2440:, staged a fulminant entry at an annual Carlist gathering at Montejurra. The event galvanised Carlism and triggered response of the Juanistas, compare the letter sent by José María Oriol to Franco on October 11, 1958: "Entiendo, que es la contestación que la parte de mayor peso especifico del antiguo Carlismo, dá a la posición antilegitimista é ineficaz del sector que pudiéremos llamar Huguista. Es a su vez, la afirmación caliente y decidida de unos españoles, que de acuerdo con sus antecesores, han sabido mantener durante más de un siglo de bastardías políticas, una doctrina verdadera", quoted after Ballestero 2014, p. 219. By the javierista Carlists the so-called "estorilos" were unanimously declared traitors; the heading of their periodical demanded: "Quitaros la boina!", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 25
342:
587:" declaration was rejected by Don Javier; Oriol did not enter Don Juan's Consejo Privado, formed in 1947. However, gradually his efforts started to bear fruit. Some claim that the 1948 meeting between Franco and Don Juan was arranged mostly by Oriol, opening a path for the Alfonsist restoration. In case of the Carlists negotiations produced a schism. In 1957 he joined a large group of juanista-minded Carlist politicians, concerned about growing dynamics of the javieristas, and formally abandoned Don Javier declaring Don Juan the legitimate Traditionalist king. Though he remained on good terms with the claimant, little is known about Oriol's relation with his son,
776:
815:, which reflected financial engagement of the bank in Talgo. Though initially banking duties were very time consuming, Oriol has never considered them his prime activity. He saw his role as representative of the shareholders rather than a manager, supervising financial and operational soundness rather than setting the strategy and running the daily business. He remained in Banesto board until death, periodically entering executive bodies of its daughter banks. With other family members he also co-owned large agricultural estates in the South of Spain.
406:
178:
533:, himself a protégé of Serrano Suñer. On the other hand, he blocked hardline Falangist initiatives, never appeared in blue shirt, added a decisively Carlist flavor to his public style and indeed was reported as turning Biscay into a Carlist fiefdom. He fought whatever was left of Basque nationalism, but permitted Carlism-styled Basque feasts. As a result, he was disdained by both the Carlists and the Falangists. Oriol's rapport with a new civil governor, the former Carlist
679:
619:
537:, was very poor and most Traditionalists viewed him as a traitor. The Falangist rank-and-file resented him as well, the syndicalist radicals perfectly aware of his high bourgeoisie profile. In December 1940 he ceased as provincial FET jefe and in February 1941 as alcalde of Bilbao; his fate was conscious decision rather than a fall from grace. Oriol was appreciated by Franco for his loyalty and remained one of the few with fairly easy access to the dictator.
515:
853:
management style is described as bold, decisive and even authoritarian, also towards other family members. Endurance, scope and complexity of Oriol-ran businesses, combined with his personal vision, energy and innovative knack, earned him place among the 100 most important
Spanish entrepreneurs of the 20th century. He was awarded a number of Spanish and international honors, since 1959 officially acknowledged as 3rd marqués de Casa Oriol.
557:
762:. Anxious that the governmental project would reduce commercial companies to marginal role, he was the moving spirit and the first president of Unidad Eléctrica (Unesa), an industry cartel set up in 1944 by 18 energy producers. It was conceived not as a challenge to official plans, but as a complementary offer to reformat the energy utility market. Personally guaranteeing viability of the scheme to Franco, Oriol kept clashing with
744:
842:
767:
informal representative of private energy sector, he kept confronting INI plans of state domination on the energy utilities market, though the pressure eased after the mid-1950s. When the rotating Unesa presidency again passed to HE, in 1973-1977 Oriol served his second term as its head; in the late 1970s and early 1980s he again stood to fight off governmental consolidation plans, this time advanced by democratic cabinets.
443:
290:
301:, María Gracia Ibarra y Lasso de la Vega (1908-1981), daughter of 3rd conde de Ibarra. The couple had 7 children, José Luis (1930), María de Gracia (1931), Miguel (1933), Iñigo (1934), Maria del dulce Nombre (1937) Carlos (1940), and Begoña. José Luis, Iñigo and Carlos were active in family business and became recognized nationwide as entrepreneurs, while Miguel made his name as architect, author of
826:, a supreme corporate organization grouping all engineering branches. At this job he was involved in discussions on professional certificates, technical education, internal organization of the engineer corps and some specific questions related to national economy, like future of the nuclear energy in Spain. Re-elected 2 times, he stepped down in 1971. Invited in 1959, he formally entered
385:; some sources claim he was heading the Investigación y Información section, some claim he directed the transport section. It is not clear whether Oriol carried on with these duties when in November 1936 he was nominated alférez provisional and joined an unidentified Carlist requeté battalion from Álava; his 2 brothers were already serving as requeté volunteers. He is known as present in
695:; he entered its Consejo de Administración in 1928, its Comisión Ejecutiva in 1930 and became its president in 1941, the post held until 1985. When he commenced at the helm of the company it served 0,3m customers and produced 559m kWh annually, almost all generated by hydropower; when he resigned, the company served 7m customers, produced 14.773m kWh and was dependent in 28% on
3253:"It can be said that Basque industrialists and bankers enjoyed a proximity to power that was difficult to match during the dictatorship", quoting Oriol as one of 3 key examples: "he managed to keep politics his secondary interest, but certainly did not separate himself from it. In reality, he had never stopped practicing politics", Mercedes Cabrera, Fernando del Rey Reguillo,
2059:. The project was intended as solution to fuel shortages, aggravated by outbreak of the Second World War. Unlike conventional buses, trolleybuses would rely on electricity generated by coal-based power plants nearby. Switching from buses to trolleybuses was not uncommon in countries suffering from fuel shortages, e.g. the Nazis launched the same project in occupied
58:
503:; the former ended in failure, the latter turned into a lasting investment. Starting 1940 he initiated public works intended to address unemployment problem, resulting from collapse of European coal market following the outbreak of the Second World War. The municipal budget was kept well under control. Oriol contributed also to Bilbao sport by donating the
2551:
602:, opposed parliamentary elections and despised syndicalism, claiming that representation should be exercised by traditional social bodies. In the 1940s convinced that the Francoist regime must evolve towards an authoritarian monarchical solution, in the 1950s he realized that this path was a long-time perspective. In 1955 he entered the
2555:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2487:
2499:
358:, in May 1932 José María was nominated to its Junta Vasco-Navarra. Following re-organization of 1934 he was nominated assessor of Delegación Especial de Juventudes. He is known mostly as supporting own father, successfully organising his electoral campaigns in Álava. In 1936 Oriol became member of Junta Militar, a
