le caractère unitaire de la révolution de 1848 dans les pays roumains."

4161: 3787: 3623: 3552: 3433: 3336: 3133: 3090: 2982: 2631: 2619: 2474: 2440: 2403: 2326: 2269: 2252: 2130: 2047: 2006: 1974: 1805: 1783: 1562: 1510: 1451: 1447: 1257: 1232: 1152: 1134: 1126: 1100: 1018: 983: 829: 750: 686: 636: 594: 564: 552: 490: 465: 453: 438: 423: 378: 268: 253: 36: 7242: 6849: 5974: 5964: 3619: 2685: 2615: 2516: 2383:, had been present since the 1790s – being expressed initially in the 971: 7918: 7893: 7873: 7853: 7843: 7733: 7715: 7684: 7617: 7534: 7508: 7461: 7451: 7272: 7252: 7104: 6654: 6614: 6417: 6402: 6373: 6268: 6175: 6090: 6024: 5999: 5417: 5333: 5158: 5140: 5122: 5105: 5062: 5036: 4996: 4968: 4883: 4814: 4657: 4621: 4587: 4568: 4438: 4336: 4047: 3824: 3758: 3683: 3672: 3653: 3490: 3428: 3417: 3014: 2920: 2863: 2763: 2693: 2611: 2552: 2380: 2368: 2260: 2002: 1850: 1525: 1494: 1138: 1047: 967: 937: 896: 738: 708: 676: 616: 448: 343: 333: 263: 238: 28: 5183: 5147: 2481:, began to push for root-and-branch reforms to the constitutional monarchy, notably 1414:

Caught off guard at first, the aristocracy and their allies plot a return to power.

1342:(song-circles) that were held across Germany: patriotic and belligerent songs about 903:

in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands,

311: 7908: 7823: 7768: 7738: 7689: 7649: 7632: 7622: 7557: 7529: 7282: 7196: 7191: 7176: 7156: 7130: 7044: 7029: 6829: 6789: 6779: 6733: 6448: 6363: 6242: 6138: 6059: 4806: 4682: 4613: 4407: 4357: 3443: 3402: 3366: 3231: 3103:

has described the 1848 Revolutions as a turning point in the development of modern

2965: 2817: 2623: 2360: 2201: 1552: 1498: 1462: 1113: 1071: 904: 833: 713: 631: 529: 497: 373: 6644: 6609: 6009: 5780: 5188:

Weyland, Kurt. "The Diffusion of Revolution: '1848' in Europe and Latin America",

4847: 2867: 2662:

was a revolution of sorts, laying the foundation of Swiss society as it is today.

2351: 7948: 7923: 7711: 7694: 7539: 7322: 7292: 7211: 7099: 6819: 6753: 6674: 6358: 6290: 6044: 5861: 5820: 5723: 5632: 5299: 4990: 4310: 3351: 3291: 3108: 3077: 2821: 2709: 2701: 2603: 2576: 2500:

to adopt positions incompatible with the existing constitutional regime, notably

2169: 2058:

was established. The council (1848–1851) was headed by the Greek-Catholic Bishop

2031: 1982: 1861: 1686: 1548: 1528: 1244: 1104:

industrial machines when they threatened to give employers more power over them.

908: 775: 703: 656: 572: 485: 78: 6649: 6014: 5898: 4376: 2859: 2610:, which had seen a series of uprisings before or after but not during 1848: the 2523:

Taken together, the two revolutions can be thought of as echoing aspects of the

2303:

The situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and

1941: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7858: 7848: 7763: 7706: 7599: 7562: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7257: 7247: 7089: 6930: 6904: 6694: 6664: 6624: 6619: 6453: 6095: 6085: 5738: 5678: 5350:

Ginsborg, Paul. "Peasants and Revolutionaries in Venice and the Veneto, 1848,"

5133:(Doubleday Anchor Books, 1964), first published by the British Academy in 1944. 4328: 4172:

Deak, Istvan. The Lawful Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

4118:

Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1825–1870

3321: 3216: 3141: 3112: 3000: 2964:

the Confederal Diet in 1851 over the loss of their noble privileges, while the

2837: 2759: 2743: 2643: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2138: 2094: 2010: 1994: 1760: 1715: 1540: 1409: 1277: 995: 400: 301: 291: 82: 74: 6049: 5381:

Feyzioğlu, Hamiyet Sezer et al. "Revolutions of 1848 and the Ottoman Empire,"

4686: 4314: 2778:

opposition to responsible government came to a head in riots triggered by the

8054: 7994: 7793: 7201: 7186: 7166: 7135: 6987: 6689: 6684: 6019: 6004: 5524: 5464: 4046:. Heinemann Advanced History (First ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2. 3615: 3276: 3246: 3156: 3137: 2969: 2940: 2724: 2511:

Over the next years, two revolutions occurred. In 1854, the conservatives of

2504:. This ultimately led the Radicals to exit the Progressive Party to form the 2469:. But a decade of rule by the center-right Moderates had recently produced a 2458: 2388: 2296: 2014: 1978: 1958: 1881: 1809: 1748: 1690: 1391: 1282: 1272: 1248: 1216: 1118: 1076: 1063: 1013: 916: 873: 395: 328: 107: 48: 5051: 4398:

Weisser, Henry (1981). "Chartism in 1848: Reflections on a Non-Revolution".

3037:

newspaper (founded 1851) acted as a popular outlet for modernising Prussian

1267: 859:. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in 7953: 7783: 7654: 7572: 7343: 7237: 7014: 6920: 6785: 6743: 6659: 6639: 6458: 6100: 5984: 5938: 5584: 5330:

Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National Identity

4982: 4496:

El "1849" chileno: Igualitarios, reformistas, radicales, masones y bomberos

3394: 3104: 3038: 2960: 2932: 2879: 2635: 2208:, and in passing a series of major liberal reforms, first announced in the 2078: 2072: 1970: 1634: 1582: 1543:

against foreign (mainly Austrian but also French) domination. However, the

1502: 1291: 1208: 1156: 1043: 852: 5969: 5454: 4234:

The History of the Political Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848–1914

4221:

The History of the Political Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848–1914

2292: 2224: 2013:, crossed the border to restore their control. The new government, led by 1614:

The "February Revolution" in France was sparked by the suppression of the

7938: 7816: 7801: 7773: 7609: 7267: 6718: 6497: 6463: 6427: 6343: 6273: 5519: 4855:. Translated by Kuhn, Henry. Socialist Labor Party of America. p. 13 4612:(hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 207–235. 3635:

Edward Shorter, "Middle-class anxiety in the German revolution of 1848."

3463: 3201: 3186: 2986: 2948: 2944: 2755: 2751: 2732: 2720: 2564: 2220: 2160: 1926: 1327: 1298: 1200: 1144: 1096: 1039: 952: 888: 877: 723: 6815: 5197: 4724:

Fatherlands: State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany

3706:(London, 1998), p. 27; Lèvêque, Pierre in Dowe, p. 93; Pech, Stanley Z. 3553:"Revolutions of 1848 | Causes, Summary, & Significance | Britannica" 1935: 1347: 770: 52: 7701: 7466: 6407: 5754: 5514: 5407: 5355: 5309: 5278: 5235: 4419: 3612:

The European subsistence crisis of 1845–1850: a comparative perspective

3046: 2936: 2875: 2854: 2825: 2673:

was abolished and the power of the Serbian prince was reduced with the

1889: 1873: 1737: 1306:'Nationalism' believed in uniting people bound by (some mix of) common 1192: 1002: 948: 844: 825: 745: 338: 177: 6130: 5469: 5229: 4459:

Distant Revolutions: 1848 and the Challenge to American Exceptionalism

3841:

Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848

7748: 6967: 6763: 6708: 6300: 5529: 5224:

Fasel, George. "The Wrong Revolution: French Republicanism in 1848",

4986: 4882:(1st hardcover ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 131. 3514:

A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the Present

3398: 3116: 3095: 3050: 3018: 2713: 2670: 2497: 2391:. It was initially not well received, but grew more popular with the 2281: 2193:

privilege. Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the

2176: 2165: 1893: 1869: 1816:

government which would have fully integrated the duchy into Denmark.

1343: 1323: 1204: 1188: 1089: 956: 927: 840: 358: 296: 131: 42: 7477: 5465:

Maps of Europe showing the Revolutions of 1848–1849 at omniatlas.com

5442: 5432: 4805:(hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 216. 4656:(paperback ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4411: 3996: 3754:

The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy 1815–1848

2189:

regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of

1973:. On that morning, the demands were read aloud along with poetry by 1965:(today Budapest) which forced the imperial governor to accept their 1289:(1841) in Hungary, as well as the increased popularity of the older 1038:, causing many peasants to seek a living in the cities. Many in the 7958: 7753: 6713: 5660: 3042: 2705: 2689: 2639: 1909: 1901: 1638: 1315: 1307: 1236: 1225: 963: 848: 390: 127: 6775: 5402:

Hamerow, Theodore S. "History and the German Revolution of 1848,"

5273:

Hamerow, Theodore S. "History and the German Revolution of 1848."

5261:

The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849

5098:

New Cambridge Modern History: The Zenith of European Power 1830–70

4880:

Intellectuals and Revolution: Socialism and the Experience of 1848

3527:"The Revolutions of 1848: A Wave of Anti-Monarchism Sweeps Europe" 2731:

arrived and some became fervent Republicans in the 1850s, such as

7828: 7639: 6738: 6436: 5165:), despite the subtitle this is a traditional political narrative 4147:

Olaf Søndberg; den danske revolution 1830–1866: p. 70, line 47–48

3081: 2956: 2587:

did not encounter major national or Radical revolutions in 1848.

2356: 1897: 1779: 1319: 1311: 1148: 1084: 991: 892: 353: 286: 123: 3777: 1417: 884:, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest. 3674:

A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present

3408:

is set in England in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848.

2704:, the consequential agitations, violence, and petitions of the 2592: 2588: 2205: 1946: 1885: 1877: 1865: 1778:

agreeing to share power with a bicameral parliament called the

1682: 1597: 1382: 1176: 1067: 975: 348: 135: 6825: 6805: 6311: 4654:

The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848–51

3938: 2310: 2255:

and thus its constitutional system and its monarchy survived.

5084:

The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction

4803:

The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction

4610:

The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction

4186:

http://www.hungaryfoundation.org/history/20140707_US_HUN_1848

2794:

In Spanish Latin America, the Revolution of 1848 appeared in

2618:

of 1846 (notable for being quelled by the anti-revolutionary

2258:

A number of small local riots broke out, concentrated in the

2251:

in 1848; it had already undergone a liberal reform after the

2190: 1993:. Although Hungary would remain part of the monarchy through 1954: 1905: 1467: 1231:

In the language of the 1840s, 'democracy' meant replacing an

1051: 5212:

Image of the people: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 revolution

4206:

W.B. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848"

1747:

Denmark had been governed by a system of absolute monarchy (

1410:

Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution

5455:"Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions" new articles by scholars 2890:, the country became a client state of France (1863–1867). 2842: 2771: 2219:

and more conservative forces, especially over the issue of

1962: 1059: 385: 5318:(1952), pp 105–185 on Germany, pp. 187–307 on Austria 4917:

The Short Oxford History of Europe: The Nineteenth Century

4400:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

3998:

La primavera dei popoli. La rivoluzione siciliana del 1848

2129:

Polish people mounted a military insurrection against the

5059:

Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World, 1848–1849

4800: 4607: 4528:, vol. 4, p. 420. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2716:" – had defused some proletarian fervour. 2344:. But as in other European states, a current inspired by 2001:

The revolution grew into a war for independence from the

1401: 1083:

The situation in the German states was similar. Parts of

66:(1 year, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 5304:

O'Boyle Lenore. "The Democratic Left in Germany, 1848",

5082:

Evans, R. J. W., and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds.

4878:

Kamenka, Eugene; Smith, Francis Barrymore, eds. (1980).

4737:

Friedrich Wilhelm IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840–1861

4197:

The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684

4180: 4178: 3424:

Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849

3089:. The Habsburgs finally had to give the Hungarians more 2882:

for a European, conservative Monarch, deriving into the

2723:, there were ongoing efforts to reform the self-elected 2443:. The European revolutions erupted at a moment when the 1829:

renewed warfare in 1863 and the Prussian victory in 1864

1649:

and established himself as a dictatorial emperor of the

1596:

united and obtained independence as the Principality of

1501:

and remained in force, with changes, until 1948) and by

6879: 4904:

Capitalism, Politics and Railroads in Prussia 1830–1870

4789:

The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power

4333:

The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo

3068:(Central Press Agency, established 1850), the Austrian 2280:

and establish a republic. Belgian authorities expelled

2204:, whom it replaced with a provisional government and a 2492:

The European Revolutions of 1848 and particularly the

2420:, was a failure. A long gunfight with around 50 armed 4373:"Serbia's Role in the Conflict in Vojvodina, 1848–49" 4175: 3594:

R.J.W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds.,

2845:

aimed at removing conservative, centralist President

2042:

The center of the Ukrainian national movement was in

5362:

Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848–49

3125:, which declared that "tyranny comes from money and 1728:

History of Denmark § Nationalism and liberalism

994:, planned but not actually carried out, occurred in 6522:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

4763:

Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History, 1812–1980

2680: 2307:returned a strong majority to the governing party. 2077:During 18–19 March, a series of riots known as the 1372: 1112:Rural population growth had led to food shortages, 982:, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, 5437:Rothfels, Hans. "1848 – One Hundred Years After," 5294:Macartney, C. A. "1848 in the Habsburg Monarchy", 4829:"Selection from the Literary Remains of Karl Marx" 4586: 4526:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 3965: 3963: 3671: 1551:, the Republic of San Marco extended into most of 1461:. There had been several previous revolts against 92:Springtime of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples, 5414:The 1848 Revolutions (Seminar Studies in History) 5288:Oct 2010, Vol. 125 Issue 516, pp. 1173–1214 4589:Shock Waves: Eastern Europe After the Revolutions 4541:, vol. 1, p. 119. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 4166: 3610:; Vanhaute, Eric; Paping, Richard (August 2006). 1981:and some other liberal nobility that made up the 8052: 5708: 5214:(Univ of California Press, 1999), his paintings. 4335:(New ed.). London: Granta. pp. 20–21. 4247:Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847 2406:against the growing Irish nationalist movement. 2340:the British political system, successful in the 2197:, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling 1860:From March 1848 through July 1849, the Habsburg 1129:, but also caused famine-like conditions in the 148: 5228:Vol. 8, No. 4 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 654–677 5192:Vol. 63, No. 3 (Summer, 2009) pp. 391–423 3960: 2784:burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal 2431:(since it took place during the Great Famine). 1497:; later became the constitution of the unified 970:or near-absolutism. In 1846, there had been an 5431:Dec 1983, Vol. 88 Issue 5, pp. 1219–1237 5268:The 1848 Revolutions in German-speaking Europe 4284:Stefan Huygebaert, "Unshakeable Foundations," 4120:(1958) focuses mainly on artisans and peasants 3669: 3650:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 1426: 7493: 6865: 6327: 6146: 5694: 5485: 5033:The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789–1850 4915:Schroeder, Paul in Blanning, T. C. W. (ed.), 4565:The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789–1850 4210:(Jan 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 1, pp 53–59 online. 4128: 4126: 4094:Tocqueville, Alexis de. "Recollections," 1893 3901:The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789–1850 2947:indifferent to the legitimate demands of the 2243:'s symbolic offer to resign the crown in 1848 1581:government was established in Modena. In the 1418:1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes 1296: 793: 5441:Dec 1948, Vol. 20 Issue 4, pp. 291–319 5399:April 2010, Vol. 37 Issue 1, pp. 90–117 5354:Sep 1974, Vol. 17 Issue 3, pp. 503–550 5308:Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec. 1961), pp. 374–83 4877: 4375:. Ohiou.edu. 25 October 2004. Archived from 4321: 4132:Weibull, Jörgen. "Scandinavia, History of." 3939:Paul McLaughlin, P. McLaughlin, ed. (2012). 3912:Sperber (1994) pp. 99, 113; Ginsborg, p. 44; 3843:(Princeton, 1991), p. 140; Pech, Stanley Z. 3813: 3792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3482: 2809:In Chile, the 1848 revolutions inspired the 2327:incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 847:in nature, with the aim of removing the old 5406:Vol. 60, No. 1 (Oct. 1954), pp. 27–44 4584: 4296: 4294: 3873:(New York, 1969), p. 12 Sperber, Jonathan. 3780:Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition 2951:. The view of the Revolutions of 1848 as a 2325:Previously a separate kingdom, Ireland was 2311:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1539:in an attempt, led by the latter, to unite 7500: 7486: 6872: 6858: 6572:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 6334: 6320: 6153: 6139: 5701: 5687: 5492: 5478: 5121:(Harper, 1971), ch 10–14 of his 1969 book 4123: 4066: 2886:. Under the puppet Habsburg government of 2145: 1841:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire 1367: 1117:in 1846–47. In the years 1845 and 1846, a 800: 786: 35: 6998:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 5385:2009, Vol. 37 Issue 3/4, pp. 196–205 5131:1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals 5052:http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/contents.htm 4981: 4811:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.001.0001 4618:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.001.0001 4362:, Harper and Row, New York, pages 326–327 4327: 4105:1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals 3778:Breuilly, John ed. Parker, David (2000). 3501:The first deaths came at noon on 23 June. 2870:. The new regime would then proclaim the 2638:of 1828–1834, and the minor civil war of 2450:Since 1833, Spain had been governed by a 1949:in battle during the Hungarian Revolution 1438:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 1179:injected a strong political element into 1042:feared and distanced themselves from the 1034:The population in French rural areas had 868:in government and democracy, demands for 5111:Political and social upheaval, 1832–1852 4524:Robert J. Knowlton, "Plan of Ayutla" in 4291: 3821:The Irish Famine: An Illustrated History 2999: 2684: 2546: 2542: 2350: 2234: 2159: 1940: 1925: 1844: 1731: 1676: 1441: 1376: 1166: 1012: 926: 7416:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 7085:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 6160: 5499: 5298:1977, Vol. 7 Issue 3, pp. 285–309 4849:The Class Struggle in France, 1948–1850 4492: 4397: 4041: 3049:nervous of the threat of working-class 16:Series of political upheavals in Europe 8053: 6590:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 6504:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 6492:International Workingmen's Association 5934:Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein 5253: 4843:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 4537:Erika Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla" in 3569: 3066:Zentralstelle für Pressangelegenheiten 2264:industrial region of the provinces of 2030:(1867), which marked the birth of the 1402:Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers 157:Significant social and cultural change 7507: 7481: 6853: 6315: 6197:Spanish American wars of independence 6134: 5878:Hungarian Declaration of Independence 5682: 5473: 5369:Revolutions of 1848: A Social History 5316:Revolutions of 1848: A Social History 5155:Revolutions of 1848: A Social History 5077:Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform 4952:Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform 4432: 4156:Gábor Gángó, "1848–1849 in Hungary," 3573:The Revolutions of 1848–1849 in Italy 3389: 2710:their peaceful petition to Parliament 1565:, suppressed 51 years earlier in the 1396:overthrown and replaced by a republic 1123:subsistence crisis in Northern Europe 944:were reshaping national governments. 7380:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 7080:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 4845: 4835:(III: England and Revolution): 30–36 4826: 4300: 3750: 2884:Second French intervention in Mexico 2758:, the first such governments in the 2642:in 1846–1847); and Switzerland (the 2539:against the French Second Republic. 2335:equal political rights for Catholics 1834: 899:in Denmark, and the introduction of 876:for economic rights, the upsurge of 851:structures and creating independent 8015:History of the Mediterranean region 7421:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 5888:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 5857:1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania 5170:The European revolutions, 1848–1851 5048:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3782:. New York: Routledge. p. 114. 3596:The Revolutions in Europe 1848–1849 2634:in 1830–1831); Portugal (the large 2287:Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the " 1239:. 'Liberalism' fundamentally meant 895:in Austria and Hungary, the end of 154:Political change in a few countries 13: 7395:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 7385:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 7060:Second Italian War of Independence 6516:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 5944:Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz 3927:The German Revolution of 1848–1849 3858:The German Revolution of 1848–1849 3704:The German Revolution of 1848–1849 3648:Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, 3087:free the serfs on 19 February 1861 3074:Direction Générale de la Librairie 2849:from control of Mexico during the 2363:receiving their sentence of death. 