1954:"no seria leal a mi conciencia si al hacer saber mi disconformidad con las orientaciones que sigue la actual politica del Movimiento, no presentase al mismo tiempo la renuncia al cargo de Vocal de la Junta Política", a letter from Oriol to FET jefe Muñoz Grandez of 20.11.39, quoted after Ballestero 2014, p. 61
1171:
the question of Oriol's military status is not entirely clear. Ballestero 2014, p. 55 claims that he completed military obligations in 1927 "como sargento destinado en la
Escolta Real de Alfonso XIII". A contemporary newspaper claims that in 1929 a certain Barcelona-related José María Oriol served as
2265:
advocating that
Rodezno is appointed official Don Juan representative in Spain, Ballestero 2014, p. 79, Cantabrana Morras 2005, p. 145. At that time he seems to have been already expulsed from Carlism (for the second time), as in December 1942 Fal Conde offered to re-admit the expulsed provided they
2143:
according to an internal
Falangist document, during Oriol's tenure as FET jefe Biscay was "dominio absoluto del elemento tradicionalista", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 222. At that time competition for power between the Falangists and the Carlists was taking place in all 4 vasco-navarrese provinces. For
786:
As in mid-1940s TALGO transformed into the Oriol family business, José María was heavily engaged in technical work related to construction of the rolling stock. Since the company was incapable of addressing the problems domestically, production was developed in the United States, with Oriol spending
575:
for the first time and kept advocating him as a compromise royal candidate. In 1945 he emerged as key liaison between caudillo and the
Alfonsist claimant, attempting to arrange a meeting between the two. Unlike most Juanista negotiators he did not intend to outsmart the dictator. Genuinely committed
2458:
Oriol was proposed among the tutorial team supposed to supervise education of Juan Carlos; he was rejected by Don Juan's entourage as "traído y llevado", Vázquez de Prada 2010, p. 41. In mid-1960s José María's brother Lucas politically supported Juan Carlos and was anxious that the
Francoist regime
1126:
the marquesado, awarded in 1870, apparently was not claimed by heirs of
Buenaventura. Franco made Jose Luis the 2nd marquis of Oriol, which skipped his grandfather (entitled since Buenaventura's death in 1891) and father (entitled since his father's death in 1899); according to the orthodox Carlist
1881:
Ballestero 2014, p. 59. Already in March 1937 "Fal Conde tuvo que escribir a José María Oriol con fecha de 30 de marzo de 1937 instándole a que no hiciera política contra lo decidido por "el Príncipe y la
Asamblea de Insua", y a que abandonara la Comunión Tradicionalista", Martorell Pérez 2009, p.
1136:
José Luis considered his life just a transitory phase, see
Ballestero 2014, p. 53. Apart from a month spent in hiding in Bilbao in July–August 1936, his intimate experience with death included an aviation disaster; when travelling from Madrid to Bilbao on December 4, 1953, the aircraft crashed in
766:
and INI; when his term expired in 1949 the threat of nationalization was largely averted and Unesa recorded enormous progress in terms of integrating private energy network, previously a patchy structure of overproduction and unmet demand areas. Also later on, as HE representative in Unesa and as
852:
Together with other members of Oriol, Ibarra and
Urquijo families he formed part of one of the most powerful Spanish oligarchic groups. He is noted as exemplary case of Spanish entrepreneur who took advantage of his political profile, thriving in a peculiar business environment of Francoism. His
417:
in Biscay, one of 9 Carlists out of 31 provincial nominees; on this position he kept supporting the Navarrese Carlist junta financially. Franco preferred not to appointed Oriol in Álava, sort of local fiefdom of his father, in what seemed like playing son against father in a bid to terminate the
1891:
late 1930s and early 1940s seem to have been a rather awkward period for the Oriols. While José María enjoyed his political climax in Biscay, influence of José Luis was being gradually eradicated in Álava, as Falange was bent on terminating the "oriolismo", perhaps a typical Franco's strategy,
606:
and remained appointed to 6 successive legislatures also in 1958, 1961, 1964, 1967 and 1971. Oriol did not consider the quasi-parliament a forum of political exchange and approached it as a mere technical body of the regime. He was a number of times considered a ministerial candidate, in 1961
1944:
while the war was ongoing Oriol kept supervising recruitment to Carlist tercios and Falangist banderas; afterwards he triggered setup of Brigada de Investigación y Vigilancia de FET, a feared party version of secret police, Cantabrana Morras 2005, p. 152, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p.
795:
entered commercial service. As his father and brother, primary managers of the company, stepped down in the mid-1950s, in 1955 José María assumed presidency of the board and in 1957 he became CEO of the company. His key projects were launching own rolling stock factories in
3323:), Medalla de Oro de Bilbao, Medalla de Voluntario de Vizcaya y de Álava, Cruz del Mérito Militar, Gran Cruz de la Medhauia, Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil and many honorary memberships, e.g. in Colegio Nacional de Economistas or Instituto de la Ingeniería de España
1650:
Aróstegui 2013. For Antonio Maria see pp. 444, 718, 798, 800, for Fernando see p. 444, for José Maria see p. 718, for Lucas María see pp. 718, 720, 800, 802, 804; Note that when José María joined the ranks, his brother Luis Fernando was already dead, Ruiz Llano 2012, p.
1039:
her father, Lucas de Urquijo, was co-founder of Hidroeléctrica Española, co-owner of Banco Urquijo (set up by his brother) and a number of other companies (like La Salobreña in Granada or Compañía Minero-Metalúrgica Los Guindos); for details see Onésimo Díaz Hernández,
450:
Turn of the decades produced the climax of Oriol's political career, marked mostly by his vacillation between Carlism and Falangism. Re-admitted to semi-legal Traditionalist structures, at the same time as provincial FET jefe he was busy laying the foundations of the
1693:
with Falangist representatives Sancho Dávila and Pedro Gamero del Castillo, discussing rapprochement of both groups; it is not clear whether they were authorised by the Carlist leader Manual Fal Conde, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 248, Martin Blinkhorn,
459:
preponderance over Carlism in the new party, he demonstrated unease; a single source claims that in early 1938 he resigned from Junta Política and together with other collaborative Carlists personally protested to Franco. In 1939 he spoke against a
279:
1197:
In the 1927/8 season, when Atlético was a branch of Athletic Club of Bilbao, Ballestero 2014, p. 55. Probably he played either as amateur or in a reserve team, as none of numerous sites dedicated to Atlético Madrid lists his name, compare
758:, a family owned company he managed from 1941, another major thread of Oriol's energy business was Unesa. In the early 1940s he was consumed by negotiations between private energy producers, totally dominating on the Spanish market, and
2703:
Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193. During the government-forming process which finally led to appointment of Suarez, Oriol was listed as one of 39 candidates proposed by all members of Consejo del Reino, Ballestero 2014, p.
1343:, p. 170. Born 1913, he was capitán de requetés and lawyer, nominated also Director General de Beneficencia in 1957, Delegado nacional de Auxilio Social and Presidente de Cruz Roja Española and Consejero Nacional del Movimiento
2965:
the ministerial decision approved of "plan de conjugación de sistemas regionales de producción de energia propuesto por don José María de Oriol y Urquijo, Presidente de Unesa, a quien se encomieda su ejecicción", quoted after
2899:
perhaps the key ones were failure to take over the HE key competitor Saltos de Duero, suspension of the Valdecaballeros plant and nationalisation of Electras Marroquies; one might also ponder whether the 1992 merger of HE and
636:, a think-tank intending to ensure continuity of the system by introducing its timid rectifications. When political associations were discussed in the early 1970s he pondered upon creating a Carlist one. Eventually he joined
735:
nuclear power plants. Last years of his presidency were dedicated mostly to conflict related to Valdecaballeros, confronting governmental regulatory plans and proceeding with interchange of assets among companies forming
528:
Oriol's tenure in Bilbao was marked by continuing political ambivalence. He excelled in organising venerating celebrations of Franco and forged good working relationship with the Falangist civil governor of the province,
835:
389:
in early 1937; it is not clear whether he took part in any combat activities before moving from the front units to directing Radio Requeté. In February and March 1937 he took part in the Carlist gatherings in Insua and
661:
282:. His studies progressed with some difficulty and were interrupted by military service in 1926-7; he resumed academic career as unenrolled student and graduated as engineer in 1928. A sportsman, he played football in
3266:"not so stringent in their remarks about managerial leadership as Barceló Matutano, but showed a distinct taste for authoritarianism and only a mild inclination to accept human relations concepts", Mauro F. Guillén,
819:
349:
Though some authors suggest that Oriol from the onset sympathized with Carlism, none of the sources consulted confirms (or denies) that he was active in Carlist structures prior to 1931. However, when 3 branches of
3489:
2194:
e.g. celebrating single acts commemorating vascologists like Azkue or permitting stage shows of the then Carlist-controlled Pamplona Basque folk group, Muthiko Alaiak, see Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p.
823:
1352:
born 1910, he was teniente provisional en la guerra civil, lawyer (graduated in Oxford), president of VALCA and Prensa Económica SA (publisher of Desarrollo and Nuevo Diario), owner of Vitorian periodical
2916:
Ballestero 2014, pp. 123-4; Electras Marroquies started to consume Oriol efforts in the late 1950s, when Morocco gained independence. The 20-year struggle ended in nationalisation of the company in 1977
2345:, a faction which genuinely intended to combine Francoist structures with juanista monarchist restoration; within this scheme, carlists juanistas are counted among a different group, represented by
2427:
their juanista leaning formally did not breach the loyalty to the regency of Don Javier, as theoretically under the regency various Carlist groups were free to advocate their own royal candidates
2676:
with Lopez Rodó proposed to be a leader, Ballestero 2014, p. 118. Like Hermandad de Maestrazgo, the association was tailored to confront the socialist Partido Carlista, Vallverdú 2014, p. 255
2375:
Ballestero 2014, pp. 102-3. One source claims that Oriol was offered secretariado of Juan, but declined declaring that Franco must accept his role first, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193
1488:
Ballestero 2014, p. 57; some fairly detailed sources claim he was personally negotiating with Mola, which seems to confuse the father and the son, see Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós,
487:. He is recognized as effective at gaining official subsidies and credits, having repaired most war damages and commenced major new initiatives, like construction of new bridges across the
3469:
382:
1909:
at unspecified time between late 1937 and 1940 Oriol he was re-admitted to the Comunión Tradicionalista following a personal meeting with Don Javier, Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 173, 223
208:
192:
2826:
Oriol was a keen supporter of the idea of nuclear energy since the late 1940s, participating in numerous commercial and state initiatives. In 1962-1969 he was the first president of
366:, negotiating details of a would-be Carlist and Falangist insurgent alliance. Locally he served as a link between his parent and head of the military plot in Álava, teniente coronel
808:. Talgo served also as a show-case, intended to prove modernizing capacity of the regime and its industrial prowess. Oriol remained at the helm of the company until his death.
633:
1402:
and some suggest he was rather linked to the Alfonsist restoration system: "claramente vinculados al sistema de la restauracion liberal y alfonsina", Manuel Martorell-Pérez,
831:
715:
constructed, in the 1970s the river provided 70% of the HE hydropower. Another key project was diversification of energy sources, commenced by the 1957 construction of the
2827:
1007:
despite politically liberal leaning of her family Catalina was very religious, donating to construction of Cerro de los Angeles, see Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190
278:
until obtaining bachillerato in 1922. Raised to be the future head of the family and especially key person to manage its huge and complex business, he entered the Madrid
2799:
opening of each dam was attended by Franco; the most powerful one was the Alcantara dam, named Central Hidroeléctrica José María de Oriol, Ballestero 2014, pp. 153-154
723:. This path was followed further on in the late 1960s; for 20 years a proponent of nuclear energy, Oriol led HE into joint venture conglomerates which constructed the
3390:
394:, intended to discuss the looming threat of a forceful amalgamation within a state party. Together with his father, Oriol advocated acceptance of what looked like a
2252:
in 1937 he allegedly proposed to Jaime del Burgo that Don Juan is "educated" in Traditionalism, Cantabra Morras 2004, p. 167, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192
326:
1728:
according to one source, his nomination was sort of pre-agreed between Carlists, Falangists and the military already in January 1937, see Javier Ugarte Tellería,
755:
318:
200:
2575:
in 1945 (commerce, the offer which he allegedly turned down as not endorsed by Don Juan, Ballestero 2014, p. 83-86), 1957 (public works) and 1962 (industry)
423:
584:
2817:
supplied by fuel oil. It was Oriol who opted for location near Cartagena, against counter-proposals of Valencia and Alicante, Ballestero 2014, p. 157
2713:
amongst 59 procuradores who voted refused to commit "suicide of the Francoist cortes"; his brother Antonio did vote in favor, Ballestero 2014, p. 120
322:
130:
1520:
827:
2342:
530:
3319:
Encomienda de la Gran Orden Imperial de las Flechas Rojas (1939), Ordine della Corona d'Italia (from fascist Italy), Schwarzer Adlerorden (from
1972:
Ballestero 2014, p. 65; he is not known as having protested against derogation of traditional Biscay provincial establishments, especially the
599:
3479:
2629:
Nostalgia y modernización. La extrema derecha española entre la crisis final del franquismo y la consolidación de la democracia (1973-1986)
2039:
also setting new major streets, e.g. Avenida del Ejercito (now "Lehendakari Agirre") and new bridges, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 201
1686:
471:
In April 1939 Oriol was nominated mayor of Bilbao, later that year re-appointed to Consejo Nacional and Junta Política. Together with the
492:
3464:
2098:
Oriol became honorary member of the club in return; he also founded Club Deportivo de Bilbao, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, pp. 202-204
3494:
1376:
heavily wounded during the fightings for Ochandiano in Biscay on October 9, 1936, he died in hospital 5 days later, Germán Ruiz Llano,
2284:
many sources underline that José María Oriol enjoyed the privilege of easy access to the dictator, but none clarifies how he gained it
259:; he is considered one of the most important Spanish entrepreneurs of the 20th century. In 1958 he was declared 2nd marquis of Oriol.