1513:which marked the beginning of the 14: 8137: 7390:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 7095:Third Italian War of Independence 7065:United Provinces of Central Italy 7020:First Italian War of Independence 5448: 5389: 5332:(Harvard University Press, 2002) 4069:Modern Italy: A Political History 3941:Radicalism: A Philosophical Study 3678:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 2929:liberty, equality, and fraternity 2851:Second Federal Republic of Mexico 2317:Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 2118: 2103:to form an alliance known as the 1629:, and led to the creation of the 1545:First Italian War of Independence 1515:First Italian War of Independence 1431: 839:The revolutions were essentially 816:, known in some countries as the 8000:Bibliography of European history 7595:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6944: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6382: 6069: 5953: 5897: 5219:1848: The Making of a Revolution 4778:. London: Longman, (1994), p. 21 4593:. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 4307:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions 4083:Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators 3925:(1969), p. 25, Wolfram Siemann, 3888:The European Revolutions of 1848 3875:The European Revolutions of 1848 3808:The European Revolutions of 1848 3751:Berg, Maxine (4 February 1982). 3374: 3359: 3344: 3329: 3314: 3299: 3284: 3269: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3194: 3179: 3164: 3149: 2939:denounced 1848 as a betrayal of 2927:, which in the long run ensured 2789: 2681:Other English-speaking countries 2113:Switzerland into a federal state 1759:, ended with a popular march to 1666: 1381:The revolutionary barricades in 1373:Spring 1848: Astonishing success 1350:national song festival in 1845. 1162: 1080:underwent a revolution in 1848. 1008: 769: 184: 64:12 January 1848 – 4 October 1849 8025:History of Western civilization 7628:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6578:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 6554:Industrial Workers of the World 6548:General Confederation of Labour 6510:Brazilian Workers Confederation 6341: 5020: 4975: 4957: 4944: 4935: 4922: 4909: 4896: 4871: 4794: 4781: 4768: 4755: 4742: 4729: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4667: 4646: 4634: 4601: 4578: 4557: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4502:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: 4486: 4481:Latin America: A Modern History 4473: 4464: 4451: 4435:The Struggle for Manx Democracy 4426: 4391: 4365: 4349: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4239: 4226: 4213: 4200: 4191: 4150: 4141: 4110: 4097: 4088: 4075: 4060: 4035: 4013: 3989: 3976: 3947: 3932: 3915: 3906: 3893: 3880: 3871:The Viennese Revolution of 1848 3863: 3850: 3833: 3800: 3771: 3744: 3735: 3730:The Journal of Economic History 3722: 3713: 3696: 3663: 2782:in 1849. They succeeded in the 2656:to alter the Dutch constitution 2537:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup 2457:similar to and modelled on the 2414:major engagement against police 2379:republicanism, inspired by the 2355:Trial of the Irish patriots at 1751:) since the 17th century. King 1740:in 1849 after victories in the 1736:Danish soldiers parade through 1673:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7869:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7812:Christianity in the modern era 7583:Christianity in late antiquity 7354:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 7162:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 7110:Italian entry into World War I 6106:Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt 4776:The Origins of the Crimean War 3642: 3629: 3601: 3588: 3563: 3545: 3519: 3506: 3476: 3059:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 2555:" in Stockholm, Sweden in 1848 2513:the Moderate Party were ousted 2342:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 2125:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 2088: 1474:collapsed in 1860–61 with the 1107: 1: 8020:History of the European Union 7207:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 6111:Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm 6091:Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin 5460:The Revolutions of 1848 begin 5367:Robertson, Priscilla (1952). 5153:Robertson, Priscilla (1952), 5086:(2000), 10 essays by scholars 3469: 3127:the money belongs to the Jews 3053:, as seen in the Piedmontese 2156:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 1233:electorate of property-owners 990:by democratic forces against 7278:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 6973:Revolutions during the 1820s 6534:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 6101:Grigory Khristoforovich Zass 5729:Hungarian Revolutionary Army 5710:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 5383:Bulgarian Historical Review, 5057:Clark, Christopher, (2023), 5046:Chastain, James, ed. (2005) 4954:(Oxford, 2001), pp. 758, 761 4739:(Oxford, 1995), pp. 190, 231 4675:The Journal of Legal History 4044:Italian unification, 1820–71 3923:The Czech Revolution of 1848 3845:The Czech Revolution of 1848 3708:The Czech Revolution of 1848 3489:. Basic Books. p. 201. 2762:outside the United Kingdom. 2471:constitutional reform (1845) 2418:Ballingarry, South Tipperary 2164:Romanian revolutionaries in 2152:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 1922:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 1793: 1243:, restriction of church and 872:, other demands made by the 7: 7979:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7590:Crisis of the Third Century 7457:Revisionism of Risorgimento 7035:Sicilian revolution of 1848 6916:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 6911:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 5429:American Historical Review, 5204: 4437:. Douglas: Culture Vannin. 3973:(1962) pp. xii, xvii–xviii. 3719:Siemann (1998); Pech, p. 14 3411: 3070:Zensur-und polizeihofstelle 3031:August von Bethmann-Hollweg 2847:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2740:rebellions in 1837 and 1838 2595:were also little affected. 2427:It is sometimes called the 2028:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 1868:, included German-speaking 1788:Schleswig-Holstein Question 1763:on 21 March. The new king, 1633:. After an interim period, 1507:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1472:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1427:Events by country or region 1336:History of the Czech Nation 149:Events by country or region 55:is shown in the background. 10: 8142: 8086:European political history 8035:Military history of Europe 8030:Maritime history of Europe 7364:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 7070:Expedition of the Thousand 6936:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6096:Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich 6086:Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin 5439:Journal of Modern History, 5404:American Historical Review 5286:English Historical Review, 5275:American Historical Review 5240:American Historical Review 5190:International Organization 5114:(1969), standard overview 5025: 4846:Marx, Karl (August 2018). 4791:(Cambridge, 2001), p. 327. 4493:Gazmuri, Cristián (1999). 4286:Journal of Belgian History 4067:Mack Smith, Denis (1997). 3957:(1962) pp. xi, xvii–xviii. 