637:
134:
2346:
2134:
he used to finish his public harangues with the customary Carlist "Viva Cristo Rey!" war-cry, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 208
267:
2397:
Oriol was one of the few who welcomed the 10-year-old Juan Carlos at the Villaverde station, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193
2459:
might be secretly financing a competitive potential king, the javierista prince Carlos Hugo, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 299
378:
266:. The couple had 8 children, all brought up in a fervently religious ambience; José María was the oldest one. Though born in the
2150:
La Navarra sotto il Franchismo: la lotta per il controllo provinciale tra i governatori civili e la Diputacion Foral (1945-1955)
1757:, 9788487863714, p. 53. He is counted among the most prominent profrancoist Carlists, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,
3400:
3185:
3147:
2888:
2839:
2766:
402:; in the last-minute attempt to stage an internal coup within Carlism, he was proposed to be head of Sección Administrativa.
17:
2384:
the opinion of Julio Danvila, referred after Ballestero 2014, p. 101. See also Mercedes Cabrera, Fernando del Rey Reguillo,
1894:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: Díputación-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinámica política de la "leal" Alava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)
1789:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: Díputación-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinámica política de la "leal" Alava (Primera parte: 1936-1938)
657:
169:
development and the banking sector. He is counted among the most influential Spanish business managers of the 20th century.
3484:
2667:, Logroño 2002, pp. 549-566. None of these works mentions Oriol as key figure, it is rather his brother Antonio highlighted
1086:
653:
716:
3504:
830:
as académico de número in 1961, in course of 24 years having taken part in 396 of its sessions. He also briefly directed
374:
Oriol was in Bilbao, where the rebels failed; he went into hiding and left the city on a ship, disguised as a foreigner.
341:
3380:
2950:
2657:
Actas del V Congreso de la Asociación de historiadores del Presente. Historia de la época socialista: España, 1982-1996
427:
3291:
3042:
3027:
2863:
2341:
when discussing the 1950s, one work counts him among top representatives of "neodanvilismo", derived from the name of
2185:
he viewed Basque nationalism as contrived and instigated by the Madrid eggheads, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 205
2125:
e.g. on June 18, 1940 Oriol banned a street demonstration planned by hardline Falangists, Martorell Perez 2009, p. 223
1730:
El carlismo en la guerra del 36. La formación de un cuasi-estado nacional-corporativo y foral en la zona vasco-navarra
1142:
665:
3368:
3275:
3241:
2975:
2934:
2749:
2648:
2611:
2415:
2294:
2240:
1865:
1703:
1638:
1600:
1509:
978:
887:
232:
181:
3499:
3454:
1872:, Arellano, Mazón and conde de la Florida as the appointees, but does not mention Oriol, see Ballestero 2014, p. 59
1844:
1312:
779:
419:
395:
1621:
some sources claim there were 5 tercios recruited from Álava, see the Carlist site dedicated to requeté available
1460:
La nueva Covadonga insurgente: orígenes sociales y culturales de la sublevación de 1936 en Navarra y el País Vasco
243:. Having wedded Catalina de Urquijo y Vitórica, descendant to a liberal oligarchic family controlling much of the
1812:
759:
728:
252:
1869:
1804:
455:, especially supervising personal policy, mobilizing support and ensuring compliance. Increasingly perplexed by
363:
3449:
3361:
Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biográfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestión municipal en la Dictadura
3353:
3307:
2266:
break any links with Falange, explicitly excluding Oriol from the scheme, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192
1836:
1766:
1754:
1579:
1497:
1467:
1437:
1340:
1114:
1028:
971:
Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biográfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestión municipal en la Dictadura
919:
476:
1828:
1716:
1017:
892:
355:
310:
126:
747:
724:
622:
3071:
José Luis resigned due to health reasons and Antonio as he assumed political duties, Ballestero 2014, p. 184
2740:
Ballestero 2014, pp. 121-2. By extreme Left he was considered "superfascista", José Luis Rodriguez Jimenez,
1669:
Ballestero 2014, p. 57, see also Tercio de Radio Requeté de Campaña entry at requetes.es service, available
1320:
2056:
1363:
1059:
El archive historic de Iberdrola y la industria eléctrica en España: fondos para la investigación histórica
877:
692:
641:
138:
1247:
306:
3385:
1816:
1517:
1378:
Villareal de Alava e Isusquiza: imaginario e idalización del voluntariado alavés durante la guerra civil
1045:
958:
598:. A number of times he spoke against separation of state and the Church, envisioned sort of reversal of
504:
3158:
like Banco de Vitoria and Banco de Desarollo Económico Español Ballestero 2014, p. 190-1, compare also
804:, constructing new generation bi-directional train Talgo III and negotiating co-operation details with
1808:
910:
Pablo de Oriol y Lecha from Flix was recorded as "Ciudadano Honrado de Cataluña", Alfonso Ballestero,
682:
413:
Following the Nationalist conquest of all Vascongadas in June 1937 he was nominated the first jefe of
3474:
3123:
371:
247:
finance, he married into enormous wealth. In the early 20th century he replaced his father-in-law as
2905:
2604:
The Quest for Survival After Franco: Moderate Francoism and the Slow Journey to the Polls, 1964-1977
1840:
1625:. The units underwent massive organisational changes especially during first months of the war, see
1232:
1199:
1177:
305:. His daughter and José María's granddaughter, Mónica de Oriol Icaza, until 2015 headed the Spanish
231:
and married descendant of a local high bourgeoisie Urigüen family. His son and José María's father,
2637:
Los Carlismos de la Transición – las idiosincrasias carlistas frente al cambio político (1963-1979)
1544:
and accompanied by his British friend Ballestero 2014, p. 57, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191
1021:
Los marqueses de Urquijo: el apogeo de una saga poderosa y los inicios del Banco Urquijo, 1870-1931
788:
608:
580:
461:
314:
1593:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
2742:
La extreme derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982)
2107:
during his visit in June 1939, marking the second anniversary of Nationalist takeover of the city
792:
763:
664:; no charge was formally raised. Holding vital business posts he remained on ice-cold terms with
500:
1824:
2060:
1919:
483:
he was considered part of "neguridad", the affluent bourgeoisie group related to the resort of
351:
216:
3232:
compare the list of family members sitting in boards of Spanish companies, Pablo Díaz Morlán,
2831:
1856:
according to one scholar, Oriol entered the Junta with Esteban Bilbao, see Stanley G. Payne,
775:
700:
418:
alavese "oriolismo". In October 1937 as one of 12 Carlists he was appointed to the Falangist
302:
224:
1490:
El Carlismo, la República y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937). De la conspiración a la unificación
275:
3444:
3439:
1832:
1570:
Vallverdú 2008, p. 296, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 20, Ollaquindia 1995, p. 502, Jordi Canal,
740:. He stepped down as iconic industry and corporate figure with only few failures recorded.
649:
612:
568:
534:
456:
3171:
mostly in Andalusia (5,000 ha) and Valencia (3,000), Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194
1719:, pushed with new membership team forming Junta de Guerra, see Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 259
362:
based executive of Carlist conspiracy. As a party envoy a few times he met the imprisoned
8:
2685:
together with his brothers Antonio and Lucas, Canal 2000, p. 383, Ballestero 2014, p. 119
2653:
El voto útil de la derecha: las elecciones de 1982 y la Comunión Tradicionalista-Carlista
1973:
1127:
reading, José Luis should have been considered the 4th marquis and Jose María the 5th one
603:
381:
Oriol resumed his duties in Carlist military executive, late August nominated member of
2927:
A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945
1923:
1555:
La Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda Carlista de Pamplona al comienzo de la guerra de 1936
732:
367:
161:, he is known mostly for his business activity, especially for his role in the Spanish
2515:
and from 1963 as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 110
1626:
1296:
1267:
325:
until its dissolution, both active also as successful entrepreneurs. Another brother,
283:
3459:
3364:
3349:
3303:
3271:
3237:
2971:
2930:
2745:
2644:
2607:
2411:
2236:
1935:
he excelled in directing massive propaganda exercises, see Ballestero 2014, pp. 59-65
1861:
1762:
1750:
1699:
1634:
1596:
1575:
1505:
1493:
1463:
1433:
1336:
1110:
1024:
974:
915:
414:
359:
244:
240:
220:
196:
3268:
Models of Management: Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Perspective
2408:
Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó
560:
177:
2850:
Almaraz opened in 1973 and Cofrentes in 1985; Valdecaballeros has never been opened
1820:
720:
399:
204:
2925:
Ballestero 2014, p. 130, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194, Michael Richards,
2639:, Juan Carlos Colomer Rubio, Javier Esteve Marti, Mélanie Ibáñez Domingo (eds.),
2528:
from 1966 as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 111
1926:
officials. Some 72% of employees were fired, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 205
645:
187:
José María Lucas Eusebio de Oriol y Urquijo was born to a distinguished family of
2954:
1994:
as one of 13 Carlists among its 96 members, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192
1524:
1090:
867:
629:
508:
452:
431:
162:
2904:, which produced a new company named Iberdrola, was failure or success, compare
2883:
hailed as "Patriarca de las eléctricas", Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 196,
2537:
simulaltaneously as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available
1083:
1067:
Hidroeléctrica Española: un analis de sus primeros años de actividad (1907-1936)
3320:
2624:
2550:
simulaltaneously as Franco's nominee, see the official Corte service available
801:
572:
3421:
3416:
3408:
2787:
576:
to Franco, instead of restoration he opted for a new, authoritarian monarchy.
191:
origins, its first members noted in the history of Spain in the 17th century.
3433:
3395:
3099:
704:
495:. The most notable transport projects were the launch of the first municipal
2947:
2541:
and as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 111
2030:
e.g. re-opening Puente de la Victoria, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 122
1795:
21 (2004), 156; his grip on alavese politics is also dubbed "cacicato" there
1670:
434:
refused to follow the royal order, most of them were expelled from Carlism.
405:
791:
in New York. In the early 1950s he was supervising development works until
465:
28:
707:. Its major business development thread was gradual shift of focus to the
678:
618:
567:
Since 1936 leaning towards a dynastical pact between the Carlists and the
2449:
Ballestero 2014, p. 103; Canal 2000, p. 361 calls them "franco-juanistas"
2437:
2262:
1404:
Nuevas aportaciones históricas sobre la evolución ideológica del carlismo
708:
588:
262:
José Luis and Catalina initially lived in Biscay, but they soon moved to
2486:
as personal Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available
2351:
La oposición monárquica y su aproximación al franquismo a partir de 1954
1685:, Valencia 2009, pp. 30-1. Already in late 1936 or early 1937 Oriol and
1622:
696:
595:
522:
496:
207:
in 1872. The son of his brother and José María's paternal grandfather,
3490:
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
3255:
The Power of Entrepreneurs: Politics and Economy in Contemporary Spain
2386:
The Power of Entrepreneurs: Politics and Economy in Contemporary Spain
330:
2901:
882:
514:
386:
154:
75:
2148:
see Maria del Mar Larazza Micheltorena, Alvaro Baraibar Etxeberria,
1331:
some sources wrongly claim it was José María, see Jeremy MacClancy,
556:
2165:
1690:
841:
743:
737:
472:
188:
3134:
in the 1940s the board used to meet daily, Ballestero 2014, p. 190
2176:
4 (1990), pp. 82-95. For Alava see Cantabrana Morras 2004 and 2005
1065:, Santiago de Compostela 2005, p. 9, also Francisco Cayón García,
518:
442:
236:
2145:
1715:
shortly before the Unification Decree the key Navarrese Carlist,
1430:
El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936
862:
845:
812:
797:
660:. In 1982 he was suspected of taking part in conspiracy known as
488:
480:
422:; it is not clear whether he entered the FET 9-member executive,
298:
212:
150:
32:
2623:
for detailed discussion of extreme Right during transición see
2584:
his candidature was rejected by Franco, Ballestero 2014, p. 113
2524:
as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available
2498:
as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available
822:, the function held until the following year he became head of
484:
391:
289:
271:
263:
228:
158:
89:
3014:
Ballestero 2014, p. 163, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194
2641:
Ayer y hoy. Debates, historiografía y didáctica de la historia
1512:, p. 334. Detailed and correct version in Iñaki Gil Basterra,
632:
Oriol assumed a moderately reformist stance. He was active in
479:, he was one of two Carlist mayors of major urban centres. As
2293:
superseding the official Don Juan's representative in Spain,
872:
805:
691:
There is little doubt that Oriol's key business focus was on
256:
199:. In recognition of his merits the claimant awarded him with
166:
100:
1631:
Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939
540:
309:. Brothers of José María grew to top Francoist dignitaries;
57:
2659:, Madrid 2011, José Díaz Nieva, José Luis Orella Martínez,
1892:
compare Cantabrana Morras 2004 and Iker Cantabrana Morras,
1747:
El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951
1683:
La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
1382:
Actas del III encuentro de jóvenes investigadores de la AHC
594:
Ideologically Oriol remained an ultraconservative Catholic
313:
served as minister of justice (1965-1973) and president of
3470:
Politicians from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
2170:
La formación del poder franquista en Guipúzcoa (1937-1945)
992:
Los Ensanches del muelle nuevo de Portugalete: (1869-1917)
2593:
Asociación Nacional para el Estudio de Problemas Actuales
2554:
and as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, see
712:
652:. In 1977 he co-registered the Carlist grouping loyal to
579:
As negotiator Oriol seemed unsuccessful; Don Juan's 1945
248:
1500:, 9788487863523, pp. 33 and 333, also Stanley G. Payne,
770:
754:
Apart from activities in various HE subsidiaries and in
147:
José María de Oriol y Urquijo, 3rd Marquis of Casa Oriol
3294:; see also Francisco Cayón García, Miguel Muñoz Rubio,
2635:
71 (2008), pp. 175-209, also Cristian Ferrer Gonzàlez,
1759:
El naufragio de las ortodoxias: el carlismo, 1962-1977
2511:
as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service
235:(1877-1972), emerged as a Carlist political mogul in
1479:
Ballestero 2014, p. 57, Ugarte Tellería 1998, p. 74
811:In 1941 Oriol entered Consejo de Administración of
3234:Los Ybarra: una dinastía de empresarios, 1801-2001
2786:the company was initially dependent mostly on the
2156:, Bari 2013, pp. 101-120, Manuel Martorell Pérez,
996:Cuadernos de sección. Historia-Geografía Donostia
3431:
2349:and Arauz de Robles, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada,
270:, he was raised in the capital, frequenting the
1057:Juan Carlos García Adan, Yolanda Diego Martín,
1042:Los primeros años del Banco Urquijo (1918-1931)
640:, and in 1976 he moved with the whole party to
39: and the second or maternal family name is
3359:Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.),
2158:Navarra 1937-1939: el fiasco de la Unificación
1918:including purging local administration of the
969:Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.),
820:Asociación Nacional de Ingenieros Industriales
671:
157:politician. During early Francoism a mayor of
2388:, New York 2007, p. 108, Preston 2011, p. 551
836:Comisión de Intercambio Cultural España-EE.UU
828:Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas
668:officials responsible for the energy sector.