3622:. Helsinki. Archived from 2660:Swiss Federal Constitution 2529:Spanish Revolution of 1854 2314: 2230: 2195:Wallachian military forces 2149: 2122: 2092: 2070: 2037: 1919: 1915: 1838: 1797: 1725: 1721: 1685:in March 1848, waving the 1670: 1607: 1574:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 1491:Charles Albert of Sardinia 1485:, first cousin of Emperor 1435: 1322:, and of course immediate 1213:universal manhood suffrage 1099:soared and the demand for 984:rose up against the nobles 922: 8091:History of Central Europe 8005:Genetic history of Europe 7987: 7792: 7608: 7548: 7515: 7429: 7408: 7372: 7349:Franz Joseph I of Austria 7336: 7226:Literature and philosophy 7225: 7144: 7123: 7075:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 6953: 6942: 6891: 6771: 6702: 6598: 6483: 6435: 6391: 6380: 6351: 6261: 6225: 6189: 6168: 6119: 6068: 5952: 5914:Franz Joseph I of Austria 5896: 5870: 5849: 5763: 5747: 5716: 5593: 5538: 5507: 5306:Journal of Modern History 5242:(1968), v. 73#4 1019–1051 5226:French Historical Studies 5054:online from Ohio State U. 5031:Breunig, Charles (1977), 4699:Journal of Social History 4687:10.1080/01440368308530781 4563:Breunig, Charles (1977), 4273:Revue Roumaine d'Histoire 3823:, Wolfhound Press, 1995, 3637:Journal of Social History 2893: 2872:1857 Mexican Constitution 2746:saw the establishment of 2533:French Revolution of 1848 2487:parliamentary sovereignty 2445:political regime in Spain 2066: 2056:Supreme Ruthenian Council 1610:French Revolution of 1848 1603: 1567:French Revolutionary Wars 818:springtime of the peoples 142: 98: 88: 70: 60: 34: 26: 8071:19th-century revolutions 6469:Workers' self-management 6238:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6233:Revolutions of 1917–1923 5375: 5344: 5296:European Studies Review, 5138:1848: Year of Revolution 5096:" in J. P. T. Bury, ed. 4752:(Stanford, 2015), p. 105 4726:(Cambridge, 2001), p. 75 4071:. Yale University Press. 4042:Collier, Martin (2003). 3486:1848: Year of Revolution 3454:Revolutions of 1917–1923 3382:Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski 3172:Alexander Schimmelfennig 3045:coalitions dominated by 3006:Düsseldorfer Monatshefte 2608:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2498:Spanish radical movement 2434: 2367:In Ireland a current of 2249:did not see major unrest 1459:starting in January 1848 911:, and the states of the 901:representative democracy 8010:History of Christianity 7328:Francesco Saverio Salfi 7318:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 6724:Criticism of capitalism 6584:National Workers' Union 6296:2018–2022 Arab protests 6286:Anti-austerity movement 6248:Central American crisis 5924:Julius Jacob von Haynau 5371:(1952) pp. 309–401 5180:The Revolutions of 1848 5119:The Revolutions of 1848 5100:(1960) pp. 389–415 5094:The Revolutions of 1848 4995:. New York: Tor Books. 4827:Beer, Max (July 1923). 4504:Editorial Universitaria 4457:Timothy Mason Roberts, 4260:East European Quarterly 4160:(2001) 15#1 pp. 39–47. 4138:15th ed., Vol. 16, 324. 4135:Encyclopædia Britannica 3670:Merriman, John (1996). 3406:Freedom & Necessity 3262:Albin Francisco Schoepf 3122:Neue Rheinische Zeitung 3035:Preußisches Wochenblatt 2811:1851 Chilean revolution 2483:universal male suffrage 2465:, and the center-right 2385:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2146:Romanian Principalities 2032:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1853:in May 1848 during the 1623:constitutional monarchy 1368:Sequence of main trends 1241:consent of the governed 966:were discontented with 915:that would make up the 882:European potato failure 233:By other characteristic 7834:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 7359:Klemens von Metternich 6926:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6881:Unification of Italy ( 6729:Criticism of copyright 6444:Co-operative economics 5909:Ferdinand I of Austria 5314:Robertson, Priscilla. 5136:Rapport, Mike (2009), 5079:(Berghahn Books, 2000) 4919:(Oxford, 2000), p. 171 4906:(Columbus, 1998), p. 1 4765:. Oxford (2002), p. 32 4539:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4433:Fyson, Robert (2016). 4355:Woodham-Smith, Cecil, 3984:1848: A Turning Point? 3971:1848: A Turning Point? 3955:1848: A Turning Point? 3741:Merriman, 1996, p. 724 3307:Thomas Francis Meagher 3009: 2995:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2991:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 2955:is also common in non- 2906:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2902: 2888:Maximilian I of Mexico 2841:. The Plan written in 2776:Orange Order in Canada 2748:responsible government 2697: 2675:Constitution of Serbia 2556: 2525:French Second Republic 2494:French Second Republic 2455:parliamentary monarchy 2400:Crime and Outrage Bill 2364: 2244: 2172: 2168:in 1848, carrying the 1987:Klemens von Metternich 1950: 1938: 1857: 1825:London Protocol (1852) 1769:National Liberal Party 1744: 1694: 1631:French Second Republic 1592:The municipalities of 1522:declaring independence 1487:Ferdinand I of Austria 1454: 1386: 1297: 1184: 1181:Czech National Revival 1031: 932: 47:, an 1848 painting by 8106:Nationalist movements 8101:History of liberalism 7914:Industrial Revolution 7400:Tricolour Flag Museum 7172:Federico Confalonieri 7003:Republic of San Marco 6749:Libertarian socialism 6540:Solidarity Federation 5412:Jones, Peter (1981), 4992:Freedom and Necessity 4711:Columbia Encyclopedia 4652:Clark, T. J. (1982). 4116:Theodote S. Hamerow, 4021:"Autonomismo e Unità" 3943:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3929:(London, 1998), p. 47 3890:(1994), pp. 152, 232. 3860:(London, 1998), p. 39 3847:(London, 1969), p. 45 3710:(London, 1969), p. 14 3483:Mike Rapport (2009). 3003: 2925:democratic revolution 2898: 2780:Rebellion Losses Bill 2688: 2551:Illustration of the " 2550: 2543:Other European states 2354: 2333:had sought to secure 2238: 2210:Proclamation of Islaz 2163: 1944: 1929: 1848: 1735: 1700:German national unity 1680: 1657:Alexis de Tocqueville 1645:. In 1851, he staged 1617:campagne des banquets 1594:Menton and Roquebrune 1533:Republic of San Marco 1483:Leopold II of Tuscany 1481:On 11 February 1848, 1445: 1380: 1249:republican government 1221:freedom of expression 1170: 1016: 978:nobility in Austrian 930: 822:springtime of nations 535:Bulgarian unification 211:Counter-revolutionary 8111:Romantic nationalism 8096:History of socialism 7969:European debt crisis 7964:European integration 7904:Age of Enlightenment 7744:Republic of Florence 7055:Plombières Agreement 6279:Concurrent incidents 6217:Great Eastern Crisis 6181:Atlantic Revolutions 6081:Alexander von Lüders 5883:Surrender at Világos 5397:East Central Europe, 5277:60.1 (1954): 27–44. 4932:(Knopf, 1985), p. 91 4774:Goldfrank, David M. 4585:John Feffer (1992). 4379:on 25 September 2008 4360:: Ireland, 1845–1849 3023:permanent revolution 2953:bourgeois revolution 2923:looked to 1848 as a 2833:Mexican–American War 2708:came to a head with 2622:), and later on the 2452:conservative-liberal 2416:, in the village of 2241:Leopold I of Belgium 2186:Regulamentul Organic 2135:Grand Duchy of Posen 1967:12 points of demands 1849:Proclamation of the 1712:German Confederation 1704:freedom of the press 1651:Second French Empire 1643:elected as president 1476:unification of Italy 1253:freedom of the press 1235:with universal male 1050:, having lost their 962:Large swaths of the 913:German Confederation 870:freedom of the press 857:romantic nationalism 307:Contentious politics 178:Political revolution 112:German Confederation 8066:Revolutionary waves 8061:Revolutions of 1848 7934:Revolutions of 1848 7864:Early modern France 7645:Anglo-Saxon England 7550:Classical antiquity 7447:Italian nationalism 7442:Italian irredentism 7437:Altare della Patria 7233:Giovanni Arrivabene 7040:Ten Days of Brescia 6993:Revolutions of 1848 6978:Revolutions of 1830 6963:Rimini Proclamation 6901:Kingdom of Sardinia 6528:Free Workers' Union 6464:Labour unionisation 6369:Revolutions of 1848 6253:Revolutions of 1989 6212:Revolutions of 1848 6207:Revolutions of 1830 6202:Revolutions of 1820 6162:Revolutionary waves 5958:Leaders for Hungary 5902:Leaders for Austria 5790:Battles of Komárom 5501:Revolutions of 1848 5352:Historical Journal, 5254:Germany and Austria 5168:Sperber, Jonathan. 5150:, a standard survey 4928:Mack Smith, Denis. 4236:, (Lviv, 1926), 26. 4223:, (Lviv, 1926), 17. 3886:Sperber, Jonathan. 3839:Sperber, Jonathan, 3806:Sperber, Jonathan. 3732:61.2 (2001), p. 305 3652:, Routledge, 1998. 3570:Mack Smith, Denis. 3559:. 10 November 2023. 3459:Revolutions of 1989 3449:Revolutions of 1830 3439:Democracy in Europe 3027:Otto von Manteuffel 2914:Priscilla Robertson 2060:Gregory Yakhimovich 2054:On 2 May 1848, the 2024:Austro-Prussian War 1800:First Schleswig War 1742:First Schleswig War 1708:freedom of assembly 1687:revolutionary flags 1681:Revolutionaries in 1537:Kingdom of Sardinia 1355:means of production 1281:(1841) in Austria; 986:. Additionally, an 942:radical politicians 855:, as envisioned by 824:, were a series of 814:revolutions of 1848 776:Politics portal 45:on the rue Soufflot 23: 22:Revolutions of 1848 8040:Crusading movement 7944:Russian Revolution 7779:Hundred Years' War 7675:Maritime republics 7578:Early Christianity 7568:Hellenistic period 7525:Paleolithic Europe 7298:Alessandro Manzoni 7288:Francesco Lomonaco 7217:Victor Emmanuel II 7182:Giuseppe Garibaldi 7025:Five Days of Milan 6893:Pre-unitary states 6269:Colour revolutions 6074:Leaders for Russia 5990:Arisztid Dessewffy 5919:Eduard Clam-Gallas 5734:Kingdom of Hungary 5245:Merriman, John M. 5210:Clark, Timothy J. 5178:Stearns, Peter N. 5075:Dowe, Dieter, ed. 5071:online book review 4483:(1958) pp. 253–254 4317:on 11 August 2011. 4275:7 (1968): 679–707. 4085:(2006) pp 209–211. 3953:Melvin Kranzberg, 3856:Siemann, Wolfram, 3702:Siemann, Wolfram, 3557:www.britannica.com 3434:Colour Revolutions 3390:In popular culture 3337:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3134:Texas Hill Country 3091:self-determination 3010: 2997:were confiscated. 2983:Charles Baudelaire 2979:Tretiye Otdeleniye 2800:José Hilario López 2698: 2632:Belgian Revolution 2620:Galician slaughter 2614:of 1830–1831; the 2557: 2441:Second Carlist War 2404:counter-insurgency 2365: 2253:Revolution of 1830 2245: 2181:revolt in Moldavia 2173: 2048:Ukrainian language 1951: 1939: 1858: 1806:Duchy of Schleswig 1776:a new constitution 1745: 1695: 1639:Napoleon Bonaparte 1563:Republic of Venice 1511:Five Days of Milan 1455: 1452:Baldassare Verazzi 1448:Five Days of Milan 1387: 1346:had dominated the 1326:; there were also 1295:in Norway and the 1271:(1843) in France; 1258:Rheinische Zeitung 1207:. They demanded a 1185: 1135:continental Europe 1131:Scottish Highlands 1127:Great Irish Famine 1101:manufactured goods 1032: 1019:Galician slaughter 949:popular liberalism 933: 830:revolutionary wave 751:Second Arab Spring 94:Year of Revolution 21: 8116:Age of Revolution 8081:Conflicts in 1848 8048: 8047: 7974:COVID-19 pandemic 7919:French Revolution 7894:Habsburg monarchy 7874:Cossack Hetmanate 7854:Portuguese Empire 7844:Absolute monarchy 7839:Thirty Years' War 7734:Holy Roman Empire 7659:Bulgarian Empire 7618:Early Middle Ages 7535:Bronze Age Europe 7509:History of Europe 7475: 7474: 7462:Southern question 7273:Vincenzo Gioberti 7253:Felice Cavallotti 7152:Massimo d'Azeglio 7105:Law of Guarantees 6847: 6846: 6542:(SF–IWA, Britain) 6536:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 6403:Council communism 6374:Utopian socialism 6309: 6308: 6176:Age of Revolution 6128: 6127: 5676: 5675: 5338:978-0-674-00911-0 5217:Duveau, Georges. 5145:978-0-465-01436-1 5117:Langer, William. 5067:978-0-241-34766-9 4969:Handbook of Texas 4902:Brophy, James M. 4303:"Belgium in 1848" 4301:Chastain, James. 4262:33.3 (1999): 385. 4232:Kost' Levytskyi, 4219:Kost' Levytskyi, 4158:Hungarian Studies 4081:William Roberts, 4053:978-0-435-32754-5 3921:Stanley Z. Pech, 3899:Charles Breunig, 3626:on 17 April 2017. 3576:. Oxford Academic 3496:978-0-465-01436-1 3429:Christopher Clark 3418:Age of Revolution 3264:(Poland, Hungary) 3072:, and the French 3015:Christopher Clark 2921:Liberal democrats 2864:Ignacio Comonfort 2764:John Ralston Saul 2706:Chartist movement 2694:Kennington Common 2612:November Uprising 2604:Kingdom of Poland 2517:a decade in power 2463:Progressive Party 2381:French Revolution 2261:sillon industriel 2170:Romanian tricolor 2083:Marsoroligheterna 2003:Habsburg monarchy 1851:Serbian Vojvodina 1835:Habsburg monarchy 1757:National Liberals 1693:in the background 1561:territory of the 1535:later joined the 1495:Albertine Statute 1446:Episode from the 1332:František Palacký 1226:republican states 1048:industrialization 897:absolute monarchy 810: 809: 344:Mass mobilization 334:Guerrilla warfare 163: 162: 29:Age of Revolution 8133: 8121:Eureka Rebellion 7909:Great Divergence 7824:Age of Discovery 7769:Late Middle Ages 7739:High Middle Ages 7650:Byzantine Empire 7633:Christianization 7623:Migration Period 7558:Classical Greece 7530:Neolithic Europe 7502: 7495: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7283:Giacomo Leopardi 7263:Giuseppe Ferrari 7197:Bettino Ricasoli 7192:Giuseppe Mazzini 7177:Francesco Crispi 7157:Agostino Bertani 7131:Cockade of Italy 7115:Impresa di Fiume 7045:Belfiore martyrs 7030:Sortie on Mestre 6948: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6838: 6837: 6830:Socialism portal 6828: 6818: 6810:Organized Labour 6808: 6800:Labour economics 6798: 6797: 6790:Communism portal 6788: 6780:Anarchism portal 6778: 6734:Critique of work 6565:IWW-South Africa 6518:(CNT–AIT, Spain) 6449:Labour economics 6386: 6364:Orthodox Marxism 6346: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6243:Protests of 1968 6155: 6148: 6141: 6132: 6131: 6073: 6060:Bertalan Szemere 6055:István Széchenyi 6040:Alessandro Monti 5980:Henryk Dembiński 5957: 5901: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5360:Ginsborg, Paul. 5249:(Yale UP, 1978). 5090:Pouthas, Charles 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4979: 4973: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4824: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4761:Westwood, J. N. 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4735:Barclay, David, 4733: 4727: 4722:Green, Abigail, 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4358:The Great Hunger 4353: 4347: 4346: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4313:. Archived from 4298: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3869:Rath, Reuben J. 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3837: 3831: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3677: 3667: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3639:(1969): 189–215. 3633: 3627: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3512:Merriman, John, 3510: 3504: 3503: 3480: 3444:Protests of 1968 3403:epistolary novel 3378: 3367:Giuseppe Mazzini 3363: 3348: 3333: 3318: 3303: 3288: 3273: 3258: 3243: 3232:Alexander Asboth 3228: 3213: 3198: 3183: 3168: 3153: 2966:Prussian Junkers 2908: 2824:, a movement in 2769: 2624:January Uprising 2506:Democratic Party 2429:Famine Rebellion 2361:Young Irelanders 2331:Daniel O'Connell 2202:Gheorghe Bibescu 1821:Treaty of Berlin 1814:National Liberal 1659:remarked in his 1637:, the nephew of 1499:Kingdom of Italy 1302: 1072:Jonathan Sperber 968:royal absolutism 834:European history 802: 795: 788: 774: 773: 627:Hungarian (1956) 459:Spanish American 188: 165: 164: 39: 24: 20: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8126:Democratization 8051: 8050: 8049: 8044: 7983: 7949:Interwar period 7924:Napoleonic Wars 7788: 7759:Mongol invasion 7712:Crown of Aragon 7604: 7544: 7540:Iron Age Europe 7511: 7506: 7476: 7471: 7425: 7404: 7368: 7332: 7323:Antonio Rosmini 7293:Goffredo Mameli 7243:Giosuè Carducci 7221: 7212:Ruggero Settimo 7140: 7119: 7100:Capture of Rome 6949: 6940: 6887: 6878: 6848: 6843: 6820:Politics portal 6767: 6754:Post-capitalism 6698: 6594: 6586:(UON, Portugal) 6500:and affiliates 6479: 6431: 6387: 6378: 6359:Guild socialism 6347: 6342: 6340: 6310: 6305: 6291:Occupy movement 6257: 6221: 6185: 6164: 6159: 6129: 6124: 6115: 6064: 6045:Ferenc Ottinger 5975:János Damjanich 5965:Lajos Batthyány 5948: 5892: 5866: 5862:Vienna Uprising 5845: 5759: 5743: 5724:Austrian Empire 5712: 5707: 5677: 5672: 5657:United Kingdom 5642:Ottoman Empire 5601:Austrian Empire 5589: 5534: 5503: 5498: 5451: 5392: 5378: 5347: 5256: 5234:Loubère, Leo. " 5207: 5129:Namier, Lewis. 5106:Langer, William 5028: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4980: 4976: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4876: 4872: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4769: 4760: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4672: 4668: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4606: 4602: 4583: 4579: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479:J. Fred Rippy, 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4431: 4427: 4412:10.2307/4049111 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4329:Ascherson, Neal 4326: 4322: 4311:Ohio University 4299: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4245:Joachim Remak, 4244: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4131: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3838: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3757:. CUP Archive. 