430:demanded that his subjects do not accept; as
239:, withdrawing from active politics after the
149:(1905–1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur and a
1137:Sierra de Guadarrama with 10 survivors, see
1101:Francisco Cayón García, Miguel Muñoz Rubio,
644:; he protested the constitutional plans of
223:and served as jefe de Ayudantes of general
3300:Los 100 empresarios españoles del siglo XX
2436:in May 1957 the oldest son of Don Javier,
1107:Los 100 empresarios españoles del siglo XX
56:
3296:José María de Oriol y Urquijo (1905-1985)
2665:Actas del III Simposio de Historia Actual
1502:Politics and the Military in Modern Spain
824:Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles de España
499:network in Spain and construction of the
2830:and in 1967-8 the rotating president of
1103:José Luís de Oriol y Urigüen (1877-1972)
840:
774:
742:
677:
617:
555:
513:
441:
404:
340:
288:
286:and won local Biscay laurels in tennis.
176:
3180:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194,
1847:, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192
818:In 1961 Oriol was elected president of
14:
3432:
2661:La derecha franquista en la transición
2366:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 23-4
1082:see Talgo official website, available
227:. Following the amnesty he settled in
195:sided with the legitimists during the
3332:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 196
3223:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 195
3062:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194
2996:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194
2777:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194
2213:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 208
2116:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 199
2089:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 200
2003:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192
1985:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 197
1858:Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism
1696:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
1535:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191
1449:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190
1419:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191
1278:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191
1188:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190
771:Other business and public engagements
507:, formally owned by the city, to the
464:-sponsored draft, intended to ensure
3391:Hidroelectrica - historical analysis
3298:, Eugenio Torres Villanueva (ed.),
1689:represented Carlism when meeting in
1105:, Eugenio Torres Villanueva (ed.),
3480:20th-century Spanish businesspeople
3401:Oriol in posthumous memorial note,
3162:, London 1976, pp. A-10, A-16, B-24
437:
172:
24:
3338:
2722:formally registered on Feb 8, 1977
2663:, Carlos Navajas Zubeldia (ed.),
2651:, pp. 151-156, Caín Somé Laserna,
1553:on 28.08.36, Ricardo Ollaquindia,
280:Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales
25:
3516:
3495:Spanish people of Catalan descent
3425:; contemporary Carlist propaganda
3374:
1963:Cantabrana Morras 2004, pp. 168-9
1514:Araba en 1936. Guerra y represion
648:. The same year he voted against
383:Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra
3423:Vizcainos! Por Dios y por España
3326:
3313:
3281:
3260:
3247:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3174:
3165:
3160:Jane's Major Companies of Europe
3152:
3137:
3128:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3032:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2959:
2940:
2919:
2910:
2893:
2877:
2868:
2853:
2844:
2834:, Ballestero 2014, pp. 168-170,
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2780:
2771:
2755:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2617:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2452:
2443:
2430:
2421:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2369:
957:genealogical service, available
893:Antonio María de Oriol y Urquijo
600:mid-19th century desamortización
468:nature of Falangist domination.
193:Buenaventura de Oriol y Salvador
3465:Members of the Cortes Españolas
2360:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2255:
2246:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2048:intended to cover 5 lines, see
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1912:
1903:
1885:
1875:
1868:, p. 207. Another author names
1850:
1798:
1781:
1772:
1739:
1722:
1709:
1675:
1663:
1654:
1644:
1615:
1606:
1585:
1564:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1482:
1473:
1452:
1443:
1422:
1413:
1396:
1387:
1370:
1346:
1325:
1301:
1281:
1272:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1130:
1120:
1095:
1076:
1051:
990:Gorka Pérez de la Peña Oleaga,
760:Instituto Nacional de Industria
717:Escombreras thermal power plant
203:in 1870; he was elected to the
1063:Congreso de Historia Económica
1033:
1010:
1001:
984:
963:
943:
934:
925:
904:
748:Nuclear power plant in Almaraz
426:. The Carlist regent-claimant
255:and in 1942 was co-founder of
13:
1:
3098:see propaganda video footage
2832:European Atomic Forum Foratom
1071:Revista de Historia Económica
1048:), Ballestero 2014, pp. 27-30
628:With his monarchical efforts
583:enraged Franco and his 1946 "
297:In 1929 José María married a
69:José María de Oriol y Urquijo
3053:Ballestero 2014, pp. 177-181
2987:Ballestero 2014, pp. 130-131
2946:see Unesa website available
2566:Ballestero 2014, pp. 111-112
2164:69 (2008), pp. 429-458. For
1745:Aurora Villanueva Martínez,
898:
888:José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen
650:Ley para la Reforma Política
364:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
233:José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen
86:1985 (aged 79–80)
31:, the first or paternal
7:
3485:Spanish business executives
2168:see Félix Luengo Teixedor,
1778:Ugarte Tellería 2009, p. 72
1380:, Alejandra Ibarra (ed.),
1172:"capitán de aviación", see
856:
832:Centro de Estudios Europeos
673:Patriarca de las eléctricas
611:suggested him as member of
211:(1845-1899), the native of
209:José María de Oriol y Gordo
10:
3521:
3505:Businesspeople from Madrid
3346:José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo
3089:Ballestero 2014, pp. 185-7
2731:Ballestero 2014, pp. 120-1
2314:Ballestero 2014, pp. 80-83
1428:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
912:José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo
336:
321:was consejero nacional of
26:
2790:, Ballestero 2014, p. 151
2761:Ballestero 2014, p. 146,
2080:Ballestero 2014, pp. 75-6
2050:Un trolebus transformable
699:, in 48% on conventional
505:San Mamés football ground
477:Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló
122:
114:
106:
96:
82:
64:
55:
48:
2406:Manuel Martorell Pérez,
1976:, Ballestero 2014, p. 70
1787:Iker Cantabrana Morras,
1681:Manuel Martorell Pérez,
1591:Robert Vallverdú Martí,
1458:Javier Ugarte Tellería,
1293:Guia Turistica de Madrid
789:American Car and Foundry
658:Comunión Tradicionalista
623:Elections in Spain, 1977
356:Comunión Tradicionalista
293:Corpse of Fernando Oriol
50:José María Oriol Urquijo
3500:Politicians from Madrid
3455:Spanish Roman Catholics
3386:Iberdrola official site
3257:, New York 2007, p 108.