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3668: 3664: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3608:Ó Gráda, Cormac 3606: 3602: 3598:(2000) pp. v, 4 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3414: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3352:Goffredo Mameli 3349: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3292:Charles Zagonyi 3289: 3280: 3274: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3109:Joseph Goldmark 2910: 2904: 2896: 2822:Praieira Revolt 2792: 2767: 2702:Reform Act 1832 2683: 2616:Kraków Uprising 2563:, Belgium, the 2545: 2437: 2319: 2313: 2305:fresh elections 2239:A depiction of 2233: 2158: 2150:Main articles: 2148: 2127: 2121: 2097: 2091: 2075: 2069: 2040: 1934:in May 1849 by 1924: 1918: 1862:Austrian Empire 1855:Serb Revolution 1843: 1837: 1823:(1850) and the 1802: 1796: 1730: 1724: 1675: 1669: 1612: 1606: 1549:Venetian Lagoon 1529:Austrian Empire 1440: 1434: 1429: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1394:was once again 1375: 1370: 1165: 1133:and throughout 1110: 1024:Rzeź galicyjska 1011: 925: 909:Austrian Empire 806: 768: 763: 762: 419: 411: 410: 282: 274: 273: 234: 226: 225: 196: 93: 65: 56: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8076:1848 in Europe 8073: 8068: 8063: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7899:Russian Empire 7896: 7891: 7889:British Empire 7886: 7884:Dutch Republic 7881: 7879:Swedish Empire 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7859:Spanish Empire 7856: 7851: 7849:Ottoman Empire 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7764:Serbian Empire 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 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7102: 7097: 7092: 7090:Roman Question 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7008:Roman Republic 7005: 7000: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6931:Duchy of Parma 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6905:House of Savoy 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6703:Related topics 6700: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592:(SAC, Sweden) 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6530:(FAU, Germany) 6525: 6524:(CRAS, Russia) 6519: 6513: 6507: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:General strike 6446: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6030:Lázár Mészáros 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5739:Russian Empire 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5449:External links 5447: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5410: 5400: 5391: 5390:Historiography 5388: 5387: 5386: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5302: 5292: 5282: 5271: 5266:Hahs, Hans J. 5264: 5259:Deak, Istvan. 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5232: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5186: 5184:online edition 5176: 5174:online edition 5166: 5151: 5134: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5102: 5101: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5069:) Allen Lane. 5055: 5044: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5001: 4974: 4964:Forty-Eighters 4956: 4943: 4934: 4921: 4908: 4895: 4888: 4870: 4833:Labour Monthly 4819: 4793: 4787:Price, Roger. 4780: 4767: 4754: 4741: 4728: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4666: 4645: 4633: 4626: 4600: 4577: 4556: 4543: 4530: 4517: 4485: 4472: 4463: 4450: 4443: 4425: 4390: 4364: 4348: 4342:978-1862072909 4341: 4320: 4290: 4277: 4264: 4251: 4238: 4225: 4212: 4199: 4190: 4174: 4165: 4149: 4140: 4122: 4109: 4103:Louis Namier, 4096: 4087: 4074: 4059: 4052: 4034: 4012: 3988: 3986:(1962) p. xii. 3975: 3959: 3946: 3931: 3914: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3862: 3849: 3832: 3819:Helen Litton, 3812: 3799: 3770: 3763: 3743: 3734: 3721: 3712: 3695: 3688: 3662: 3660:. pp. 295–296. 3641: 3628: 3600: 3587: 3562: 3544: 3518: 3516:, 1996, p. 715 3505: 3495: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3322:Carlo Cattaneo 3320: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3217:August Willich 3215: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142:Forty-Eighters 3113:Adolf Fischhof 3101:Reinhard Rürup 3008:, August 1849) 2897: 2895: 2892: 2855:Liberal Reform 2838:Plan of Ayutla 2791: 2788: 2760:British Empire 2744:1848 in Canada 2682: 2679: 2644:Sonderbund War 2626:of 1863–1865. 2585:Ottoman Empire 2573:Russian Empire 2561:United Kingdom 2553:March troubles 2544: 2541: 2467:Moderate Party 2436: 2433: 2412:But its first 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2289:Belgian Legion 2232: 2229: 2147: 2144: 2139:Greater Poland 2123:Main article: 2120: 2119:Greater Poland 2117: 2095:Sonderbund War 2093:Main article: 2090: 2087: 2071:Main article: 2068: 2065: 2039: 2036: 2011:Ban of Croatia 1995:personal union 1932:Battle of Buda 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1839:Main article: 1836: 1833: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1786:, leaving the 1761:Christiansborg 1753:Christian VIII 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1716:Forty-Eighters 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1635:Louis-Napoleon 1627:Louis-Philippe 1608:Main article: 1605: 1602: 1587:Roman Republic 1578:Duke Francis V 1541:northern Italy 1509:, such as the 1450:, painting by 1436:Main article: 1433: 1432:Italian states 1430: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1164: 1161: 1139:Habsburg lands 1109: 1106: 1010: 1007: 996:Greater Poland 940:reformers and 924: 921: 808: 807: 805: 804: 797: 790: 782: 779: 778: 765: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 690: 689: 684: 679: 674: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 603: 602: 597: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 567: 562: 557: 556: 555: 550: 542: 537: 532: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 508:Italian states 500: 495: 494: 493: 488: 478: 473: 468: 463: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 401:Tax resistance 398: 393: 388: 383: 382: 381: 376: 371: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 325: 324: 314: 309: 304: 302:Class conflict 299: 294: 292:Civil disorder 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 181: 180: 174: 173: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 144: 140: 139: 120:Italian states 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 83:Central Europe 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 40: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8138: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:Art of Europe 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7794:Modern period 7791: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7496: 7491: 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6606: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580:(FS, Denmark) 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6485:Organisations 6482: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Labour rights 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Lajos Kossuth 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:György Klapka 6008: 6006: 6005:Richard Guyon 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:András Gáspár 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Josip Jelačić 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Second battle 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764:Major battles 5762: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525:Republicanism 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422:0-582-06106-7 5419: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5328:Vick, Brian. 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5163:0-691-00756-X 5160: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148:online review 5146: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041:0-393-09143-0 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5004: 5002:9780812562613 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4983:Brust, Steven 4978: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4941:Clark, p. 184 4938: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4889:9780312418939 4885: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4851: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4820:9780198208402 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4662:9780691003382 4659: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4641:History Today 4637: 4629: 4627:9780198208402 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4573:0-393-09143-0 4570: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4506:. p. 104 4505: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4444:9780993157837 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4208:History Today 4203: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4016: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3877:(1994), p. 40 3876: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3829:0-86327-912-0 3826: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3764:9780521287593 3760: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3689:9780393968859 3685: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3533:. 12 May 2022 3532: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277:Julius Stahel 3272: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3247:Lajos Kossuth 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157:Louis Blenker 3152: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3138:German Texans 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2970:Franz Stadion 2967: 2962: 2959:scholarship. 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:working-class 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:Benito Juárez 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790:Latin America 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2725:House of Keys 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696:10 April 1848 2695: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2669:. In Serbia, 2668: 2667:vassal states 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2502:republicanism 2499: 2496:prompted the 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:July Monarchy 2456: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389:Young Ireland 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2297:Risquons-Tout 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2026:, led to the 2025: 2020: 2016: 2015:Lajos Kossuth 2012: 2008: 2007:Josip Jelačić 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:Lajos Kossuth 1976: 1975:Sándor Petőfi 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1765:Frederick VII 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1691:Berlin Palace 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1667:German states 1664: 1662: 1661:Recollections 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:a coup d'état 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 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874:working class 871: 867: 866:participation 862: 858: 854: 853:nation-states 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 783: 781: 780: 777: 772: 767: 766: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 501: 499: 496: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 396:Strike action 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Direct action 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317:Demonstration 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 278: 277: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 230: 229: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 187: 183: 182: 179: 176: 175: 171: 167: 166: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 91: 89:Also known as 87: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 63: 59: 54: 50: 49:Horace Vernet 46: 44: 38: 33: 30: 25: 19: 7954:World War II 7933: 7807:Early modern 7784:Kalmar Union 7655:Papal States 7573:Roman Empire 7344:Pope Pius IX 7238:Cesare Balbo 7145:Main leaders 7015:Quadrilatero 6992: 6921:Papal States 6883:Risorgimento 6882: 6744:Labour power 6550:(CGT, Spain) 6368: 6262:21st century 6226:20th century 6211: 6190:19th century 6169:18th century 6025:Vilmos Lázár 6015:György Kmety 6000:Artúr Görgey 5985:Antal Vetter 5939:Franz Schlik 5850:Other events 5804:Third battle 5794:First battle 5717:Belligerents 5500: 5438: 5428: 5413: 5403: 5396: 5382: 5368: 5361: 5351: 5329: 5322: 5321:Sked, Alan. 5315: 5305: 5295: 5285: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5246: 5239: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5154: 5137: 5130: 5118: 5109: 5097: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5047: 5032: 5021:Bibliography 5006:. Retrieved 4991: 4977: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4937: 4929: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4903: 4898: 4879: 4873: 4864: 4857:. Retrieved 4848: 4837:. Retrieved 4832: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4762: 4757: 4749: 4748:Deak, John. 4744: 4736: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4701:(1969): 189. 4698: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4653: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4609: 4603: 4588: 4580: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4495: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4406:(1): 12–26. 4403: 4399: 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4377:the original 4367: 4356: 4351: 4332: 4323: 4315:the original 4306: 4288:45.4 (2015). 4285: 4280: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4246: 4241: 4233: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4207: 4202: 4193: 4168: 4157: 4152: 4143: 4133: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4043: 4037: 4027:16 September 4025:. Retrieved 4023:(in Italian) 4015: 4005:16 September 4003:. Retrieved 4001:(in Italian) 3997: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3970: 3954: 3949: 3940: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3820: 3815: 3810:(1994) p. 90 3807: 3802: 3779: 3773: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3673: 3665: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3624:the original 3603: 3595: 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3572: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3535:. Retrieved 3531:TheCollector 3530: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3500: 3485: 3478: 3422: 3405: 3395:Steven Brust 3393: 3131: 3120: 3105:antisemitism 3094: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3039:conservative 3034: 3011: 3005: 2974:constitution 2961:Middle-class 2943:ideals by a 2933:nationalists 2919: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2880:Napoleon III 2860:Juan Álvarez 2836: 2830: 2815: 2808: 2793: 2737: 2729: 2718: 2699: 2664: 2648: 2636:Liberal Wars 2628: 2601: 2558: 2522: 2510: 2491: 2449: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2411: 2408: 2397: 2393:Great Famine 2366: 2337: 2324: 2320: 2302: 2286: 2278:the monarchy 2274: 2259: 2257: 2246: 2217:radical wing 2214: 2184: 2174: 2128: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2082: 2079:March Unrest 2076: 2073:March Unrest 2053: 2041: 2000: 1971:Transylvania 1952: 1859: 1818: 1803: 1790:unanswered. 1773: 1746: 1718:into exile. 1696: 1660: 1655: 1615: 1613: 1591: 1583:Papal States 1571: 1556: 1519: 1503:Pope Pius IX 1480: 1456: 1421: 1413: 1405: 1388: 1359: 1352: 1339: 1335: 1305: 1292:Morgenbladet 1290: 1287:Pesti Hírlap 1286: 1276: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1230: 1209:constitution 1186: 1157:Hans Kudlich 1145:Aristocratic 1143: 1111: 1094: 1082: 1056: 1044:working poor 1033: 1023: 1017: 1000: 961: 946: 934: 886: 838: 821: 817: 813: 811: 662:People Power 502: 379:Disobedience 147: 138:, and others 99:Participants 41: 27:Part of the 18: 7939:World War I 7929:Nationalism 7817:Reformation 7802:Renaissance 7774:Black Death 7707:Kievan Rus' 7610:Middle Ages 7268:Ugo Foscolo 7050:Crimean War 6983:Young Italy 6840:Syndicalism 6759:Revisionism 6719:Corporatism 6635:Griffuelhes 6494:(1864–1876) 6428:Sorelianism 6423:Nationalist 6344:Syndicalism 6274:Arab Spring 6050:Mór Perczel 5594:By location 5520:Nationalism 4859:9 September 4839:9 September 4681:(2): 3–37. 3982:Kranzberg, 3969:Kranzberg, 3620:Session 123 3580:19 November 3464:Arab Spring 3202:Franz Sigel 3187:Carl Schurz 2987:Victor Hugo 2949:proletariat 2945:bourgeoisie 2796:New Granada 2756:The Canadas 2752:Nova Scotia 2733:Carl Schurz 2721:Isle of Man 2692:meeting on 2583:), and the 2575:(including 2565:Netherlands 2373:egalitarian 2369:nationalist 2221:land reform 2089:Switzerland 1385:in May 1848 1340:Liederkranz 1328:irredentist 1303:in Sweden. 1299:Aftonbladet 1263:Le National 1201:nationalism 1175:of 1848 in 1108:Rural areas 1097:food prices 1040:bourgeoisie 953:nationalism 889:bourgeoisie 878:nationalism 849:monarchical 826:revolutions 724:Arab Spring 322:Human chain 312:Coup d'état 221:Proletarian 8055:Categories 7702:Viking Age 7517:Prehistory 7467:Third Rome 6680:Pelloutier 6655:Lagardelle 6630:Fitzgerald 6476:Mutual aid 6408:De Leonism 6352:Precursors 6035:János Móga 5755:April Laws 5638:Luxembourg 5515:Liberalism 4987:Bull, Emma 3658:0415161118 3470:References 2937:Communists 2912:Historian 2876:Reform War 2826:Pernambuco 2738:Following 2652:William II 2479:Radicalism 2475:Jacobinism 2346:Radicalism 2109:Sonderbund 2105:Sonderbund 2019:Nicholas I 1945:Hungarian 1890:Ukrainians 1874:Hungarians 1810:pan-German 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Revolutions of 1848

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