3214:Ballestero 2014, p. 209
3205:Ballestero 2014, p. 206
3196:Ballestero 2014, p. 203
3110:Ballestero 2014, p. 187
3080:Ballestero 2014, p. 180
3005:Ballestero 2014, p. 127
2874:Ballestero 2014, p. 164
2808:Ballestero 2014, p. 153
2694:Ballestero 2014, p. 120
2477:Ballestero 2014, p. 112
2468:Ballestero 2014, p. 109
2347:Agustín Gonzalez Amézua
2323:Ballestero 2014, p. 107
1440:, 9788478260805, p. 162
878:Hidroelectrica Espanola
693:Hidroeléctrica Española
638:Unión Nacional Española
345:Requeté on parade, 1936
253:Hidroeléctrica Española
118:businessman, politician
3396:Oriol on video (01:36)
2355:Memoria y civilizacion
2332:Ballestero 2014, p. 98
2305:Ballestero 2014, p. 88
2275:Ballestero 2014, p. 90
2222:Ballestero 2014, p. 77
2204:Ballestero 2014, p. 76
2071:Ballestero 2014, p. 75
2021:Ballestero 2014, p. 74
2012:Ballestero 2014, p. 66
1900:22 (2005), pp. 139–169
1769:, 9788431315641, p. 13
1734:Historia contemporánea
1717:José Martínez Berasain
1660:Arostegui 2013, p. 718
1612:Ballestero 2014, p. 57
1470:, 9788470305313, p. 74
1393:Ballestero 2014, p. 57
1384:, Vitoria 2012 , p. 11
1333:The Decline of Carlism
1219:Ballestero 2014, p. 54
1210:Ballestero 2014, p. 55
1162:Ballestero 2014, p. 54
1153:Ballestero 2014, p. 49
1073:20 (2002), pp, 308-311
1018:Onésimo Díaz Hernández
951:José María Oriol Gordo
940:Ballestero 2014, p. 25
931:Ballestero 2014, p. 23
922:, 9788483569160, p. 23
849:
783:
782:Talgo locomotive, 1948
751:
688:
625:
564:
525:
491:and re-setting of the
447:
410:
377:Having made it to the
346:
307:Círculo de Empresarios
294:
184:
3450:People from Santurtzi
3412:- Carlist Bilbao song
3363:vol. 3, Bilbao 2008,
2968:Endesa en su historia
2828:Forum Atómico Español
1367:and other periodicals
973:vol. 3, Bilbao 2008,
844:
778:
746:
681:
621:
559:
517:
445:
408:
396:unification ultimatum
344:
292:
180:
3344:Alfonso Ballestero,
3290:05.11.85, available
3184:05.11.85, available
3146:05.11.85, available
3122:05.11.85, available
3041:30.04.78, available
3026:05.11.85, available
2887:05.11.85, available
2862:30.04.78, available
2838:05.11.85, available
2765:05.11.85, available
2602:Cristina Palomares,
2055:20.05.13, available
1319:25.02.12, available
1311:12.03.15, available
1246:08.10.11, available
1231:09.01.29, available
1176:03.03.29, available
1141:05.12.53, available
666:socialist government
581:Manifest of Lausanne
571:, in 1943 Oriol met
535:Juan Granell Pascual
521:CS 55, first Bilbao
274:Areneros college in
3381:Talgo official site
2261:Oriol travelled to
2233:Franco. A biography
2174:Geronimo de Uztariz
1974:Concierto Economico
1736:38 (2009), pp. 71-2
1408:Gerónimo de Uztariz
1295:service, available
1266:service, available
1260:Carlos Oriol Ybarra
756:Electras Marroquies
684:José María de Oriol
317:(1973-1979), while
201:Marquesado de Oriol
3410:Por el río Nervión
2953:2015-07-04 at the
2929:, Cambridge 1998,
2295:Alfonso de Orleans
2053:Historias del tren
1698:, Cambridge 2008,
1595:, Montserrt 2014,
1523:2014-12-21 at the
1516:, p. 2, available
1432:, Barcelona 2008,
1357:, collaborator of
1089:2014-12-01 at the
850:
784:
752:
689:
626:
565:
526:
448:
446:Falangist standard
411:
347:
329:, died as Carlist
295:
276:Chamartin district
185:
110:business executive
3417:Oriamendi euskera
2643:, Valencia 2015,
2162:Príncipe de Viana
2154:Nazioni e Regioni
1860:, Stanford 1961,
1761:, Pamplona 1997,
1561:56 (1995), p. 502
1559:Príncipe de Viana
1504:, Stanford 1967,
1410:16 (2000), p. 104
1023:, Pamplona 1998,
998:21 (1993), p. 189
613:Consejo del Reino
415:FET y de las JONS
360:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
315:Consejo de Estado
221:Third Carlist War
197:First Carlist War
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
3512:
3475:Mayors of Bilbao
3333:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3285:
3279:
3270:, Chicago 1994,
3264:
3258:
3251:
3245:
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3224:
3221:
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2357:13 (2010), p. 36
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2019:
2013:
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2001:
1995:
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1983:
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1961:
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1134:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1074:
1055:
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1016:for details see
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
988:
982:
967:
961:
947:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
908:
604:Francoist Cortes
585:Bases de Estoril
453:Francoist regime
438:Political climax
432:carlo-francoists
420:Consejo Nacional
409:Carlist standard
379:Nationalist zone
173:Family and youth
60:
46:
45:
21:
18:José María Oriol
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3430:
3429:
3377:
3356:, 9788483569160
3348:, Madrid 2014,
3341:
3339:Further reading
3336:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3302:, Madrid 2000,
3286:
3282:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3236:, Madrid 2002,
3231:
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2955:Wayback Machine
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2760:
2756:
2744:, Madrid 2002,
2739:
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2702:
2698:
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2606:, Sussex 2004,
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2410:, Madrid 2014,
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2235:, London 2011,
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2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1898:Sancho el Sabio
1890:
1886:
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1876:
1855:
1851:
1803:
1799:
1793:Sancho el Sabio
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1749:, Madrid 1998,
1744:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1687:Arauz de Robles
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
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1649:
1645:
1633:, Madrid 2013,
1627:Julio Aróstegui
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1574:, Madrid 2000,
1569:
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1534:
1530:
1525:Wayback Machine
1492:, Madrid 1996,
1487:
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1462:, Madrid 1998,
1457:
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1444:
1427:
1423:
1418:
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1229:El Siglo Futuro
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1187:
1183:
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1109:, Madrid 2000,
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1091:Wayback Machine
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985:
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935:
930:
926:
914:, Madrid 2014,
909:
905:
901:
868:Carlo-francoism
859:
773:
733:Valdecaballeros
676:
642:Alianza Popular
630:crowned in 1969
554:
501:Sondica airport
440:
339:
303:Torre de Europa
284:Atlético Madrid
182:José Luis Oriol
175:
163:energy industry
123:Political party
92:
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51:
44:
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22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3428:
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3406:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3375:External links
3373:
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3337:
3335:
3334:
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705:nuclear energy
703:and in 24% on
701:thermal plants
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561:Juan de Borbón
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424:Junta Política
352:Traditionalism
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3329:
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3310:, pp. 419-423
3309:
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3276:9780226310367
3273:
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1841:Muñoz Aguilar
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1338:
1335:, Reno 2000,
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466:totalitarian
449:
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296:
261:
186:
146:
145:
40:
36:
29:Spanish name
3445:1985 deaths
3440:1905 births
2788:Júcar river
2438:Carlos Hugo
2263:Switzerland
1572:El carlismo
802:Rivabellosa
709:Tagus river
589:Juan Carlos
457:syndicalist
368:Alonso Vega
333:volunteer.
268:Vascongadas
219:during the
167:TALGO train
97:Nationality
3434:Categories
3354:8483569167
3308:848871727X
1924:pro-Basque
1920:Republican
1767:8431315644
1755:848786371X
1580:8420639478
1498:8487863523
1468:847030531X
1438:8478260803
1359:El Alcázar
1341:0874173442
1317:Cinco Días
1115:848871727X
1029:8431316365
920:8483569167
787:months at
697:hydropower
609:Lopez Rodó
596:monarchist
569:Alfonsists
547:franquismo
523:trolleybus
497:trolleybus
428:Don Javier
354:united in
225:Dorregaray
217:Carlos VII
107:Occupation
2902:Iberduero
1823:, Oriol,
1813:Baleztena
1291:entry at
1262:entry at
953:entry at
899:Footnotes
883:Francoism
729:Cofrentes
721:Cartagena
711:; with 6
654:Don Sixto
475:alcalde,
387:Andalusia
299:sevillana
241:Civil War
215:, joined
155:Francoist
76:Santurtzi
3460:Carlists
3278:, p. 202
2951:Archived
2937:, p. 118
2243:, p. 577
2166:Gipuzkoa
1845:Valiente
1833:Arellano
1706:, p. 282
1691:Portugal
1603:, p. 46f
1582:, p. 332
1521:Archived
1264:Empresia
1087:Archived
981:, p. 189
857:See also
793:Talgo II
573:Don Juan
551:carlismo
543:juanismo
541:Between
493:Gran Via
473:Valencia
327:Fernando
27:In this
3120:El Pais
2978:, p. 62
2752:, p. 65
2614:, p. 48
2418:, p. 15
2146:Navarre
1870:Rodezno
1825:Florida
1805:Rodezno
1315:, also
1309:El Pais
1244:El Pais
863:Carlism
846:Banesto
813:Banesto
798:Aravaca
764:Suanzez
725:Almaraz
489:Nervion
481:alcalde
462:Serrano
337:Carlist
331:requeté
213:Tortosa
189:Catalan
151:Carlist
101:Spanish
41:Urquijo
33:surname
3367:
3352:
3306:
3274:
3240:
2974:
2933:
2748:
2647:
2610:
2414:
2239:
2061:Gdynia
1864:
1837:Toledo
1817:Urraca
1809:Bilbao
1765:
1753:
1702:
1637:
1599:
1578:
1508:
1496:
1466:
1436:
1339:
1174:El Sol
1113:
1027:
977:
918:
848:office
646:Suarez
563:, 1958
485:Neguri
400:Franco
392:Burgos
272:Jesuit
264:Madrid
245:Biscay
229:Bilbao
205:Cortes
159:Bilbao
90:Madrid
1829:Mazon
873:Talgo
806:Renfe
738:Unesa
719:near
634:ANEPA
519:Vetra
398:from
319:Lucas
257:TALGO
237:Álava
37:Oriol
3365:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3292:here
3272:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3186:here
3148:here
3124:here
3100:here
3043:here
3028:here
2972:ISBN
2948:here
2931:ISBN
2906:here
2889:here
2864:here
2840:here
2767:here
2746:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2633:Ayer
2608:ISBN
2556:here
2552:here
2539:here
2526:here
2513:here
2500:here
2488:here
2412:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2057:here
1922:and
1862:ISBN
1843:and
1763:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1671:here
1635:ISBN
1623:here
1597:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1518:here
1506:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1321:here
1313:here
1307:see
1297:here
1287:see
1268:here
1258:see
1248:here
1233:here
1200:here
1178:here
1143:here
1111:ISBN
1084:here
1046:here
1025:ISBN
975:ISBN
959:here
955:Geni
949:see
916:ISBN
834:and
800:and
731:and
713:dams
662:27-Q
549:and
372:coup
153:and
83:Died
72:1905
65:Born
3403:ABC
3288:ABC
3182:ABC
3144:ABC
3039:ABC
3024:ABC
2885:ABC
2860:ABC
2836:ABC
2763:ABC
2704:119
2655:,
2631:,
2353:,
2195:207
2172:,
2160:,
2152:,
1945:192
1896:,
1821:Fal
1791:,
1732:,
1557:,
1406:,
1139:ABC
1069:,
1061:,
994:,
838:.
780:ACF
686:dam
511:.
323:FET
251:of
249:CEO
135:UNE
131:FET
35:is
3436::
2627:,
1882:31
1839:,
1835:,
1831:,
1827:,
1819:,
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1651:11
1629:,
1361:,
727:,
656:,
615:.
591:.
545:,
165:,
139:AP
137:,
133:,
129:,
127:CT
2502:.
43:.
20:)
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